á NERC Copy right 2002 Printed in 2002 b• • Ashford Overload ISBN 1 870393 64 3

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Cover illustration : Araneus diaderna t itchy Mid el Roberts Lk. (4 1 0) -1_00 1 Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

N ATU RAL ENV I RO NM EN T RESEARCH CO U N C IL

P r o vis io n a l A tla s of Br itis h sp id er s (A r a ch n id a, A r a n ea e) , Vo lu m e 2

Co mp ile d a nd ed ited by

Peter R.Ha r vey, Da vid R.Na s t & Ma rk G. Tef er

D es k -top p ublis hing by P eter R. H a r vey

To Cliff or d Sm ith , w ith out w h om th e Sp ider Recor din g Sch em e an d th is Pr ovis io n al Atlas w ould n ot h ave r each ed fr uitio n .

JOINT NAT URE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Cita tio n in fo r m a tio n Ha rve y, P.R., Nel list, D.R. & Telfer, M.G. (eds) 2002. Pro visional atlas of Br itish sp iders (Arachnida, Ara neae) , Volu m es 1 & 2. Huntingdo n : Biolog ical Record s Centre . CON TEN TS OF VOL UM E 2

KEY TO MAPS AND BAR CHARTS 215

SPECIES ACCOUNTS AND MAPS: TETRAGNATHIDAE TO SALTICI DAE 215

REFERENCES 389

SPECIES INDEX 397 á •

SPE CIE SACCOUN TS AND MAPS. Tetrag nat h id ae to Sa itic ida e

[ 1000 11 Tetr agn a t h idae : Tetragnat ha ex tensa KEY TO MA PS AND BA R CHA RTS

Bo . o f 10 ' oc c ur r e nc e s For most species, the numbers of males and females recorded 0 19 0 0 0 1 95 0 each month are shown by bar charts with male and female data / 19 0 0 differentiated according to the following key: x o r e

0 Males • Females • ••4. • •« .• • n e r

r Paser Maps A distribut ion map has been provided for each species, ,:ace show ing the British distribution by 10-km squares of the national grid. The following mapping symbols have been used throughout to show up any changes in distribution patterns J.< s over time. 8• te:

pre-1900 + 1900 —1949

o 1950 —1979 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 O. • 1980 onwards •

••• • •

250 200 150 100 50

0 TI JFMAM JJYASOND

St at us Common.

Dist r ib ut io n The species is widespread throughout most of Britain. It is widespread in western and central Europe.

Habitat and e co logy This spider spins its orb webs on grasses and other low vegetation especially in waterside and wetland habitats, both lowland and upland. As with other members of this genus, when disturbed the spider leaves its web and stretches out along a leaf with the four anterior legs po inting forwards and the four posterior legs pointing backwards. Its elongate shape, combined with this pose, enables the spider to escape detection by predators. Both sexes are mature from early to mid-summer and sometimes into the autu mn.

Aut hor of pr ofile: P. Lee

2 15 [ 1000 5] Te t ragnat hidae : Tet ragnath a p inicola [ 1000 2] Tet ragnat hida e : Tet rag natha m ont ane

No . of 10k8' occ urr ences No . of 10 ' occurrences . 1980 onwards 107 • 1980 onwards 829 0 1950 - 1979 12 0 1950 - 1979 57 . 1900 - 1949 . 1900 - 1949 • )(pr e 1900 2 % pre 1900 3

" on • . UI * •• • _Os . • • 2 • • 1. : . r . • cc ecc • cc ii.- ant i: a • ** ***24 :: 82222•22 *2 ° ***2•24 22•2222"**** • _ ie._ .• cc agrt y . ;Ft : fr..:if • ar :::r . . • e. . :r . r • . . ••. .• • ..• • • ...... • • ..

•

o e

50 500 40 400 30 300 20 200 10 100 lir-ar— r — J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A J JY A S O N D Sta tus Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is numerous at some St a t us sites, but very local. Com mon. Distr ibu tio n Many old records are doubtful because of confusion with Dist ribut io n T extensa.The species appears to be mainly southern and is The species is widespread in southern Britain, becoming widespread in southern England. It is widespread in north-western scattered in the north. It is widespread in western and central and central Europe . Europe as far north as southern Nor way. Hab itat and ecology T pinicola is usually found in lightly wooded areas, mainly on Habitat a nd e co log y young tr ees and tall open herbage in woodland clearings and rides . Orb webs of this species are found on trees, bushes and low In Essex it is often found in clearings several years after coppicing vegetation in a variety of habitats, mostly at low altitudes. It has taken place. Adults of both sexes are found in early to mid- may be found close to water but is less closely associated with sunun er, occasionally into August. wetland habitats than T extensa. Both sexes are mature from early to mid-summer and sometimes into the autumn. Th rea ts The loss of semi-natural mixed woodland to intensive forestry. Aut hor of profi le : P. Lee Man ag em e nt Retain areas of mixed-age broad-leaved woodland. Maintain traditional coppice rotation and ensure that woodland contains a patchwork of open areas and wide rides with plenty of woodland edge habitat.

Author of profil e: P.R. Harvey, with reference to Merrett ( 1990).

2 16 [ 10004] Tet r agn at hidae: Tet rag nath a obt use [ 10003] Tet rag nat h ida e : Tetrag na t ha nigrit a

No . o f 101m . occu r ren c es No . o f 10 1m . occu rr e nc es • 19 80 on w ard s 19 9 • 19 80 o rm a rd s 92 0 19 50 - 1979 32 0 19 50 - 19 79 7 + 19 00 - 194 9 9 + 19 00 - 19 49 3 x p re 19 00 1 s o re 19 00 0

W

• 0

r • • .. • ••.. ..

• •

• • • 0 0 .1 . .1 0•• • : • 9' •

80 40

60 30

40 - 20

20 10

0 0 F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St a t u s St a t us Locally common in England and Wales. Rare in Scotland and Generally an uncommon species in southern counties of Northern Ireland. England becoming rare in the Midlands and further north.

Dist ribut io n Dist ribut io n The species is widespread in England and Wales but absent The species is widespread but very local across the southern from much of Scotland. It is widespread in western and central half of England and Wales north to Cheshire. It is w idesp read Europe. in western and central Europe as far north as Sweden.

Ha b it at a n d e co logy Habitat a nd eco logy This spider spins its orb webs on woodland trees especially in The orb webs of this species are most commonly found on damper sites but is also found on heathland pines, and in trees and shrubs but it will also build them in the vegetation of parkland, churchyards and large well-planted gardens (.1. the field layer. Although most often found near water, this D aw s, p en . comm.). Adults of both sexes are found from early spider can also be found in drier situations. Adu lts of both to mid-summer, occasionally into September. sexes are found from early to mid-summer, occasionally into August. Au thor a profile: P. Lee Author of p rofile: P. Lee

2 17

[ 10006] Tet ragnathidae: Tetragnatha striata [ 10 10 1] Tet ragnat hidae: Pachygnatha clercki

No . o f 10km ' occ u rr en ce s No . o f 10 1cm , o ccu rr en ce s O 1980 on wa rd s 61 0 19 80 on wa rds 92 4 0 19 50 - 19 79 2 0 19 50 - 19 79 104 + 1900 - 19 49 3 . 19 00 - 19 49 19 * pre 19 00 o )(pre 19 00 a

• . •

a pb • gicg• • • • 0 • 0 • • • • • • 0 • 3 - • 111 0 • • 8 • •

0 0', 00 • • . . • 1! • • 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 • •-t It . •.. • • • • • • 00 ...... 0 0 O O O O O 0 0 0 02.8::. 0 0 0 0 06 ••: ::: •• : ° 0.r. .. • . :

0 0 • 0 6 0 • O. • O. • • • 0 • • • • • .0 • • • O 0 • O.On" • • O. O. •a • ••04 00 Os O... O. • • se •" • • •.• •O. • M t: :".. 0 • 8 :.6.• ° te ° • '1° . —•- 2. 0: 00 : . •

12 300 10 250 8 200 6 150 4 100 2 50 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The species is apparently very More local and less common than P. degeeri, but frequent in local, but probably not as scarce as the records suggest, wet habitats. because of its inaccessible habitat. D ist ribut ion Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in much of Britain, becoming The species is widespread but scattered in England with single scattered in northern England and norther n Scotland. It is records from Wales and Scotland. It is widespread in north- widespread in western and central Europe. western and central Europe . Habitat and ecology Habit at and ecology P clercla occurs in damper habitats than the other two T striata occurs in reed-beds in standing water, usually at the members of the genus in places such as bogs or marshes and edge of lakes where it spins an orb web among reeds. Adults th e edges of ponds, rivers and streams where it can be found in are found from April to August, mainly in June and July. low vegetation by grubbing or sweeping. Adults have been recorded throughout the year, but mainly from early to mid- T hreat s summer and in the autumn . As it occurs in reed-beds in open water, rather than in fens, there is prob ably little threat. Author of pr ofile: M. Askins

Management Maintain reed-beds around edges of lakes.

Auth or of p r ofi le: P. Merrett

2 18 [ 10 103] Tet r agnat hidae: Pachygnath a lister; [ 10 102] Tet r agnat hidae: Pachygnat ha degeeri

No . o f /O W oc cur re n ce s No . o f 10Im oc cu r re nc es • 19 80 onw ards 14 1 • 19 80 on wa rd s 99 8 0 19 50 - /97 9 44 0 19 50 - 19 79 14 7 . 19 00 - 19 49 11 . 19 00 - 194 9 7 6 x pre 19 00 1 x pr e 19 00

_as fr i7 sri i e O P • • • n .9" —•

a 0

er :o. ::.« .. I

. .= . r • — • • C.v., .

20 2000 15 1500 10 1000 500 50 0 r - - 4 1 111 1 1 4 1 0Ca r- - J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Local and uncommon. Very common.

Dist ribut ion Dist r ibut ion The species is widespread but scattered in Britain from central The species is widespread in much of Britain, becoming Scotland southwards, but with few records in Wales or south- scattered in northern England and northern Scotland. It is west England. It is widespread in north-western and central widespread in western and central Europe. Europe. Habitat and ecology Habitat and ecology P degeer i is by far the commonest species of the genus and Th is species, unlike the other two British representatives of can be found in low vegetation by grubbing or sweeping. It the genus, is more restricted in its habitat requirement, occurs in a wide range of habitats from woodland clearings and generally only occurring in well-established or ancient broad- path-sides to grassland, quarries and even household detritus. leaved and mixed woodlands. It can be found by sweeping or The common factor appears to be that this spider is found in grubbing about in the lower regions of Me undergrowth, often more humi d microhabitats. For example on grassland they are in damper areas of the wood. Adults can be found all year, but oft en near or in crevices in the ground or in tussocks. Adults mostly in late spring/early summer and late summer/autumn. can be found throughout the year, mainly in the summer.

Author of profil e: M . Askins Author of pr ofile: M . Askins

2 19 •

[ 1020 3] Te t r ag nat hid a e : M et enina se g me nt at a [ 1020 1] Tet rag nat h ida e : M et effi na m eng ei

No . of 10k& occu rrences No . of 10k& occu rrences • 198 0 onwa rds 1127 0 1980 onward s 1140 0 1950 - 197 9 122 0 1950 - 1979 83 . 1900 - 194 9 + 1900 - 1949 5 x pre 1900 3 x pre 1900 0

: - . • -•.: •-:: -.:• r . • . • : *. • / 1:i9d r81100' 0 4. • • • :ma. . g 0: . sr :.:.• .• , • . 5 . gen t° . . ("•‘• • % I 0 h ! . T' . : ..... • a. ..aunt...... •I • • .. . . 5.. . DO- M D: . : • . ...:E a: . li n g, 0. . arm::. . • %. • g : » 0: 1111 • • • • • . . gg • cia ::E.:•:.— :. 0-0 • 5fl 5••0 • . D. : . 5 . 8 • . • ::. O S .."...... • it

• :.: .0. . ••• : : • •••• 0 1, 0 0 0 0 • nir i . 0 0 0 -0 • • S..* 4 gr : • ° • . 00. • 0 0 5 5 0. • • • • • : : • •:-:. ' • !" . • • •

0 0

600 500 500 - 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St a t us St a t us Common . Common.

D is t rib ut io n Dist rib ut io n The species is widespread in much of Britain It is widespread The species is widespread in much of Britain. It is widespread in western and central Europe. in western and central Europe.

Ha bit at a nd e co log y Ha b it at a nd e co logy Like M . mengei, this species occurs in almost any habitat and Like At segmentata this species occurs in almost any hab itat, may be collected in large numbers by sweeping in grassland or and can be collected in large numbers by sweeping in grassland in woodland understorey. Adults of both sex es have been or in woodland understorey. The colour variation of both this recorded throughout the year, but mainly from late summer to species and M. segmentata can be confusing to the beginner. autumn . The orb webs are usually inclined with the spider sitting at the centre, on the lower side, oft en with the male waiting at the Au thor of p r ofi le: WI Par tridge using information from side of the female's web . Adults of both sexes have been Rob erts ( 1985) and Crocker & Daws ( 1996). recorded throughout the year, but mainly from late spring to mid-summer.

Author of profi le: W.J. Partridge

2 20 [ 10202] Tet r agnat hidae: Met ellina merianae [ 10302] Tet r agnat hidae: Met a menar di

Ia . o f 105a • oc cu rr ao ces N o. o f 10 17a. o ccu rr en ce s • 19 80 on wa rds 10 6 0 19 50 - 19 79 16 • 1900 - 19 49 22 14 pre 19 00 6

rp, gre;

64 0 0 • • + 4 0 I • •0 • 144 rr. •

o 14*.fg:• .0 I'. 0 •

• • • •• • . . eon•• 10 1 ••• 0

60 12 50 10 40 8 30 6 20 4 10 2 0 I ILITa In fAi J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us St at us Common, perhaps especially so in the north where it may be Local. It is probably under-recorded throughout its range due abundant in webs across drainage channels with overhanging to its specifi c habitat preferences. heather in moorland (I . Dawson, pers. comm.). Dist r ibut ion Distribut ion M. rnenardi is widely but patchily distributed in Britain and The species is widespread in much of Britain. It is widespread apparently absent from large areas. This spider is exclusively in western and central Europe, extending as far east as Georgia European (Platnick 1998) and is widespread in western and (Platnick 1998). central Europe.

Hab it at and ecology Habit at and ecology This spider produces an orb web in shady, damp habitats, but This species lives exclusively in permanently dark, damp is usually found concealed away from its web during the day. habitats such as caves (including sea caves), mines, sewers, ice- M. merianae can be found in boathouses, cellars, abandoned houses, damp cellars, limestone pavement, hollow trees and rabbit and badger burrows, hollow trees and near the entrances railway tunnels. Very occasionally it may be discovered of caves and culverts, particularly in the vicinity of water beneath convex artefacts in fi elds (Felton 1995). Dry habitats seeps. A favoured habitat of this spider is beneath soil are not occupied by this species. Al. menardi produces a large overhangs in a variety of habitats including woodland and orb web, but usually resides on the wall of its habitat. Prey moorland to over 500 m altitude above Loch Lomond in items include hibernating Lepidoptera, mosquitoes, slugs, Dunbartonshire (J. Newton, pers. comm.). Specimens have isopods, millipedes and beetles (Smithers 1996; Cropper also been found on bushes and rock faces within the spray 1997). Both sexes are mature throughout the year (Howes zones of waterfalls. Both sexes have been recorded throughout 1999). Large, white, tear-shaped egg-sacs are suspended from the year, with peaks in late spring/early summer and late the roof of the spider's habitat between September and summer/autumn. White, spiky egg-sacs have been observed in February, these persist for a long period even after spiderling June. emergence. Hatched spiderlings have been noted within egg- sacs in January. Aut hor of profi le: R.C. Gallon A uthor of profile: R.C. Gallon 22 1 [ 1030 1] Tet ragnat hidae : M eta bourneti

St at us Nationall y Scarce (Notable B) . The spider is known from No . o f 10 ' o c c ur r en c es • 19E10 onwa r ds 15 rather few sites but often in good numbers. It may be under- 0 1950 - 1979 3 + 190 0 - 1949 4 recorded due to its unusual habitat. x pr e 1900

Dist ribut ion The species has a widespread but scattered distribution in southern England with one record from Wales. It has been recorded from France, Germany, Switzerland, Romania, Italy and the Iberian Peninsula, but it is possible that some European records of M. menardi refer to M. bourneti (Roberts 1995).

Habit at and ecology M. bourneti is generally regarded as a spider found in underground situations, e.g. tunnels, culverts and drainage inspection chambers. However, males have been recorded by the author close to ancient oak trees in Sherwood Forest. This suggests that the hollow trunks of ancient trees may provide similar conditions to those found in the spider's acknowledged habitat, i.e. dark, damp spaces of suffi cient dimensions to enable the large orb web to be spun. Halstead (2000) located a colony in the hollow stump of a lime tree at Burley in the New Forest. M. bourneti is very similar to Al. tnenardi, both species .• having a glossy appearance and a similar size. Further • searching for M. bourneti needs to be carried out to confi rm its habitat range.

T hreat s Where the spider inhabits ancient, hollow trees there is a danger of damage to the habitat through the uninformed 'tidying up' of dead and decaying timber.

Management . - Recommendations for management of M. bourneti are diff icult 8 to make without a fuller knowledge of the habitat requirements and the true status of the species in the British Isles. Further 6 fi eld investigation and search for the species is required. 4

2 A ut hor of pr ofi le: E L. Bee 0 [ 4 , I J F M A M J JY A S O N D

222 [ 1060 1] A r aneidae: Gibbar anea bit uberculat a [ 10602] Ar aneidae: Gibbaranea gibbon ,

no . of 10kn . occu r r ences b . o f 101= b c — b oas

"os 4 0,1 eFea

8

• '• .

40 St at us Nationally Endangered (RDB I ). The spider was found on 30 several occasions early in the 20th century, when reasonable 20 numbers were recorded. However, since 1950, there have been no records and the spider may now be extinct in Britain. 10

Distribut ion J F M A M J JY A S O N D The species was known in Britain only from Burnham Beeches, Buckinghamshire. A doubtful report exists from Essex for the period 1935 - 45 (Hull 1947). In Europe the spider is widespread in southern and central areas. St at us A lthough frequent in southern England, the species becomes Habit at and ecology rarer in the north. The spider spins its web near the ground in areas of scattered bushes in open woodland and underneath hedgerows. In Distribut ion Britain, adult females were recorded in May. The species is widespread in southern and eastern England, with scattered records in the west, Wales and north to central T hreats Scotland. It is widespread in western and central Europe as far The vegetation where the spider was found at Burnham north as Sweden. Beeches was mown to the ground in 1954 despite the designation of the site as a SSSI three years earlier. Habit at and ecology The spider spins an orb web on trees and shrubs, especially Author of pr ofile: E L. Bee using information from Merrett in evergreens, in woodland, hedgerows and more open areas. Bratton ( 1991). Both sexes are adult from early to mid-summer.

A uthor of pr ofile: P. Lee

223 [ 107 02] Ara ne idae : Arane us ang ulat us

St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is infrequent and No . o f 10 1cos , o c c u r r e n c e s • 19 8 0 o nwa r d s 15 local in woods usua lly within the coastal coni dor. 0 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 1 + 1 90 0 - 19 4 9 3 x p r e 19 00 0 Dist ribut io n The species is generally confi ned to southern counties of England, usually within 30 miles of the coast. There is how ever one record fi r th er inland in Surrey where the spider was collected at Great Oaks, Claygate in 1985 and was present in some numbers (P.R. Har vey, pers. comm.). It is w idespread in western and central Europe, but the species is included on the Red List for Sweden (Gardenfors 2000) and has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and ecology The spider is mainly found in or at the edge of broad-leaved woodlan d, occasionally being recorded from pine. It has also been found in scrub on maritime heath . The spider 's orb web is somet imes spun high up in trees and can have a very long frame thr ead. Males and females are adult in June, the females remaining mature through to September.

Thre at s The loss of semi-natural woodland to intensive forestry practice reduces the potential habitat for A. angulatus. An additional threat to this species in particular is the pressure on land for development and tour ism in its main range along the south coast. ' Manage me nt A. angulatus has occasionally been recorded from the woo dland edge and, by actively mainta ining this feature within existing woodland glades and rides, suitable habitats for this species could be increased . 3 Aut ho r of p r ofile: E L. Bee using information in Merrett ( 1990) 2

0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

224 [10703] Aran e idae : Aran eus diadematus [10705] Aran e ida e : Aran e us qu adra tu s

no . o f 10 ' aCcu r r er n No . o f 101m oc ca rr a ces • 198 0 on ward s 11 67 9 19 80 = w a ds 45 6 19 50 - 19 79 86 0 19 50 - 19 79 69 • 19 00 - 194 9 . 19 00 - 19 49 3 1 )(pre 19 00 9 x p re 19 00 Ar

•

• ••••• 10 •1:12::: ••• ••=°. •••••• • f r t . Cc

• ea rn • 1,5 • : •• • «- ••. 9. 5 1 OM • . • • • ••

• • • • • • • •• 0•1 • • • •• f•tan • S O • • r--a•—••I •f• ft'f." • •••.11n iteg ••• • _•482_ a w n Oo r fr: •_•••• : • ••= • a« " ' e• ••" : • . 0.9

30 0 80

60 20 0 40 10 0 20 0 „ 4 11i , 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D JFMAMJJYASONDEli

St a t u s St a t us Common. Locally common, although Crocker & Daws (1996) suggest that it may be declining. This may be due to loss of suitable Dist ribut io n habitat. The species is widespread in most of Britain. It is widespread in western and central Europ e. Dist ribut io n The species is widespread but patchily distributed throughout Ha bita t and e co logy Britain. It is widespread in western and central Europe. A large and distinctively marked spider found in a wide range of habitats wherever the habitat can provide supports for its Ha bit at and e co logy large and consp icuous orb web, such as all types of woodland, The spider is found on vegetation which has suffi cient height scrub and other vegetation, hedgerows and roadside verges, and strength to support the large orb web , such as undisturbed buildings (sometimes inside) and gardens, as well as heathland, grassland, heather and gorse. There may be a preference for quarries and cliff-faces. It spins large orb webs up to 40 cm damper situations. The web is usually found stretched across across at heights of between 1.5 m and 2.5 m (Jones 1983) in the gap between plants, with a large tent-like retreat at one shrubs and tall herbaceous vegetation. Both sexes are mature in side, where the spider can be found if not in the centre of the late summer and autumn, females surviving th rough to late web . This very variably-coloured spider holds the British autumn . It takes two years for th e young spiderlings to reach weight record. Adults are found in late summer and autumn , maturity in Britain, and immatures may be found throughout with a male peak in August and female peak between August the year. and October.

Aut hor s of profil e: P. Lee and T. Thomas Au thor of p rofile: W.J. Partridge

22 5 [ 1070 4] A r a ne id ae : Arane us m arm ore us [ 1070 1] Ar a ne ida e : Arane us

No . o f 10 ' occ u rr en ce s No . o f 10k m , o ccu rr en ce . 0 19 80 on wa rd . 67 • 19 80 onwards 5 0 19 50 - 197 9 32 0 1950 - 19 79 7 4-190 0 - 194 9 12 . 19 00 - 19 49 4 X pre 19 00 3 m or n 19 00 1

• • •

• •

0 X Se a • 0 5 • • 0 •• 0 ..0 ••••

• 0 0

00 0 54 • •

St at us 5 Nationally Scarce (Notabk B). The spider is widespread but 4 uncommon and very local, with few recent records. 3 2 D ist ribut io n 1 The species is generally confi ned to the southern half of 0 11 England and Wales apart from recent records from Inverness- J F M A M J JY A S O N D shire and Perthshire. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

St a t u s Habita t a nd e co logy An uncommon species with two distinct colour varieties . The A. alsine is usually found on grasses and other low vegetation typical form is found mainly in an area of eastern Englan d in damp, sheltered woodland clearings. The spider spins its from Nor folk to Yorkshire, where it can be relatively com mon web in this low herbage, and occupies a small conical retreat, on the lowland heaths (Smith 1982). cons isting of silk and one or two curled, dry leaves, at the top of the web . Even though the spider is of a conspicuous orange Dist rib ut io n to deep red colour it is often overlooked in its habitat. Females The species is widespread but locally distributed in Britain, are adult from June to October whilst mature males are generally found in June and July. mainly south of a line between Carmarthenshire and Yorkshire. It is widespread in western and central Europe, but has not T hrea ts been recorded from Ireland . The loss of damp semi-natural woodland habitat to intensive forestry practice is the obvious threat but lack of suitable Habit at a nd e co logy management to maintain this particular habitat within the Both forms may be found in woodlan ds and wet heathland. A. woodland structure is also significant. marmoreus is a large orb web spider that spins its web on the lower branches of trees, shrub s and in tall herbaceous Manage me nt vegetation but usually at heights above 1.5 m (Jones 1983). At Maintenance of existing sheltered clearings and their associated Wicken Fen the form pyramidatus is common quite low down ground layer within established wood land where the spider is in webs spun in rank path-side grass (I. Dawson, pers. found, particularly where there is some moisture in the ground, comm.). Both sexes are adult from late summer through to the would be of benefit. Creation of new clearings on a similar autumn. bas is would possibly encourage the extension of the spider 's presence within its current sites.

Author of profi le: P. Lee Author of pr ofile: E.L. Bee using information from Merrett ( 1990) 226 [ 1120 1] Ar aneidae: Ar aneus sturmi [ 11202] A r aneidae: Ar aneus tr igut tat us

esta; tte :

• S O

' • • - • .° •

• • .. ••. •• 2 trn • ' 2 t •

12 25 10 20 8 15 6 4 10 2 5 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Sta t us St at us Generally uncommon but the spider may be present in large Local but fairly common in the south-east. numbers where it is found. Dist ribut ion Dist ribut ion Most British records are from England south of Lincolnshire The species has a scattered distribution in Britain as far nort h but there are some old Scottish records. It is widespread in as central Scotland, but is absent ft om some large areas of the western and central Europe, but in Scandinavia it has only count y . It is widespread in western and central Europe, but been recorded from Sweden, where it is included in their Red the species has not been recorded from Ireland. List (Gardenfors 2000).

Habitat and ecology Habitat and ecology The orb webs of this spider are most oft en found on evergreen In contrast to A.stunni the orb webs of this species are trees and shrubs in scrub or old woodland. In Leicestershire usually constructed on broad-leaved trees and shrubs. Adults the species has been collected from yew and other evergreens of both sexes are found from ear ly to mid-summer, with some in urban and suburban churchyards and parks (3. Daws, pers. females surviving through to late summer. One male has been comm.). The adults are found mainly in May and June with collected in late February inside a telephone box. some females surviving through to late summer. A uthor of profi le: P. Lee Author of profile: P. Lee

227 [ 1080 1] A raneidae: Lar inioides cornutus [ 10803] A raneidae: Lar inioides sclop et arlus

No . o f 10100 oc cur rences No . of 10 ' occu rrences • 198 0 onwards 798 0 195 0 - 1979 + 190 0 - 1949 31 X pre 1900 12

• 4. • • • 4+ 0 •

• : • 0 : 11j A : I •

ole

g 0 • foe •• • • • • `i n • 00 0 • + 0 ° 0 • • • •

cC)

80 30 60 25 20 40 15 20 10 5 0 rEl 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Stat us Very local, but the spider may be numerous where it occurs, Common. e.g. Howes ( 1999), Ruff ell (2000).

