DOCSLIB.ORG

Quantitative Data on the Fire Behavior of Combustible Materials Found in Nuclear Power Plantt: a Literature Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Quantitative Data on the Fire Behavior of Combustible Materials Found in Nuclear Power Plantt: a Literature Review NUREG/CR-4679 SAND86-0311 RP Printed February 1987 Quantitative Data on the Fire Behavior of Combustible Materials Found in Nuclear Power Plantt: A Literature Review S. P. Nowlen Prepared by " Sandia N ational Laboratories . .e C alif Albuquerque. New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, Catifomia 94550 for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-76DP00789 Prepared for U. S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION SF2900Q(8-81) NUREG/CR-4679 SAND86-0311 RP QUANTITATIVE DATA ON THE FIRE BEHAVIOR OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS FOUND IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW S. P. Nowlen February 1987 Sandia National Laboratory Albuquerque. New Mexico 87185 operated by Sandia Corporation for the U. S. Department of Energy Prepared for Electrical Engineering Branch Division of Engineering Technology Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington. D.C. 20555 Under Memorandum of Understanding DOE 40-550-75 NRC FIN A1010 ABSTRACT This report presents the findings of a task in which cur- rently available fire research literature was reviewed for quantitative data on the burning characteristics of combus- tible materials that are found in nuclear power plants. The materials considered for which quantitative data were available include cable insulation materials, flammable liquids, furniture, trash and general refuse, and wood and wood products. A total of 90 figures and tables, taken pri- marily from the referenced works, which summarize the available quantitative fire characterization information for these materials is presented. Eighty-two references are cited. Many more papers were con- sidered though it was found that much of the data presented on fire behavior of materials is of a qualitative nature. This data often results from qualitative pass-fail or rela- tive ranking tests. Information of a qualitative nature was not considered for presentation in this review. Fire characteristics emphasized include mass release, heat release, distribution of heat released into radiative and convective fractions, combustion products generation rates. flame heights, ignitability. flame spread rate, and feedback effects. The toxicity of combustion products was not con- sidered in this study.. It is identified in the review that fire characterization information for nuclear power plant type fuels is needed primarily for use in risk assessment analyses. Much of the data presented here may be used as stand-alone results for use as input to environmental simulation computer codes. This generally requires direct knowledge of the actual heat release rate-of a given fire. Data of this type are pre- sented for most fuel types including cable insulation in a cable tray configuration, liquid fuels, and trash fires. Other applications in risk assessment require the use of computer simulation models that not only predict the envi- ronmental effects of a given fire but also attempt to predict the growth and development history of a fire in a particular fuel configuration. This requires more general- ized information on the physical properties of the fuel element. These properties include the common physical properties such as density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat, as well as other properties more directly related to fire behavior including ignition criteria, sensitivity of mass loss to fire feedback, flame spread properties, and heat release per unit mass. Data of this type, particularly for cable insulation materials, are presented. These data were typically obtained from small-scale tests and the limitations of these small-scale test results are discussed. -iii/iv- CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................... ....................... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................ .................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................. ................... 4 1.1 Scope of the Current Work ...... ... .......... 4 1.2 The Fuel Sources of Concern ........ ......... 5 1.3 General Trends in Past and Present Fire Research .................... ............... 7 1.4 Other Complementary Works ........ .......... 10 2. THE AVAILABLE DATA ON THE BURNING OF CABLE INSULATION .............. .................... 13 2.1 Small-Scale Testing of Cable Insulation Materials ...... .................. ...... 13 2.1.1 The OSU Rate of Heat Release Apparatus ......... .............. 13 2.1.2 The FMRC Small-Scale Flammability Apparatus ......... .............. 14 2.1.3 Small-Scale Cable Testing at LLNL . 16 2.1.4 Other Small-Scale Testing Efforts . 19 2.2 Large-scale Cable and Cabinet Fire Tests . 20 2.2.1 Testing by Sandia National Laboratory ........ .............. 