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Kvakerské Hnutí a Jeho Vliv Na Anglickou Společnost a Politiku V Letech 1649-1660

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Kvakerské Hnutí a Jeho Vliv Na Anglickou Společnost a Politiku V Letech 1649-1660 Technická univerzita v Liberci FAKULTA PŘÍRODOVĚDNĚ-HUMANITNÍ A PEDAGOGICKÁ Katedra: Historie Studijní program: B 7505 Specializace v pedagogice Studijní obor: Historie se zaměřením na vzdělávání Anglický jazyk se zaměřením na vzdělávání KVAKERSKÉ HNUTÍ A JEHO VLIV NA ANGLICKOU SPOLEČNOST A POLITIKU V LETECH 1649-1660 The Quaker´s Movement and its Influence on English Society in 1649-1660 Bakalářská práce: 11–FP–KHI–046 Autor: Podpis: Jana Semiánová Adresa Vinecká 4 293 01, Mladá Boleslav Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Stanislav Tumis, M. A., Ph. D. Konzultant: PhDr. Jaromír Soukup, Ph. D. Počet stran grafů obrázků tabulek pramenů příloh 91 0 0 0 0 13 V Liberci dne: 29. dubna 2011 Čestné prohlášení Název práce: Kvakerské hnutí a jeho vliv na anglickou společnost a politiku v letech 1649-1660 Jméno a příjmení autora: Jana Semiánová Osobní číslo: P07000226 Byla jsem seznámena s tím, ţe na mou bakalářskou práci se plně vztahuje zákon č. 121/2000 Sb. o právu autorském, právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů, zejména § 60 – školní dílo. Prohlašuji, ţe má bakalářská práce je ve smyslu autorského zákona výhradně mým autorským dílem. Beru na vědomí, ţe Technická univerzita v Liberci (TUL) nezasahuje do mých autorských práv uţitím mé bakalářské práce pro vnitřní potřebu TUL. Uţiji-li bakalářskou práci nebo poskytnu-li licenci k jejímu vyuţití, jsem si vědom povinnosti informovat o této skutečnosti TUL; v tomto případě má TUL právo ode mne poţadovat úhradu nákladů, které vynaloţila na vytvoření díla, aţ do jejich skutečné výše. Bakalářskou práci jsem vypracovala samostatně s pouţitím uvedené literatury a na základě konzultací s vedoucím bakalářské práce a konzultantem. Prohlašuji, ţe jsem do informačního systému STAG vloţila elektronickou verzi mé bakalářské práce, která je identická s tištěnou verzí předkládanou k obhajobě a uvedla jsem všechny systémem poţadované informace pravdivě. V Liberci dne: 29. dubna 2011 Jana Semiánová Poděkování Touto cestou bych chtěla poděkovat především vedoucímu bakalářské práce PhDr. Stanislavu Tumisovi, M.A., Ph.D. za velice cenné rady, připomínky a trpělivost při zpracování práce. Dále bych chtěla poděkovat rodině za podporu, pomoc a trpělivost, bez níţ by tato práce vznikala jen stěţí. Anotace Bakalářská práce pojednává o vzniku, vývoji a vlivu kvakerského hnutí na anglickou společnost a politiku v letech 1649-1660. V úvodní části autorka analyzuje období anglické revoluce, republiky a protektorátu pod vládou Olivera Cromwella od roku 1653. Zaměřuje se zejména na rozbor vzniku a vývoje společnosti kvakerů v padesátých letech 17. století. Závěrečná část je věnována ţivotům nejvýznamnějších osobností, které ovlivňovaly vývoj hnutí ve sledovaném období. Kvakerské hnutí George Fox Oliver Cromwell Anglická revoluce „Vnitřní světlo“ Náboţenství Cestující kazatelé Summary The BA thesis deals with the birth, development and influence of the Quaker movement and politics on English Society in 1649-1660. In the opening chapter the author analyses period of the English revolution, Commonwealth, and Protectorate (from 1653 under the supremacy of Oliver Cromwell). The main body focuses on the birth and development of the Society of Friends in the 1650s. The last chapter deals with lives of the most significant personalities who influenced the process of the movement in this period. Quaker movement George Fox Oliver Cromwell English revolution “Light within” Religion Travelling ministers Obsah Úvod ............................................................................................................................. 9 1. Dějiny Anglie v letech 1649-1660 ....................................................................... 12 1.1. Vláda Karla I. v letech 1625-1642 ................................................................. 12 1.2. První občanská válka 1642-1646 ................................................................... 17 1.3. Druhá občanská válka a poprava Karla I. ....................................................... 19 1.4. Commonwealth 1649-1653 ............................................................................ 21 1.5. Protektorát 1653-1658 .................................................................................... 23 1.6. Závěrečná léta Protektorátu a obnovení monarchie 1658-1660 ..................... 26 2. Vznik a vývoj kvakerského hnutí v Anglii do roku 1660 ................................. 27 2.1. Kdo byli a jsou kvakeři .................................................................................. 27 2.2. Vývoj kvakerského hnutí v letech 1652-1655 ................................................ 