Dist ribut ion D ist ribut ion The species is widespread in southern Britain, becoming more The species is locally distributed in England with few records patchy and scattered in the north. It is widespread in western in Wales and Scotland. It is widespread in western and central and central Europe. Europe.

Habit at and ecology Habitat and ecology The spider can be found on reeds, grasses, and other waterside Proximity to water seems to be a necessity for this species. Its vegetation and in tall herbage and rough grassland, usually in natural habitat appears to be tree trunks adj acent to water, but damp places. Females can often be found spun up in a tough it is usually found on fences and bridges and has been found silk retreat in the seed heads of plants but they are also found under a pontoon fl oating some 30 - 50 mm off the water. on bridges and posts etc., where their orb webs are very Considerable numbers were found on a boat moored on the prominent. During the day these webs may seem to be Chelmer and Blackwater Navigati on in Essex (Ruff ell 2000). deserted, the spider having retreated to a hiding place in the Buildings near the water are also favoured but it is not often fol iage or a crevice in wood. The spider is a frequent aeronaut found on vegetation, although it is frequent on sti ff vegetation as an immature, so can turn up in some habitats well away in a garden adj acent to a disused gravel pit (I. Dawson, pers. from water (J. Daws, pers. comm.). A dults are found mainly in comm.). A dults of both sexes have been recorded in summer late spring/early summer and late summer/autumn. and autumn, but females may be mature all year round. A female has been found in a torpid state under woodwork on a Author of pr ofi le: 13. Marriott cold January morning. Author of pr ofi le: D. Marriott 228 [ 10 80 2] Ar a n e idae : Larinioid es p a tag iatus [ 109 0 1] A ran eidae: N uct enea um brat ica

S e . o f 10 )3a . o c c ur r e nc e s

• •

LV

• •

10 30 8 6 20 4 10 2

I I 0 0 !_ :111 11 1 1 1 11 1 ,. J F M A M N D

St a t u s St at u s Uncommon but sometimes locally frequent. Common.

Dist r ib ut io n Dist r ib ut io n The species is widely scattered in Britain and only widespread The species is widespread in Br itain, but is scat tered in the in south-eastern England north of the Thames. It is widespread north and absent from northern-most Scotland. It is wide- in western and central Europe. spread in western and central Europe.

Habitat a nd e co logy Habitat a nd e co logy This spider spins its orb webs on shrubs and trees, sometimes The spider conceals itself under bark and in fi ssures in posts producing the silken retreat under loose bark. Although it may and fences dur ing the daytime. In some areas it is a common be found with the other Larinioides species, it is not so resident of window and door frames. The body is fl attened and closely associated with waterside habitats and is oft en found this assists the spider to secrete itself in the cracks and in much drier sites. Both sexes are adult in the summer until fi ssures . This spider is nocturnal and builds a conspicuous orb September. web bet ween its retreat and surrounding vegetation. Whilst the web is usually empty during the day, the spider can be found Au thor of p rofi le: P. Lee hidden away nearby. Adults of both sexes are found main ly between late spring and autumn, but females and occasionally males can be found during the winter.

Author of pr ofile: D. Marriott

22 9 [ 1 100 1] Arane idae : Agalenat ea redil [ 1 110 1] Ar a ne ida e : N eoscona ad iant a

No . of 10km . oc currences No . of 10km . occu rrences • 1980 onwards 243 • 1980 onwa rds 100 1950 - 1979 24 0 1950 - 1979 13 + 1900 - 1949 1900 - 1949 x pre 1900 x pre 1900

• • 0 • 0

• • : .r ..r • .. • • .. • • ° r . s o°

gt.. 1 * • • • • •

40 30 30 25 20 I 1 20 15 10 10 5 0 l a 0 t JFMAMJJYASOND J F M A M J JY A S 0 N D

Sta t us Local, but the species may be numerous in suitable habitat in St at us the south. It is rare and mostly coastal in north-west England. Generally an uncommon species becoming rarer further north. It may be locally common in the south and south-east. Dis t rib ut io n The spider is widespread in England and Wales as far north as Dist ributio n West Lancashire and North-east Yorkshire, but is absent The species is widespread near the coast in England and Wales fur ther north apar t from one record for south-west Scotland north to Yorkshire, and on southern heathlands and in south- (McCleary 1998). The species is widespread in western eastern England. It is widespread in western and central Europe as far north as Scandinavia, but only one old record is Europe. mapped at the southern tip of Norway (Aakra & Hauge 2000) and th e species is apparently absent from Finland. Ha bita t a nd e co logy Habit at and e co logy This distinctively marked spider spins its orb web on low The species is found in heather and gorse, usually below one vegetation such as heather, gorse and sometimes grasses in a metre above the ground, and rough grassland where the spider range of open habitats including heathland, coastal grasslands, often makes its web between dead herbaceous stems with a saltmarsh and fen. The hub of the web contains much white retr eat in a dead flow er-head. In the north of England the silk giving it an unfi nished appearance. The retreat is a spider is most common on sand dunes, oft en on creep ing platform of silk on which the spider awaits its prey. Both willow (J. Newton, pers. comm.). The hub of the medium sexes are adult from mid- to late summer, females through to sized orb web is often covered with fine silk. The spider 's the autumn . abdom inal markings show considerable variability (see Jones ( 1983)). After over-wintering as a sub-adult, adults can be Au thor of pr ofile: P. Lee found from late spr ing to mid-summer.

Author of profile: W.J. Partridge

2 30 [ 1130 2] Ar a n e ida e : Aran iella cucurbit ina [ 1130 5] Ar a n e ida e : Ar anie li a opirthogropha

Bo . o f 101ra o c c or r en ces Ar

LE " i• :ilha: 'n ra , • • _rev V •• • . . . L. o• • • •2,•00 • •• • • •• • 00•• 0 0

400 250 300 200

200 150 100 100 50 0 r yEt ra J F M A M J JY A S O N D 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D L

St a t u s Stat us This species is common in most parts of England. The species is common in England and Wales but a little less so in Scotland. Dist ribut io n The species is widespread in much of southern England from Dist r ib u t io n Yorkshire southwards, but it is much more scattered in the The species is widely distributed in Britain, becoming more west and north as far as central Scotland . It is more sparsely scattered in the west and north. It is widespread in north- distributed in Wales, Scotland and south-west England than western and central Europe. A. cucurbitina. It is widespread in western and central Europe.

Habitat and e co logy Ha b ita t a nd e co logy The spider is found in a wide variety of situations , but most The spider is found in a wide variety of situations, but most commonly on trees (particularly oaks) and bushes in commonly on trees (particularly oaks) and bushes in woodland, scrub and hedgerows, as well as on nearby low woodland, scrub and hedgerows, as well as on nearby low vegetation. It occurs in similar habitats to A. op isthograp ha, vegetation. It occurs in similar habitats to A. cucurbitina, with with which it is oft en, but not always, found. Adults of both which it is oft en, but not always, found. Adults have been sexes have been recorded between May and July, with a peak recorded between late spring and summer, with a peak in late in June. Females have occasionally persisted as late as May and June. Females have occasionally persisted as late as September. September.

Author of p r ofile: D. Can Aut hor of profi le: D. Cart

23 1 [ 11304] A r aneidae: Araniella inconspicua [ 11301] A r aneidae: Araniella & pica

St at us No . o f 10 km , o c c ur r e nc e s • 1980 o nwar ds 3 1 Nationally Rare (RDB3). The spider is known from a few 0 1950 - 197 9 a 1900 - 194 9 5 sites in southern England. x pr e 19 00 0 Dist r ibut ion This species was recorded from Great Kimble in Buckingham- shire and from the New Forest in South Hampshire early in the 201hcentury. More recent records are scattered in centr al southern England. In Europe the spider is widespread but uncommon (Roberts 1995).

Habitat and ecology A. alpica has been recorded from trees, particularly yew and beech. It has also been found on dogwood Cornus sanguinea. It has been recorded from chalk grassland (at Melbury Down) but this was in close proximity to woodland. Mature males and females occur in May and June.

T hreat s The loss of old yew and beech woodland and also of woods containing mature stands of these trees poses the greatest threat to the spider.

Management Where woodlands in the south of England contain ancient and mature yew and beech stands management to encourage their • continued presence would provide the most suitable condi- ti ons for A. alpica. Half the known sites have SSSI designation, one of which is owned by the National Trust.

Aut hor of pr ofi le: E.L. Bee using information from Merrett in Bratton ( 1991) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Nati onally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is frequent at some sites, but very local (M errett 1990).

D ist ribut ion The species range does not extend northwards of a line from the Wash to the Lleyn Peninsula. It is apparently rare in northern Europe (Roberts 1995) but is widespread as far north as Sweden, where it is included in their Red List (Gardenfors 2000).

Habitat and ecology The spider is found mainly on trees, particularly oaks and evergreens. Evidence fr om Essex and Hertfordshire would seem to suggest that this species is adult a few weeks earlier than A. cucurbitina and A. opisthographa with specimens recorded from oaks whose leaf buds are only j ust beginning to open. This may lead to the species being overlooked when the commoner species in the genus are more prevalent. A dults have been recorded from April to June with a peak in May.

T hreat s The loss of semi-natural woodland to intensive forestry is likely to be detrimental.

Author of profi le: D. Can 232 [ 11303] Araneidae: Araniella displicat a

P o . o f 1 la o c c ur r e n c e s No . o f 1 0 4 a • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 2 • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 7 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 4 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 2 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 3 x p r e 1 9 0 0 0 x P r e 1 9 0 0

tea

I .

+ 0

J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us Nationally Scarce (Notable A). The species is restricted to a few sites, how ever the habitat in which it has been found is much more widespread.

Dist ribut ion In Brita in, A. displicata is confi ned to south-east England. It is widesp read but generally rare in northern Europe (Roberts 1995) and has not been recorded from Ireland or Denmark.

Habit at and ecology The spider is usually found on pine trees, oft en in association with heath er. Adults have been recorded from March to June.

Aut hor of pr ofile: D. Carr

2 33 [ 1140 1] A raneidae : Z illa diodia

St at us

Nationall y Scarce (Notable B) . The spider is oft en abundant No . o f 10 1us • o c c u r r e n c e s where found, and is especially frequent in parts of south-east England (Har vey 2000a).

Dist ribut ion The species is confi ned to the southern half of Britain. It is widespread in western and central Europe as far north as Sweden. It has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and ecology The spider is found on tall heather, brambles, bushes and the lower branches of trees, usually in sheltered shady places and among scrub on cliff s by the coast. It occurs at the edge of o, clear ings or rides in broad-leaved or mixed woodland, in old hedgerows, green lanes, scrub and someti mes gardens. Forestry plantations oft en provide suitable habitat, at least in their early stages when heather is still present. Immatures can be beaten out of scrub and hedgerows in late autumn but have also been found in litter at that time of year. A dults of both sexes are mainly found in May and June, with occasional females in July and exceptionally September and October.

T hreat s Lack of management resulti ng in the closure of open woodland and the loss of heathland and old hedgerows is probably :rn• detrimental. Where arable fi elds are adj acent to woodland or hedgerows, spray drift from the use of pesti cides on crops is likely to aff ect the survival of this spider.

M anage ment Management should prevent closure of heathland, scrub and woodland by periodic control of scrub and tree invasion. The retention of wide fi eld edges and headlands should be 80 encouraged to help maintain a diverse invertebrate fauna and 60 reduce the eff ects of spray drift on hedgerows and at woodland edges 40

20 A ut hor of pr ofi le: P.R. Harvey using informati on in the species account by Merrett ( 1990). 0 J F M A M J N A S O N D

234 [ 1150 I] Aran eidae : Hypsosinga atbovitta ta [ 11503] Araneidae : Hypsasinga pygmaea

No . of 10 ' occu rren ces no . of 10 ' occurre nces • 1980 can ards 39 • 1980 o nward s 206 0 1950 - 1979 0 1950 - 1979 37 + 1900 - 1949 + 1900 - 1949 s ore 1900 s pa's 1900

3

4 . 00 0 0 • 0 • .0. •

5 150 4 3 100 2 50 1 1— 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Sta t us St at us An uncommon species . Local. Although the most frequently encountered species in the genus this is still an uncomm on spider, especially in the Dist ribut io n north. However it may be frequ ent in calcareous grassland and The species is widespread but locally distributed in Britain some other grassland situations. In Cannock Chase and the becoming more scattered further north. It is widespread in West Midlands it has been abundant on heathland, both in the western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from heather and the acid grassland (C . Slawson, pers. comm.). Ireland. Dist ribut ion Habita t and e co logy The species is widespread in parts of southern Britain, with This distinctively marked spider spins its orb webs low dow n, few widely scattered records in the north. It is widespread in less than 20 cm above ground level (Jones 1983), usually on western and central Europe. heather in heathlands, but it has also been recorded in chalk grassland . Both sexes are mature in late spring and early Ha bitat and e co logy summer. This species spins orb webs on low vegetation, often on calcareous grassland but also in damper areas of heathland, acid Autho r of profil e: P. Lee grassland, and other tussocky and rough grasslands . Croc ker & Daws ( 1996) also note that occas ional specimens may be found on low shrubs. Both sexes are adult in early summer.

Aut hor of profile: P. Lee

2 35 [ 11504] Ar a n eid a e : Hypsosing a sanguine a [ 11502] Arane idae : Hypsosingo he ri

No . o f 1 01a s , o c c ur r (me n No . o f 10 7:xo . o c c ur r en c e s • 19 8 0 o nwa r d s 2 2 • 19 8 0 o nwar ds 0 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 6 o 19 5 0 - 1 97 9 • 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 + 19 0 0 - 1 94 9 1 %o n 1 9 00 0 x pr e 1 90 0

cc, S u:

• • • • • • . * 0

10 8 St at us Nationally Endangered (RD B1). The species may well now be 6 extinct in Britain. Extensive recording eff orts at Wicken Fen 4 have resulted in no further records.

2 D ist rib ut io n 0 Single male specimens of the spider were recorded from J F M A M J JY A S O N E) Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire in 1892 and 19 12. Records also St at us exist from Berkshire but the date and locality are not known . Nationally Scarce (Nota ble B). The spider is local and only The spider is widespread in southern and central Europe. found in small numbers.

Dist rib ut io n Ha b it a t a nd e co logy The species is generally confi ned to the southern counties of The spider occurs on low plants near water. Males reach England, but there are also records for Worcestershire and maturity in June and July. Staff ordshire. It is widespread in western and central Europe. T hreats Ha bita t and e co logy H. sanguinea is found mainly on heathland amongst fairly The lowering of the water table at Wicken Fen, due to the mature heather (growing for at least 8 years following fi re), drainage of surrounding farmland, has probably made this site usually in damp (altho ug h occasionally rather dry) situations. unsuitable for H. hest Certainly, sites where the spider is It has also been recorded from tall calcareous grassland. Both found in other parts of Europe have a higher water tab le than sexes are mature in May and June. that currently prevailing at Wicken. Thre at s The loss of heathland to housing and commercial development, Ma nag e me nt agriculture and forestry. Recent eff orts have been made at Wicken Fen to reduce the water seepage to the adjacent land by lining the surrounding Ma na g e m e nt banks with a waterproof membrane. However, it is unlikely The maintenance of all seral stages of heath land by rotational that this will restore previous water table levels. An altern ative management would ensure the correct habitat conditions for option, under consideration, would be to extract peat thereby this species. lowering the ground sur face down to the present water table. Author of p r ofile: E L. Bee using infor mation in Merrett ( 1990) Author of profile: E L. Bee using information from Merrett in Bratton ( 1991)

2 36 [ 1160 1] A raneidae: Singo ham at a [ 1170 1] Ar aneidae: Cercidia pr ominens

eo . o f 10/0P facca rreaces so . of 10100 occ urr en ces • 1980 onwards 67 0 1950 - 1979 32 • 7900 - 1949 x pre 1900 2

1 0_ 0.

00 0 .•

• • 0 0 0 +0 0°

3 a

2 4 1 2 ii I I a a r r 0 0 Iii J F M A M J JY A S O N D F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us Stat us Nati onally Scarce (Notable B). The spider may be abundant in Generally an uncommon species and becoming more so further some localities but is very local. north. Rare in Scotland. Dist ribut ion Dist r ibut ion The species is widely scattered as far north as central Scotland. Its distribution on the Continent is poorly known. The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain with few records in the south-west, Wales or northwards from Habit at and ecology Yorkshire to centr al Scotland. It is widespread in western and S. hamata spins its web on low vegetati on usually in damp central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland. habitats, for example damp pasture and raised bogs but also in areas of rough unmanaged grassland. A pinkish retreat containing Habit at and ecology the egg-sac can often be found on vegetati on near the web. Both The species occurs mainly on heathland and calcareous sexes mature in May and June, the females lasting through to grassland, perhaps preferring habitats with sparse vegetation. October. The orb webs of this spider lack the silken retreat and signal T hreats line typical of the family Araneidae. They are constructed in The loss of raised bogs and damp pasture, particularly through vegetation near to ground level and any disturbance may cause drainage, and the regular cutting of grassland poses a signifi cant the spider to drop into the litter layer. Males are adult from threat to this species. spring to autumn. Adult females may be present all year.

Management Author of profile: P. Lee Where damp pasture is still present grassland cutting should be on a rotational basis so that areas of long grass and herbage within the pasture are left each year to provide a permanent habitat for S. hamata. Of particular importance are well established tussocks of long grass and where possible these should remain. 237 Author of pr ofi le: E L. Bee using information in Merrett (1990)

[ 10403] Ara ne id a e : Z ygiella x -notat a [ 1040 1] Ara ne ida e : Zygie lla at rica

No o f 10km , occu rrence s No . of 10km , occ urrence s 1980 onwards 441 0 1950 - 1979 73 1900 - 1949 27 x pre 1900 8

•

Gre 7 '

0 0 • • •• • • a 0 0

•+ : e • • • • S. ' n o: • .4fot

•:•8 0 0

• F, •• ' •• —. 2. • • „ • ai.LI °-

e ••• • O• • 0 • • • • • • 0 0 • • 0 0 • •

• • • • • : •

•O•

200 80 150 60 100 40

50 20 0 JFMAMJJYASOND J F M A M J JY

Sta t us St at us Common, but under-reco rded in its synanthropic habitat Common.

Dis t rib ut io n Dist ributio n The species is widespread in much of Britain, more scattered Z. atrica is widespread but patch ily distributed in much of and patchy in the north. It is widespread in western and Britain. It is a European species introduced to Canada and the central Europe. USA (Platnick 1998) which is widespread in western and central Europe. Ha bit at and e co lo gy Z. x -notata conceals itself within a silk-tube retreat situated Ha bit at and e co logy above an orb web with its distinctive missing sector. Th is This species constructs a similar retreat and web to that of spider is typically found on buildings and street furniture and Z. x-notata, but more typically on thorny bushes (blackthorn is oft en found in the outside corners of window s. Specim ens and gorse) on open ground away from human habitations . On have also been discovered on cliffs and on bushes, especially heathlands, Z. atrica can be found on heather and on the trunks near habitation. Adults have been recorded throughout the of pine and birch trees. Metal signposts and gates are also year, but mostly in late summ er and autumn. Single egg-sacs, frequented in open country. At coastal sites, specimens are covered loosely with yellow silk, are produced in autumn and also found on rocky shores, cliffs and sea defences. Adults of winter and are affi xed to solid sur faces. Sp iderlings emerge both sexes are found in late summer and autumn, occasionally from the egg-sacs in spring. persisting later.

Au t hor of profd e: R.C . Gallon Au thor of p rofil e: R.C. Gallon

2 38 [ 104 0 2] Ar an e ida e : Z ygie lla stroe mi [ 118 0 1] Ar a ne ida e : M ang o ra acalyp ha

No . o f 1 0 )= . ° c o o/ f or c es No . o f 1 0 ka s n a ps • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r ds 9 1 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 1 1 * 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 x p r e 1 9 0 0

4e

• 0 40

St a t u s 30 Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The species is abundant in 25 20 some places in the south of England, but very loc al. It may be 15 overlooked because of its specialised habitat. 10 5 Dist ribut io n 0 1 1 71 The species is almost confi ned to central southern England, J F M A M J JY A S O N D where it is fairly widespread , but with a single record from central Scotland. It is widespread in western and central Europe but has not been recorded from Ireland and the St a t us Netherlands. The spider may be numerous in parts of the south of England but seemingly inexplicably rare in other areas. Hab ita t a n d e co logy Z. stroemioccurs on deeply fi ssured trunks of pine and large Dist ribut io n oak trees, and occasionally on lower branches. It spins a small, The species has a widespread but patchy distribution in delicate orb web on the surface of the trunk, and lives in a southern England and south Wales. It is widespread in western retreat in deep fi ssures in the bark. Males are adult from June and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Finland . to September, females throughout the year. Ha b ita t a n d eco logy T h re a t s The spider occurs on heathland and in open woodland. It can The loss of old pine and oak trees to intensive forestry, in usually be found in th e centre of its small but densely woven which the tr ees are unlikely to develop the same degree of orb web, wh ich is constructed on low vegetation such as deeply fi ssured bark. heather and gorse. The few sites in Worcestershire where it is found suggest that it prefers drie r places. It is mature early in Ma na ge me nt the season, adults occurring mainly from May to June. Retain old pine and oak trees with fi ssured bark. Aut hor of p rofile: W .I. Partridge Auth or of p rofile: P. Merrett

239 [ 1 190 1] A rane ida e : Cyclosa co nic(' [ 120 0 1] A rane idae : Argiop e brue nnichi

St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable A). This designation does not take account of the substantial increase in sightings of the spider dur ing the period from 1990. At sites where A. bruennichi is present, individuals can number into the thousands (P. Smithers, pers. comm.).

Dist ribut io n The spider was first recorded in Britain in 1922 at Rye, East Sussex (Locket & Millidge 195 1) and for many years, seemed to be restricted to a few areas close to the south coast in Sussex, Kent, Hampshire and Dorset. Since the 1970s, evidence suggests that the spider has increased its range, kb spreading inland from a number of its coasta l locations. The spider is well esta blished in Dorset (Merrett 1979) and records from as far back as 1965 in East Cornwall have come to light (Smithers 1992). A record from Derbyshire (Dobson 1996) was assumed to be an accidenta l import, but in 1997 the spider turned up both in the very south and nor th of Essex (Ruffell 1997). There are now records from Surrey (Baldock 1998) and Wiltshire (M . Askins, pers. comm.), and the spider is widespread in the East Thames Corridor (Harvey 2000d) . Remarkab ly, P. Harvey has been given details of a sighting near Bexley, north Kent in 1965 confirmed by a photograph. There is a strong implication that the present distribution in the West Country and north Kent originates from nuclei dating at least th is far back. Harvey ( 1999a; 2000d) and Smithers (2000) have provided distribut ion maps show ing the spread of the spider. It is widespread in western Europe (Merrett 1990).

Ha b ita t a nd e co logy The spider has a very striking appearance with black and yellow horizontal bands on its abdomen . It spins a large orb web with a stabilimentum and favours areas of coastal chalk 30 grassland , open rough grasslan d, wasteland and roadside 25 verges. P. Harvey (pers. comm .) has seen depauperate j uvenile 20 spiders in a wheat field, but these individuals were unlikely to 15 sur vive to mate or produce egg-sacs. In nort hern France the 10 author has recorded Argiope bruennichi in large numbers in 5 unmanaged damp grassland. The large orb webs are slung low down in the vegetation and the adult spider is easily hidden by J F M A M J JY A S O N D the surrounding herbage. Grasshoppers form the main food item. The large urn shaped egg cocoon is positioned in the higher levels of vegetation and the eggs over-w inter, hatching Sta t us out in the following spr ing. Both sexes mature in the late LocaL summer, the females perhaps living on until October but the much smaller males living for only a short time. Dist rib ut io n The species is widespread in Britain as far north as central Threa t s Scotland, but scattered in the west and north. It is widespread Any form of regular cutt ing of grassland will destroy the webs in western and central Europ e. and the over-wintering egg cocoons, presumably explaining why large populations seem to be confined to unmanaged Ha bitat and e co logy rough grassland and waste ground. Commercial and housing The species is found on bushes and trees, often evergreen, in development of wasteland can threaten populations, but the damp or shady situations, preferring dark damp woodland successful spread of the species during the 1990s show s that with a good shrub layer (Crocker & Daws 1996). The medium- at present these th reats are not serious. sized orb web has an extra line of silk across it (the stabilimentum); the spider sits in the centre of the web with Ma na ge m e n t legs folded, resembling discarded food. Adults of both sexes are Grassland cutting should be on a rotational bas is so that areas found mainly in early su mmer, females occasionally into late of long grass and herbage are left each year to provide a summer and autumn. permanent habitat for Argiope bruennichi. In areas where the spider is known , development of wasteland should reta in Author of p roffi e: W.J. Partridge patches of suitab le habitat to encourage the continued presence of the species.

Author of pr ofile: E.L. Bee 24 0 [6402] Lycosidae: Pardosa agricola

sio . o f 1 0 k et. occur re nc es • 1 9 8 0 ormar d s €12 No . o f 1 0 1cn onw a rd s 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 • 1 9 8 0 15 7 . 1 9 5 0 - 9 4 9 2 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 3 4 x p re 19 0 0 0 • 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 2 2 x p re 19 0 0 f

3

0 . 0 • • •

0 . 0 • •

. 2 .

a .

.•

200 300 250 150 200 100 150 100 50 50 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D JFMAMJJYASOND Stat us Locally frequent in nor thern England and Scotland, less common in Wales and Ireland, and very scarce in southern A map showing the expansion in range of Argiop e bruennichi England. The Nationally Scarce (Notable B) P arenicola has been deleted from the Brit ish check-list, as it is now regarded as synonymous with P agr icola (Merrett & Murphy 2000).

Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in northern England and Scotland, more restr icted in Wales, Ireland and southern England . Widespread in northern Europe.