20 2.2.2 Testing by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ........ .............. 22 2.2.3 Testing by Factory Mutual Research Corporation ....... ............. 25 2.2.4 Testing by Bell Laboratory ...... .. 30 2.2.5 Testing by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ........ .............. 31 3. CHARACTERIZATION OF FURNITURE FIRES .. ....... 33 4. CHARACTERIZATION OF LIQUID FUEL FIRES . ..... 34 4.1 Introduction ....... .... ................ .... 34 4.2 Estimating Pool Fire Burning Rates ..... 34 4.3 Ignitability of High-Fire point Liquid Fuels . .................................... 36 4.4 Characterization of Hydraulic Fluid Spray Fires .............. .................... 38 5. CHARACTERIZATION OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCT FIRES . 339 CONTENTS (Continued) Page 6. CHARACTERIZATION OF TRASH AND GENERAL REFUSE FIRES ................. ...................... 40 6.1 Introduction ............................... 40 6.2 Trash Fire Testing by LBL ... .......... 40 6.3 Trash Fire Testing by SNL ... .......... 41 6.4 Predictive Correlations for Trash Fires . 41 7. CONCLUSIONS ............... ................... 43 REFERENCES ................ ...................... 46 - vi - LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page I Histogram showing amounts of oil typically reported as transient combustible fuels in NPP inspection reports (Reference 3] . 53 2 Histogram showing amounts of solvent typically reported as transient combustible fuels in NPP inspection reports [Reference 3] .............. ................ 54 3 Histogram showing typical amounts of paint reported as transient combustible fuels in NPP inspection reports [Reference 3] . 55 4 Histogram showing typical amounts of paper and/or trash reported as transient combustible fuels in NPP inspection reports (Reference 3] ..................... 56 5 Comparison of heat release rate values obtained for PMMA samples from a modified OSU Rate of Heat Release Apparatus using oxygen consumption and conventional calorimetry methods [Reference 24] ..... 57 6 Comparison of heat release rate data for PMMA samples from a modified OSU apparatus and the NBS-II apparatus at a nominal heat flux of 25 kW/m 2 based on oxygen consumption [Reference 24] .. ......... .. 58 7 Mass burning rate per unit exposed surface area versus net external heat flux for various polymers [Reference 30] ..... 59 a Mass burning rate per unit exposed surface area versus net external heat flux for various organic fluids [Reference 30] . 60 9 Correlation between yield of CO2 and actual heat of combustion for cable samples [Reference 31] ... ........... .. 67 10 Correlation between actual heat of combustion and percentage of cable weight attributed to insulation [Reference 31] . 67 -vii- LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 11 Correlation between yield of unburned hydrocarbons and percent of cable weight attributed to insulation (Reference 31] 68 12 Correlation between yield of carbon monoxide and percent of cable weight attributed to insulation [Reference 31] *. 68 13 Time to ignition of cable samples [Reference 43] . 74 14 Rate of flame spread versus exposure heat flux for LLNL small-scale radiant exposure tests [Reference 44] ........ 80 I5 Influence of oxygen concentration on surface mass loss flux and surface temperature for nonflaming PMMA and PE [Reference 45] . 81 16 Effect of wire diameter and wire orientation on flame propagation rate for PMMA and PE threads [Reference 46] * . 82 17 Estimated heat release rates for heptane pool experiments and heptane pool - cable tray tests from SNL/UL fire tests [Reference 49] . 83 18 Burn mode analysis threshold diagrams with example data from actual fire tests included; time increases clockwise around plotted data [Reference 54] ... ........ * . 84 19 Experimental apparatus used in LLNL vertical cable fire tests [Reference 54] 20 End view of cable installations illustrating packing densities; note that slats are used to separate layers but no cable trays as such are used [Reference 43] . 85 21 Comparison of mass loss-based and oxygen consumption-based heat release rates for LLNL Tests (a) VCAB-2 (Hypalon) and (b) VCAB-5 (PVC) [Reference 43]...... •. 88 -viii- LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 22 Three-dimensional view of test enclosure used for FMRC/EPRI cable tray fire tests (References 56. 57] .......... ........... * 90 23 Cable tray arrangement used in Test 3 of second series of FMRC/EPRI cable tray fire tests [Reference 57] . ........ 91 24 Estimated actual heat release rate versus time for FMRC/EPRI Tests 2 and 3 of the second series (Reference 57] . .... .. 92 25 Mass release rate versus area of involvement for first series of FMRC/EPRI PE/PVC extinguishment fire tests [Reference 21] ......... ............... 93 26 Area of involvement versus time for first series of FMRC/EPRI extinguishment fire tests [Reference 21] ..................... 94 27 Mass flux versus exposure heat flux for PE/PVC cable #5 based on data of Tewarson [31] and Lee [32] ............
