DOCSLIB.ORG

The Eschatology of Margaret Fell (1614-1702) and Its Place in Her Theology and Ministry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Eschatology of Margaret Fell (1614-1702) and Its Place in Her Theology and Ministry Durham E-Theses The eschatology of Margaret Fell (1614-1702) and its place in her theology and ministry Padgett, Sally Bruyneel How to cite: Padgett, Sally Bruyneel (2003) The eschatology of Margaret Fell (1614-1702) and its place in her theology and ministry, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1253/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE ESCHATOLOGY OF MARGARET FELL (1614-1702) AND ITS PLACE IN HER THEOLOGY AND MINISTRY. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Theology, University of Durham, in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. By Sally Bruyneel Padgett 2003 A copyright of this thesis r~sts with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written conse~t and information derived from It should be acknowledged. Copyright © Sally Bruyneel Padgett, 2003. All rights reserved. 1 2 MAR 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Abbreviations 4 l. Introduction 5 2. Margaret Fell: A Brief Overview of her Life and Work 34 3. A Measure of the Times 100 4. The Kingdom of Light: 140 Margaret Fell's Theology and Eschatology 5. A Salutation to the Seed of Abraham: 221 Margaret Fell, Quaker Evangelism and the Jews 6. Living in the Last Days: 263 Women's Equality and Peace Testimony 7. Conclusion 308 Bibliography 315 2 ABSTRACT Sally Bruyneel Padgett The Eschatology of Margaret Fell (1614-1702) and its Place in her Theology and Ministry. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Durham, 2003. This thesis examines the theology of Margaret Askew Fell Fox (1614-1702). While Fell has been the subject of some historical research, especially by Quaker scholars, she has not been studied as a religious author in her own right. This thesis undertakes a careful study of her theology, taking her seriously as a prophetic and practical theologian. It demonstrates that, like other early Quakers and like many English religious authors during the Civil War and Interregnum, Fell was deeply influenced by Biblical apocalyptic literature and the strong eschatological expectations of her time. After a brief overview of her life, ministry and theological writings, this work places Fell's thought in the context of English apocalyptic and millenarian movements, including the peculiarly Quaker understanding of an over-realized eschatology of the Light within. We then move on to a larger consideration of her theology as a whole, with an emphasis upon her eschatology. In the final chapters of the work, we demonstrate the centrality of Fell's eschatology for her work with the Jews, for her defense of the spiritual equality of women, and for her promotion of the Quaker peace testimony. Like the other Quakers of her day, she held that Christ had come fully in the Light, shining in the conscience of all people. Although her views on the character of the Second Coming changed somewhat after the return of the King in 1660, they retained an obvious and consistent realized eschatology. This eschatological center gives shape to the whole of her life and thought 3 ABBREVIATIONS Spence MSS Spence Manuscripts. Wallace Margaret Fell, A Sincere and Constant Love, Terry S. Wallace, ed. Works Margaret Fell, A Collection of Remarkable Passages, etc. (1710). Full citations for these and all works cited herein are found in the Bibliography. 4 Bruyneel Padgett Margaret Fell 5 One Introduction The Religious Society of Friends has been unusually blessed in the quality of its historians. In the last hundred years alone Quakerism has been fortunate to be the subject of dedicated intellectual attention by scholars such as William Braithwaite, Hugh Barbour, Dean Freiday, Douglas Gwyn and Leo Damrosch-to name but a few. The volume of Friends' correspondence and publications available in colleges, study centers and universities is quite remarkable, and at present a renaissance in Quaker Studies seems well underway. This given, there is an as yet unresolved dissonance in the scholarship by and about the women of Quakerism. On the one hand, there is a vast quantity of material written by women in the Society of Friends whose ranks have long included energetic women preachers and social reformers. Although the popular conception of Quakers as historically egalitarian with regard to gender is incorrect, this is offset by the wealth of evidence that Quaker women have often functioned beyond the social and religious boundaries of their time. On the other hand, the weighty standard works of Quaker history have traditionally focused their narratives on the contributions and activities of men within the Society of Friends. Women appear in their pages as minor players momentarily elevated in status for the purposes of the author, and then just as quickly consigned to the footnotes of Friends' history. Chapter One Bruyneel Padgett Margaret Fell 6 This dissonance between the historical evidence and the historical record is nowhere more obvious than when considering the life of Margaret Askew Fell Fox (1614-1702). Margaret is currently the subject of widening interest among historians and scholars of religion, particularly in those areas influenced by, or interested in, feminism and women's history. This has not always been the case, and