Habit at and ecology P agricola is found on shingle and sand on the coast and beside rivers and lakes, and occasionally on stony waste ground away ft om water. It seems to require bare substrate with little or no vegetation, thou gh there is some evidence that adult females move to more vegetated areas aft er the first spiderlings have hatched (Albert &Albert 1976). It is a variable species, placed by D J Clark (in Locket et al. 1974) into three form s: agricola, arenicola 0. P.-Cambridge and maritinza Hull. Both the genitalia and the patterning of the carapace and • records up to 1965 legs show considerable independent variation, not easily 0 records up to 1989 0 records up to 1999 correlated with habitat or distribution (Roberts 1985). The 0 records up to present adults appear in early May. Most males die off in June but some sur vive into late July. Females with eggs sur vive into August, occasionally October. Aut hor of profile: J.M. Newton 24 1 [640 1] Lycosidae: Pardosa agrestis

Stat us No . o f 10 k.m, o c c u r r en c es Nationally Scarce (Notable B) . P agrestis (as recognised by • 1 98 0 on wa r ds 4 2 0 1 9 50 - 1 97 9 4 Lock et & Millidge 195 1; Merrett & Murphy 2000) is . 1 90 0 - 1 94 9 abun dant at some sites, but very local. p r e 1 90 0

Dist r ibut ion The species is more or less restricted to the southern half of Britain. However the situation is complicated by the fact that Roberts ( 1985) included P p urbeckensis in P agrestis, but also stated that the most reliab le method of separating P p urbeckensis is by cons ideration of its habitat. All records mapped here exclude records from saltmarsh, which have been mapped as P p urbecicenst even when recorded as P agrestis . The species is widespread in Europe .

Habit at and ecology The spider occurs mainly on sparsely vegetated clay soil, in clay pits and chalk pits, on under-cliff and chy banks above saltmarsh. In Leicestershire it has turned up in large numbers in herb-r ich hay meadow and grazed marsh in the River Welland floo d plain (Crocker & Daw s 1996). The greatest concentration of records seems to come from the region of Oxford clay, chalk, and London clay, in southern central and easter n Eng land. Both sexes are adult mainly between May and July, occasionally until September.

T hreat s The loss of sites to development, the dumping of rubbish in old clay p its and chalk pits. There is probably little threat to most coas ta l sites. cc:*

Manage ment Retain old clay pits and chalk pits and avoid their use for rubbish du mping. Scrub removal, low level grazing and small scale disturbance to prevent loss of bare and sparsely 100 vegetated ground will probably become necessary at many 80 sites. 60 40 Autho r of profile: P. Merrett 20 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

242 [ 64 14] Lycosidae: Pardon purbeckensis [64 07] Lycosidae: Pardon mont icola

No . o f 10 ' o cc ur r en c es • 1 9 80 o fr a r d s 1 10 n o . o f 1 0a a c es 0 1 95 0 - 19 7 9 2 0 • 1 9 60 M T VIX A S 2 1 6 . 19 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 0 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 59 x p r e 1 9 0 0 0 + 1 90 0 - 19 4 9 3 0 • pr e 19 0 0 6

P

al ° are:

•

• 41

• 7 ° ° .1•Oo • • Imo • . 2 • D.

J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Local, but numerous in suitable coastal habitat. Despite its The spider is usually numerous where present, but local or continued separation from P agrestis in M errett et al. ( 1985), rare in much of the modern agricultural countryside. Crocker & M errett & Millidge ( 1992) and Merrett & M urphy (2000), Daws ( 1996), Wri ght ( 1997) and Harvey ( 1997) note its rarity Roberts ( 1987; 1995) does not recognise P. p urbeckensis as a in Leicestershire (a single site), Warwickshire (two sites) and separate species and this presents problems in the mapping of Essex (a few localities) respectively. records submitted to the recording scheme. A decision has been made to map coastal records of P agrestis as P purbeckensis. Dist r ibut io n The species is widespread but locally distributed as far north D ist r ibut io n as central Scotland. It is widespread in western and central The species is widespread on the coasts of Britain. Europe.

Habit at and ecology Habitat and ecology P purbeckensis occurs in saltmarsh and ti dal habitats on P monticola usually occurs in open short vegetati on in mudfl ats and the shores especially of estuaries, running over grasslands, meadows, open heaths and dunes, especially where mud and tidal debris. Adults of both sexes may be found from the habitat is old and unimproved. It may be abundant on early to mid-summer, females persisting later. chalk grassland and stabilised dunes. In Wiltshire, it is almost exclusively found on the short tur f of chalk downland (Askins A ut hor of profi le: RR. Harvey 1997). Adults occur mainly from early to mid-summer, females later.

A uthor of profi le: P.R. Harvey

243 [64 10] Lyco sidae : Pard on , Indust ,* [6 4 13] Lyco sida e : Pardon p ullat a

No . of 10km 1 occurr enc es No . of 10km . occu rrences • 1980 onwa rds 531 • 1980 onwa rds 1307 0 1950 - 1979 115 0 1950 - 1979 149 + 1900 - 1949 27 . 1900 - 1949 33 x pre 1900 12 • : x ore 1900 • a ..• -• •MO. ..•- O.0 ••• •• ... .. • • • SO• • • 'O. "MOGOO • 0.•00 .r . I. 48t iy- . 2 5 • 0.2 • .0s s .... .

• 0 0 • 6 6 • • 0

+ + 0 0 ••

O••a . S . • 5 0 • a • • • :•• eir • •••••••••••••• •w w w •••• ow •ee saw * • • .. 0 r .1 1• • • •: 3 la-syntan 9 eirgr. • • ...... :

0 0 6 6 6 6 • 0 0 0 0 / " : : : 0 0 0 : 0 6 : . ra •. . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 • 0 n e e • • •••• • a • ••••• • . . . e n * 08 : 4 . Og • . •a .. •• .. .. •k a • w — aL e-• ONO t i • 0 0 0 • 0 6 • • • • • • 0 0 0 •

4000 6000 3000 5000 4000 2000 3000 1000 2000 1000 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N I3

Sta t us St a t u s Com mon Common.

Dist rib ut io n D ist rib ut io n The species is widespread in most of Britain. It is w idespread The species is widespread in most of Britain. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe. in western and central Europe.

Habita t an d eco log y Ha bita t a nd e co logy P p alustris occurs on open sparsely vegetated and bare P p ullaw occurs in various open hab itats such as grasslands, ground, in habitats including heathland, moorland, grasslands , sea walls, dyke edges, dunes, heathland, moorlands, blanket flood meadow s, amble land and waste ground. The species is bog, mires, woodland clearings, old quarries and roadside noted as a successful aeronaut in Crocker & Daws ( 1996) and verges. In lowland agricultural Britain it is perhaps found most its preference for bare ground and success as an aeronaut may often in long-established tussocky grassland. Adults of both explain its colonisation of arable land and various other sexes occur mainly in early to mid-summer, occasionally disturbed sites . Both sexes are adult in summer, occasionally persisting until the autumn. into the autumn. Au thor of p rofile : P.R. Harvey Author of p rofile: P.R. Harvey

24 4 [64 11] Lycosidae: Pardosa prat ivaga [6403] Lycosidae: Pardon amentata

no . o f 101cm oc c u r r enc es Mo . o f 10k n oc c ar r enct s • 1980 on war ds 51 1 • 1980 on war d s 11 14 0 19 50 - 1979 67 0 19 50 - 1979 . 1900 - 194 9 . 19 00 - 1949 30 x o r e 19 00 1 e o n 1900 9

.s• c't7 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 • • 0 0 0 OS a • MO • 0 0 •ox.. , • 9. 0.• •. 1.--• 9- •-•,—;• r. s • • • •• • • • ••. •

m a o Ersaihk, • :..az. • .. :1 1 F :PS :11 3/4.• a•Will et ird iehl • • • . . 0 0 40 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • IS O n e e • • • • • • • . 1 • • n e e Oa • • • • • • •• • • O P • O «L W:E U :W PC • n ° • e t : : . 41. 0 = 2 0 . = . .„ = „ , „ . • ND • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • N O * • • • • • • • •.: .....: • :gra= : • • • et t n i n t • na -24ifir " ••• • • WO • • • • • • 0 • 0 • • • • W OO • • • 0 • 0 * 0 0 0 • • 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • 6 0 40 0 • • 0 0 • • • ON • • 0 09 •0.. • a • • •••• • •

25 00 30 00 20 00 25 00 1500 20 00 1500 1000 1000 50 0 50 0 0 I 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us The spider may be abundant locally, but is scarce in northern Stat us Britain. Common.

Dist r ibut ion Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain, with The species is widespread in much of Britain. It is widespread very scattered records fiuther north. It is widespread in north- in north-western and central Europe. western and central Europe.

Habit at and ecology Habitat and ecology P. prativaga occurs on open ground and herbage in various The spider occurs in a wide range of open habitats, especially open habitats including grasslands, waste ground, fields, in damp situations. It has been recorded from grasslands, heathland, woodland clearings, dunes, old quarries and roadside marshes, riversides, fens, saltmarsh, woodland clearings, hedge verges as well as in wet places such as dyke edges, fens, banks, moorland, blanket bog, waste ground, fi eld margins and marshes and bogs. At Braunton Burrows in Devon, the species rarely heathland. In gardens this is usually the commonest has been recorded across the dune system from the seaward Pardosa species. Adults of both sexes are found mainly in mobile dunes, through the dune slacks to the landward heathy early to mid-summer, and sometimes again in early autumn. area with bracken (Merrett 1967b). The genitalia are quite distinct from Pardosa pullata, yet inter-specifi c copulations Author of profile: P.R. Harvey have been observed and fertile eggs sometimes result. This has only been seen with specimens in captivity, but it has been suggested that if this also happened in nature it could explain the fact that specimens are sometimes captured with the sexual organs of one but with the colouration approaching that of the other (Locket & Millidge 1951). The spider is adult mainly in early to mid-summer. Author of profil e: aR.Nellist 245 [64 08] Lycosidae: Pardosa nigriceps [ 6406] Lycosidae: Pardosa sattans

No . o f 10km . oc cur ren ces No . of 10katt occurrences 0 1980 onward s 736 5 1980 onw ard s 445 0 1950 - 1979 109 0 1950 - 1979 70 + 1900 - 1949 23 . 1900 - 1949 21 xpr. 1900 12 • x pre 1900 3

• r --e • °

0 • •

2— SS -n o • . • 41:.c: 0- . -. • GM ON 0 : 0 S 4 0 0 • 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . .1 ...2• • . • &I 4 • 0 0 • • • • 0 0 S OO 0 0 0 0 • • .0 6. • ...... • • 0 0 • • • • • • O D 0 0 • • • • • 0 00 0 . 0 41 • • • • : . S. 0 •. 0 2 • 0 0 0 0 GO •) 1 • ON NS. C O 0 0 0 N C O l ue 4 : : N O • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • N • 0 0 0 0 6. .. 8: . . . . i t I . : . . . 0 .1 : 0 0 0 . 0 : r e • 0 0 0 0 0 O N O 0 . • :. . IN 0 G 0 • .: .

600 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 B 100 100 — I 0 _ ENT I, I -Ark, 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A AA J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Common. The spider may be localised, but is usually found in numbers. P sultans was descri bed by Topfer-Hofmann as a species D ist ribut ion distinct from P. lugubris and so far all British material The species is widespread throughout most of Britain. It is examined has proved to be P sallans, but it is possible that widespread in most of western and central Europe. P lugubris may occur here as well (Merrett & Murphy 2000). A ll records have been mapped as P saltans. Habit at and ecology P nigriceps is found on the ground, on low vegetation and Dist ribut ion bushes in a variety of habitats such as grasslands, sea walls, The species is widespread, but becomes more scattered in dyke edges, dunes, heathland, moorlands, blanket bog, mires, northern Britain. It seems to be restricted to the more western woodland clearings, old quarries and roadside verges. It tends parts of Europe (Th pfer-Hofmann, Cordes & Helversen to live higher in the vegetation than other Pardosa species. 2000). The spider is adult in spring and early summer, females persisti ng later. Habitat and ecology P sultans occurs in forests, woodlands and copses and A uthor of pr ofi le: P.R. Harvey sometimes nearby grassland and hedgerows. It seems to be largely restr icted to old and ancient woodland sites, where it may be numerous running over the ground in open clearings as well as amongst litter within the shade of the wood. Adults mainly occur in early to mid-summer, with females later, occasionally even until October.

246 A ut hor of profi le: P.R. Har vey

[64 0 5] Lyco sidae : Pardosa ho rt ensis [64 12] Lyc o sida e : Pard o= proxim o

No . o f 10Im , oc cu r r enc es Po . of 101aa . oc o ur r a ces • 1980 a w ar d s 79 • 19 80 = war ds 68 0 1950 - 1979 25 0 19 50 - 1979 20 • 190 0 - 1949 . 1900 - 1949 x p r e 1900 2 x pr e 1900 ito 1

a a

0 . 0

0 . 0 0 . 0 8

0 • •

200 40 150 30 100 20 50 10 0 0 = Y . J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Stat us The spider is very local, but may be frequent in suitable Very local and oft en in small numbers, though the spider can habitat. be abundant in some habitats.

Dist rib ut io n Dist ribut io n The species is widespread but locally distributed in southern Most records of th is species are from southern England and Britain, with few records from Scotland. It is widespread in Wales but there are scattered records as far north as south - western and central Europe, but not recorded from Scand inavia west Scotland. It is widespread in western and central Europe or Ireland . but the species is not recorded from Scand inavia or Ireland .

Hab itat a nd e co logy Ha b ita t a nd e co logy P hon ensis occurs in open situations running over sparsely P proxima can be found in a variety of sparsely vegetated vegetated ground in grasslands, heathland, waste ground, habitats but typically occurs in moist and marshy places. The woodland clearings, old chalk and sand pits and the sea shore. species is most likely to be found at coasta l sites including Adults of both sexes are found mainly in spring and early ear thy cliffs, saltmarsh, dune slacks and in streamside habitats summer, with females persisting later. including exposed riverine sediments. P p roxima has also been recorded from lowland heaths and gardens. Although this Author of pr ofile: P.R. Harvey information is compiled from some quite recent records it is worth noting that the Rev. Octavius Pickard-Cambridge noted the species was present in his garden but he found it in abundance on th e swampy fl ats at Studland 'whence the winters fl oods had retired' (Pickard-Cambridge 1879-8 1). Adults are found in spring and summer with males occurring from Apr il to June and females occasionally persisting into August.

Author of pr ofile: E L. Farr-Cox 24 7 [64 I S] Lycosidae: Pardosa trailli [6409] Lycosidae: Pardon paludicola

No . of 101un. oc curren ces No . of W INO occurrences

0

a 3

2.5 1 5 2 1 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N E/ J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us St at us Nationally Rare (RDB3). The spider was apparentl y fairly Nationall y Scarce (Notable B). The spider is very local, but numerous at Shapwicic Heath, Plaistow and Woodwalton Fen. frequent at some sites. There have been no records from new sites since 1974. D ist ribut ion D ist ribut ion The species has been recorded from Shapwick Heath and Catcott The species occurs in mountainous areas in Wales, the Lake Heath, North Somerset; Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight; Distr ict and Scotland.P. fr ankhas been recorded from Sweden Plaistow, West Sussex; Cudham, West Kent; Woodwalton Fen, and Norway. Huntingdonshire; and Tarrington, Herefordshire. It is fairly widespread in north-western and centr al Europe. H abit at and ecology Habitat and ecology It occurs in open stony ground on mountains, especially on P paludicolahas been recorded from grassy clearings in woods, scree. Both sexes are adult in May and June, and females until running on peat near trees in fens, and among grass near a pond. A ugust. It may require moderately long grass or herbage. Males are adult in late March and April, and females have been found in April A uthor of profi le: P. M errell and May. Both sexes have also been found in November, and some individuals may mature in late autumn and over-winter.

T hreat s Shapwick Heath has been very severely damaged by peat extraction, even within the National Nature Reserve, and only a small area of the wet heath remains. Falling water tables due to agr icultural drainage are a problem in the Somerset Levels sites and at Woodwalton Fen. It is diffi cult to maintain a high water table on the protected areas when the surrounding fi elds are being drained.

24 8 A uthor of profile: P. Merrett [650 1] Lycosidae: Hygrolycosa rubrofasciat o [660 1] Lycosidae: Xerolycosa miniata

uo . o f 10 /ca . ca r r e s es So . o f 10 n . a ur • 19 90 can ar ds 1 1 • 1 9 80 c a r ds 4 5 0 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 6 0 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 1 1 • 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 3 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 7 p r • 19 0 0 0 x p r e 19 00 1

e 37

10 St at us 8 Nationally Scarce (Notable A). This species is abundant at 6 some sites, but very local and restricted in range. 4 Dist r ibut io n 2 Most records for H. rubrof asciata are from a small area of 0 West Suffolk, West Norfolk and Cambridgeshire. It has also J F M A M J , JY A S O N D been recorded from isolated sites in East Suff olk, and the New Forest, Hampshire, as well as old records from Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire and from Lincolnshire. The species is widespread and fairly common in northern and central Europe. St at us Locally common in its dune habitat. Habitat and ecology Generally found in damp habitats at ground level, mostly in Dist r ibut ion fens but sometimes under or at the edge of carr woodland by X. miniata is widespread on the coast in Britain as far north as the side of rides. Adults have been found in May, June, September and, at Chippenham Fen (Cambridgeshire) in eastern central Scotland, but is absent from apparently suitable November (D. Can , pers. comm.) areas. It is widespread in western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland. T hreat s Drainage of fens is the most important threat. However, it Hab it at and eco logy appears to be more tolerant of the growth of scrub than most This lycosid spider is essentially restricted to coastal sand other fenland species. dunes where it favours fi xed dunes. In this habitat specimens can oft en be found in associati on with areas of sand adj acent to Ma nagem ent clumps of restharrow. X miniata has also been found Maintaining the water table in fens is very important. Encroachment on open fen by can woodland is possibly less inhabiting rocky, sparsely vegetated terrain at a coastal of a threat to this species than to other typical fenland species, Flintshire site (Felton 1995). Adults of both sexes have been as it occurs widely in wet woodland in Europe. recorded in summer. Females have been observed carryi ng young on their abdomens in July. Aut hor of profi le: P. Merrett A uthor of profile: R.C. Gallon

249 [60 2] Lycosidae: Xerolycosa nemoralis

St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is abundant at some No . o f 1 0 1cm, o c c u r r e n c e s 5 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 4 4 sites in the south-east of England (mainly in Surrey, Sussex 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 1 6 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 5 and southern Hampshire), but very local. x P r e 1 9 0 0 0

Dist ribut ion The species is widely distr ibuted in southern England. It is widespread in western and central Europe.

Habit at and ecology X. nemoralis occurs in dry litter and bark in coppiced areas or clear ings in woods, on short stony chalk grassland, on recently burnt heathland (up to about 4 years after fire) or bare patches on older heathland . It has occurred in large numbers, almost to the exclusion of other lyco sids, on sparsely vegetated rail ballast in a disused railway marshalling yard and on sparsely vegetated ground at post-industrial sites. The spider is extremely well camouflaged against its background, population s having a more greyish or pinkish tinge according to the surround ing substrate. Adults of both sexes are found in summer.

T hreat s The loss of sem i-natural woodland to intensive forestry, the loss of chalk grassland to agr iculture, the loss of heathland to • O agriculture, forestry and development and the loss of post- industrial sites to development. 0. . 8 Management • <0 Maintain op en clear ings and rides with dry leaf and bark litter and reintrod uce or maintain coppice cycles in woods, maintain shor t chalk grassland by grazing, and maintain all seral stages of heath er by rotational management. 80 Author of p r ofi le: P.R. Harvey based on species account in 60 (Merrett 1990) 40 20 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

2 50 [6704] Lycosidae: Alopecoso pulverutenta [6702] Lycosidae: Alopecosa coneoto

So . o f 1035a• occ ur r ences no . o f 1015a1 occ ar r en ce s

•

0 • r

• .

• • • • • • • • • • • 00 °Lc r ; . r : • . n• • ° 8 „der. ! =nut: en - r w.re-91::• . ;To...- . • . I

500 0 80 4000 60 3000 2000 40 1000 20 0 — • F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us St at us Common. Local and uncommon although the spider may occur in numbers, especially on chalk grassland and dunes. In the Dist ribut ion agricultural lowlands of southern England it is very locall y The species is widespread throughout most of Britain. It is distributed and rare. widespread in western and central Europe. Dist ribut ion Habit at and ecology The species is widely distributed in southern Britain, but with The spider is found in many open habitats, including some records in the north. The species is widespread in heathland, grasslands, moorland, dunes and old quarries and western and central Europe. pits. It ascends to considerable altitudes (over 700 m in Dumfr ies-shire) where unusually large specimens are often Habitat and ecology found (J. Newton, pers. comm.). Large and distinctively A. cuneata occurs on old and unimproved grasslands and marked specimens have also been found in Orkney dunes, especially where there are areas of sparsely vegetated (P. Merrett, pers. comm.) and in Caithness. Adults of both ground, short turf and lichen heath. Adults of both sexes are sexes are found from spring to mid-summer, occasionally later. found from late spring to early summer, females sometimes until the autumn. Author of profi le: P.R. Harvey A uthor of profi le: P.R. Har vey

25 1 [670 1] Lyco sidae : Alop e co sa barbipes [6703] Lycosidae : Alop e cosa fa b rilis

St at us No . o f l Okm z o c c a r r e n c e s Nationally Endangered (RD B I ). The spider is known to occur • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 1 2 5 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 5 5 in three distinct populations. Each occupies a small area, and, + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 0 9 2 8 S o r e 1 9 0 0 1 2 since the spider is large, the population density is low and therefore vulnerable. There are probably no more than a hundred adults in any one population. It has been known for over a hundred years at Morden Heath . All records from Hankley Common are recent .

Dist rib ut ion The species has been found in two small areas of Morden Heath, Dorset, and on Hankley Common, Surrey. It has also been recorded from France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia, Poland, Hungary, the former Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Austria, Italy and the Balkans.

Habit at a nd e co logy A. fabrilis inhabits a burrow in sandy soil or holes under stones. The preferred habitat is dry sandy heathland with + some open stony areas. It has also been found wandering on ploughed firebreaks but may not be resident in such habitat. Both sexes are adult in September and October, and females probably over-winter.

T hre ats +8. Pine and birch trees encroaching on the sites and probably fire.

-8. Ma na ge m e nt Because of the vulnerability of the localised spider populations, fire is unsuitable as a management tool, and regular removal of the invading pines by hand-pulling should be undertaken. This regime may lead to a build up of litter and humus. Thus further management to restore patches of bare 80 stony ground may be necessary, possibly by localised grazing. 60 At Hankley Common, small-scale disturbance of the vegetation in the course of army training exercises may be 40 maintaining the desired habitat. 20 1 0 A l a A u thor of pr ofile : P. Merrett J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us The sp ec ie s is rare in the agricultural lowlands of southern England e.g. in Leicestershire (Crocker & Daws 1996), Essex (Harvey 2000c), and very rare in most of the north of Britain.

Dist rib ut io n The species is widely distributed but scattered in much of Britain. It is widespread in western and central Europe .

Habit at a nd e co logy A. barbip es occur s on heathlands and old and unimproved grasslan ds , especially where there are areas of sparsely vegetated ground, shor t turf and lichen heath. Adults of both sexes are found mainly in early spring to mid-summer. Females are occasionally recorded at other times of year and males in the autum n and winter.

Author of profile: RR. Harvey

252 [6802] Lyco sida e : Troc hosa ruricolo

eo . of 101c• occur r ences Mo. of 10100 c r • 1980 cowar ds 0 19 50 - 1979 . 1900 - 1949 e pee 1900

SO •

00

<:2

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 I I a r t s_ruer J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Com mon throughout, though generally only at low altitudes.

Dist ribut io n The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain, becoming very scattered in the north. It is w idespread in western and central Europe as far north as southern Norway.

Habitat a nd e co logy This spider is often found under stones and logs in dam per situations such as meadows, on the sides of ditches, and in marshland. Adults of both sexes have been recorded from March to December, but mainly from late spring to mid- sunumen

Author of p rofi le: W.J. Partridge

2 53 [680 1] Lycosidae: Trochosa robusta

Stat us No . o f 10 Im , o c c u r r en c e s Nationall y Scarce (Notable B). Most old records are doubtful, • 19 8 0 o nw a r d s 12 0 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 because of confusion with the common T ruricola (De Geer). + 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 2 A ll defi nite recent records are from calcareous grassland or x p r e 1 9 00 0 coastal cliff s. It is fairly numerous in some places, especially near the coast, but very local.

D ist ribut ion ce -ed A part from two old records from Yorkshire and Durham, which may be considered doubtful, the species is only fp' c e; recorded from the southern half of England. It is widespread in 9 . north-western and central Europe, except Scandinavia, and has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and ecology T nobusta occurs mainly on stony calcareous grassland, especially on cliff -tops and under-cliff on the south coast. Males are adult from February to June, and again in September and October, females are probably present for most of the year. The female makes a shallow burrow under a stone.

T hreat s Most sites are in fairly inaccessible places such as cliff s or old 0 • quarries which are unlikely to be threatened by agriculture. 0 • Management Soft -rock cliff sites should be maintained in their existing state without sea defences which would cause stabilisation and changes in vegetation structure.

A ut hor of profile: Merrett ( 1990), updated by P.R. Harvey

25 20 15 10 5 0 r m J F M A M J JY A S O N D

254 •

[6804] Lyco sidae: Trochosa terr icola [ 6803] Lycosidae: Trochosa spinipalpis

No . of 10 1m . o c c ur so c a No . o f 10 1c. o c c ur r en c es • 19 80 = n e r ds BI B 0 1 9 50 - 197 9 15 7 • 1 90 0 - 19 49 27 x p r e 19 00 17 • rst — • be « L 4 4 • • - • r ..27 • 1. > 9 214-7•Z an.._ r 0 • o • • 34. sc.

• -• t il ei + 3 1 xo: • C‘13

rff

• — = sal; ait t-" . • :rt L.-.:::u.:. - 1• • ..?" .: • • 4.8.er 1 .1.:.h ir• : .: . . . • Sro•„„ •0. •• %I . •i • S t • :etre .. ... ••••••••• ar • • • • • rwrar . Mi . • • • • •• •— • • ....• S O - ° • • ....-•• -• 0 0 • • • • • • 0 : :••• •O• D o0 • • • •• • H IP 0 0 . 4 •

••••• 0 ° < 7 •• 0

1200 3 1000 800 2 600 400 T1 1 200 0 ICI A F-111,-ca 0 ii JFMAMJ JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us Common. St at us Rare or local. Distribut ion The species is widespread in most of Bri tain. It is widespread Distribut ion in western and central Europe. The species is widely distributed in Britain but absent from large areas and generally very scattered. It is widespread in Habitat and ecology north-western and central Europe. The spider is found in a wide range of habitats, including woodland, grassland, heathland and industrial sites, under such Habit at and ecology things as stones and logs, but showing a preference for drier, T spimpalpis appears to have a preference for damp places, heathy conditions, although in bogs and marshes it may often such as Sphagnum bogs, wet heathland, damp meadows, fens be taken in pitfall traps. Unlike T ruricola it can be common or marshland. Adults have been collected in April, M ay, June in upland areas (J. Newton, pers. comm.). Adults of both sexes and in the autumn. have been recorded from March to November, mainly from spring to mid-summer. A uthor of pr ofile: W.J. Partridge

Author of profile: W.J. Partridge

255 [6 9 0 2] Lyco sida e : Arctosa fulvolineat a

St at us

Nationally Rare (RD B3) . Such a large spider is unlike ly to be No , o f 10 1us , oc c ur r en c e s overlooked. It was found to be fairly numerous at the Blythb urgh Estuary. Althoug h Cooke ( 196 1) reported considerable numbers at Colne Point and the marshes bordering the Stour Estuary at Wrabness, it has not been found again at th ese sites despite extensive searches, although it has recently be en rediscovered in Essex at Haven Point near Foulness.