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fire Bow Drill
    Making Fire With The Bow Drill When you are first learning bow-drill fire-making, you must make conditions and your bow drill set such that the chance of getting a coal is the greatest. If you do not know the feeling of a coal beginning to be born then you will never be able to master the more difficult scenarios. For this it is best to choose the “easiest woods” and practice using the set in a sheltered location such as a garage or basement, etc. Even if you have never gotten a coal before, it is best to get the wood from the forest yourself. Getting it from a lumber yard is easy but you learn very little. Also, getting wood from natural sources ensures you do not accidentally get pressure-treated wood which, when caused to smoulder, is highly toxic. Here are some good woods for learning with (and good for actual survival use too): ► Eastern White Cedar ► Staghorn Sumac ► Most Willows ► Balsam Fir ► Aspens and Poplars ► Basswood ► Spruces There are many more. These are centered more on the northeastern forest communities of North America. A good tree identification book will help you determine potential fire-making woods. Also, make it a common practice to feel and carve different woods when you are in the bush. A good way to get good wood for learning on is to find a recently fallen branch or trunk that is relatively straight and of about wrist thickness or bigger. Cut it with a saw. It is best if the wood has recently fallen off the tree.
    [Show full text]
  • FIGHT FIRE with FACTS Speak with a USFA Spokesperson, Please Call 202-842-3600
    FIGHT FIRE WITH FACTS More than 4,000 Americans die each year in fires and approximately 20,000 are injured. Many of them might be alive today if they had only had the information they needed to avoid a disaster. The U.S Fire Administration offers the following life-saving tips that could make a big difference for you and your community. Following these simple fire safety tips can increase survival rates dramatically. Did you know? ALTERNATIVE HEATER SAFETY LIFE-SAVING TIPS Eighty-two percent of all fire ¾ For increased protection, USFA recommends installing deaths occur in the home. both ionization (detects fast-burning fires) and photoelectric Heating is the second leading (detects slow, smoldering fires), or dual sensor smoke alarms cause of residential fires. in the home per manufacturers’ installation instructions and Deaths due to fires caused by applicable codes. Install smoke alarms in each bedroom. heating a home are particularly ¾ Kerosene heaters are not permitted in many areas. If you preventable. use a kerosene heater, use only the recommended fuel. Always Having a working smoke alarm refuel outdoors safely away from your home. reduces one’s chances of dying in ¾ Allow your heater to cool before refueling and only refuel a fire by nearly a half. outdoors. For more information on how you can help prevent fires and fire ¾ Keep the fire in the fireplace by making sure you have a screen large enough to catch flying sparks and rolling logs. deaths, please contact your local fire department on a non- ¾ Clean your chimney regularly – chimney tar build-up can emergency number or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Foil Rubbings
    OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES Fire Lighting, at Home Fire provokes great memories, wistfully Environmental watching the flames dance around. A Awareness guide to safe methods to light a fire, Understand the impact of human activities on the environment. whether it is on tarmac or in the garden. Time: Combine with our food cooking sheets. 40 min plus Remember there should be a purpose to lighting fires to cook Space: or keep warm. Please be careful of where you light fires, Any Outdoor Space, that keep it in control. Never leave a fire unattended and belongs to you supervise children to prevent burns. Make sure you have a Equipment: bucket of water close by to put out any unwanted fires and to Twigs & Sticks, Matches. extinguish at the end. Maybe vaseline / fire lighter, tin or BBQ tray Location: If you’re restricted on space then disposable BBQ trays, traditional metal BBQ’s or even a ‘fray bentos’ tin (wide and shallow)work well to contain the fire. If you have grass in your garden dig up 30cmx30cm square of turf for a small fire. The turf can be replaced later unburnt. Sand, stones or soaking with water around the pit edge can prevent the fire spreading on dry grass. Fuel: To start the fire, easy to light iems would include dry leaves, bark and household items like lint from washing machines, newspaper and cotton wool. Collect a range of twigs and sticks. This may have to be done on a seperate scavenging walk in the local area. Make sure there is a range of thicknesses from little finger, thumb to wrist thickness.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Autumn 2011 Edition of the Quiver I Wrote an Article Touching on the Topic of Survival As It Applies to the Bowhunter