given the vicissitudes of history her contributions have not enjoyed the attention or respect they merit. Until recent times, Margaret Fell was largely ignored in scholarly material written by or about Quakers. This has been the case even among the Society of Friends, known more commonly as Quakers, whose religious traditions and teachings she helped form and nurture. Where she was represented in print, the image that emerged was generally that of the comforting matron who offered encouragement and support to the much put-upon fIrst generation of Friends. Even in this, her significance was predicated upon the fact that she was the wife of the lionized founding Quaker leader, George Fox. Fortunately for us, a truer measure of her importance as a religious reformer and theologian is now being recovered by the current generation of scholars. The particular piece of scholarly inquiry now before you takes place at a time when older hagiographic and one-dimensional portraits of Margaret Fell have fallen by the way. The older thumbnail sketch of Margaret as protecting mother of the Quaker hearth and wife to founder George Fox has been replaced by a newer, more socially and historically conscious model. She is no longer just an historical Chapter One Bruyneel Padgett Margaret Fell 7 footnote to the halcyon days of early Quakerism, but an increasingly valued part of the Friends' religious heritage. She is also of significance for contemporary work in areas such as Women's Studies, where her ample catalogue of extant writings provides a wealth of information-as well as a sense of historical solidity-that must come as a relief to scholars charged with integrating 'herstory' and history. At the same time, the current scholarly efforts that study her life and work present their own uneven picture of Margaret Fell. This is a natural and transitory state of affairs most appropriately addressed by continued study and the attendant depth and texture this will bring to the subject overall. The effort I have set before you is intended to make just such a contribution to the field. As the situation surrounding Margaret Fell as a subject of study has changed in the past fifteen years, so has the nature of the work before you. At the time of my initial research there was little in print on Margaret and, in contrast with her contemporaries and co-workers George Fox and James Naylor, little awareness of her except in the most general sense. Thus, early on in this research into Margaret Fell it became clear that this was an unplowed field in scholarship. The task at that time was to attempt a more accurate and nuanced portrait of the so­ called "nursing mother of Quakerism," in what was largely a biographical undertaking. In terms of the older secondary resources she received only the occasional mention, and in newer works her contribution was noted and generally remarked upon, but the task of producing more concentrated scholarship was left to later writers. With regard to primary sources, beyond the work of Isabel Ross and earlier undernourished discussions of Mother Fell, there was little available. It was Chapter One Bruyneel Padgett Margaret Fell 8 thus necessary in a real sense to spend a great deal of time in her own writings, many of which were unpublished or in rare-book collections scattered across the United Kingdom and the United States. Thus my conception of her sprang largely from reading her own communications, both public and private. By the time that publications of scholars such as Christine Trevett, Bonnelyn Kunze, Kate Peters and Phyllis Mack began appearing, much of my initial effort in biography was unnecessary. At the same time there were areas of Margaret's life and thought that-even in these fme efforts­ had not received the attention they merited, with the result that the research now before you was undertaken in earnest.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Excommunication of George Fox, 1678
    THE EXCOMMUNICATION OF GEORGE FOX, 1678 he broad outlines of the dispute between George Fell, only son of Judge Thomas and Margaret Fell, and his mother have long T been known. More than 125 years ago, Maria Webb used the collection of letters and other documents that became known as the Swarthmore Manuscripts for her book on the Fell family. She related details of the disagreement between Margaret Fell, one of the most important figures in the early period of the rise of the Children of Truth, and her son. As Webb told the story, the basis of the disagreement was Margaret Fell's active involvement in the affairs of the Quakers, the pejorative tag early attached to the Children of Truth, an involvement culminating in 1669 in the marriage of the widowed Margaret to George Fox, founding organizer of the sect. A letter Webb included in her book from Fell's son-in-law Thomas Lower suggested that her son George, a lawyer of no little wealth, prominence, and influence, may even have connived to have his mother re-committed to the county jail in Lancaster in 1670. 1 According to Norman Penney, who examined the evidence in the early 1930s, King Charles II granted George ownership of Swarthmoor Hall in 1665 after Margaret was imprisoned and her property confiscated.2 The relationship between the two family members was hardly friendly, and the son failed even to mention his mother in his will, although he did bequeath forty shillings to each of his parents-in-law to buy a ring.