D is t rib ut io n The species appears to be confined to a few saltmarshes around th e Solent, the Thames estuary, and on the coast of East Anglia. Elsewhere in Europe it has been recorded from Switzerland, France, Spa in, Portugal, Italy and Cors ica.

Habit at a nd e co logy A. fulvolineata is found under debris and stones at the top of saltm arshes, under lump s of mud and wet, tight ly matted debris along the foot of the sea wall and under stones on the wet mud on the nearby marshes. It has also been found in cracks in the upper saltmarsh where saltpans had dried out and were unvegetated, and on pure shingle at Havergate Islan d (M . Shardlow, pers. com m.). Adults of both sexes are found mainly fro m Apr il to June, but also in September. Possibly some individuals mature in the autumn and over-w inter, as in many other large lycosids.

T hre at s In the constr uction and maintenance of sea defences, the strip of land immediately in front of the sea wa ll is very vulnerable to be ing covered with spoil or at best severely disturbed. The spider 's adoption of this habitat at Colne Point would suggest that the sea wall has caused a seaward contraction of its 8 horizontal range on the shore. There has been extensive work 6 to raise sea wall defences at this and other parts of coastal 4 Essex, and suitable habitat for this spider may have been lost. 2 Sea level rise and coastal de fence improvement are likely to increasingly threaten this and other coastal species. 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D Author of p rofde : P.R. Harvey using in formation from Merrett, in Brat ton ( 199 1).

256 [6 904 ] Lyc osida e : Ar ctosa p ertta [69 03] Lyco sida e : Arc toso leop ardus

No . o f 10 b a mac es 0 0 . o f 10 1oa , oc c u r r e nc e s • 19 8 0 o nwa r d s 2 13 • 1 9 80 orna r ds 13 7 0 19 50 - 1 97 9 6 5 0 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 24 4 1 9 00 - 1 9 4 9 19 1 9 00 - 19 4 9 8.184• 19 00 7 x pre 19 00 3

4,

• .

• • • • • • . • • • •• • •

0 0

Oa •

10 0 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 ,r• r 11,- a 0 I s r .r . J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St a t u s St at u s LocaL Very local and often few in number.

Dist ribut io n Dist r ib ut io n The species is widespread in coastal Britain, but inland records The species is widespread in Wales and on southern heath land, are patchy and scattered, restricted to suitable habitat. The but very scattered elsewhere and absent from much of central range of this spider may be increasing with new records inland. and northern Britain. It is widespread in north-western and It is widespread in western and central Europe. central Europe . Habitat and e co logy Habitat and eco logy A species str ongly associated with sandy coasts and heathland This spidef can be found in a variety of situations, including habitats. In coastal dunes, the spider shows strong positive wet heathland, dune slacks, fenland and other wet marshy correlations with bare ground and the sparse vegetation that places. Unlike A. p erita, this spider does not seem to build a surrounds it (Bell & Naughton 1995). A. p erita has been burrow, seeming to be content with a silken cell constructed identified as a frontal dune specialist, but it has also been amongst litter or vegetation. Merrett ( 1968) found this spider recorded outside this habitat on inland heaths, old ironstone to be adult between May and October with an ill-defi ned peak workings, river banks and old sand and gravel pits. Within the of male activity in June. Our data show adults of both sexes loose substr ate that is abundant at these types of habitat, the have been collected between May and July, females spider builds a well-concealed retreat burrow. The spider has occasionally later. been collected between February -November, with two activity peaks, one in spring and the other in autumn (Merrett 1968). Aut hor of profile: J.R. Bell However, it is thought that female spiders may over-winter as adults. Our data show a main peak from late spring to mid- summer and a smaller peak in the autumn.

Au thor of pr ofile: J.R. Bell 2 57 [690 1] Lycosidae: Arct oso cinerea [700 1] Lycosidae: Ar ct osa alpigena

Stat us No . o f 10k m. o c c u r r e n c • s Nationally Rare (RDB3). The species is well established in the Cairngorms, though probably rather local. The strongest populati on known is on the south slopes of Cairn Gorm.

Dist ribut ion The species was originally recorded from a mountain near 0 X Braemar, South Aberdeenshire, in 1872, as Trochosa biunguiculata. It has since been found on Cairn Toul, South Aberdeenshire, on three occasions; Cairn Gorm; the plateau between Cairn Gorm and Ben Macdui, Banffshire; and recently from Creag Meagaidh in West Inverness-shire, Sgurr nan Clach Geala in West Ross and near Drumochter in 4 Perthshire. The spider is also known from France,

• • " • " Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland.

Habitat and ecology Found on mountains above 1,000 metres, in silk tubes in densely matted vegetation dominated by Empetrum or Nardus stricta, with Vaccinium, Cladonia, Racomitrium, etc. Trapping on Creag Meagaidh showed it to be most frequent inNardus stricta snow-bed grassland (which was also the habitat on Sgurr nan Clach Geala) and to a lesser extent Racomitrium in lanuginosum moss heath. The spiders spend much of their time below the vegetation mat and are only occasionally seen running in the open. Adults of both sexes have been found in June, July and August, and females also in May.

T hreat s The high altitude vegetation which forms the habitat of this species is fragile and slow growing, and prone to damage from 5 hill walkers and skiers. 4 - 3 Author of profi le: P. Merrett 2 1 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Nationall y Scarce (Notable B), but the spider may be very locally common.

Dist ribut ion The species has been recorded only from Wales, northern England and Scotland. It is probably under-recorded because of its specialised habitat and the likely need to turn over many rocks before fi nding a specimen, although the spider may attract the attention of the general public because of its large size and riverside habitat. It is widespread in western and centr al Europe.

Habit at and ecology A. cinerea inhabits shingle beds of fast fl owing rivers and lakeshores. It may be found hiding in crevices between rocks, close to the water's edge, where it constructs a silken burrow and where it apparently remains even when the river fl oods. Adult females are probably present throughout the year; males have been recorded in spring, summer and autumn.

T hreat s Over-zealous management of rivers, with removal, disturbance, or stabilisation of shingle, may threaten the species. There is a widespread lack of appreciation of the value of such an appar- ently barren habitat as river shingle.

A ut hor of pr ofi le: J.M. Newton 258 L7103] Lycosidae: Pirata piraticus

No . o f 101323 occur NO . of 10km . occurrences • 19 80 onwa rds 767 0 1950 - 1979 108 . 190 0 - 1949 x pre 1900 12

re°

-- 4 'r . . 2 . • •

• o • • e•.•

3 400 2 300 200 1 100 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us I oral.

Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in much of Britain. It is widespread in western and central Europe.

Habitat and ecology This species occurs in a wide variety of wetland habitats such as pond and stream margins, marshes, fens, upland blanket bogs, Sphagnum seeps and reed-beds. In sunny weather this ambush predator can be found in the open, but in cooler weather it conceals itself amongst low vegetation . Adults of both sexes have been recorded between late spring and autumn, but mainly from early to mid-summer. Females carry a single, ovo id, white egg-sac attached to their sp innerets.

Auth or of pr ofile: R.C. Gallon

2 59

[7 105] Lycosidae: Pirate tenultarsis [7 10 1] Lycosidae: Pirate hygrophilus

No . of 101ca, occurre nce s No . of 10Im 1 occurrences • 1980 onwards 51 • 1980 onwards 379 0 1950 - 1979 0 1950 - 1979 69 1900 - 1949 0 1900 - 1949 16 x pre 1900 0 x pre 1900 2

7 "Loa 01°

• 0 •••• ••• • •• •••

SOO

0 • • • • • • • • 101. 0 •0 • • • • • • n o 0• • • se 2 OD g _ a _ t • _ • • : a • • ••• • • • : 6 o • • • • • . 0 • fe • •• •, • 0. • • .•. • • ° .... • • • • • .: •r •• • goo 8 • c()

15 2000 1500 10 1000 5 500 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us The spider may be numerous in suitable habitat, but is local. The St at us presence of tenuitarsis in England was first established by Kronestedt ( 1980a), who discovered specimens in the The species is less frequently recorded than P pirati cus, with collections of the Natural History Museum wrongly identifi ed which it often occurs, but it may be locally abundant. It is as P piraticus. It closely resembles this latter species and has possibly under-recorded because it is less active during the day since been found in numerous other collections, again wrongly and more likely to remain hidden under vegetation. identifi ed as P pirati cus, oft en associated with specimens of P piraticus itself but also with P tautens and hygrophilus Distribution (Snazell 1983). The species is widespread in much of the southern half of Britain, much more scattered in the north. It is widespread in Dist ribut ion north-western and central Europe. The species appears to be widespread on southern heathland, in north-w est Wales, and the mosses of Cheshire and Shropshire but is otherwise very scattered in the southern half of Br itain. It Habitat and ecology is widespread in central southern Europe but with records as far P hygrophilus may be abundant in the ground layer of damp north as south-west Sweden (M ichelucci and Tongiorgi 1975; woodland, raised bogs, lowland heaths, marshy grassland and Kronestedt 1980a). It was fi rst recorded in Ireland at other damp or wet habitats, but it is not normally associated Pollardstone Fen, Co. Kildare (van Helsdingen 1997). with open water. Adults of both sexes are found mainly from early to mid-summer, females persisting until later. Habit at and ecology P tenuitarsis and P piraticus generally have quite distinct Author of profi le: J. Newton habitats, at least in the south (P. Merrett, pen . comm.). P tenui tarsi s occurs in acid bogs, with most records from sphagnum bogs often in the vicinity of bog pools and wet heathland.

Author of profi le: H.R. Nellist

260 [7 106] Lycosidae: Pir at a uliginosus [7 102] Lycosidae: Pir at a lat it ans

Mo . of 101 ' occ urrence s N o . o f 101a occ urre nces 5 1980 = m a t 192 0 3950 - 1975 42 . 1900 - 194 9 s a e 1900

M N

• • ity;

0

Jo 0

0 • v I.• -

OS .5: 0 . • • • 8 e. • -

300 150

200 100

100 50

It t a r s 0 0 r i J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Local. Local, very infrequent in Scotland.

Dist r ibut io n Dist ribution The species has a widespread but patchy distribution in The species is widespread in much of the southern half of Britain. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe. Britain, but very scattered in northern England reaching south- west Scotland. It is widespread in western and central Europe Habit at and ecology as far north as Denmark. P uliginosu.s is found in two main habitat types, infertile and calcareous grassland, where it was fi rst found in 1951 (Locket Habitat and ecology & M illidge 1953) and drying, rank and grassy, bogs. It is not P latitans is a species of the ground layer of open marsh and associated with particularly wet areas and can be found in fen habitats, and someti mes in damp grassy habitats. It is less quite dry habitats, frequently appear ing in pitfall traps. Both associated with Sp hagnum bogs than other species of Pirata, sexes are found mainly in June and July, but they have been though it does occur on Sphagnum. It is often found by the recorded as early as March and females persist into the edge of open water, which it will run across. Both sexes are autumn. found mainly from early to mid-summer, females with eggs into August and later. Aut hor of pr ofil e: J. Newton Aut hor of pr ofil e: 3. Newton

26 1 [7 104] Lycosidae: Pirata piscatorius

. o f 1 01us. o c c u r r e n c e s

0 . 0 .

0 0 • +.0

4 3 2 - 1

0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Very local.

D ist ribut ion The species is absent from large areas of England and Scotland, but widespread in Wales, a few parts of England and possibly south-w est Scotland . It is widespread in north-western and central Europe.

Habit at and ecology P piscasorius is invariably found in very wet areas, most often near standing water. Bristow e observed tb at females build a vertical tube in sphagnum moss from which they will dart out to catch pass ing insects . The lower end leads down into the water and if disturbed the spider will move down to below the water sur face (Bristowe 1923) . Adults are found in May and June, adult females to at least August, and probably year- round.

Au thor of pr ofile: D.R. Nellist

262 [7 20 1] Lyc o sida e : Au Ionia albimano

Sta t us Nationally Endangered (RDB 1). The spider is currently No . o f 10 ' oc c-ar r a o c e s known at only one site in Britain (Newtown Ranges, Isle of Wight), and is not likely to be grossly under-recorded. It may have gone extinct at its other British sites near Dunster, where the origina l hab itat has been lost. Although there is open heathland and wood lan d adjacent to the Dunster sites which may still support this species, searches in 2000 by a number of arachnologists were unsuccessfi zl and the original habitat has been lost. zr a

Dist ribut io n The species was recorded from two quarries near Dunster, South Somerset, one in 1936 and 1938 and the second on a or number of occasions between 1963 and 1974. It was discovered at Newtown Ranges, Isle of Wight, in 1985. It is fairly widespread in western and central Europe.

Hab it at a n d e co logy A. albimana was found among stones at the side of a disused quarry and n mning on the quarry fl oor in Somerset. Th e Isle of Wight site is a damp grassy area sheltered from the wind on three sides but open to the sun . Adults were found at the end of June in a tiny hollow in the soil at the base of dense grass stems. Juveniles had previously been found in the same area in May. In Ger many, this species has been observed to make a fl imsy sheet web with a tubular retreat in moss. In France, the spiders have been found with their sheet webs on the ground amongst tussocky grass and in litter amongst open herbage.

Thre at s The quarry near Dunster from which it was recorded in the 1960s and 1970s has been used as a rubbish tip, a common fate of disused quarries. The site of the earlier records has also apparently bee n destroyed.

Au thor of p r ofile: P. Merrett

26 3 [730 1] Pisaurida e : Pisaura mira bilis [740 1] Pisa u r idae : Dolomedes fimbriatus

No . o f 10km . occurre nce . No . of 10km . occ urrenc e. • 1900 onward. 010 0 1950 - 1979 49 1900 - 1949 20 % pre 1900 6 4 O +

I

. .• 0-0 " " 1:—..M.HE •" %•••• • . • • 1-- •-n en := D: • • ;int . i t.:::L • ••• •= • •ri . `lit re. L." .n. :Ir a • •• • . : •

120 100 3 80 60 2 40 1 20 0 0 J F M A M J JY A SOND .1 F M A M J JY A S O N I3 St at us Common in the south, but becoming more infrequent in the St a t us north. Very local, but th e spider may be more common on some southern heath lands. Dist rib ut io n The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain, but Dist ribut io n with a scattered and patchy distribution in the north as far as The species is widespread on southern heathlands, but very central Scotland. It is widespread in western and central Europe scattered elsewhere in Britain. It is widespread in north- as far north as southern Norway. western and central Europe. Ha bit at a nd e co lo gy The species is found in a wide variety of habitats. Adults tend Habita t and e co logy to occur in reasonably tall vegetation in habitats such as rough The main habitat of D. fimbriatus is Sp hagnum bogs and gras sland , woodland rides, field edges heathland, gardens and poo ls, although j uveniles may be found in much drier habitats marsh edges. The species is eas ily recogn ised even in early away from bogs (P. Merrett, pers. comm.). Th e spider also immature stages. It is extremely variab le in colour, much of inhabits water margins of ditches, ponds and slow flowing which appears to be genetically determined . As the spider streams. Adults assume a hunting position on emergent water common ly sits out on leaves, this visible polymorphism may be plants where th e front appendages are held on the water maintained by the action of predators (G . Oxford, pers. comm.). sur face. In th is pos ition the spider preys on invertebrates Adults of both sexes are found mainly between May and July. trapped on the water sur face. When threatened the spider The male catches a fl y or other prey item as a courtship ' gift ' retreats underwater (Bristowe 1958). Spiderlings hunt in high for the female during mating. The female carries the egg-cocoon in her chelicerae until th e eggs are about to hatch, when she vegetation. Adults are found in spring and ear ly summer constructs a tent-like web in tall herbage in which young remain (Locket & Millidge 195 1). Females carry their spherical egg- unt il they disperse. Apparently this maternal care is not very sacs in their chelicerae and enclose them within a nursery web successful against ichneumons (Bristowe 1958). pr ior to spiderling emergence.

Aut ho r of p rofile: P.R. Harvey Au thor of p r orde: R.C. Gallon 264 [ 7402] Pisaur idae: Dolomedes plant arius

Stat us

Nati onally Endangered (RDB1). IUCN listed. UK no . o f 10 Oos e on s • 1 9 80 = s ot 2 Biodiversity Acti on Plan priority species. A t one time this 0 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 0 + 1 9 00 - 19 4 9 0 species was numerous in parts of South Lopham Fen (East x o r . 19 0 0 0 Norfolk) but much rarer in the Redgrave portion of this fen. Throughout the period 1991 to 1999, adult numbers were probably less than 100. Irrigation of pools occupied by the spiders from a borehole during this period almost certainly prevented extinction of the populati on (Smith 2000). A large- scale survey of the population at Pevensey Levels in 199 1 produced a maximum estimate of 3,000 — 4,000 females (Jones, unpublished report), mak ing this the largest population in the UK. This species is thought to be in decline throughout Europe (Collins & Wells 1987), which increases the impor- tance of conservation of the English populati ons.

D ist ribut ion Currently this species is only recorded from two sites in Britain, Redgrave & South Lopham Fen (on the Waveney and Little Ouse watershed in East Suff olk and East Norfolk) and the Pevensey Levels, East Sussex. It was fi rst recorded at Redgrave in 1956 (Duff ey 1958) and has been continuously recorded at this site since then, being the subj ect of intensive monitoring since 1991 (Smith 2000). It was discovered on the Pevensey Levels by Kirby in 1988 where it occurs in drainage dykes between grazing marshes. This species is widespread but extremely local in Europe and has been reported from Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, the former Czechoslovakia, Germany, Switzerland, the Nether- lands, France, Italy and Greece. cC7

Habit at and ecology At South Lopham Fen this species is found among saw-sedge Cladium mariscus, particularly around small pools formed in Management old peat cuttings. Pools around which fi ne-leaved grasses such At the Suff olk site, management has been directed at maintain- as Mol inia have established are not favoured by this species. It is probable that young spiders hatching in early summer ing water levels in the fen and at maintaining open sedge communities by rotational mowi ng of small blocks on a four mature the following year while those hatching in late summer year cycle. The River Waveney has been dammed downstream spend two winters as j uveniles. At South Lopham, adults are found fr om May to August. In the Pevensey Levels spiders of the reserve to impede drainage of water from it and artifi cial have been found at the waters edge of a drainage ditch under deeper pools have been dug in the surface of the fen to provide additional suitable habitat for the spiders. From 1991, water overhanging vegetation. from the adj acent borehole was used to irrigate the surface of parts of the fen in summer in an attempt to maintain water T hreats levels. In 1999, the artesian borehole on the edge of the fen Both sites for D. plantarius in the UK lie within National used for abstraction of groundwater was closed but, despite Nature Reserves and Redgrave & South Lopham Fen is a SSSI. increased water levels, to date this appears to have had no D. plantarius is protected under schedule 5 of the Wildlife & eff ect on the recovery of the population (Smith, pers. comm.). Countryside Act 1981 which prohibits the unlicensed collection of specimens. The two maj or threats to the species A uthor of pr ofile: A . Russell-Smith at South Lopham Fen are declining water quality and, particularly, falling water levels, resulting from abstraction of water, drainage of surrounding farmland and dredging of the River Waveney downstream of the fen. This has resulted in drying up of many of the pools within the fen and rep lacement of sedge by grasses as well as invasion of willow and birch scrub. Water running off surrounding agricultural fi elds contains high quantiti es of nutrients. A t the Pevensey Levels, similar problems of falling water tables have resulted from deep drainage for arable agriculture in some areas and from eutrophication in the undrained areas.

265 [630 1] Oxyopidae: Oxyopes heterophthalmus

St at us

Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2) . The spider is abundant on a No . o f 101ren, oc cu r r enc es few sma ll heath land areas in west Surrey. Denton ( I 999d) comments on its local abun dance on north Surrey Tertiary heaths, but its rarity on the Lower Greensand heaths to the south. The spe cies has not been found in the New Forest for ov er eighty years.

Dist ribut ion The species is found on a number of heathland sites in Surrey. There are old records ( 1858 1909 and 1910) from the New Forest near Lyndhurst and Brockenhurst, South Hampshire. W It is widespread in central and southern Europe.

Habitat and ecology Oxyopes is found on mature dry heath land , usually near the top of heather and seemingly with a preference for south- facing slopes. Adults occur in late May and l une.

T hr eat s Fire and loss of heathland hab itat. Because of the increased fire risk that mature heather presents, heaths are often managed to avoid this phase, even on nature reser ves. However, at Chobham Co mmon, lack of management is resulting in birch and pine invasion . Accidental fires are also too frequent an occurrence on parts of this common, causing replacement of heath by Molinia caerulea. In parts of the New Forest, grazing by livestock prevents the heather developing into tall mature plants, but there are still areas of apparently suitable structure.

Management Management needs to be geared to ensuring good representation of heather in the mature phase. Thus, if burning is to be used, small portions of the site should be treated in 1.5 rotation on a cycle of about tw enty years. If grazing is the favoured op tion, it should be at a low intensity in some areas. 1

0.5 Author of profil e: P. Merrett (in Bratton 1991), updated by P.R. Har vey 0 - J F M A M J JY A S O N D

2 66 •

[ 760 1] A gelenidae: Agelena labyr inth ica [ 770 1] A gelenidae: Textr ix denticulate

No . o f 10 1aa oc cur re nc es • 19 80 19 50 • 19 00 x pr e

n o.

o

• . • car .., a med,:. . L . a. s • •••= o• r oo o. • • • " • -- 'T .. 5r . . . P •El. '

60 50 40 30 20 10

J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Common in the south of England. Common in the north. However in the south of England it is much more restricted and in the south-east it is only Dist ribut ion occasionally encountered. The species is widespread in much of southern England and coastal Wales. It is very scattered in northern England and not D ist ribut ion recorded from Scotland. It is widespread in western and central The species has a widespread but patchy distribution in much Europe as far north as southern Norway. of Britain. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe. Habitat and ecology This species is found in the vegetation of rough uncut Habitat and ecology grassland, uncultivated fi eld edges and low bushes of gorse and This spider can be found on stony ground, in rocky crevices, heather where it spins a large conspicuous sheet web with a on low vegetation, under bark, and on low bushes, inland and funnel retreat on or above the ground. The spider waits down by the sea. It also occurs on the hills of northern England and the end of the tubular retreat for prey, largely grasshoppers, to in Scotland it is equally common in houses. In south-eastern alight and become entangled on the web whereupon it rushes England there are records from sparsely vegetated rail ballast at out and takes the prey down the tube for consumption. In late disused railway sites. Both sexes are mainly found from early summer the female builds a large and very elaborate chamber in to mid-summer but females can be found at most times of the the vegetation to enclose her eggs. The labyrinth of passages year and males have also been recorded in September. within its dense white walls have earned the spider her name of labyrinthica (Bristowe 1958). Adults of both sexes are A ut hor of pr ofi le: D. Marriott found mainly in July and August, females later.

A uthor of pr ofi le: D. Marriott 267 [7804] Agelenidae: Tegenaria gigantea

Stat us No . o f 10 ' o c cu r r e n c e . Very common where it occurs. • 19 0 0 o nwa r ds 42 6

Dist ribut ion T gigantea is widespread across eastern, central and northern England, but more sporadic in Scotland and the west. In mainland Europe, the natural range seems to be confi ned to France and the Iberian Pen insula although it has been reported in a number of other countr ies (M aurer 1992 ; Croucher, Ox ford & Searle, unpub lished) , apparently as a result of impor tation .

Habit at and ecology The species is oft en found in houses, garages and sheds. It also a - occurs in areas far from hum an habitation throughout its range (cf Rob erts 1995), where it inhab its rock, stone and tree crevices, ov erhang ing banks , rabb it holes and very dense • vegetation (Roberts 1995) . Within houses, the species is most a often noticed in autumn when males wander freely in search of the more sedentary fema les. Mating occurs in autumn and females ov er-w inter with stored sperm. In spring, with increas ing temperature and food supply, egg-sacs are produced over an extended period. Growth to maturity usually takes two years. Males die aft er mating but females may live for a 21 "0 7 " : L. . 41 . further year or more. Th e total number of instars to maturity C C M s«. can vary widely, which explains the large diff erences in size . • • • • often found in mature individuals (Merrett 1980). Where this • • • • species ov erlaps geographically with the closely related • • Tegenaria saeva, hybrids can form and may be common in some areas e.g. central Yorks hire (Oxford & Smith 1987; Oxford & Plowman 199 1). Adults of both sexes have mostly been recorded in late summer and autumn.

Autho r of profile: G. Oxford 150

100

50

0 t r- 4 1 1 1110 , J F M A M J JY A S O N D

268 [ 7807] A gelenidae: Tegenar ia sacr a [7 802] A gelenidae: Tegenaria ° erica

Po . o f 10loa. occu r r e nce s • 1980 onwar ds 238 Iahlo19. floOf a awal Ok .r dsocc u n e= "12 49.

4e : 4 1'

•

25 Stat us 20 In Britain, specimens are oft en found in locations such as 15 garden centres and post offi ces, which suggest recent 10 importati on from Ireland or the conti nent. Self-sustaining I populati ons have probably not established here. Dist ribut ion J F M A M J JY A S O N D T atrica occurs very sporadically in Britain. The species is Status widespread across the whole of continental Europe (M aurer Very common where it occurs, but perhaps less so in Scotland. 1992) and is common in Eire, but not Northern Ireland (Oxford & Chesney 1994). This curious distribution is probably a Dist r ibut ion result of historical human importation into Eire from T saeva is widespread in the west country, Wales and continental Europe. northern England, but more sporadic in Scotland. Diffi culties over the taxonomic status of historical records mean that only Habitat and ecology post- 1979 records of T saeva and T atrica are mapped. In The habitat and ecology of this species seem to be identical to mainland Europe its distr ibution is the same as for Tgiganlea. that of T gigamea (q.v.). Where T atrica occurs with T saeva, Note that in southern and central England and Wales, the apparent hybrids have been reported e.g. in Iceland where both distribution of this species is almost complementary to that of species are frequently found in warehouses (Agnarsson 1996). T gigantea with only a relati vely narrow band of overlap, where some hybridisation occurs (see Tgigantea). Aut hor of profile: G. Oxford

Habitat and ecology The habitat and ecology of this species seem to be identi cal to that of T gigantea (q.v.)