    In the Autumn 2011 edition of The Quiver I wrote an article touching on the topic of survival as it applies to the bowhunter. In this article I want to talk about fire specifically and the different types of firestarters and techniques available. Fire is an important element in a survival situation as it provides heat for warmth, drying clothes or cooking as well as a psychological boost and if you’re hunting in a spot where you are one of the prey species it can keep predators away as well. There are many ways to start a fire; some ways relatively easy and some that would only be used as a last resort. There are pros and cons to most of these techniques. The most obvious tool for starting a fire is a match. While this is a great way to start a fire in your fireplace or fire pit I personally don’t like to carry matches in my pack or on my person. They are hard to keep dry and you are limited to one fire per match IF you can light a one match fire every time. It would be easy to run out of matches in a hurry as you are limited in how many you could reasonably carry. A Bic lighter or one of the more expensive windproof lighters is a slightly better choice for the bowhunter to carry. They are easy to use, easy to carry, fairly compact, and last for a reasonable amount of “lights”. They don’t work well when wet but can be dried out fairly easily.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Science
    Cedar Grove School District Cedar Grove, NJ 2019 Grade 9 Physical Science Revisions Approved by the Cedar Grove Board of Education October 2019 Superintendent of Schools Mr. Michael J. Fetherman Board of Education Mrs. Christine Dye, President Mr. David Schoner, Vice-President Mrs. Nicole DiChiara Mrs. Michele Mega Mr. Leonard Splendoria Physical Science Course Description Within the New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science there are three distinct and equally important dimensions to learning science. These dimensions are combined to form each standard—or performance expectation—and each dimension works with the other two to help students build a cohesive understanding of science over time. Crosscutting Concepts help students explore connections across the four domains of science, including Physical Science, Life Science, Earth and Space Science, and Engineering Design. When these concepts, such as “cause and effect”, are made explicit for students, they can help students develop a coherent and scientifically-based view of the world around them. Science and Engineering Practices describe what scientists do to investigate the natural world and what engineers do to design and build systems. The practices better explain and extend what is meant by “inquiry” in science and the range of cognitive, social, and physical practices that it requires. Students engage in practices to build, deepen, and apply their knowledge of core ideas and crosscutting concepts. Disciplinary Core Ideas are the key ideas in science that have broad importance within or across multiple science or engineering disciplines. These core ideas build on each other as students progress through grade levels and are grouped into the following four domains: Physical Science, Life Science, Earth and Space Science, and Engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • F I R I N G O P E R a T I O
    Summer 2012 ▲ Vol. 2 Issue 2 ▲ Produced and distributed quarterly by the Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center F I R I N G O P E R A T I O N S What does a good firing show look like? And, what could go wrong ? Once you By Paul Keller t’s an age-old truth. put fire down— Once you put fire down—you can’t take it back. I We all know how this act of lighting the match— you can’t when everything goes as planned—can help you accomplish your objectives. But, unfortunately, once you’ve put that fire on take it back. the ground, you-know-what can also happen. Last season, on seven firing operations—including prescribed fires and wildfires (let’s face it, your drip torch doesn’t know the difference)—things did not go as planned. Firefighters scrambled for safety zones. Firefighters were entrapped. Firefighters got burned. It might serve us well to listen to the firing operation lessons that our fellow firefighters learned in 2011. As we already know, these firing show mishaps—plans gone awry—aren’t choosey about fuel type or geographic area. Last year, these incidents occurred from Arizona to Georgia to South Dakota—basically, all over the map. In Arkansas, on the mid-September Rock Creek Prescribed Fire, that universal theme about your drip torch never distinguishing between a wildfire or prescribed fire is truly hammered home. Here’s what happened: A change in wind speed dramatically increases fire activity. Jackpots of fuel exhibit extreme fire behavior and torching of individual trees.