    [Show full text]
  • Benevolent Colonizers in Nineteenth-Century Australia Quaker Lives and Ideals
    Benevolent Colonizers in Nineteenth-Century Australia Quaker Lives and Ideals Eva Bischoff Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series Series Editors Richard Drayton Department of History King’s College London London, UK Saul Dubow Magdalene College University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK The Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies series is a collection of studies on empires in world history and on the societies and cultures which emerged from colonialism. It includes both transnational, comparative and connective studies, and studies which address where particular regions or nations participate in global phenomena. While in the past the series focused on the British Empire and Commonwealth, in its current incarna- tion there is no imperial system, period of human history or part of the world which lies outside of its compass. While we particularly welcome the first monographs of young researchers, we also seek major studies by more senior scholars, and welcome collections of essays with a strong thematic focus. The series includes work on politics, economics, culture, literature, science, art, medicine, and war. Our aim is to collect the most exciting new scholarship on world history with an imperial theme. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/13937 Eva Bischoff Benevolent Colonizers in Nineteenth-­ Century Australia Quaker Lives and Ideals Eva Bischoff Department of International History Trier University Trier, Germany Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series ISBN 978-3-030-32666-1 ISBN 978-3-030-32667-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32667-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Swarthmoor Hall 2019 Programme Guide Welcome
    swarthmoor hall 2019 Programme Guide Welcome Experience a change of pace in the quiet, comfortable and beautiful Swarthmoor Hall. It has been a place of spiritual refreshment and development since the early days of Quakerism. Our residential programme includes courses, retreats and pilgrimages. Our day events offer fresh reasons to visit. This year we are excited about Seeking routes: exploring Quaker experience and action in building a more sustainable Earth, an art exhibition we are hosting from Friday 19 July to Sunday 8 September. Why not extend your weekend or mid-week workshop to include a short break in the scenic Lake District? Accommodation taken before or after a residential course is offered at a special discounted rate. Jane Pearson Manager, Swarthmoor Hall Courses and retreats p 4 1652 Quaker pilgrimages p 8 Day Events 2019 p 9 Regular spiritual activities and facilities p 11 Programme tutors p 12 Other information p 14 2019 programme diary 7 February – 10 March Swarthmoor Hall artists winter exhibition p 9 18 February – 10 March Spring bulbs at Swarthmoor Hall, National Gardens p 9 Scheme Open Days 22 – 24 March Oneness in our separate experiences p 4 7 – 12 April Writing retreat p 4 3 – 5 May A place for the scriptures p 5 10 – 12 May The Inner Light: an exploration of eastern spiritual poetry p 5 7 – 9 June Journaling: a way to the centre p 5 10 June – 11 June Ulverston International Music Festival at Swarthmoor Hall p 9 14 – 16 June Summer colour at Swarthmoor Hall, National Gardens p 10 Scheme Open Days 21 – 24 June Experiment
    [Show full text]
  • The Experience of Early Friends
    The Experience of Early Friends By Andrew Wright 2005 Historical Context The world of the early Friends was in the midst of radical change. The Renaissance in Europe had strengthened the role of science and reason in the Western world. The individual’s power to understand and make sense of reality on their own was challenging the authority of the Catholic Church. Until recently there had been only one church in Western Europe. Martin Luther’s “95 Theses” that critiqued the Catholic Church is generally seen as the beginning of the Reformation when western Christianity splintered into a plethora of various “protestant” churches. In order to fully understand the significance of the Reformation we must realize that political authority and religious authority were very closely aligned at this time in history. Political authority was used to enforce religious orthodoxy as well as to punish those who expressed unconventional views. Meditating on the intensity of feeling that many have today about issues like abortion or gay/ lesbian rights or end of life issues might begin to help us to understand the intensity of feeling that people experienced around religious issues during the Reformation. Many people felt like only the triumph of their religious group could secure their right to religious expression or save them from persecution. The notion of separation of church and state only began to become a possibility much later. The English Reformation and Civil War In England, the reformation developed a little later than in Germany and in a slightly different way. In 1534, King Henry VIII declared the Church of England independent of the Roman Catholic papacy and hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • From Plainness to Simplicity: Changing Quaker Ideals for Material Culture J