Author of pr ofile: G. Oxford

269 [78 0 5 ] Ag e le nidae : Teg e na ria parie t ina [ 78 10] Ag e le nida e : Teg e na ria ferrug ine a

No . o f 10Icm . oc currenc es No . of 10 ' occ urrenc e. • 1980 onwa rds 25 • 1900 onwards 1 0 1950 - 1979 12 1950 - 1979 . 1900 - 1949 2 . 1900 - 1949 0 , % pre 190 0 0 s ore 1900 0

"e..

tpla

•

• 0 2 • • • •

10 a St at us 6 Although Elvington is the only known location in Britain, T f erruginea is super fi cially similar to our native T parietina 4 and may in the past have been overlooked as a result of 2 confusion with this species. Distinguishing features of the two 1 / A A A 1 are described by Roberts ( 1995) and Oxford & Merrett (2000). J F M A M J JY A S O N D There seems no obvious reason why T f erruginea shou ld not further colonise this coun try. Sta t us Locally common. Dist rib u t ion The only record of this spe cies in Britain to date, is from D ist rib ut io n Elvington , a village about 9 km south-east of York, Yorkshire The species is widespread within its range in Britain, (Ox ford 1999). Here there is a thriving population centred on occupying the southern counties of England, but not those in the church and churchyard, but with little sign of spread since the south-west. In Europe it is widespread from Portugal to its discovery in 1998 (last survey, May 2000) . The origin of Rus sia, and from Italy to Scandinavia (Maurer 1992). It also the Elvington population is unknown . The species is occurs in eastern Ireland . widespread in mainland Europe (Maurer 1992; Oxford & Merrett 2000), although it is commoner in the south (Roberts Ha bit at a nd e co logy 1995). Rob erts ( 1995) records the habitat as 'sometimes in hous es but usually in very old buildings' . It can also occur in Habita t a nd e co lo gy abundance on the outs ide of bu ildings (e.g. Pershore Abbey, The species frequents holes and crevices in banks and tree Worcestershire) and has been collected well away from trunks, and in barns and derelict buildings (Roberts 1995). In bu ildings in an ivy-covered wall in Marlborough, Wiltshire. Elvington it has been taken from thick ivy at the base of a These hab itats are described in Roberts ( 1995) as being more hedgerow, a wooden fence, tree crevices and on the outside typica l of the species in southern Europe . Adults of both sexes wall of the church. It does not appear to require a hole or have mostly been recorded in late summer and autumn. This crevice as a retreat; in the church windows it builds a triangular species show s extreme sexual dimorphism for leg length with sheet web, similar to that of T. domestica, with a perfectly mature males having legs almost twice as long as th ose of cylindrical silken retreat. Males are said to mature in summer, equiva lent sized females (O xford & Merrett 2000). wh ereas mature females are present all year (Roberts 1995).

Aut hor of p rofile: G. Oxford Author of pr ofi le : G. Oxford 270 [780 1] Age le nidae : Tegenar ia agrest is

Sta t us A successful and colonising species.

Dist r ib u t io n First recorded in Britain from Wilverley Plain, Hampshire in 1949, this species has colonised northwards over the last half century (Merrett 1979). It now has a wide but patchy distribution through much of England and Wales , and is colonising Scotland (e.g. Stewart 1987). Elsewhere in Europe it is widespread, extending into Russia, Ukraine and ICirghizia (Maurer 1992). T agrestis was introduced into the Pacifi c North-west region of the United States in the early 1900s.

Hab itat and e co logy T agres tis in Britain is usually found among sparse grassy vegetation and under stones, particularly on waste ground (e.g. in the centr e of cities) and alongside railway tracks. The sheet web extends from the retreat and is supported by vegetation. The egg-sac is a multi-layered structure, one layer of wh ich is oft en composed of mud and other debris. Although not nor mally a house spider in Europe, this habitat is mentioned by De Blauwe & Baert (198 1) for the species in Belgium and it has occurred regularly in a house in Bedfordshire (1. Dawson, pers. comm.). In North America, T agresas is very much associated with houses and their env irons, commonly °41.??- frequenting wood piles, garages and spaces beneath buildings (Akre & Myhre 199 1). Here a number of serious spider bites • . a n: have been attributed to T agrestis (Akre & Myhr e 199 1), : ' I althoug h there are no such records from Europe. Adults of both sexes are found mainly in late summer and autumn . <:7

Aut hor of p r ofile: G. Oxford.

100 80 60 40 20 0 rE n a J F M A M J JY A S O N D

2 7 1 [ 7803] A gelenidae: Tegenar ia domest ica [ 7808] A gelenidae: Tegenaria silvestris

No . of 105,0 occ urrences No . of 10km. occurrenc es

cr"

0..

• • • : • • .• 0 • • : • • H P ....• • • • • • • • • S." • ..

< i t

25 20 15 10 5 1 I

0 rc i t a t J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Common, but in some places, such as Cambridgeshire and LocaL Essex, it seems much less common than T gigantea (I. Dawson & P.R. Harvey, pers. comms.). D istribut ion T silvestris is widespread in central and southern England and D ist ribut ion Wales, but very scattered further north. The species occurs T domestica is widely distributed in much of Britain, but more across the whole of Europe and into the Ukraine and scattered in the west and north. It is widely distributed in M oldavia, although it is absent from Scandinavia (Maurer Europe (M aurer 1992) and has colonised many other parts of 1992). the world as a result of transportation by man. Habitat and ecology Habitat and ecology The spider is usually associated with woodland, where it A lmost entirely found within buildings although Bri stowe occurs in damp situations where sheet webs can be ( 1958) reported fi nding the species in the entrance to dry constructed, such as low banks and ditches, and in open caves and in hollow trees. Adults of both sexes have been vegetation along rides, but it is also to be found in caves, under recorded throughout the year, but mostly from spring to mid- bark, logs and stones and sometimes on scrubby waste ground summer and autumn. and along railway lines. It occasionally enters houses. Its small size may sometimes cause it to be disregarded as immature. A ut hor of profil e: G. Oxford A dults have been found most of the year, born sexes mainly in spring and early summer, and late summer or autumn.

A uthors of profi le: G. Oxford and W.J. Partridge

272 [ 7806] Agelenidae: Tegenar iapic a

St at us

Insuffi ciently Known (RDBK). A small number of specimens Bo . o f 10 ' o cc ur = a s were found at the Amberley site on two occasions (Jones • 19 80 on war ds 2 1984; 199)). Dist ribut ion .0 T picta was fi rst recorded in Britain from Amberley Chalk I Pits, Houghton, West Sussex in 1982 (Jones 1984). It has since been collected near Selsey in 1990 (Roberts 1991) and in East 4 Hampshire (P. Merrett, pers. comm.). T p icta is widely distr ibuted over much of northern Europe and the Iberian peninsula (Maurer 1992) and extends across to the Ukraine. C r4? * A lthough Robett s ( 1995) states that the species does not occur in Scandinavia, it has been recorded at least once in Sweden (T. Kronestedt, pers. comm.).

Habit at and ecology The Amberley specimens were found beneath lumps of chalk .( 3 on the fl oor of quarry workings, occupying the space between the boulder and the ground (Jones 1984). Two males were caught in separate pitfall traps in a winter wheat fi eld near Selsey. It seems likely that these were wandering in search of females and may have started their tr avels from a nearby site (Roberts 1991). The web has an area of some 100 cm' and is supported by several vertical silk tubes attached to the rock ceiling above. In Belgium, the species is widespread and found in woods, again principally under stones (De Blauwe & Baert 1981). Simon ( 1937) also records Tpic a as being a woodland species throughout France. The two Selsey males were collected in early June. cC2

A ut hor of profile: G. Oxford

3

2

1

0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D1

273 [7 50 I] Cy bae idae : Argy ronet a aquatica (84 0 1) Ha h niidae : Ant ist ea elegans

No . o f 10 k.m. occ ur ren ce• 170 . o f 10 104. oc cu rr en ce s • 19 80 on w ard s 134 • 19 80 on wa rd s 49 3 0 19 50 - 197 9 23 0 19 50 - 19 79 80 + 19 0 0 - 194 9 13 + 19 00 - 19 49 26 x pr e 19 00 7 • IS x p re 19 00 5

•• •

—.• • • . • :... • • • ••

o .— XX 2• 8 pt..

° •

° • t • 1' :558 O SP no: . . . s. ••• 7 ••••• .• • _ sem. .. • 52° .:. • • % . . • . ° .• • :5. • •

• • • 8 . • • • 55. 0 • 8 • —• • * •

5 200 4 150 3 2 100 1 k 17 11 50 0 0 r a r a r l r t cb Tri r er - J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J Si A S O N D

St at us The spider may be abundant in suitable habitat. It may be St a t u s declining in some areas due to loss of habitat through Common. po llution . Dist rib ut ion Dis t rib ut io n The species is widespread in much of Britain, but scattered in The species is widespread but scattered in much of the the north and some southern areas. It is widespread in western sout hern half of Britain, very locally distributed further nor th. and centr al Europe. It is prob ably under-recorded because its aquat ic habitat is seldo m sampled by arachnologists. A. aq uatica is widespread Habit at and e co logy in north-western and central Europe. A. elegans constTucts a small sheet web over depressions in Ha bitat a nd e co logy wetland soil, typically beneath plants (Locket & Millidge The water spider is found in clean, vegetated fresh water with 1953). It has been recorded from reed-beds, marshes, upland little current e.g. ponds, lakes, dykes and canals where it lives blanket bogs, lowland Sphagnum bo gs, seeps and woodland submerged under water throughout most of its life. It creates pool-sides. In Snowdonia specimens have been taken amongst an underwater silken cell that is fi lled with air from the surface. wet sphagnum at 470 m. Adults of both sexes have been found Prey is tak en back to this retreat for consumption and the cell mainly in late summer and autumn, females throughout the is also us ed for mating, egg-lay ing and over wintering. year. Occasionally the spider will feed at the surface and moulting normally takes place out of the water. The spider is adult Au thor of profile: R.C. Gallon through out the year but most active from spr ing to late summer. Au thor of p rofile: P. Lee 274 [85 04] Hah niida e : Hahnia m ont an a [8 50 1] Hah n iida e : Hahnia candida

Be . o f 10 ' oc c ur r ex a Mo . o f 1fa zt . oc cur e tc • 1980 on war d s 1 0 1950 - 1979 1 • 1900 - 1949 • x p r e 1900 0 Ar

.• *I 1.. •

g-•- • • . a ° a

: 1

0 0 • e oboe

0 •

•. •

088 8

120 Stat us 100 BO Nationally Vulnerab le (RD B2). The spider would appear to 60 have been established at Portland. Most of the twenty-one 40 known British specimens have been found at this site. One 20 female has been collected at Amberley. 0 11 - 1 1 -1 1 1 J F M A M J JY A S O N D Dist ribut io n The species has been recorded fr om four localities in Dorset: at St at us Portland on four occasions between 1854 and 1945; Chesil Common. Beach near Abbotsbury in 1977; Ringstead in 19 13; and Morden Park in 19 13, though this last record is doubtful since D ist ribut io n the habitat is diff erent from the other localities. In 1993 it was The species is widespread but scattered in most of Britain. It recorded from Amberley, West Sussex (Jones 1995). It is also is widespread in north-western and central Europe, but known from Greece, Italy, Spain, France, Belgium, southern included in the Red List for Sweden (Garden fors 2000). Germany and Poland.

Ha b ita t an d e co logy Ha bitat a nd e co logy The sheet webs of this species are found in leaf litter Most specimens have been found under stones on coasta l (including pine needles), moss and detr itus in damp situations, cliff s or on shingle. One female was from am ong heather inland especially in woodland. Th ere are occasional records from and the Amberley female was collected from beneath a chalk other habitats including grassland, heathland, fen, sand dunes boulder in a chalk pit . Adults of both sexes have been taken in and coastal shingle. Females are mature throughout the year, September, and females also in February and June. but mature males are found only in late summer, autumn and winter, mainly during the autumn. Threat s The loss of coastal grassland habitat. There is extensive stone- Aut hor of p rofi le: P. Lee quarrying on the Isle of Por tland. It is not known whether this is diminishing the habitat of this spider

Aut hor of profi le: P. Merrett in Bratton ( 199 1), updated by P.R. Harvey

275 [8503] Ha hniidae : Hahnia micr ophthalma [8505] Ha hniid a e : Hahnia nava

No . of 10km , octu rre nce • No . of 101°n, occurrenc es • 1980 onwards 0 • 1980 onwards 184 0 1950 - 197 9 2 0 1950 - 1979 77 + 1900 - 194 9 • 1900 - 1949 17 x pre 1900 0 x pre 1900

l a • . • tres . ,771.

°8 .

O 0 • 0 :•— • 0 •••: •••° . 0 • 0 • • • • tli-• ° • • •• • 0 8 • o e. . . 8° 8' . 0 • • . O D :r . • 1 8 _0

Sta t us Insuffi ciently Know n (RDBK) . Only two specimens are 800 known to science. 600

400 Dist rib ut io n One fem ale was recorded from Lyscombe Hill, Dorset, and one 200 female from close to Therfi eld Heath, Royston in 0 Y a r — Hertfordshire, both in the winter of 1975/76. Not known from J F M A M J JY A S O N D outs ide Br itain. St at us Habit at a nd e co lo gy Local. The Dor set example was found in chalk grassland of great age. The other was collected in a fi eld with a clay so il overlying Dist rib ut io n chalk, which had been cultivated for cereals until 1973, allowed The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain, but to revert to grassland, but then ploughed and harrowed in the more scattered in the west and north . It is widespread in autumn of 1975 and wh ich supported a sparse growth of western and central Europe. grasses at the time that H. microphthalma was found. Permanent chalk grass land occurred at nearby Th erfi eld Heath . Habit at and e co logy It is possible that this species lives underground in fi ssures in This species produces sheet webs in moss and other low the soil or in ants' nests. Females have been found in vegetation and amongst stones or in soil crevices. It is usually December and January. found away from woodland in more open habitats includ ing heathland, grassland, sand dunes, waste ground, quarries and T hre at s coastal shingle. Adults are found mainly from late spring to If old chalk grassland is important in the ecology of this mid-summer. species, it is likely to have suff ered great loss of habitat in recent decades, as it is estimated that over 70% of chalk Au thor of pr ofi le : P. Lee grassland was destroyed in Britain between 1940 and 1984 (Nature Conservancy Council 1984). Much of this loss has been the result of conversion to arab le agricultu re. The Royston fi eld is now under cultivation.

Au tho r of profi le: P. Merrett

276 •

[8502] Hahniidae: Hahnia hetweala [8506] Hahniidae: Hahnia pusilla

No . o f 10 k . . o c cu r r oo c as Oo . o f 10 1a . oc cu r

8 Ut ° 0 Ut

0 0 8 • 0 9

O 0

0 •

." • • 8 r e 8 • 9

40 6 30 5 4 20 3 10 2 0 ,T_17_116: J F M A M J JY A S O N. D JFMAMJ JY A S O N D

Stat us Stat us The spider is not as frequent as H. montana and H. nava but Generally a very uncommon species. may be common where it does occur. Distribut ion Distribut ion The species is widespread in a band from Wales to Yorkshire The species is widespread in south-eastern England, but and in south-central and south-eastern England, with old scattered and locally distributed elsewhere in Britain. It is records from th e south-west of Scotland. It is widespread in widespread in north-western and central Europe. north-western and central Europe.

Habitat and ecology Habitat and ecology This spider spins sheet webs in leaf litter (including pine The sheet webs of this spider may be found in low vegetation, needles), detritus, moss and low vegetation. It is usually found in leaf litter and under stones, usually in sites with high in wood land but has been recorded from acidic grassland, humidity. Adults have been recorded in the autumn through the moorland, heathland, wetlands and coastal sites. Croc ker and winter and spring to early summer. Daws ( 1996) recorded adult females from January to October in Leicestersh ire. Adult females can be found throughout the Aut hor of profi le: P. Lee year, mainly in autumn and spr ing/early summer, but males are mature from late summer through the winter until spring.

Au thor of pr ofil e: P. Lee

2 77 [40 1] Dic t ynida e : Dict yn a arundin a cea [404] Dict yn ida e : Dict yna p at ina

N o . o f 10km ' occ u rr en ce . N o . o f 10 km . o ccu rr en c es • 19 80 onw ar ds 634 • 19 80 on wa rd s 14 0 19 50 - 197 9 74 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 9 + 19 00 - 194 9 36 + 19 00 - 19 4 9 6 pr e 19 00 8 x p re 19 00 0

0 • 0 0

. . . '

: * s e : : • g e . w• • • S. :0 It

• tit ..: : .. •n. • .1. 0.. • . .r • ..go • . .. • to.

400

300 St a t u s The spider is generally very uncommon, but it may be locally 200 — abundant in some areas of Scotland. 100 D ist ribut io n 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D The species is widespread in an area of central eastern Scotland, with widely scattered records from England and St at us Wales. A Palaearctic species, widely distributed in Europe but A comm on spider, but Bristowe ( 1958) states it has seldom not recorded from Ireland and more frequent in the north of the been found in Wales and Bell (2000) comments on its patchy region. and rare occurrence at a local level in Shr opshire. Habit at and eco logy Dist rib ut io n D. pusill a is found on low, dry or dead vegetation where it The species is widespread in Britain, but more scattered in the spins an irregular retreat resembling that of Dictyna west and north. A Holarctic species that is widely distributed arundinacea. It is mature in spr ing through to late summer. in western and central Europe . Aut hor of pr ofile: D.R. Nellist Habit at a nd e co logy The species is found on low, especially dry or dead vegetat ion (Jones 1983), in rough grassland or herbage growing at the edges of fi elds, hedges and woodland rides. It spins its web in the tops of plants which supply rigid ity and suitable structura l spaces. The old heads of var ious umbellifers, docks, thistles and p lants like Hypericum are favoured situations. On heathland the spider is very common on heather. The spider is not deterred by the prey s size, which is always bitten in the leg until dead. Adults occur from late spring to mid-summer. In June the male seems to stay for a month or more in the fema le's web where they both live in a rough chamber with several op enings (Bristow e 1958).

Author of profil e: P.R. Harvey 278 [4 0 3] Dict yn ida e : Dictyna m ajo r N OS] Dict yn ida e : Dictyna u ncin ata

no . of /Oka occu rrences So . of /Olos octe t-ream-es • 1980 onwards 7 • 1980 can ards 364 0 1950 - 1979 0 1950 - 1979 35 4 1900 - 1949 • 1900 - 1949 s pot 1900 s ore 1900 4

•r . • .••.. •• •

- 9 ?•0 00

a •••••tt : ' .; • %I a l . -.• . • 2 ••• •8.0 . • •0 • • • • •C?

St at us Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2) . The only modem records are 50 0 of a single male in 199 1 at Barry Links in Angus and of two 400 males in 1998 at Gruinard in West Ross. 30 0 20 0 Dist rib ut ion 10 0 There are old records from Aberlady Bay, East Lothian, from 0 Tcl r Loch Morlich, East Inverness-shire in 1893, from near Forres, J F M A M J JY A S O N D Morayshire in 1910, and from th e Isle of Hoy, Orkney Islands in 1897 (Stewart 1992). D. maj or has been found throughout much of northern Europe, including France, Belgium, the St a t us Neth erlands , Germany, Denmark, Sweden (where it is in their A common species in much of England. Red List (Gardenfors 2000)), Finland, and in the Balkans, Poland, Romania and possibly Hungary. Dist ribut io n Ha bitat and e co logy The species is widespread in England, but with few records The spider has been pitfall trapped in marram on fore dune from the south-west, Wales or Scotland. A Palaearctic species (Stewart 1992) and on bare sand and amongst dried seaweed that is widely distributed in western and central Europe. on the landward side of dunes by a small tidal stream (M.B. Davidson, pers. comm.). At Aberlady Bay, the males were Habitat a nd e co logy found running over warm sand and the females were concealed A species that seems to be found higher in the vegeta tion than with their egg cocoons in dried seaweed and withered leaves on D. arundinacea where it makes its mesh web across th e the sand. At Loch Morlich, specimens were found on the shore surface of the leaves of bushes and trees. It is commo nly found at c. 320 m altitude. It is not unusual for coastal species to be in scrub, hedgerows and woodland where the spider can be found on loch shores. The modern records of adult males were beaten off bushes and the foliage of tr ees along the sides of made between the end of May and early June. rides and the edges of clearings. It has been found in gardens and has occasionally been noted on prostrate rockery plants T hre at s spun up in the dead flower heads of the previous year The species is possibly threatened by public pressure on (Crocker & Daws 1996). Adults are found in late spring to beach es, disturbing the strandline. mid-summer, with females very occasionally persisting into Manag e me nt the autumn. Leave drift lines undisturbed, and minimise public pressure on Aut hor of profile: P.R. Harvey dunes. Au thor of profile: P.R. Harvey, based on Merrett in Bratton 2 79 ( 199 1). [402] D ict ynidae : Dictyna lat ens [502] Dict yn id a e : Nigrna pae lla

No . o f 10km i oc cur rences No . of 10km . occurrences • 1980 onw ards 29 0 1950 - 1979 6 + 1900 - 1949 6 X pre 1900 0

• 0 . 0 •

0 • • • •

• • • 0. : . • 0 •

• • c l

120 20 100 15 80 60 10 40 5 20 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is very local, but may St at us be frequent in some areas. The spider is generally uncommon, becoming very rare in the north. Dist ribut ion The species is restr icted to south of a line from Suff olk to Dist rib ut io n Glamorgan. In Essex it has an interesting distribution, apparently The species has a widespread but generally patchy and confined to an area near the coast where it is reasonably frequent. scattered distribution in the southern half of Britain as far A similar situation occurs in So merset. In Europ e it has been nor th as south-west Scotland. It is widespread in western and recorded from France, Germany and Switzerland. central Europe, but rare in the north. Ha bitat and e co logy Ha bit at a nd e co lo gy The spider occurs on low broad-leaved bushes and shrubs in The spider occurs in heathland, rough grassland , old sand and hedgerows and gardens, but also sometimes in scr ub and open gravel pits and well-established unmanaged ruderal vegetation. woodland. It spins a small web on the surface of leaves. Both sexes It is especially frequent on heather, gorse and other scrub in are adult from May to July. In North Essex females with egg-sacs heathy places. Adults are found in summer, maturing a little have been found in their webs on the under-surface of leaves in later than D. arundinaceaand D. uncinata. September but most records have been in June and July.

Author of profi le: P.R. Harvey Threa ts The excessive trimming and loss of hedgerows are likely to threaten this species. Where the species occurs on hedgerows between arable fi elds the spider and its potential prey are presumably threatened by spray drift from pesticides.

Author of pr ofi le: P.R. Har vey, with reference to Merrett ( 1990). 280 [5 0 3] Dict ynida e : N ig m a walck enaeri

Sta t us

Nationally Scarce (Notable A). The spider can be common in No . o f 103ca n o - r • 19 80 ca r t 18 gardens in London and south Essex and is probably 19 50 - 1979 . 1900 - 1949 1 widespread and frequent in this area. It has been regularly seen )( pr e 190 0 in a garden near Alderton in Gloucestershire since its discovery there in 1993 and has more recently been found in and around Tewkesbury (Burston pers. comm.) and has been recorded from Warwickshire. It was perhaps originally imported into Britain (Merren 1990), but it should be noted that there are other species with a distribution based in the Thames and Severn Valleys, where climatic similar ities include average daily max imum and minimum temperatures in January and July I . (fi gures in The Climate of England. some f acts and fi gures , The Met Offi ce 1996).

Dist ribut io n The species was fi rst recorded in Britain at Box Hill and Kew (Surrey) as long ago as about 1880 and 1898 (Verdcourt 1997). It is found mainly in the Thames valley in Essex, east Berkshire, Middlesex, Surrey (and London), and the Severn valley in Gloucestershire and Warwickshire. The spider is frequent locally in southern parts of Europe (Roberts 1995), but is absent from Scandinavia.

Ha b ita t a nd e co logy The species is found on bushes in gardens and parks oft en in suburban areas, but also on scrub in more natural habitats. The spider spins a small web and retreat on the upper sur face of leaves of bushes. The leaves of lilac, Forsythia, holly and ivy are especially favoured but any leaves are used with a similar size and curved sur face across which the web can be made. Both sexes have been found in malaise trap samples run in Buckingham Palace Gardens between September and November and females are sometimes found indoors in late 20 autunm. Adults are generally found in late summer and atitimin with females persisting into the winter, although both sexes 15 have been recorded in January. 10 5 Aut hor of profile: P.R. Harvey 0 TTa J F M A M J N A S O N D

2 8 [800 1] Dict ynidae: Cicurina cla n. [8 10 1] Dict ynidae: Cr yphoeca silvicola

No . of 10km . occurrences No . of 10Im.. occurrence. • 1980 onwards 89 • 1980 onw ard. 335 0 1950 - 1979 13 0 0950 - 1979 61 . 1900 - 1949 9 . 1900 - 0949 26 )(pr e 1900 X pre 1900 3

1 •

e x t . : 7; 1 N a y

1: 10 . • • ? 114 . 1 /

• + • :tun: 3 0. **. T . .

tC e

• •

•0 • •

• • • • •

C . • •

• 0

0 0

20 80 15 60 10 40 20 05 1 .1 1 ,1 _11,_ 11 . J. I 0 T i r at r i' M T a l l f i r a J F M A M J JY A S O N D ,I F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us A very local species. Stat us Dist ribut ion Common in northern England and Scotl and. The species is widespread in parts of eastern and central England with single records in Scotland and Wales. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe but has not Dist ribut ion been recorded from Ireland and is on the Red List in Sweden The species is widespread in western and northern Britain, but (Gardenfors 2000). is absent from East Anglia and south-eastern-most England. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe. Habit at and ecology The species is oft en found in dark, damp situati ons such as Habitat and ecology woodland litter and in caves, drains and cellars where the spider This species is commonly found in leaf litter in woodlands spins a sheet web with a small retreat. Smith (1989) notes all where it may be abundant, and also occurs under bark. In recent records in Yorkshire refer to those parts of the county addition C.sil vicola inhabits higher ground where the spider where chalk or magnesian limestone is the basic geological may be found under stones on the moors. Adults have been formati on. Females have been found under stones in disused quarries, railway cuttings, etc. and numerous males have been recorded throughout the year but mainly in spring and early taken in pitfall traps set in chalk grassland on steep, well- summer, and in the autumn. drained hillsides. Crocker & Daws ( 1996) also give some records from more open habitats and note a possible link with Aut hor of profile: D. Marriott calcareous sites in Leicestershire. A similar association with calcareous sites occurs in Dorset (P. Merrell , pers. comm.). The spider has also been found in fair ly open conditions on exposed chalk on the South Downs (M . Shardlow, pers. comm.). Both sexes have been found from the autumn through the winter to spring, females occasionally persisting into the summer. Aut hor of profi le: P. Lee 282 [8203] Dictynidae: Tuberta maerens

Sta t us

Nationally Rare (RDB3). Though rare and local, work by No . o f 101410. occur r enc es • 1980 a wa r ds a Hambler ( 1995) on the habitat of Tubema ma mas suggests it 0 19 50 - 1979 0 • 19 00 - 1949 0 may be commoner than its present status rating suggests. x p r • 1900

Distribut ion Old records for this species exist from Bloxworth, Dorset in 1862 and 1879, and from Bagley Woods, Berkshire. In the 1980s, the spider was recorded from Wytham Woods and 4. Littl e Wittenham Wood in Berkshire; Brasenose Wood, Oxford; Horton Common, Dorset; Chobham Common, Surrey and Savernake Forest, Wiltshire. In Europe it has been 4 4 recorded from Italy, France, Germany, Austria and Hungary.