    [Show full text]
  • National Fire Incident Reporting System Program Management
    National Fire Incident Reporting System Program Management NFIRS PM-Student Manual 3rd Edition, 1st Printing-November 2007 FEMA/USFA/NFA NFIRS PM-SM National Fire Program Incident Reporting November 2007 3rd Edition, 1st Printing System Program Management National Fire Incident Reporting System Program Management NFIRS PM-Student Manual 3rd Edition, 1st Printing-November 2007 NATIONAL FIRE INCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM PROGRAM MANAGEMENT FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY UNITED STATES FIRE ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL FIRE ACADEMY FOREWORD The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was established in 1979. FEMA's mission is to focus Federal effort on preparedness for, mitigation of, response to, and recovery from emergencies encompassing the full range of natural and manmade disasters. FEMA's National Emergency Training Center (NETC) in Emmitsburg, Maryland, includes the United States Fire Administration (USFA), its National Fire Academy (NFA), and the Emergency Management Institute (EMI). To achieve the USFA's legislated mandate (under Public Law 93-498, October 29, 1974), "to advance the professional development of fire service personnel and of other persons engaged in fire prevention and control activities," the U.S. Fire Administration has developed an effective program linkage with established fire training systems which exist at the State and local levels. It is the responsibility of the USFA to support and strengthen these delivery systems. The field courses of the USFA's National Fire Academy have been sponsored by the respective State fire training systems in every State. The USFA's National Fire Academy is proud to join with State and local fire agencies in providing educational opportunities to the members of the Nation's fire services.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Before Matches
    Fire before matches by David Mead 2020 Sulang Language Data and Working Papers: Topics in Lexicography, no. 34 Sulawesi Language Alliance http://sulang.org/ SulangLexTopics034-v2 LANGUAGES Language of materials : English ABSTRACT In this paper I describe seven methods for making fire employed in Indonesia prior to the introduction of friction matches and lighters. Additional sections address materials used for tinder, the hearth and its construction, some types of torches and lamps that predate the introduction of electricity, and myths about fire making. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction; 2 Traditional fire-making methods; 2.1 Flint and steel strike- a-light; 2.2 Bamboo strike-a-light; 2.3 Fire drill; 2.4 Fire saw; 2.5 Fire thong; 2.6 Fire plow; 2.7 Fire piston; 2.8 Transporting fire; 3 Tinder; 4 The hearth; 5 Torches and lamps; 5.1 Palm frond torch; 5.2 Resin torch; 5.3 Candlenut torch; 5.4 Bamboo torch; 5.5 Open-saucer oil lamp; 5.6 Footed bronze oil lamp; 5.7 Multi-spout bronze oil lamp; 5.8 Hurricane lantern; 5.9 Pressurized kerosene lamp; 5.10 Simple kerosene lamp; 5.11 Candle; 5.12 Miscellaneous devices; 6 Legends about fire making; 7 Additional areas for investigation; Appendix: Fire making in Central Sulawesi; References. VERSION HISTORY Version 2 [13 June 2020] Minor edits; ‘candle’ elevated to separate subsection. Version 1 [12 May 2019] © 2019–2020 by David Mead All Rights Reserved Fire before matches by David Mead Down to the time of our grandfathers, and in some country homes of our fathers, lights were started with these crude elements—flint, steel, tinder—and transferred by the sulphur splint; for fifty years ago matches were neither cheap nor common.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemical Evidence for the Control of Fire by Middle Palaeolithic Hominins Alex Brittingham 1*, Michael T
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Geochemical Evidence for the Control of Fire by Middle Palaeolithic Hominins Alex Brittingham 1*, Michael T. Hren 2,3, Gideon Hartman1,4, Keith N. Wilkinson5, Carolina Mallol6,7,8, Boris Gasparyan9 & Daniel S. Adler1 The use of fre played an important role in the social and technological development of the genus Homo. Most archaeologists agree that this was a multi-stage process, beginning with the exploitation of natural fres and ending with the ability to create fre from scratch. Some have argued that in the Middle Palaeolithic (MP) hominin fre use was limited by the availability of fre in the landscape. Here, we present a record of the abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic compounds that are produced during the combustion of organic material, from Lusakert Cave, a MP site in Armenia. We fnd no correlation between the abundance of light PAHs (3–4 rings), which are a major component of wildfre PAH emissions and are shown to disperse widely during fre events, and heavy PAHs (5–6 rings), which are a major component of particulate emissions of burned wood. Instead, we fnd heavy PAHs correlate with MP artifact density at the site. Given that hPAH abundance correlates with occupation intensity rather than lPAH abundance, we argue that MP hominins were able to control fre and utilize it regardless of the variability of fres in the environment. Together with other studies on MP fre use, these results suggest that the ability of hominins to manipulate fre independent of exploitation of wildfres was spatially variable in the MP and may have developed multiple times in the genus Homo.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Making? No Problem, My "Fireman" and Buddy "Bow" Beauchamp Will Be Happy to Try to Help Ya Out
    FREE TIPS, TRICKS & IDEAS Fire Making Out of all the survival skills you need to master, I firmly believe fire making" is the most important. Why? A fire will give you warmth when it's cold, chilly, and downright freezing outside. A fire will provide you light during darkness so you can see to do other things. A fire will allow you to cook your meals and boil water so you can consume them safely. A fire will dry out your clothes when they've become wet so you won't get sick. A fire will provide a way to signal for help, both, during darkness and daylight hours. A fire will protect you from wild critters and help keep the "boggy man" away at night too. So the bottom line is by NOT knowing how to make a fire, it could mean the difference between "life" and "death" especially in a cold weather environment. And so allow me to cover briefly what other survival sites say about fire making... TO CREATE FIRE: You need 3 x elements - heat, fuel, & oxygen, and in sufficient quantities and correct ratios too. Because if you use too much of one and not enough of the other(s) you'll produce either (a) no fire, (b) too much fire, or (c) a smoking fire. WHEN SELECTING A FIRE SITE: Choose a location where there's plenty of wood so you don't have to wander far to gather it. And if it's windy or raining, either select a place that'll provide protection against these elements or make a windbreaker out of rocks and/or logs.