33 2.3. Vývoj kvakerského hnutí v letech 1655-1660 ................................................ 40 2.4. Vývoj kvakerského hnutí – Wales, Irsko, Skotsko ........................................ 48 2.5. Vliv kvakerského hnutí na společnost a politiku ............................................ 54 3. Hlavní osobnosti kvakerského hnutí v padesátých letech 17. století .............. 59 3.1. George Fox ..................................................................................................... 59 3.2. James Nayler .................................................................................................. 61 3.3. Francis Howgill, Edward Burrough, William Dewsbury a Richard Farnworth .............................................................................................................. 64 Závěr.......................................................................................................................... 71 Seznam zkratek ........................................................................................................ 73 Seznam literatury a pramenů ................................................................................. 74 Seznam příloh ........................................................................................................... 78 Přílohy ....................................................................................................................... 79 Úvod O kvakerském hnutí pojednává řada odborných publikací psaných především v anglickém jazyce. Ve své době je současníci obdivovali i nenáviděli, stejně jako jeho zakladatele. Vznikem a vývojem kvakerského hnutí jsem se rozhodla zabývat, protoţe jsem se chtěla dozvědět něco bliţšího o jeho historii a osobnostech a zjistit, jaký vliv mělo v padesátých letech 17. století na anglickou společnost a politiku. V úvodní kapitole práce pojednávám o dějinách ostrovního státu v letech 1649-1660. Do této části zahrnuji i panování Karla I. Stuarta, neboť jeho rozhodnutí v náboţenských i politických otázkách měla dopad na pozdější vývoj. Karel I. se velmi lišil od svého otce Jakuba I., jenţ svým nestranným postojem v náboţenských otázkách udrţoval křehkou rovnováhu mezi jednotlivými náboţenskými skupinami. Jeho nástupce se touto cestou nevydal a přiklonil se k arminiánské frakci v Church of England, coţ mělo za následek radikalizaci dosud umírněných hnutí a sekt. Jiţ od dob panování Alţběty byl nedílnou součástí anglické společnosti i náboţenský radikalismus. Svého vrcholu dosáhl po popravě Karla I. v roce 1649, kdy vznikala hnutí, jeţ měla významný vliv na tehdejší společnost. Vzniku a rozvoji těchto skupin velmi napomáhal liberální postoj Olivera Cromwella v náboţenských záleţitostech. Hlavní část práce se zabývá vznikem a vývojem kvakerského hnutí v padesátých letech 17. století. Tuto kapitolu jsem rozdělila na několik částí: v první pojednávám obecně o kvakerech a jejich víře, v dalších třech se zabývám vlastním vznikem a vývojem hnutí v Anglii, ve Walesu a Skotsku, a v poslední části analyzuji vliv kvakerů na anglickou společnost a politiku ve sledovaném období. Kvakeři věřili, ţe skrze tzv. vnitřní světlo působí v kaţdém z nás Bůh. Neměli jednotnou věrouku, pouze několik základních principů, které dodrţovali. Podnikali cesty po celé Anglii a šířili své učení. Někde byli přijímáni s velkým nadšením, jinde naopak chladně. V 18. a 19. století bylo kvakerství velmi uznávaným náboţenstvím nejen v Anglii, ale téţ v Americe. Podstata hnutí se změnila, jiţ se nepodnikaly misijní cesty a kvakerství se nerozšiřovalo. Kvakeři zdůrazňovali zejména pacifismus. Opětovné cestování kvakerů začalo aţ v průběhu 20. století, kdy se zakládaly různé kvakerské organizace. 9 V závěrečné kapitole se zaměřuji na nejvýznamnější kvakerské osobnosti a jejich činnost, vliv a působení na společnost a politiku. Nelze vynechat samozřejmě zakladatele hnutí George Foxe, který procestoval nejen celou Anglii, Wales a Skotsko, nýbrţ dostal se i na kontinent a do Nového světa. Osobně se znal s Oliverem Cromwellem a několikrát se setkali a vedli spolu rozhovory na náboţenská témata. Další významnou osobností byl bezpochyby James Nayler, který se proslavil jako vynikající kazatel. Je ale znám v první řadě díky své duchovní krizi, jiţ zaţil v polovině padesátých let 17. století a jeţ jej dostala do vězení. K osobnostem, které sice nejsou tak významné, ale přece jenom měly v hnutí své nezastupitelné místo, patřili například William Dewsbury, Edward Burrough, Francis Howgill či Richard Farnworth. O nich se zmiňuji v závěrečné kapitole. Cílem mé práce je analyzovat vznik a vývoj kvakerského hnutí na pozadí dějinných událostí, které se odehrávaly v padesátých letech 17. století. Zajímalo mne také, jaký vliv měli kvakeři v tehdejší společnosti. V bakalářské práci uplatňuji především diachronní přístup, kdy analyzuji zaloţení hnutí
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