    Chapter 2 From Plainness to Simplicity: Changing Quaker Ideals for Material Culture J. William Frost Quakers or the Religious Society of Friends began in the 1650s as a response to a particular kind of direct or unmediated religious experience they described metaphorically as the discovery of the Inward Christ, Seed, or Light of God. This event over time would shape not only how Friends wor­ shipped and lived but also their responses to the peoples and culture around them. God had, they asserted, again intervened in history to bring salvation to those willing to surrender to divine guidance. The early history of Quak­ ers was an attempt by those who shared in this encounter with God to spread the news that this experience was available to everyone. In their enthusiasm for this transforming experience that liberated one from sin and brought sal­ vation, the first Friends assumed that they had rediscovered true Christianity and that their kind of religious awakening was the only way to God. With the certainty that comes from firsthand knowledge, they judged those who op­ posed them as denying the power of God within and surrendering to sin. Be­ fore 1660 their successes in converting a significant minority of other English men and women challenged them to design institutions to facilitate the ap­ proved kind of direct religious experience while protecting against moral laxity. The earliest writings of Friends were not concerned with outward ap­ pearance, except insofar as all conduct manifested whether or not the person had hearkened to the Inward Light of Christ. The effect of the Light de­ pended on the previous life of the person, but in general converts saw the Light as a purging as in a refiner’s fire (the metaphor was biblical) previous sinful attitudes and actions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Man in Leather Breeches
    THE MAN IN LEATHER BREECHES George Fox and the Early Quakers Leonard S. Kenworthy Copies of this pamphlet are $1.25 or 10 or more for $1 each. They may be purchased from: Quaker Publications Box 726 Kennett Square, PA 19348 Some Background on This Pamphlet and Its Author This essay is being printed in order to on Quakerism are Volumes I and II of Liv­ provide a brief, popularly-written account ing in the Light: Some Quaker Pioneers of of George Fox and the early Quakers as the 20th Century, A Quaker Inside Nazi' there is very little material available on that Germany: Another Dimension of the important aspect of Quakerism. Holocaust, Quaker Quotations on Faith A short list of readings is included for and Practice, and Quakerism: A Study those who wish to pursue their study of the Guide on the Religious Society ofFriends. beginning of Quakerism further, and a few questions are attached to encourage discus­ sion of this pamphlet by interested groups. Nearly all of the material in this essay has appeared elsewhere. Some of it was used in a Pennsbury Leaflet many years ago on George Fox-Seeker. Most of it is taken from Chapter I of the writer's book on Quakerism: A Study Guide on the Religious Society of Friends. The author is a birthright and convinced Friend who was educated at Westtown School and Earlham College, both Quaker institutions, as well as at Columbia Univer­ sity, from which he received his master's and doctoral degrees. He has taught at Friends Select and Friends Central Schools and served on the boards of Oakwood, Friends Seminary, and Brooklyn Friends School.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Pendle Hill Pamphlets 1934 - 2014