    [Show full text]
  • ML15054A408.Pdf
    Group A FOIA/PA NO: 2015-0119 RECORDS BEING RELEASED IN THEIR ENTIRETY The ELF realizes the profit motive caused and. reinforced! by the capitalist society is destroying. all life on this planet...The only way,. at thiSh... point in FrequentlyAsked Questions time, to stop that About The continued destruction of life.. ise, to.:: by any means-, necessary take the profit motive out ot killing. ibeon North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office NAELFPO (ELF) interest since 1997 on the North American ELF Press Office, foolishly believing that the office might have some direct con- nection to ELF members. It doesn't. After years of surveil- lance, harassment, two major raids and property seizures, and numerous grand jury subpoenas, the U.S. Department of Justice continues to place pressure on the press office to shut down. They don't seem to be having much luck. Another step that the protectors of the state and commerce have taken is to have the Federal Bureau of Investigation clas- sify the ELF as a domestic terrorism group. In fact the F.B.I. has referred to the ELF as the leading domestic terrorism threat in the United States. This classification allowed height- ened surveillance and investigative techniques to be legally used against the ELF. In addition this move by the F.B.I. allowed the formal creation of Joint Terrorism Task Forces in most larger urban areas throughout the U.S. One example is below. On November 25, 2000 the NAELFPO received notice that a terrorism task force had been approved in Portland, Oregon by the City Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire-Making Apparatus in the U.S. National Museum
    loo I CD •CD CO Hough, Walter Fire-making apparatus in the U.S. National Museiiin GN 417 H68 1890 ROBA II Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/firemakingapparaOOhouguoft /e9o FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS IN THE U. S. N By Walter HougM. AnT O R OCT 2 5 1973 Man ,n h.s onginals seems to be a thing unarn.ed ^Sj^^LViM „™Ww to Ll„ tse f, as needing the aid of ,na„y things; therefore Pro^nl^fi^ii^Wht,; ^ A^^ ont hre wh.eh snppediates and yields eomfort and help in a wants and mannerto hulu necessit.es; so that if the soul be the form I of forms, and the hand be .he ,netr„,„e„tof mstrnmeuts,rtre deserves well to be ealled the suecorof sn eors the help of helps, or that infinite ways afford aid and assistance to all labors and ihe There is a prevalent belief that to make fire by rubbing o two pieces wood .s very d.ffienlt. It is not so, the writer has repeftedly n,rde ^ *''''""^ ^ *"' '""^^ ''"'' «"« ^^*^<'°"'J« ^'tb th« fow drSl '" *''^ ''^^^ ^"^^ ^''"°"« wifhTl-?nf"*''' r^'^t*'''" P^oP'e^ ""^te fire ''*"*^" ^'* '''''^'"«'' and IroqlTs! '"" ^ ' '» *''« ^urons They take two pieces of cedar wood drvanfllio-lif- fTinxr 1,^1/1 • /> , All these descriptions omit details that are essential h to the comore ns,on ot the reacler. There is a great knack in twiriing the veXal .stick. It ,s taken be( ween the paln.s of the outstretched hands which a o drawn backwards and forwards past each other almost tTth;!!^; t thus PS, g, vmg the driU a reciprocating motion.
    [Show full text]