Habit at and ecology Hambler (1995) has shown that T maerens appears to be highly specialised to particular microhabitats. It seems to favour fi ssured bark on tree trunks where it spins a small, fragile funnel web. An open broad-leaved woodland habitat, where tree trunks are relatively warm and dry, off ers suitable microclimatic conditions for the spider. It has also been found, once, on Scots pine and there have been a few records of the spider being found under bark on oak and pine. Females are adult throughout the year and males from July to October.

T hreat s The planting of conifers at Bagley Wood will have almost certainly reduced the amount of suitable habitat for this spider. It is not clear whether the introduction of short rotation coppice at Brasenose Wood has adversely aff ected the species

Managem ent Evans and Hambler ( 1995) suggest that coppice on a twelve year rotation is probably of greatest benefi t to T maerens, although the highest population of the spider found during their research was found on permanently exposed trees on the woodland paths.

A uthor of profil e: E.L. Bee (using information from Merrett in Bratton ( 1991)

283 [8 20 1] Dict ynidae :M ost ig usa arietina

St a t us No . o f 101an. oc c ur r enc es Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2). All records are from the period • 19 80 onwar ds 0 0 19 00 - 197 9 0 1892 to 192 6. The spider was apparently found fairly + 19 00 - 194 9 5 frequently in ants' nests in Surrey and Berkshire by x pr e 1900 1 Don isthorp e in the first quarter of this century but has not been record ed since. This may be because ants' nests are rarely investigated by arachnologists. How ever, Roberts ( 1985) suggested that M. arietina and M. macrop hthalma are forms of the sam e species, as their genitalia are identical and the only noticeab le diff erences are in the eye size and arrangement. re°

Dist rib ut io n W The species has been record ed from Oxshott, Weybridge and Woking, Surrey; from Windsor Forest and Wellington College, Berkshire; and from Carlisle, Cumberland, though only a single wandering female was found in the last instance . A record from County Durham last century under the name Cryp hoeca divers a proved to be false (C ook e 1967). It is fairly widespr ead in southern and central Europe.

Ha b it a t a n d e co logy The species occurs only in the nests of the ants Lasius f uliginosus (Latreille) and L. brunneus (Latreille), which inhabit tree stumps and old trees. The latter species is found mostly in oaks in open country (Br ian 1977). Adult males of the spider have been found in April and October, and females in Janua ry, April, July to October and December.

Thre at s The loss of over-mature trees from woodland and parkland. c i Unfor tunately, this loss persists even within areas set aside for nat ure conservation, largely becau se those responsible for management do not appreciate the value of the dead wood habitat and see the presence of dy ing trees as a sign of bad forestry.

Author of profile: P. Merrett

284 [8202] Dictynidae: Mastigusa macropht hatma

Sta t us No . o f 1 Ice Nationally Rare (RDB3). The spider still appears to be well • 1 9 8 0 or eser ds 3 0 1 9 5 0 - 19 7 9 3 established in Charnwood and Sherwood Forests. There is • 190 0 - 19 4 9 5 little recent information on the spider's occurrence on its rt p r e 1 9 00 0 earlier known sites in southern England, possibly due to the lack of suffi cient recent investigation of these sites for the spider.

Dist r ibut ion 411 There are old records for this spider dating from early in the 20a century from Oxshott and Weybridge in Surrey; from Wellington College, Berkshire; Porlock, South Somerset and Craig-yr-Eglwys, Glamorgan. Since the 1970s further records SQ have been obtained from six sites in Charnwood Forest and from Donington Park, Leicestershire and from Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire. The spider is widely distributed throughout Europe (Roberts 1995).

Habitat and ecology The spider has a strong association with ants, oft en in areas of over-mature trees and dead wood. It has been found in the nests of Lasius f uliginorus (Latreille), L. umbratus (Nylander), L. brunneus (Latreille) and Formica rufa L. Occasionally, M. ma crophthalma has been found away from ants, under the bark and within the hollow trunks of dead and ancient trees. As these are generally records of single specimens, breeding colonies are thought to be restricted to ants' nests and their environs. Adults of both sexes have been recorded from April through to December, suggesting the probability of year round < 7. maturity.

T hreat s The 'tidying up' of fallen limbs and branches from ancient trees poses a threat to those invertebrates associated with this 60 habitat. In addition, the pressure resulting from increased recreational use of sites such as Charnwood and Sherwood 40 Forests may lead to conservation problems in the future. There may be increased demand for space and more stringent 20 health and safety requirements call for dangerous trees, which may be liable to shed branches, to be made safe or removed 0 Tir, 1 altogether. In Charnwood Forest, quarrying and bracken J F MJIUS A M J JY A S O N D burning threaten habitats where the spider has been recorded.

Management In Sherwood Forest Country Park the conservation value of ancient trees and dead wood habitat is recognised and incorporated into the management plan. At Donington Park, new plantings of oak and lime are designed to maintain the existence of a multi-aged woodland in coming centuries (to include the continuing presence of over-mature trees).

Author of profi le: E L. Bee (using information from Merrett in Bratton 1991)

285 [60 1] Dict ynid a e : Lathys hum ilis [602] Dict yn ida e : Lathys nieh eni

No o f 10k.m . oc cu rr en ce s No . o f 10 km . oc cu rr en c es • 19 80 onw ard s 23 4 • 19 80 on wa rd s 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 39 0 19 50 - 19 79 0 + 19 00 - 19 4 9 + 19 00 - 19 49 0 % lure 19 00 X p re 19 00 0

• : • • o • • .

400 St a t us 300 Nationally Scarce (Notable A). Lathys nielseni was recognised 200 in Britain as a separate species from L. humilis (Blackwall) only in 1984, but there have been few records since that time, 100 and it seems likely that it is confi ned to heathland in a small 0 area of south-east England. J F M A M J JY A S O N D Dist r ib ut ion The species has been recorded only from Surrey, West Sussex St a t u s and Hampshire. The distribution in Europe is poorly known, Local, and commoner in the south. but it has been recorded from Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Dist rib ut io n The species is widely distributed in the southern half of Ha bita t a nd Eco lo gy Britain, but with very few records from Scotland or the west . The spider occurs in moist places at ground level on heathland, A Palaearctic species widespread in western and central under stones or among damp, dead Molinia caerulea litter Europe but not recorded from Ireland, Norway and Finland. between the tussocks. It has been found at between 700 and 1500 m in Austria and Switzerland. Males are adult in April, Ha bit at and e co logy females continuing until end of May. The spider occurs on bushes and trees in woodland and scrub, and can be beaten off oak, holly, yew, pines, gorse, etc . It may Threat s also be fairly common on ornamental evergreens and privet The loss of heathland to agriculture, aff orestation and hedges in parks and gardens (J. Daw s, pert comm.). Juveniles development. over-w inter in leaf litter, brushw ood, under bark and other similar situationt Adu lts occur mainly in May and June, with Manage me nt females persisting into July or even September. Maintain all seral stages of heathland by rotational management. Au thor of pr ofi le: P.R. Harvey Au thor of pr ofile: P. Merrett.

2 86 [603] Dictynidae: Lathys stigmatisata

Stat us

National ly Rare (RDB3). The species is apparently rare, but No . o f 10 10 0 oc c u r es • 19 8 0 co wa r d s 5 as it manues early in the season it may have escaped detection 0 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 1 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 2 in some localities. At most known sites several specimens have pr e 19 00 been found.

Dist ribut ion The species was recorded early in the twentieth century from the Lizard and Kynance, West Cornwall, and Lundy Island, off the North Devon coast. In the 1960s it was found at Chapel Porth, East Cornwall , and Dungeness, East Kent (it was also recorded at the latt er site in 1982 and found to be quite numerous there in the late 1980s dur ing an NCC survey). In the mid- 1980s and 1989 the spider was found at Rye Harbour, East Sussex; and in the late 1980s at the Crumbles, East Sussex. The most recent record is from Ramsey Island, off the Pembrokeshire coast in 1999 (Dawson 2000). Lathys stigmati cata is a Palaearctic species also known from France, Belgium, Germany, Austai a, Switzerland, the former Czecho- slovakia, Poland, Russia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and the Balkans.

Habit at and ecology Found under stones, among heather and grass, and among sparse vegetation on shingle. Both sexes are adult in April and females have also been found in June.

T hreat s Chapel Porth, Kynance Cove and Lundy are National Trust properties, the last two also being SSSIs. The Cornwall Trust has a reserve at Kynance Cliff s. The Lizard is an SSS1 and in part an NNR. The Rye Harbour records are from within the LNR, Ramsey Island is now an RSPB reserve, and Dungeness is an SSSI and in part an RSPB reserve. Threats include the loss of coastal heathlands in Cornwall and public pressure on the remaining ones. Accidental fi re is a risk at Kynance. 4 Dungeness is being degraded by a number of activities 3 including gravel extraction, vehicle damage and trampling. The last two cause disturbance to the fragile vegetation and the thin 2 covering of soil, resulting in the creation of areas of bare 1 shingle The shingle habitat at the Crumbles has been largely 0 destroyed by building and marina development. J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Management The National Trust now controls public access at Kynance Cove and the previously serious damage from trampling of the cliff -top vegetation has eased. The National Trust and English Nature are reintroducing grazing to this site, which should benefi t the heathland and grassland communities.

Author of profile: P. Merrett

287 [ 702] Dict yn ida e : Argenna subn igra [ 70 1] Dict ynidae : Argenna pat ula

N o . o f 101cm , occ ur ren ces N o . o f 10880 o ccu rr en ce s • 19 80 on wa rds 42 • 19 80 onw ar ds 15 19 50 - 19 7 9 11 0 19 50 - 19 79 + 19 00 - 19 49 10 . 19 00 - 19 49 x pre 19 00 0 X pre 19 00

z

80 60 4 40 3 2 20 1 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St a t us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). App arently not scarce in suitable S t at us habitat. Local and uncommon. D ist rib ut io n The distribution is restricted by the number of suitable rivers, D is t rib ut io n estuaries and saltmarshes. The species is widespread on the coasts The species is widely scattered in England and Wales from of western Europe. York shire southwards, but only widespread in the south-east. It is widely distributed in north-western and central Europe. Ha bita t a nd eco lo gy The spider occurs among strand-line litter and under ston es on the banks of tidal rivers or on estuaries and saltrnarshes. Adults of Ha bit at a nd e co logy both sexes are found in May and June, females until October. The spider occurs under stones and at the base of vegetation, usually in open sparsely vegetated areas of grasslands, dunes, T hreat s old qua rries and waste ground. It is sometimes found on Pollution on some rivers and the loss of saltmarsh to land bu shes. Adults are mainly found in May and June but females reclamation may threaten the species at some sites. There has been have occurred into July and August, or even November. a massive loss of saltmarsh on parts of the east coast where erosion has been attr ibuted to relative sea level rise resulting from Aut hor of profile: P.R. Har vey a combination of land falling follow ing the retreat of the last Ice Age and sea rising due to global war ming. Initiatives to try and counteract the loss of saltmarsh include the deployment of more environmentally sustainable sea defences and even the controlled breaching of sea walls, leading to 'managed realignment' of the coastline (Gibson 200 1).

Ma na ge m e nt Retain strand-line litt er in soft -coast habitats. Aut hor of p rofile: P.R. Harvey with reference to Merrett (1990) 2 88 [80 1] Dictynidae: Att alla lucida

Stat us

Nationally Endangered (RDB 1). The species is currently No . o f 101s0 oc cu r t ees • 19 80 erran ds 0 known from only a few square metres of heath, with a 0 19 50 - 197 9 . 19 00 - 19 49 population of possibly less than fi fty. There is the possibility x p r e 19 00 of its having been overlooked in other areas, in view of its small size, specialised microhabitat and early maturation season. However, the lack of disturbance or bunting at Morden Bog makes the habitat at this site very unusual and few other sites are likely to be suitable for this spider. Ar

Dist ribut ion The species has been known from Morden Bog, Dorset, since 1971. A male was recorded from a house at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, in 1880. This was possibly a chance importa- ti on, though there were sizeable areas of wet heath in the Hoddesdon area at that time. This species is rare in France and Germany; and also recorded from Italy, Spain, Austria and Belgium.

Habitat and ecology The spider is found in caviti es in the soil under small stones embedded in dry algal mats on bare sandy areas of dry heathland. Adults are found in April and May, occurring in small colonies.

T hreat s Morden Bog is an NNR. The fragility of the micro-habitat is such that even widely used heathland management practices such as controlled burning could cause damage. In the absence of such management, seral progression is a threat. <:2

Management The bare areas were caused by military training during the war and, because the area is very gravelly, they have not re- vegetated. It may eventually become necessary to create new disturbed areas. In the meantime, management should concentrate on removal of pine and other tree seedlings with minimum disruption to theA. lucida colony. All burning should be avoided.

A ut hor of profil e: P. Merrett

289

[30 1] A m a u r o b iida e : Am aurobius fenest ralis [30 3] Ama urobiidae : Amaurobius

No . of 10km . occ urrence s No . of 10km , occu rrences • 1980 onw ards 765 0 1980 onwa rd. 571 0 1950 - 1979 106 0 1950 - 1979 55 + 1900 - 1949 . 1900 - 1949 36 x nee 1900 11 S ore 1900 10

• • 4 e: : 8

• • 410 0 . 0 4 :x . 44 061. . • ..• • • ...0 .. • 6.. * a . •t... • 0 • 0 . • 5 : : a k i161 °. •.. •.: . ..:. :.: • 1 .. D . • . • ...... ::.. ... 0. ...• ...... • 0 0 • 0 • 2. . e...... :• ° . . • ••4 1 : lbe g .: .• • -: .. : : ...... iiiii: : •: : . : t • •:...... • • • ••• 0• c'• : .. : .. .-:.. E +0 • . 0 ...... • .... •...... :• . . . . • •.. • :::::..: n • •4• •.. ••• . ::::•• : • •: ::6 ::::8 . . : •%.. : •. : 2. 0 S O 4. 0. . e . . 01. •

120 80 100 80 - 60 60 40 40 20 20 ML A 1411 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at u s Com mon. Common, possibly less so in th e north .

D ist rib ut io n Dist r ib ut io n The species is widespread in most of Britain. It is widely The species is widespread in most of Eng land and Wales , distributed in western and central Europe. becoming more scattered in Scotland. A Holarctic species that is widely distr ibuted in north-western Europe. Ha bit at a nd e co logy The spider is found in wood lands under the bark of trees, logs Habitat and e co logy and in leaf litter. It is also found under stones and on plan ts The spider probably occurs in almost every house and with stiff dense foliage (Roberts 1995). Webs are very outhouse in the countr y. The spider makes its characteristic common on tree trunks in crevices and under loose bark, and web of cribellate silk in cracks in the brickwork, under the are much more easily found than the spider. Although not eaves, under undisturbed rubble or debris and between cracks usually associated with ho uses and gardens, it is sometimes in wooden sheds and fences, etc. Channels carrying cords for found on fences. Adults occur throughout the year but mainly sash window s are a favoured retreat inside houses (J. Newton, in the spring and autumn . pers. comm.). It is also occasionally found under bark in more natural habitats like woods especially where these are near Author of profi le: P.R. Har vey habitation. It is possible th at it replaces A. f enestralis in these situations. Adults occur throughout the year but both sexes peak in the aunu nn, and females are recorded again in numbers during the spring and early summer.

Au thor of p rofi le: P.R. Harvey 290 [30 2] Am a u ro b iida e : Aznaurob ius ferox (79 0 1) Am a uro biidae : Coe lotes a tropos

No . o f 10 1. 0 o c c u r r en c es /1o . o f 10 1m • 1 9 00 o nwa r d s 2 39 9 1 91 0 o n war d s 37 5 0 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 54 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 5 2 . 1 90 0 - 1 9 19 2 6 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 1 3 x p r e 19 0 0 6 x p r e 19 0 0

4=3

• r re: 8:: :era • .

• •

• •• • • • • •

40 200 30 150 20 100 10 50 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St a t u s St at us The spider is much less common than A. f enestralis and The spider is common in the west, becoming scarcer towards A. similis and becomes rare in the nor th of Britain. Scotland. It is very rare in south-eastern England.

Dist ribut io n Dist r ib ut io n The species is widespread across Wales and north-west England , The species is widely distributed in England, mainly near th e and in upland areas of south-western Eng land . It is absent coast in Wales and with few records for Scotland. A Holarctic throughout much of south-eastern England and Scotland. species, widespread in western and central Europe, but C. atrop os has been recorded from France, Belgium, Denmark, becoming rare in the north, absent from Norway and Finland Sweden (where it is included on their Red List (Gardenfors and listed in the Red List for Sweden (Gardenfors 2000). 2000)), Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Romania. It has not been recorded beyond Europe Ha bit at an d e co logy (Platnick 1998). The species is found in gardens, cellars and outhouses under rubble or other debris but is also recorded in more natural Ha bitat a nd e co logy habitats under logs in woodland or hedgerows and under C. atrop os constructs a silk-lined burrow beneath rocks and logs stones. According to Bristowe the species is more likely than in woodland (broad-leaved and coniferous), moorland, heathland the other two species to be found in shady and damper and mountains. In woodland sites C. atrop os can also be found situations in walls or at the entrances to caves or tunnels. It is living arboreally in rot-holes (M . Askins, pers. comm .). Adu lts probably under-recorded despite its large size and impressive of both sexes have been recorded throughout the year, but males appearance. Adults occur throughout the year but mainly in mainly in the autumn and winter, females in spring and early the spring and early summer. summ er. Males are oft en found guarding females in their retreats . Single egg -sacs are produced between May and September and Au th or of pr ofile : P.R. Harvey are affi xed to a rock or log within the female's retreat. The resultant spider lings may remain with their mother for the fi rst few instars prior to dispersal.

Aut hor of profile : R.C . Gallon 29 1 [7902] A maurobiidae: Coe totes terrest ris

St at us

Nationally Scarce (Notable B). In the south-east of England No . o f 10 1cm , o c c ur r e nc e s the spider is widespread, but rather local and never abundant. It is scarce elsewhere.

Dist ribut ion The species is confi ned to the southern half of England and Wales, mainly south of the Thames in the south-east. Old records from Yorkshire and Berwickshire are considered doubtful. In more northerly parts of the country there is likely to have been some confusion with the much commoner C. atropos. C. terrestris is widespread in north-western and central Europe as far north as Denmark. It has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and ecology C. terrestris occurs mainly in woodland, under fallen logs, among litter at the bases of trees, also sometimes in mossy banks, or mature heathland with some scrub. Males are adult in autumn and spring, females probably for most of the year. The eggs are laid in the female's silken tube. When the young hatch they feed on the mother 's prey unti l early winter, when the mother dies and the young feed on her remains and disperse in the spring.

T hreat s The loss of semi-natural woodland to intensive forestry, and the loss of mature heathland. The removal of fallen logs and dead wood.

M anagement Retain fallen logs and dead wood in woodlands, and retain some areas of mature heathland scrub.

A ut hor of pr ofi le: P. Merrett

J F M A M J JY A S O N D

292 [ 370 1] A nyp haenidae: Anyphoena accent uot o [320 1] Liocranidae: Agroeco brunnea

No . o f 101 ' oc cu rr en ces No . o f 10 4 0 oc cu rr en ce s • 199 0 os sar d s 43 3 • 19 130 orra rd s 12 5 0 195 0 - 19 7 9 31 0 19 50 - 19 79 40 . 19 00 - 19 4 9 21 . 19 00 - 19 49 14 x pre 19 00 2 X p re 19 00 3

4 . • • a •

•

• , •

OC

. • .• • • g • • .1

•••••:....•• • ... • 8 • • • • •

60 40 50 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 T•J:11174 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Stat us Common and locally abundant especially in the south of Local. England. Distribut ion Distribut ion The species is widespread but scattered in most of England, The species is widespread in most of southern Britain, with few records in the south-west and north, Wales and becoming more scattered as far north as central Scotland. It is Scotland. It is widespread in north-western and central widespread in western and central Europe. Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and eco logy Habit at and ecology Thi s species is found in woodland and bushy areas. It is easily This spider, the largest of the Agroeca species to occur in recognisable by the distinctive arrow-like markings on the Britain, is found mainly in woodland at groumd level amongst abdomen quite unlike any other British species. The spiders leaf litter, grasses or other low vegetation, but also in grassland hunt and mate on the leaves of trees and bushes. During and heathland situations. The female suspends the egg-sac courtship the male is known to emit a high pitched buzzing within a bell-shaped covering of silk on a stem of grass or sound by vibrating its abdomen on a leaf. This sound may be some other low plant with the opening of the bell at the inaudible to older people. Adults of both sexes are mostly bottom. The silken bell is then covered with particles of earth found in early to mid-summer with females sometimes which may aff ord protection from some potential predators surviving through to the autumn. Immatures can be found in (Bristowe 1958). Adults of both sexes have been found in ground vegetation, leaf litter and under bark in the autumn and most months of the year, but mostly in spring/early summer winter. and in the autumn/early winter.

A ut hor of profile: D. Marriott A uthor of profi le: R. Ruff ell.

293 [ 3205] Liocranida e : Agro e ca p rox im a [ 3203] Liocr a n ida e : Agroeca inopino

No . of 10km , occurrence s No . of 106ra. occ urrenc es • 198 0 onwa rds 398 • 198 0 onwards 78 0 1950 - 1979 89 0 1950 - 1979 29 + 190 0 - 194 9 22 . 1900 - 194 9 6 • • 0 pr e 1900 8 x pre 1900 0

0 0

• •.. • 2° ••• • •• • • • • ••

. 0 8 8 . 22 • •• 88° • 8 0 • 8

• • • 22. 2

800 150 600 100 400 50 20 0

0 0 J F M A M J SY A S O N D .1 F M A M J JY A S O N D

St a t us St at us Fairly com mon. o c.al.

D ist rib ut io n Dis t ribut io n The species is widely distributed throughout Britain. It is The species is widespread in south-central and south-eastern fairly widespread in nor th-western and central Europe as far England, w ith very scattered records elsewhere as far north as north as Sweden. Lincolnshire and in Wales. It has been recorded from France, Belgium, Switzerland and the Iberian Peninsula. Ha bit at a nd e co logy This nocturnal hunter is ground living with a preference for Habit at a nd e co lo gy fairly dry habitats amongst leaf litter, grasses, heather and This species can be found amongst grass tufts and other low other low vegetation. It is one of the commonest species on vegetation, most usually in fairly dry open situations such as heathland. As with A. brunnea, the egg-sac is attached to a calcareous grassland, but also in the leaf litter of woods. The stem of grass or other low plant and sun ounded by a protec- period when males are mature appears to be shorter in this tive silk chamber which is covered by soil particles (Roberts species than in those of A. brunnea and A. proxana. Adults of 199 5). Adults of both sexes are found mainly in late summer both sexes are mainly found in the autumn, although occasional and autumn, occasionally into late winter and spring with adults are found the following spring and females until female s persisting into the summer.

Author of pr ofi le: R. Ruffell Author of pr ofile: R. Ruffen

294 [3204] Liocranidae: Agr oeca lusat ica [3202] Liocranidae: Agroeca cuprea

Ho . o f 1 0Iat Dec en c e s n o . o f 10 Ica . oc cu r r e n c e s • 19 8 0 o nwa rd s 2 • 19 8 0 man n ]. 2 0 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 1 0 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 7 + 1 90 0 - 19 4 9 0 . 1 9 00 - 19 4 9 2 x pr e 19 0 0 0 x pr e 1 90 0 0 f izre:

8°

Stat us St at us Nationally Endangered (RDB 1 ). The spider was fi rst found at Nationally Scarce (Notable A). The spider is usually fairly Sandwich Dunes in 1938 and subsequently on a number of numerous where found, but apparently very local. As its occasions at this site, so the species is apparently well- records are scattered over a wide area, however, it seems likely established there. Its status at Ynyslas Dunes is unknown. that it occurs in some other dry coastal sites as yet unrecorded. Dist r ibut ion The species has been recorded in Britain from Sandwich Dist ribut ion Dunes, East Kent and Ynyslas Dunes, Cardiganshire. It is The species is widely scattered as far north as Kincardineshire. fairly widespread in western and central Europe. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland, Denmark or Finland. Habit at and ecology The spider occurs on sand dunes. An adult male has been Habit at and ecology found in September, and females in May and September. A. cuprea is found in a variety of dry sandy habitats e.g. heathland at Kynance Cove, Cornwall, sand dunes at Rye and T hreats Camber, Sussex, and Sandwich, Kent, dry grassland near The habitat may be threatened by erosion and disturbance of Folkestone, Kent, in Devon and on Breckland heaths. Al l sites the dunes through intense public use. The Sandwich dune are coastal apart from the Breckland. Both sexes have been system has three golf courses, and their associated buildings, found in September, females also in April and May. A male has roads, drains and fairways have caused loss of natural dune also been taken in October in Breckland (P. Lee, pers. comm.). habitat. The dunes form the sea defence for their strip of coast, The phenology is possibly similar to that of most other and some low points have been artifi cially built up to reduce Agroeca species, males of which are mature in September and the risk of fl ooding, and this has also caused disturbance to the October, with females persisting for most of the year. habitat. T hreat s Author of profil e: P. Merrell There is possibly little threat to its coastal cliff -top sites, but its sand dune sites are likely to be threatened by holiday development, golf courses, etc, and its Breckland sites by aff orestation.

A uthor of pr ofile: P. Merrett

295 [ 3206] Lio cr a n id a e : Agra ecina st riat e [ 330 1] Liocra nida e : Apostenus fuscus

St a t us No . o f M s ' o c cu r r e n c e s • 19 8 0 on wa r d s 3 5 Nationally Endangered (RDB I ). This species was found in 0 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 2 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 2 some numbers dur ing a Nature Conservancy Council survey of x o r e 19 00 0 Dungeness in the late 1980s and it has been recorded on the Ministry of Defence ranges at nearby Denge Marsh in the mid- I990s.