    Index of Pendle Hill Pamphlets 1934 - 2014 Introduction Many remarkable gifts have come out of the Pendle Hill experience, but few are more remarkable than the series of Pendle Hill Pamphlets, ongoing now for eighty years. Conceived as the published equivalent of messages spoken in a Friends’ meeting for worship, these brief essays reflect the range and vision of unprogrammed Quaker religious thought and practice. Among the authors represented here are a handful of famous names, such as Toynbee, Weil, and Buber. But for the most part the pamphlets are the works of a “cloud of witnesses” distinguished primarily for their spirit and expressiveness. And while there are recurring themes among them (peace, worship, art), the four hundred-plus titles cover almost as many topics. Over the years, many readers have commented on the richness of spiritual resources and information represented in these essays. Many have also asked for help in using them in study, reflection, and research. This index is designed to answer that need. It includes four sections: • Section I is an annotated list of the pamphlets. This list is in numerical order, and the pamphlet number serves as a cross-reference tool throughout the index. Each listing includes title, author, date of publication (in parentheses), a brief summary of the essay, and its subjects. • Section II groups the pamphlets alphabetically by author. • Section III lists the pamphlets alphabetically by title. • Section IV offers a subject index for the pamphlets. Index by Number Cooperation and Coercion as Methods of Social Change Nicholson, Vincent De Witt (1934) 1 The author asks if the consequences of differences and conflicts can be creative instead of devastating.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gendered Nature of Quaker Charity
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2013-2014: Penn Humanities Forum Undergraduate Violence Research Fellows 5-2014 The Gendered Nature of Quaker Charity Panarat Anamwathana University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2014 Part of the History of Religion Commons Anamwathana, Panarat, "The Gendered Nature of Quaker Charity" (2014). Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2013-2014: Violence. 11. https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2014/11 This paper was part of the 2013-2014 Penn Humanities Forum on Violence. Find out more at http://www.phf.upenn.edu/annual-topics/violence. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2014/11 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Gendered Nature of Quaker Charity Abstract For a holistic understanding of violence, the study of its antithesis, nonviolence, is necessary. A primary example of nonviolence is charity. Not only does charity prevent violence from rogue vagrants, but it also is an act of kindness. In seventeenth-century England, when a third of the population lived below the poverty line, charity was crucial. Especially successful were Quaker charity communities and the early involvement of Quaker women in administering aid. This is remarkable, considering that most parish- appointed overseers of the poor were usually male. What explains this phenomenon that women became the main administrators of Quaker charity? Filling in this gap of knowledge would shed further light on Quaker gender dynamics and the Quaker values that are still found in American culture today. Keywords Quakers, charity Disciplines History of Religion Comments This paper was part of the 2013-2014 Penn Humanities Forum on Violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Wider Quaker Fellowship, Aotearoa New Zealand
    WIDER QUAKER FELLOWSHIP, AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND LETTER 145 MAY 2018 19 Exeter Place, Rotorua 3015, New Zealand. [email protected] Dear Friends, We’ve been hearing a lot about women’s rights recently. I’m not at all sure that we know just how long this has been a source of contention, or indeed how negatively women have been regarded since times past. Attitudes persisting in many quarters today shock those of us who have come to regard all human beings as individuals with equal rights to respect and opportunity. Did you know that in 16th and 17th century England women were considered by many to be “the silly and weaker Sex” and “naturally apt unto all mischiefe” (Anonymous, 1646)? John Knox, the Protestant reformer, maintained that women were physically frail, mentally feeble and lacking in leadership ability. In 1558 he wrote an article entitled “The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women”, using biblical references to reinforce his view that women should be submissive and subject to men in all things. In other words, they should be seen but not publicly heard. Early Quakers, with their belief that God is directly and equally accessible to all human beings, challenged this attitude. Against considerable opposition they encouraged women to express their spirituality. From 1667 George Fox was instrumental in setting up women’s meetings in England, Ireland, Barbados and New England. In this and throughout his life from 1652 he was supported by a remarkable woman - Margaret Fell. I have decided to devote this letter to an account of the life and work of the woman who did so much for the Quaker movement in its earliest days.