D ist ribut ion The fi rst record of this species was from Dungeness, East 0/ 7 Kent, in 198 1. This species is at the edge of its range and possibly is restricted to the Dungeness vicinity by the need for open sun-baked conditions and associated high summer temperatures. It is common and widespread on the continent.

Ha b it at a nd e co logy The spider occurs on shingle covered with a thin layer of soil and bearing vegetation composed of mixed grasses, mosses, lichens, spring ephemerals and wood sage Teucriurn scorodonia. It is a species of the Arrhenatherum elatius dominated community on shingle, a very key invertebrate habitat at Dungeness (M. Shardlow, pers. comm.). Males have been found in May and once in November, females from May to July. t• T h r eat s Dungeness is being extensively damaged by gravel extraction, which is causing signifi cant alteration of the hydro logy, and thereby ecology, in addition to the obvious loss of shingle area to gravel-pits. Altho ugh there is no end date yet for gravel extraction, SAC (Special Area of Conservation) designation now leaves just one last permission to be implemented. The extension of holiday centres and other recreational activities 50 are also causing damage. There are currently no plans for a new 40 - power station at Dun geness but its possibility in the future 30 still poses a threat. Irrevocable damage has been cau sed by 20 motor cycles and other vehicles crossing the shingle, damaging 10 the vegetation and the shingle ridges . This damage has largely SI I , „ 0 been reduced to the occasional incident and there is more J F M A M J JY A S O N D evidence that the shingle communities are capable of Sta t us regenerating aft er superficial disturbance, hence the current Nationally Scarce (N otable B). The spider is very local, but levels of surface disturbance are likely to be biolog ically numero us in some places. sustainable (M. Shardlow, pers. comm.).

D ist rib ut io n Author of profi le: P. Merrett Apart from records from Kirkcudbrightsh ire and the Isle of Man, the species is con fi ned to south of a line from the Wash to Card igan Bay. It is widespread but infrequent in north-western and central Europe, but absent from Scandinavia.

Ha bit a t a nd e co lo gy A. striata occurs at ground level in wet places, in wet heathland and bo g, in marshes, fens and wet broad-leaved woodland, with no clea r preference for any particular type of wet habitat. It is found in a range of coastal hab itats including wet gras sland and dyke edges but also on dune and shingle. In Essex the species is oft en found in brackish grass land behind the sea wall. Adults of both sexes are found fro m May to July with a peak in June. Females have occasionally been recorded until September.

T hre a t s Drainage of bogs, marshes and other wet places.

Manag e m e nt Maintain the water table of marshes, fens, etc. Autho r of p rofile: P.R. Harvey, with reference to Merrett ( 1990) 29 6 [34 0 1] Liocr a n id a e : Scot in a celans

No . of 101. occ ar r efoces • 198O a rnsar ds 42 1950 - 19 79 33 . 1900 - 29 49 'c o r e 1900

0 • 7.* . 0 0

10

6 4 2 0 ii J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St a t us Although it is rather uncommon the spider is found more frequently in the south. It may have been confused with S. p alliarda as distinguishing these two species has caused problems in the past (Locket et al. 1974).

Dist ribut io n The species is widespread in parts of southern England, but very scattered in the west and further north as far as central Scotland . It is widespread in western and central Europe and as far east as Russia, but has not been recorded from Denmark and is on the Red List in Sweden (Gardenfors 200 0).

Habitat a nd e co logy The spider occurs in moss and detritus in woodland and also on heathland. In this latter habitat it has been shown that this species prefers more heavily vegetated, damp areas rather than the dry more open vegetation preferred by S. p alliarda (Snaz ell 1982). Females may be found throughout the year and males in late summer, autumn and January. In a study on Porton Down in Wiltshire the month of peak activity was found to be November (Coleman 1977). Our data show a peak of both sexes in late summer and autumn .

Aut hor of p rofile: D.R. Nellist 29 7 [34 0 2 ] Lio c ranida e : S cot in a g racilip e s [34 0 3] Lio cra nida e : Scot ina p alliardli

No . o f 101cm. occu rre nces No . of 101cm. occ urr enc es • 1980 onwards 0 1950 - 1979 46 . 1900 - 1949 14 x pre 1900 1

•

a

• 0 °

• • •

0+ 8

0 0 • C ?

20 St at us 15 Nationally Scarce (Notable A). The spider is very local, but 10 abundant where found. It is apparently absent from many areas that would appear to be suitable. 5

0 Dist ribut io n J F M A M J JY A S O N D The species is apparently confi ned to central southern and south-east England. It is fairly widespread in western and central Europe. St at us Uncommon and local. Habita t and e co logy S. p alliardii occurs in mature wettish heathland and chalk Dist rib ut io n grassland. Adult males are found from September to March, The species has a widespread but patchy and very scattered with most activity in October, November, February and distr ibution, and is absent from many areas in Britain. It is especially March. Adult females are found throughout the widesp read in north-western Europe. year.

Ha bit at a nd e co logy Threat s The sp ider is genera lly found in dry and exposed heathland The loss of heathland and chalk grassland to agriculture and habitats amongst the roots of heather, but it has also been aff oresta tion. found in woo dland and raised bog. Adu lts of both sexes are found in late summer and autumn, but females persist Ma na g e m e nt throughout the year. Maintain some areas of mature heathland by rotational management in small areas and control scrub growth on chalk Aut ho r of p r ofile: D.R. Nel list grassland.

Au thor of pr ofi le: P. Merrett

29 8 (350 1) Liocranida e : Liocranum rup icolo [3 10 1] Lioc ranida e : Phrurolithus festivus

4

4 4

•

• n e I• - .. • 4:•° 0 0

82 8 8

3 800

2 600 400 1 200

0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Sta t us Nationa lly Scarce (Notable B). St a t us The spider is fairly common in the south. Dist rib ut io n L. rup icola has been recorded from south-west England and Dist r ib ut io n south Wales. It is widespread in western and central Europe. The species is widespread in southern Britain, but very scattered in the west and as far north as central Scotland. It is Habitat and eco logy widespread in western and central Europe . The spider has been recorded from under stones in dry places, especially old quarries, in cracks in cliffs, dry stone walls and Habitat a nd e co logy occasionally in houses . Adults can be found in both spring and This is a species that is often seen rapidly running in open autumn. spaces under sunny conditions. It can be found under stones in quarries and by water-fi lled pits, in leaf litter, in grasslands and T h re a t s gardens, and in a range of similar situations, often near ants, in There are probably none due to the barren and inaccessible both dry and damp conditions. Adult males are found mainly nature of the habitat in which this species is found. However from late spr ing to mid-summer, females through the summer, the dumping of rubbish in disused quarries may prove a threat, persisting until the autumn . but this is unlikely to be a problem in coastal sites. Aut hor of p rofile : T..1. Thomas Ma nag e m e nt Disused quarries should be protected.

Aut hor of p rofi le: P. Sm ithers, using information from Merrett ( 1990) 299 [3 102] Lio c ranidae : Phrurolithus m inimus [2904] C lub io nidae : Clubiona cor ticans

No . o f 101on. occurrence s No . of 101cm . occu rrences • 1980 onwards 9 • 1980 onw ard s 232 0 1950 - 1979 3 0 1950 - 1979 43 + 1900 - 1949 4 + 1900 - 1949 7 X pre 1900 x pre 1900 1

wia gra:

4 1:

10 20 8 15 6 10 4 2 5 0 ii 0 IN TLL ,- 111r J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Nationa lly Scarce (N otable A). The spider is very local, with most records from the North Downs area and the Isle of Wight . It is absent from many apparently suitable chalk St at u s grassland areas. The spider is common, more so towards the south.

Dist rib ut io n Dist r ib u t io n The species is confined to the south of England mainly in the The species is widespread in England as far north as Yorkshire, south-east, apart from one record in Staff ordshire. It is fairly but scattered in the south-west and Wales. It is widespread in widespread in north-western and central Europe, but has not been western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, but has not recorded from Ireland and is scarce in Scandinavia. been recorded fr om Ireland. Ha bita t a nd e co logy P minimus occurs in grassland, mainly on chalk, usually in stony, Ha bitat and eco logy sparsely vegetated areas, but it has also been found in open This species is most commonly found beneath the loose bark woodland areas on sand, in dry litter at the edge of woodland rides of dead and dying trees though it may be found in a range of and coppice areas . It is found under stones or running in sunshine. other habitats. Habitats include broad-leaved and mixed Adult males are found mainly from late spring to mid-summer, woodlands, heathland scrub, marsh vegetation, acid and females from May to August. calcareous grassland scrub as well as under stones and in leaf litter, and occasionally in and around houses . Because of its T hre at s association with trees C. con icalis may be found in birds ' The loss of chalk grassland to agriculture, and loss of sparsely nests and squirrel dreys. Adults of both sexes have been vegetated areas by reduction of grazing . recorded in most months of the year, but males are found mainly in spring and ear ly summer, females in summer. Manag e m e nt Maintain open stony and sparsely vegetated areas by grazin g and irregular disturbance. Aut hor of profi le: T.J. Thomas

Author of p rofile: RR. Harvey with reference to Merrett (1990) 300 [ 29 13) Clubionidae: Clubiona reclusa [ 29 16] Clubionidae: Clubiona stagnatilis

No . o f 10kn , oc cur ren ce s No . o f 10 /m oc cu r ren ce s . 19 80 onw a rd s 841 1419 80 om e d s 280 0 19 50 - 29 79 86 0 19 50 - 197 9 58 . 19 00 - 19 49 34 . 19 00 - 194 9 14 x pre 19 00 10 x p re 19 00 •

•

CP1C

: ••\ A„. !v...... % :

char a gge. . . • -• •• : 0— • 0 N O • • -• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6. 6 • OM 0 6 0 0 • • • a • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • 6O6 • 00 0 0 a • • • • I • a • • • M e • a • 00 0 0 • • Ce --32:0-a at. • • . • . +.

400 40 300 30 200 20 100 10 _ 0 0 1-04 JFMAMJ,WASOND JFMAM JJYASOND

St at us Common. St at us Local, but the spider may be common in fens and marshes. Dist r ibut ion The species is widespread in much of Britain. It is widespread Distribution in north-western and central Europe. The species is widespread in parts of southern Britain, but very scattered in large areas of the south as well as north of Habit at and ecology Yorkshire. It is widespread in north-western and central The spider can be found amongst low vegetation and detritus Europe. in a wide range of habitats, most oft en in damp or marshy situations, but also scrub grassland, nettle beds, rubbish tips Habitat and ecology and heathland. The female can oft en be found with her eggs in A ground active spider associated with wetlands, particularly a retreat constructed in a curled leaf held with silk. Adults of fens, bogs and coastal habitats such as saline grassland and both sexes are found mainly in late spring to mid-summer, marsh. Females attach their white egg-sacs to leaves and other females occasionally persisting into the autumn and winter. vegetation which are then rolled and sealed with more silk. Once complete, these egg-sacs can normally be found guarded Aut hor of profi le: W.J. Partridge using information from by the female. Adults of both sexes have been found between Bristowe (1958), Crocker and Daws ( 1996), Locket & February and November, but mainly from late spring to mid- M illidge (1951) and Roberts ( 1995). summer and in the autumn.

A uthor of pr ofile: J R. Bell

30 1 (29 11 C lubionidae: Clubiona subsuh ans

St a t u s

Nationally Vulnerable (RDB 2) . UK Biod iversity Action Plan No . o f 10 Im . o c c u r r e n c e s • 19 8 0 o nwa r ds 2 species. The spider is thoug ht to be fairly plentiful in 0 19 5 0 - 1 97 9 1 + 19 0 0 - 1 94 9 1 Abernethy Forest, and widespread but sparse in the Black X pr e 1 90 0 0 Wood of Rannoch.

Dist r ib u t io n The species was recorded from Abernethy Forest several times between 194 5 and 1999, and near Coylumbridge in 1979, both in East Inverness-shire. There have been sporadic reports from the Black Wood of Rannoch, Mid Perthshire between 19 13 and 198 7. This species is widespread in Europe, being known from Italy, France , Belgium , the Netherlands, Ger many, Austr ia, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Poland, Hung ary, the former Czechoslovakia and Russia.

Habit at and ecology The spider is associated with Caledonian pine woods, having been found under bark, on branches, in pine litter, once among young pines and, near Coylumbr idge, on j uniper growing as an under-storey within a pine wood . Adults of both sexes have been found in June, males also in September.

Th reat s The loss of Caledonian native pine forest through conversion to intensive plantation forestry. Both Abernethy Forest and the Black Wood of Rannoch have suff ered from planting of Scots p ine and non-native con ifers in large blocks, sometimes preced ed by clear-felling of the native pine. Although 30 ha of Abemethy Forest were felled in 1984 before it was re-notified as an SSSI, and a total of 22 6 ha were lost since 1977, it is now own ed and managed by the RS PB .

Manage me nt Management should be aimed at conserving the pine and other native tree& Natural regeneration of Scots Pine should be allowed to proceed to give the typical open forest structure. Where regeneration is so dense as to be too impenetr able, early thinning of the sap lings may be needed to create glad es. The pr imary aim of the RSPB at Abernethy is to develop a self- sustaining native pine forest over the who le potential woo dland area (Taylor in Aldh ous 1995).

Au t ho r of p ro file: P. Merrett (in Bratton 199 1), updated by P.R. Har vey using information in the species dossier of Scottish Natural Heritage and information from Ian Dawson .

302 [ 29 14] C lu b ionida e : Cb biona rosserae

Sta t us

Nationally Endangered (RUB UK Biodiversity Action Plan No. of 10ka . occur s ce s • 19 80 onwar ds 1 priority species. There is an established population at 0 19 50 - 1979 1 • 1900 - / 94 9 0 Ch ippenham Fen but of unknown size and extent. Its statu s at x pr e 1900 0 Tuddenharn Fen is not known.

D ist rib ut io n On ly know n fr om two sites in Britain: Tuddenham Fen, West Suff olk from a single record, and Chippenham Fen,

Cambridgesh ire where it has been recorded on many occasions CF" since 195 1. In Europe it is otherwise only recorded from France, Poland and the former Czechoslovakia. W

Habita t and e co logy Confi ned to fens where it is found among cut sedge and reeds and in sedge tussocks. Adults have been collected in February, May, June, September and October, suggesting an extended period of adult activity.

T hre at s Both sites where this species occur lie within NNRs. In its pr incipal site at Chippenham Fen, water abstraction in the surrounding area is thought to have reduced water levels in the fen although there is no evidence of a decline in the population of the spider at this site. At Tuddenham Fen, dredging of the River Lark since 1964 has lowered the water table and greatly reduced the extent of fen vegetation along the river valley. However, part of Tuddenham Fen is spr ing fed and water levels are partially independent of the river level. Here too, water extraction may be aff ecting the fl ow of the springs.

Ma na ge m e nt Management at Chippenham Fen is aimed at maintaining a high ground water table and preventing can woodland encroaching on open sedge beds by a regime of annual mowing. At Tuddenham Fen, eff orts are being made to maintain th e water table by pounding back the outfl ow of the springs .

Aut hor of p rofile: P. Merrett

303 [29 10] Clubionidae : Clubiona norvegica [ 2902] Clubionidae: Clubiona caerulescens

No . o f 10)= , oc curren ces No . of 1014m . occu rrences 5 1900 onw ards 3 0 195 0 - 1979 8 . 190 0 - 1949 % pre 1900

W LC3 7

00

Stat us St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider has been recorded Nationally Scarce (Notable B). There are few records, but it from relatively few sites, but is numerous at some of them. has been numerous in a few places. A lthough clearly very Because of its rather inaccessible habitat and early matur ity local, its wide distribution suggests that it may have been period it may be more frequent than the records suggest, overlooked in some places, perhaps because it matures late in although it is defi nitely very local. the season or perhaps it occupies a slightly unusual habitat.

Dist ribut ion D ist r ibut io n The species is widespread in Wales, but widely scattered Records are widely scattered, but with very few recent elsewhere, mainly on high ground. It has been recorded from captures. The species is widespread in north-western and the Scandinavian countries, Germany, Austr ia, the Czech central Europe, but it has not been recorded from Ireland. Republic and Poland. Habitat and ecology Habit at and ecology The spider occurs on low plants among scrub and overgrown C. nor vegicaoccurs in wet places, mainly on high moorland, woodland, and on young oaks. A male appeared in a Robinson among moss andSphagnum.Adults are found in early spring light trap set for moths in scrub in West Lancashire in M ay (males in February and M arch) and autumn, and possibly for (I Newton, pers. comm.). Adults of both sexes are found in most of the year. September and May. It possibly over-winters as an adult.

T hreat s T hreat s Possibly drainage and the loss of open moorland to The clearance of scrub and old woodland for intensive forestry, aff orestation at some sites. and the removal of shrub layer vegetation.

Manage ment Management Open moorland should be maintained by traditional Maintain low plants and shrub layer in old woodland. management. A uthor of profile: P. Merrett Author of profi le: P. M errett

304 [ 29 11] Clubionidae: Clubiono pallidulo [ 29 12] Clubionidae: Clubiono phrognnt is

Lb . o f 10175. oc a r anc es

a

••

IP l b

• • — ar Oc t °

° 8 .

r a . " .° r

120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 1 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Local, but more common in the south. Locally common.

Distribut ion Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in parts of England, but otherwise The species is widespread in much of England from Yorkshire very scattered as far north as central Scotland. It is widespread southwards and in lowland Wales, but very scattered in south- in north-western and central Europe. west England and northern Britain. It is widespread in north- western and central Europe. Habit at and ecology C. pallidula is typically found on trees and shrubs, on bark or Habitat and ecology by beating. An unusually high proportion of records are from Can be found in most wetland habitats, especially in emergent gardens, both urban and suburban (e.g. fi ve of the twelve sites vegetation at the edge of water and occasionally on sand dunes. in Leicestershire in Crocker and Daws (1996)). One female In standing water the spider may be seen stalking prey on was found on eggs in a folded Yucca leaf in a suburban garden. stems just above the waterline (Crocker & Daws 1996). The It also occurs under stones, inside houses, outhouses and silk retreat is often easiest to see, woven into a folded reed leaf derelict buildings and in grassland. Adults of both sexes are or Phragmites head, where the female may be found guarding found mainly in late spring and early summer, females her egg-sac. Adults have been found throughout the year, but occasionally until December. A male has been recorded in mostly in late spring to mid-summer and late summer to early November in Leicestershire inside a telephone box. autumn.

A uthor of profi le: J.M. Newton A ut hor of profile: W.J. Partridge

305 [ 29 19] Clubionidae: O utdone terrest ris [ 2909] Clubionidae: Clubiona neglecta

No . o f 10km . occu rrences No . of 10km , occ urr ences • 1980 onward s 219 0 1950 - 1979 55 . 1900 - 1949 26 x ore 1900

0 m a<

• . • .

• •

• 0°-5

a•

120 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St atus Common in the south. Local

D ist ribut ion Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in most of the southern half of The species has a patchy distribution throughout Britain, but Britain, but becomes very scattered in the north. It is is very scattered in much of the country.C. pseudonegleaa widespread in western and central Europe. was recently recognised as a species disti nct f romC. neglecta (Wunderl ich 1994), and has been collected in Scilly, Kent and Habitat and ecology the Channel Islands (M errett 2001). The map shows all This widespread species is found in a large number of records ofC. neglectasubmitted to the recording scheme, and situations, usually at ground level, particularly in leaf litter and few are likely to be referable toC. pseudoneglecta. detritus, occasionally indoors and around houses, in the garden, on shrubs and low vegetation, trees, someti mes under Habit at and ecology loose bark and under stones. The dampness of the habitat can C. neglectais typical of sparsely vegetated open habitats, range from the dryness of heath to the extreme dampness of including short grassland, sand dunes, wasteland, old quarries marshes. Adults of both sexes may be found throughout the and brick pits, open scrub and scattered young trees. year, with peaks from late spring to mid-summer and in the Specimens are found mainly in the ground layer and under autumn. stones, but some have been taken by beating scrub and young trees or sweeping the fi eld layer (Crocker & Daws 1996). A ut hor of profi le: T.J. Thomas. A dults of both sexes are found mainly in early to mid-summer, females occasionally into the autumn and winter.

A uthor of profile: J.M. Newton

306 [ 2922] Clubionidae: Clubiona pseudoneglect a [ 29 15] Clubionidae: Clubiono fr isia

Mo. o f 10b a • accu r r tir es So . o f 101.0 . acc ur r as • 1980 aw a r ds / 980 0 1950 - 197 9 2 190 0 - 194 9 0 pr • 1900

4 Sta t us 3 Probably a rare species. C. pseudoneglecta was recently recognised as a species distinct from C. neglecta (Wunderlich 2 1994). 1 0 Distribut ion .1 F M A M J JY A S O N D C. pseudoneglecta has been found in material collected in Scilly Stat us in 1959, Kent in 1975 and the Channel Islands in 1979. It Nationally Rare (RDB3). Well-established on coastal dunes in might be expected to be a southern coastal species in Britain East Anglia. (Merrett 2001). A few of the records shown on the map for C. neglecta are likely to be referable to C. pseudoneglecta. In Dist r ibut ion Europe the species has been recorded in France, the Nether- This species, formerly known in Britain as C. similis, is lands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Romania and recorded from the east coast of England between Norfolk and Greece. Kent. The species is mainly coastal in distribution, whereas the true C. sinzilis is a Central European and more upland Habit at an d ecology species (Merrett & Murphy 2000). The precise habitat in Scilly is unknown, but likely to have Habitat and ecology been either coastal grassland or dunes. Specimens from Sandwich in Kent were collected on sand dunes, and those The spider occurs in marram tussocks on sand dunes. Adults from Jersey also came from a coastal area. In Europe the have been recorded in May and June and again in September spider has also been found on dunes, but also from a lightly and October. wooded area in S. France, a dry, warm habitat in south-west T hreats Germany and dry grassland in Switzerland. Public pressure can cause damage to the fragile dune vegetation, destroying it by too much tr ampling or by climbing Aut hor of pr ofile: P.R. Harvey based on information in in the steeper dunes. Possibly holiday development has Merrett (2001). destroyed some habitat, and this is always a threat to coastal dunes which lack statutory protection. Sand dunes are popular sites for golf courses (Sandwich Dunes now supports three) and the associated buildings, roads and re-profi ling and reseeding of the dunes causes damage to the natural ecosystem. A uthor of profile: P. Merrett 307 [2908] Clubionidae: Clubiona lutescens [2903] Clubionidae: Clubiona comt a

No . o f 10km , occ urrence s No . of 10kn. occu rren ces • 1980 onwa rds 534 0 1950 - 1979 58 1900 - 194 9 18 X pre 1900 1 er,

"X

••• • •• • • • • 0 0 • 0 . 0 0 : .1 — — 0 • • • 0 • • 0 0 CC 0 0 0 •0 • • • • • • • • a. :r . • • • • • • • • 0 • 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • •

•' • • • • ail ing • • • • • • CC" • • • 0 0 • • • • 4. : : * : : : : 0 0 " :* C- • • •• 0 0 0 • • • .. . • • • • • • • • • • 0 a • • • 0 • • ,• •• • • • • • • • • • .0 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • C C re•—• 'cc' I 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • . • X. — — 0

300 300 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 _ 50 50

0 7— '* [T a IT LI r- r— — F M A M J JY A S O N E) J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us Common in most of Britain. Common.

Dist ribut ion Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in much of Britain, but apparently The species is widespread in much of England, but more very scattered in the west and much of the north. It is scattered and patchy in the west and north, Wales and widespread in north-western and central Europe. Scotl and. It is widespread in western and central Europe.

Habit at and ecology Habitat and ecology Clubiona lutescens is found in a wide variety of habitats, Oft en occurring at low densities, this spider is associated with including woodlands, grasslands, marshes and waterside bushes and trees where it lives under bark and within the vegetation, gardens, allotments, waste places and stony canopy. Immatures have been found in the fi eld layer in seashores. It has been taken from under stones and in moss autumn and winter which suggests migrati on to the canopy and litter, by sweeping fi eld layer vegetati on, and by beating during later instars and a biennial li fe cycle (Toft 1978; Crocker trees and shrubs (Crocker & Daws 1996). In rank vegetation & Daws 1996). Females attach their white egg-sacs to leaves the female forms a silk retreat by folding over and fastening and bark which are normally guarded. Adults of both sexes are leaves, where she hides with her egg-sac. Adults of both sexes found mainly in late spring and early summer, females are found mainly in May and June, females occasionally occasionally throughout the year. throughout the year and males from April to September. Author of profi le: J.R. Bell Author of profi le: J.M. Newton

308 [ 290 1] Clubionidae: Clubiona brevipes [2 920] Clubionidae: Clubiona trivialis

Po . o f 101co• oc cu r r en c es No . o f 10e . oc c u r r en ce • / 98 0 onwa r ds 2 88 0 19 50 - 1979 29 . 190 0 - 1949 16 xpr e 1900

OD • • OS :

OD So .2 ti e .7 r :—*

• :o• ° zi 8 :8 • • g — o • • • r . T •. • * * * 0 0 • 0 0 0

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0 OS

200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 r a r-or s -r — 0 1 1 111 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Common. St at us The spider is very local in the south, but more frequent in the Dist ribut ion north. The species is widespread in England from Yorkshire southwards, but scattered in the south-west, northern England, Distribut ion Wales and as far north as central Scotland. It is widespread in The species has a widespread distribution in Britain north of a western and central Europe. line between Glamorgan and the Humber but to the south it is very scattered except on moorland in south-western England Habitat and ecology and on southern heathlands. It is widespread in western and An abundant spider associated with bushes and trees where it central Europe. lives under bark and within the canopy. Immatures have been found in the fi eld layer in autumn which suggests migration to Habit at and ecology the canopy during later instars and a biennial life cycle (Toft C. trivialis is generally found amongst low vegetation such as 1978). Females attach their white egg-sacs to leaves and other heather and gon e, and sometimes under stones, but it has also vegetation which are normally guarded. Adults of both sexes been found on pines. It often occurs on high ground but has are found mainly from early to mid-summer with a peak in also been found at sea level. In the south the species mainly June, females occasionally throughout the year. Males and occurs on heathland. Adults have been found between March females have been found from April to November in and December, with peaks in late spring/early summer and late Leicestershire with activity peaks in June (Crocker & Daws summer/early autumn. 1996), whereas in Huntingdonshire and Denmark activity peaks in September to October (Duff ey 1969; Toft 1978). A uthor of profi le: aR.Nellist

Author of profil e: J.R. Bell 309 [2907] C lu b io nida e : Clubiona juve nis

St at us

Nationa lly Vulnerable (RDB2) . This species appears to be No . o f 10 Ion , o c c ur r e nc e s well established at several places in the Broads, East Norfolk, all of wh ich are in either National or Local Nature Reserves. Its stat us in Dorset, Essex and Cambr idgeshire is insuffi ciently kno wn .