    [Show full text]
  • Ossick Coots and Collared Doves
    Ossik Coots and Collared Doves The story of an amazing community and its church – from the beginning. By Reverend Colin R Honour. M.Ed. 1 Copyright (c) 2011 Colin R Honour The right of Colin Honour to be identified as the author of this book has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without the written permission of the author. 2 to all the ‘characters’ who have made this church and parish what it is. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank our special friends at Urswick for introducing me to its remarkable past and sharing a vision for its future, and to the original Hidden Light Project Group for all we shared together in good times and bad. To Steve Dickinson, local archaeologist, for firing my imagination in the early days, and for permission to reproduce his line drawings of the inscribed stones in the church’s north wall from ‘Beacon on the Bay’, and photographs of the ‘threshold stone’ between tower and nave exposed in 2003. To Sir Roy Strong for introducing the ‘wider picture’ in a way we can all understand, and for allowing me to quote from his little gem, ‘A Little History Of The English Country Church’. Thanks go to the patient Archivist and Staff at the Barrow Central Library Local Resources Section, and also at Kendal Library, for their willingness to go the extra mile for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Kvakerské Hnutí a Jeho Vliv Na Anglickou Společnost a Politiku V Letech 1649-1660
    Technická univerzita v Liberci FAKULTA PŘÍRODOVĚDNĚ-HUMANITNÍ A PEDAGOGICKÁ Katedra: Historie Studijní program: B 7505 Specializace v pedagogice Studijní obor: Historie se zaměřením na vzdělávání Anglický jazyk se zaměřením na vzdělávání KVAKERSKÉ HNUTÍ A JEHO VLIV NA ANGLICKOU SPOLEČNOST A POLITIKU V LETECH 1649-1660 The Quaker´s Movement and its Influence on English Society in 1649-1660 Bakalářská práce: 11–FP–KHI–046 Autor: Podpis: Jana Semiánová Adresa Vinecká 4 293 01, Mladá Boleslav Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Stanislav Tumis, M. A., Ph. D. Konzultant: PhDr. Jaromír Soukup, Ph. D. Počet stran grafů obrázků tabulek pramenů příloh 91 0 0 0 0 13 V Liberci dne: 29. dubna 2011 Čestné prohlášení Název práce: Kvakerské hnutí a jeho vliv na anglickou společnost a politiku v letech 1649-1660 Jméno a příjmení autora: Jana Semiánová Osobní číslo: P07000226 Byla jsem seznámena s tím, ţe na mou bakalářskou práci se plně vztahuje zákon č. 121/2000 Sb. o právu autorském, právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů, zejména § 60 – školní dílo. Prohlašuji, ţe má bakalářská práce je ve smyslu autorského zákona výhradně mým autorským dílem. Beru na vědomí, ţe Technická univerzita v Liberci (TUL) nezasahuje do mých autorských práv uţitím mé bakalářské práce pro vnitřní potřebu TUL. Uţiji-li bakalářskou práci nebo poskytnu-li licenci k jejímu vyuţití, jsem si vědom povinnosti informovat o této skutečnosti TUL; v tomto případě má TUL právo ode mne poţadovat úhradu nákladů, které vynaloţila na vytvoření díla, aţ do jejich skutečné výše. Bakalářskou práci jsem vypracovala samostatně s pouţitím uvedené literatury a na základě konzultací s vedoucím bakalářské práce a konzultantem.
    [Show full text]
  • First Among Friends: George Fox and the Creation of Quakerism" by H
    Swarthmore College Works Religion Faculty Works Religion 6-1-1995 Review Of "First Among Friends: George Fox And The Creation Of Quakerism" By H. L. Ingle And "Margaret Fell And The Rise Of Quakerism" By B. Y. Kunze J. William Frost Swarthmore College Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-religion Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation J. William Frost. (1995). "Review Of "First Among Friends: George Fox And The Creation Of Quakerism" By H. L. Ingle And "Margaret Fell And The Rise Of Quakerism" By B. Y. Kunze". Church History. Volume 64, Issue 2. 293-297. DOI: 10.2307/3167942 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-religion/114 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Religion Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOOK REVIEWS 293 post-Tridentine parish. Observations about Catholic catechetical progress, confraternities, and religious images are similarly well-documented and provide the reader with access to archival materials not previously discussed. Nalle is a careful writer, and each chapter contains a brief conclusion to tie together the wealth of evidence she has amassed. Many of these conclusions will be discussed for some time in the ongoing scholarly interpretation of Counter-Reformation Spain, especially Nalle's observation that in Cuenca the Pre-Reform "fell on infertile ground" and "most of the usual accusations leveled against either the clergy or the laity in 1480 still held true in 1540" (p. 30). She suggests that the rise of Protestantism lent an urgency to the reforms which otherwise may not have touched the diocese (seep.
    [Show full text]