Dist rib ut io n In Britain, the species has been recorded from Cambridges hire (Chippenh am Fen 1995), Dorset (Keysworth, Poole Harbour 1962-63), Essex (Stanford Warren 1987-88; Old Hall Marshes 1995) and East Nor folk (Bure Marshes, Reedham Marsh, Horsey Mere 1970-7 1; Barton Tur f 1983; Reedharn, Catfield, Sutton , Woodbastwick and Hickling 1988-89). Elsewhere in Europe, it has been recorded from 11 countries including Italy, Switzerlan d, Austria, Romania, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland and Estonia (see map in Dec leer and Bosmans ( 1989)).

Ha bit at a nd e co logy In Brita in it has been found in reed-b eds and fens including brackish reed-beds in Dorset, under cut Cladium and among reed s an d in ground vegetat ion in Phragmll es/Cladium fens in Nor folk , including in sphagnum moss. In Essex females were taken from silken retreats in reed heads in an area of wet grass and reeds . Reed-beds also seem to be the most typical habitat elsewhere in Europe but it has been tak en in dense vegetation on coastal sand dunes in Ireland and Germany. In Brita in, adults have been recorded in May, Ju ly, September and October but Decleer and Bosmans ( 1989) collated all records <2 in Europ e and found adults present in all months from March to December. They suggest that this species has two generation s per year, the fi rst generation hatching in spring, hibem ating as adults and reproducing the following spr ing and 4 the secon d generation produced in summer, hibernating 6 Mb- adults and reproducing in the next autumn . 3 2 Th re ats 1 All the know n sites in Nor folk lie within NNRs or SSSIs. 0 Stanford Warren in Essex was denotified as an SSSI several I I J F M A M J JY A S O N D years ago but is currently an Essex Wildlife Tmst reser ve, and Old Hall Marshes is a RSPB reser ve. In Norfolk the biggest threat to this species has been loss of reed-beds in recent years in the Broads, caused pr incipally by eutrophication of waterways. The best areas of reed-beds are now those that are largely isolated from the main Broadland rivers. In areas where regular reed cutting has ceased, succession of reed-beds to carr woo dland is also a major threat.

Manag e m e nt Eff or ts are now under way to reduce the nutrient load in the broads rivers by more eff ective sewage treatment and regulation of waste discharge from boats . The re-establishment of regu lar reed and sedge cutting in several of the East Nor folk nature reserves should help to prevent invasion of reed and sedge beds by can woo dland.

Au thor of p rofile: A. Russell-Smith

3 10 [2906] Clubionidae: Clubiona genevensis

Stat us No . o f 1 0 1co Nationally Rare (RDB3). Twenty-seven females or cells with • 19 60 on war d s a 0 19 50 - 1 97 9 1 eggs were recently found on Ramsey Island (Dawson 2000). . + 19 0 0 - 1 94 9 5 x p r e 1 9 0 0 0

Dist ribut ion This species has been recorded from four sites on the Lizard in Cornw all (Smithers 1998b), the Isles of Scilly, Lulworth and Ringstead in Dorset and the islands of Ramsey and Skokholm .9 in Pembrokeshire The exact distribution in Europe is uncertain due to confusion with similar species, but it appears to be widespread in western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, where it is included in their Red List (Gardenfors 2000) . It has not been reco rded in Ireland.

Habitat and ecology C. genevensishas been recorded from under stones and among scree in mar itime grasslands , and also amongst grass and heather in coastal habitats. The main habitat of this species is still uncertain. Adult females have been found from Apr il to September but males only in April.

T hreat s The loss of coastal heaths and grasslands to agriculture plus public pressure on existing sites. Trampling and accidental fires will degrade known sites and may adversely affect this species. Ramsey Island is now an RSPB reser ve.

Management The reduction of public pressure and trampling would be advantageous

Author of profile: P. Smithers, using information from Merrett in Bratton (199 1). 1.5

1

0.5

0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

3 1 1 P 905] Clubionidae: Clubiona diverse: [29 18] Clubionidae : Clubiona subtilis

No . o f 10k m 2 oc cu rr en ce s No . of 10 km 2 oc cu rr en ce s . 19 8 0 on wa rds 4 10 * 19 80 on wa rd s 11 4 0 19 5 0 - 19 79 10 2 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 29 + 19 0 0 - 19 49 + 19 00 - 19 49 9 xpra 190 0 x pr e 19 00 1

•

5°2 . 0°. .. a • 0

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• 0 0 0 0.• C. • • • . C8. • •

40 50 30 40 20 30 20 10 10 0 0 , -ca7-01 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us Locally common, but may be scarce in the modem countr yside. Stat us Local, but the spider may be frequent in wet habitats, Dist ribut ion especially fens and marshes in the south. Widespread in Britain but scattered in some areas. It is -w idespread in north-western and central Europe. Dist ribut ion The species is w idespread in East Anglia, near the coast in Habit at and ecology Wales and south-eastern England, and on southem heath lands, C. diverse is a nocturnal spider typically found near the but records elsewhere are very scattered, to as far nor th as ground on inland and coastal grasslands. In the south it is rare Skye. on heaths where it is replaced by C. trivialis (P. Merret t, pers. comm .), but the two species may occur together on heaths and Habitat and ecology bogs in the north (J. Newton, pers. comm .) and in A wetland species of fens, bogs, wet meadows and coasta l Leicestershire C. diverse is fairly frequent on heathland/ habitats such as Phragnates dykes, saltmarsh edge and tidal moorlan d in Char nwood Forest, whereas C. trivialis is rare in litter, which paradoxically also occurs in sand dunes. Little is the county (J. Daw s, pers. comm.). Egg-s acs are white silken known of the ecology of this species . Ad ults of both sexes cells which can be found under logs and stones and are guarded have been recorded almost throughout the year, but mainly in by the female. Males and females have been found in ever y spring/early summer and the autumn . month from February to November and there is some suggestion that small num bers may be fou nd during winter in Au thor of pr ofile: JR . Bell Sweden (Almqu ist 1973) . Our data show most adults of both sexes are found between spring and aut umn, perhaps with two peaks, in late spring to mid-summer and again in the autumn.

Aut hor of pr ofi le: J.R. Bell 3 12 [300 1] Clu b io n ida e : Cheiracanth ium erraticurn [30 0 3] C lub ion ida e : Cheira cant hium virescens

Mo . o f 1 0 k m o c No . o f 1 0 los . oc c ur r e n c e s • 1 9 8 0 o n wa rd s 2 3 9 • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 4 6 0 1 9 5 0 - 19 7 9 3 2 0 1 9 5 0 - 19 7 9 2 1 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 2 2 . 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 1 6 X p r e 1 9 0 0 x p r e 1 9 0 0 2

-oa

8

•

• • •

.•• • •:, 8% .11 • .

40 30 30 20 20

10 10

0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Sta t us St at us Local. Although generally uncommon, in the south the spider may be frequent. Dist r ib u t io n The species is widespread south of the Wash, but is more D ist r ib ut io n scattered in the west and in the nort h as far as central Scotland. The species has a scattered distr ibution in Britain as far north It is widespread in western and central Europe. as central Scotland, but is only widespread in parts of southern England. It is widespread in western and centra l Habitat and e co logy Europe. The spider occurs on low plants in rough vegetation and heather. It is most easily found in early summer by look ing for Ha b it a t a nd e co logy the retreat constructed from two or three leaves, or grass The spider occurs under stones, or low vegetation such as heads, stitched together to make a retreat which will hold the heath er, in dry, sandy or sparsely vegetated areas in open female and egg-sac. Later in the year, immature specimens, habitats such as heathland, waste-ground and dunes. It which already show the reddish median stripe on the abdomen, generally remains in a silk cell during the day and the egg-sac is can be found in small silk cells on plant stems such as dried also hidden away under a stone. Although generally uncommon docks. Adult males are found mainly in late spring and early it is probably the Cheiracanthium species most oft en found on summer, females from late spring to the autumn. heath land and particularly on young heather (Merrett 1976). Adults of both sexes are found mainly in late spring/early Auth or of p r ofi le: W .I. Partr idge summer and autumn.

Author of pr ofi le: a R. Nellist

3 13 [3002] Clubionidae: Cheirocanthium pennyi

Stat us Nati onally Vulnerable (RDB2). Abundant on Chobham No . o f 1 0 k ra2 o c c u r r e n c e s • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 3 Common, Surrey, where it was first found in 1968 and has 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 2 * 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 0 been recorded on many subsequent occasions. Possibly '< p r e 1 9 0 0 1 frequent on Whitmoor Common, but scarce elsewhere.

Dist ribut ion The species has been recorded from Hampshire, Dorset and Surrey, and there is an old record from Wokingham, Berkshire, in 1872, when both sexes were found. It is fairly widespread in north-w estern and central Europe as far north as Sweden, where it is included on their Red List (Gardenfors 2000). The species has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habitat and ecology The spider occurs on mature dry heathland and is closely associated with the heather. Females, either with eggs or heavily gravid, have been found in cells on cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix, several dead fl ower heads having been drawn together and the cell made in their middle. On heather Ca /tuna vulgaris, an immature female has been found in a cell, with the male waiting outside. M ales have been found from June to A ugust and females from May to August.

T hreat s A ccidental fi re or the too frequent use of fi re as a management tool on the hea hland habitat, and loss of habitat through changing land-use. A hundred hectares of Horton Common were ploughed up and turned over to agr iculture in 1980. Birch and pine invasion is a threat on areas of heath, in the absence ,C7 of burning, grazing or other active management. This is currently a problem in the spider 's habitat on Chobham Common.

Management 3 Loss of heathland to birch and pine invasion should be 2 prevented. Whilst fi re is a valuable management tool for maintaining Calluna heath, it should be used at long enough inter vals to allow the mature phase in the Calluna growth cycle to be reached and burning should be carried out on a 0 rotation which allows this phase to be ever present on the site. J F M A W A S O N D If grazing is used in management, it may be necessary to fence off exclosures in which the Calluna can develop ungrazed for a number of years.

A uthor of profi le: P. Merrett

3 14 [2270 1] Z odariidae: Zodarion italicum

Sta t us

The species is widespread and common in suitable habitat in o f 10100 oc cur r enc es the East Thames Corridor where the climate is unique in Britain for its low rainfall, high summer temperatures and mild winters. Records from derelict railway sidings and sites near railway lines have caused some arachnologists to suggest this spider is a recent arrival and that railways may play a part in the distribution of the spider. This view is rej ected here on the basis of our current knowledge of its distr ibution and ecology in Britain and the European distribution. Th e distribution map in Bosmans ( 1997) indicates the British records are within the natural range of the species in Europe. Populations may represent a sur vival from periods when Britain was j oined to mainland Europe by a land bridge and current evidence a suggests this is probably a native species, which should be regarded as Nationally Scarce.

Dist ribut ion The centre of distribution in Britain is the East Thames Corridor in south Essex and north Kent. The species is also recorded from Stanway near Colchester in north-east Essex, Croxley Green in Hertfordshire and from Middlesex. More recently it has been recorded from Newhaven in West Sussex ( 1998) and Dibden Bay in S. Hampshire ( 1999). In Europe the species is known from France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia and Croatia (Bosmans 1997) and the Netherlands (van Helsdingen 1999).

Habit at and eco logy The spider is strongly associated with dry, warm, sunny open habitats containing a proportion of bare ground. The spider has been trapped in large numbers in the dr ier parts of grazing marsh grasslands, unimproved Thames Terrace grasslands and other open grassland sites. It is also found in old sand and chalk pits and other 'brown fi eld' sites in the region where the 120 substrate provides warm, dry, sunny, sparsely vegetated 100 80 habitats. The Colchester and Hertfordshire localiti es are old 60 railway sites with clinker and railway ballast and the London 40 localities are adj acent to railway lines. The Newhaven record is 20 from a shingle beach and the South Hampshire record is from 0 • dry gravelly grassland. The spider has been observed using the J F M A M J JY A S O N D common black antLasius nigeras prey but will take the meadow antLasius fl avusin captivity and other ant species are probably used On hot days the spider appears to become more active in the early evening, possibly a response to slower Management ant activ ity. Adults are mainly found from early to mid- Open sunny habitats need to be maintained by grazing or summer but the species has a long season with adult males and periodic control of scrub and tree invasion. Occasional females being recorded between March and October. disturbance to expose areas of bare ground is likely to be beneficial. T hreat s The 'T hames Gateway' initiative threatens wildlife habitats in A uthor of pro fil e: P.R. Harvey the whole East Thames Corridor. There is enormous development pressure on all open space in the region and 'brown fi eld' sites are especially vulnerable. Amenity management, the 'tidying up' of habitats and the political urge to plant virtually every open area with trees all represent threats to the nationally important biodiversity of thermophilic and xerophilic species found in the region.

3 15 [ 22704] Z odar iidae: Zodarion vicinum

St at us The spider has only been found at the one site in Britain, but on two occasions. Two males and one female were originally taken in pitfall traps in 1987 and a further visit in 1991 yielded a further four males and seven females, evidence for a well- established population at the site.

Dist r ibut ion The species was discovered in Br itain in 1987 at Shakespeare Cliff at Dover. It is otherwise know n only from Italy : on the island of Giglio in the Tuscan archipelago, from Forli (Province Forl i) and Aspromonte, Calabria.

Habit at and eco logy The spiders have been taken in pitfall traps set in an old rock fall at the base of the cliff in an area of moderately sloping chalk grassland dominated byBrachypodium pinnatumand Festuca rubra.The spiders have been collected in close proximity to nests of the ant Lasius alienus,many being found in retreats typical of the genusZodarion. Adults were collected between the end of M ay and June.

T hreat s The species was discovered during an extensive invertebrate survey of several sites around Dover and Folkestone as part of a study of the ecological impact of some aspects of the engineer ing work for the Channel Tunnel. It is not known how the constructi on of the Channel Tunnel has aff ected the populati on of this species. The main threat to the site itself may, in the long term, be sea level rise and increased wave action.

A uthor of profde: P.R. Harvey using informati on from Snazell & Bosmans ( 1998) 10 8 6 4 2 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

3 16 [22703] Z odariidae: Zodarion rubidum

Stat us The location of the known population suggests the spider is no . o f l Oka 1 occur r ence s probably naturalised but the distribution map in Bosmans • 19 80 onwa r d s 0 19 50 - 1979 0 ( 1997) indicates the species may be at the edge of its natural . 19 00 - 1949 0 x p r • 19 00 0 range in Britain. A reasonable population of the spider was found during 1999. The species may occur in suitable habitat .0 elsewhere in the Lee Valley. I

D ist r ibut ion The species was fi rst collected in Britain at Temple M ills in the Lee Valley, South Essex by P. Mabbott in July 1997 (Harvey 19996). The species is known from Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, north Italy, north-east Spain, Switzerland, and (probably as an introduction) the USA (Bosmans 1997).

Habitat and ecology Like other Zodarion species there is an association with dry, warm, sunny open habitats containing a proportion of bare ground and with ant prey. The habitat at Temple Mi lls consists of ruderal vegetation and scrub developed on a substr ate of old dry railway ballast which ranges in size from coarse stones to fi ner material. The main ant species present at the site is the common black ant Lasius niger. The formerly extensive site consists of railway marshalling yards, mostly abandoned in the mid- 1980s but mills have at various times stood on or near the site since at least the 13th century (Burley et al. 1989). Adults have been found from June to October.

T hreat s sC2 The site has been partly destroyed by the construction of a road and a large area of what remains has been cleared for development. The remainder of the site is lik ely to be lost to development except for a strip along one side of the road. 20

Manageme nt 15 Open sunny habitats need to be maintained by periodic 10 contr ol of scrub and tree invasion. Occasional disturbance to expose areas of bare ground is likely to be benefi cial. 5 0 fl l o r e Aut hor of profi le: P.R. Harvey F M A M J JY A S O N D

3 17 [22702] Z odar iidae : Zodarion fuscum [ 1802] Gnaphosidae: Dr ossodes lopidosus

St at us No . o f 101cm. oc cu r r enc es • 1980 Local, less common than D. cupreus in parts of the south of England, and scarcer in the north. D. lap idosus has often been confused with D. cupreus. In appearance D. lap idosus of ten has a silky grey coat and mouse-like appearance, whilst D. cupr eus often has a distinctly copper coloured coat (as indicated by its name). Both species occur on the Continent where a number of very closely related species are also found. For a long time, it seems that taxonomists used D. lapidosus as a "blanket species" and it is probable that a number of diff erent Drassodes species lie buried among the numerous Continental records of D. lapidosus.

D ist ribut ion The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain, but its distribution becomes patchy and very scattered in the north. It is widespread in western and central Europe as far north as southern Norway, but not included in the checklists for the Netherlands and Sweden.

Habit at and ecology A s the name suggests, D. lap idosus is found in stony areas such as scree and the drier parts towards the rear of shingle beaches. It is also synanthropic, associated with man- infl uenced habitats such as gardens and waste ground where pi les of old masonry, discarded clothes, etc. have been dumped. Specimens are usually found in silken cells under stones. The peak period for mature specimens appears to be from summer to autumn, but mature specimens have also been c() collected all round the year. As with D. cupreus, it is not unusual to fi nd a mature male together with a penultimate instar female in the same silken cell. Males occur between May and July, peaking in June, Females may persist unti l the 4 autumn. 3 A uthor of profile: J.A. Murphy 2

1

0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us The spider has only been recorded from one old railway line in Wiltshire. Numbers have been found at several locations on the disused line.

Dist ribut ion The species has been found south of Swindon, Wiltshire in 1997. It is also found in southern France and northern Spain (A skins 1999).

Habit at and ecology Z. f uscum has been found under stones on an embankment, under loose mortar at a brick bridge and platform, and in clinker (A skins 1999). The species presumably needs a relatively warm habitat In Wiltshire, it has been found in situati ons well exposed to the sun, where there are plenty of bare surfaces and gaps between stones, gravel, etc. which provide refuges at all the sites. It seems that females may be adult most of the year, males in June and July.

A ut hor of profile: P.R. Harvey using information in Askins ( 1999)

3 18 [ 180 1) Gnaphosidae: Dr assodes cupr eus

190 . o f 1015a o r a l et c • 19 60 or ever a 22 6 O 1950 - 197 9 126 + 1900 - 194 9 x p r e 19 00 c• •

• • • IN •

7 :. 111" : : 0 /

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800 250 200 600 150 400 100 200 50 0 Iij Ur.. 0 •En•- • • J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Fairly common. For years, in Britain, D. cupreus was regarded as a subspecies of D. lapidosus. This was possibly due to the fact that both have very similar genitalia and, to a large extent in England, Wales and Scotland, their ranges overlap. In the fi eld, the typically copper coloured coat of D. cupreus is oft en a guide to its identity.

Dist ribution The species is widespread throughout much of Britain. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe.

Habitat and ecology D. cupreus is frequently found under scattered stones, discarded rubbish and grassy tussocks, particularly on heaths and old grasslands, and may be beaten out of gorse and heather. In the south of England D. cupreus is not uncommon on heaths where D. lapidosus appears to be absent. Curiously, both species may be equally common on calcareous grassland. It is not unusual to find a mature male together with a penultimate instar female in the same silken cell, which can surprise and even cause a collector to miss both. Both sexes are adult mainly from early to mid-summer, females through the summer, sometimes persisting later.

A uthor of pr ofi le: J.A. Murphy 3 19 [ 1803] Gnap hosidae: Dr assodes pubescens [ 1903] Gnaphosidae: Hoplodr assus signif er

No . o f 10km . occ urr ences No . of 10•70 occurre nces • 1980 onwa rd s 56 0 1950 - 1979 35 + 1900 - 1949 12 X pre 1900 1

0. 00 .0 3 O S

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15 200 10 150 100 5 50 0 ii 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us In Britain D. pubescens is rare compared with D. lapidosus St at us and D. cupreus. In appearance, D. pubescens looks much like a Local. small or immature D. lap idosus, but the genitalia of both sexes are clearly distinguishable from those of D. lapidosus and Dist ribut ion D. cup reus. The species is widespread throughout most of Britain and, indeed, throughout the entire Holarctic region. Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in parts of southern England, Habitat and ecology becoming very scattered and scarce northwards into Scotland. H. signif er is commonest on heathlands and grasslands. On D. pubescens has a Palaearctic distri buti on and is widespread sandy heaths it occupies much the same habitats as in western and central Europe as far north as southern Norway D. cupreus, and is oft en found under scattered stones, and Finland, but it is not recorded from Ireland. discarded mbbish and in grassy tussocks. At fi rst glance, the spider suggests that it might be a Dr assodes species. In fact, Habit at and ecology for many years, H. signif er was known in Britain as On grasslands, D. pubescens is sometimes found when Drassodes signif er . It gives the general impression of a plump, grubbing at the base of long grass, but it also occurs in habitats uniformly coloured spider, whose colour can vary from brown similar to those occupied by D. cupreus, i.e. under scattered to almost blackish brown. Adults occur between April and stones, discarded rubbish and grassy tussocks on heathland. September, with the peak between early to mid-summer. Both sexes have been recorded in summer, males also in November. Author of profi le: JA . Murphy

Aut hor of profi le: I A . M urphy

320 [ 190 1] Gnaphosidae: Haptodrassus dalmatensis

Stat us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). Common and widespread on heathland in Dorset, Hampshire, West Sussex and Surrey, but few records elsewhere, nearly all other records being coastal.

D istribut ion The species is almost confi ned to southern England. It has also been found in Anglesey, and there are old records from Staff ordshire (doubtful?) and Norfolk. It is widespread in western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, but is not recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and ecology The spider occurs mainly on dry heathland at ground level 3 among heather and under stones, but also sometimes on stable sand dunes or shingle on the coast. It appears on burnt heathland during the fi rst year after fi re, but reaches maximum densities between about 6-12 years after fi re, then declines. Adult males are found between March and July, with a peak of activity in May and June, females from April to late August, with a peak of activity in June.

T hreat s Threats include the loss of heathland to agriculture, aff orestation and development and possibly public pressure on a few of its coastal sites.

Management Maintain range of seral stages of heathland by rotational management. The spider is able to survive in all ages of heather except possibly in very old heather.

A uthor of profile: P. Merrett 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 J F M A M .1 JY A S O N D

32 1 [ 1906] Gnaphosidae: Haplodrossus umbratilis

St at us Nationally Rare (RDB3). The spider is abundant at Vales No . o f 101.a . oc c ur r en c es Moor and Cranborne Common.

Distribut ion The species has been recorded from fi ve sites in east Dorset and from Vales Moor on the western edge of the New Forest, South Hampshire, all since 1969. It probably occurs in several sites on the eastern side of the Avon Valley on the western fringes of the New Forest. This pattern of distribution is ete similar to that of Ero aphana. In 1990 the British range of H. umbratilis was found to include Hadleigh Downs, South Essex (Harvey 1990). It is widespread in western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and ecology In Dorset and Hampshire H. umbratilis has been found on dry heathland in the building and mature phases. In Essex it occurred on a small area of steep south-facing landslip with grassland and scrub. Adult males have been found in May and June, females from May to A ugust.

T hreat s Uncontrolled heathland fi res and the loss of heathland to building development and agriculture. Previously abundant at Horton Common, but much of this site ( 100 ha) has now been ploughed up and is used for agriculture. The surviving twenty hectares of heath at Horton Common now have the protection of SSSI status. Knighton Heath is now a golf course with only a few banks of heath left, and even the golf course is under threat of building development. Much of Cranborne Common has been planted with conifers, only strips of heathland remaining. The remaining heath is now an SSSI and in part a Dorset Trust reserve. Heath at Stephens Castle lies within. 5 Verwood Heaths SSSI. If the density of scrub at Hadleigh 4 Downs increases, it may overrun the grassland required by this 3 - spider. 2 1 Managem ent 0 Management to accommodate this spider requires patches of J F M A M J JY A S O N D the heath to be regularly returned to the early stages of heather development on a long rotati on, preferably well over a decade. This should ensure the permanent presence of the building and mature stages. It could be achieved by small-scale burning, or, where nearby pine plantations preclude this, heavy grazing for a short period or manual stripping of the vegetation could be attempted. At Hadleigh Downs, suffi cient grazing is required to maintain patches of short sward and to prevent scrub encroachment. Some scrub clearance may also be necessary.

A uthor of profile: P. M errett

322 [ 1905] Gnaphosidae: Haplodrassus soerenseni

Stat us so . o. 10 occ-----rence s Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2). Few specimens have been • 1980 cowar ds 0 1950 - 19 79 found, although it was recorded at Abernethy in 1999 + 1900 - 19 49 0 (I. Dawson, pen . comm.). x p r e 1900 0

Distribution In Britain, the species has been recorded only from Abernethy Forest, East Inverness-shire and from the Black Wood of Rannoch, Mid Perthshire. It has also been found in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Austr ia.

Habit at and ecology In Britain, the spider is apparently confi ned to Caledonian pine forest. It is found among ground vegetation in open pinewoods. Females with eggs have been noted in July and adults also occur in June.

T hr eat s The loss of Caledonian pine forest, often to more intensive blanket forestry. Planting is usually at a density of 2,500 trees per hectare, and this produces 'blanket' forest with little light reaching the ground and virtually no ground flora. Such conditions eliminate H. soerenseni along with most of the other fauna and fl ora. The establishment of plantations adj acent to native forest precludes the natural expansion of the forest and threatens existing forest through allowing its invasion by the exotic species. The exotics frequently out- compete the native Scots pine Pinus sylvestris.

Management Management should aim to conserve and expand the native component to ensure the future of the native pine, but closing- in of the forest canopy needs to be avoided. Fencing and deer- culling are promoting strong regeneration of pine in parts, and much thi nning with the creation of glades may need to be implemented if the ground vegetation is to be maintained in a state suitable for H. soerenseni. Abernethy Forest has been owned and managed by the RSPB since about 1990 and the primary aim is to develop a self-sustaining native pine forest over the whole potential woodland area (Taylor in Aldhous 1995).

Author of profi l e: P. Merrett

323 [ 1904] Gnaphosidae: Haplodrassus silvestris [ 1902] Gnaphosidae: Hoplodrossus minor

No . of 101c o. occu rrences No . of 10km . occurre nce s • 1980 onw ard s 16 0 1950 - 1979 6 + 1900 - 1949 x pre 1900 3

fr i? g e e:

•

6 20 5 4 15 3 10 2 1 5 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us St atus Nati onally Scarce (Notable B). Local and apparently never Nationally Rare (RDB3). The spider may be fairly numerous, numerous. but most populations are very localised and the habitat is vulnerable to disturbance. Dist ribut ion The species has been recorded from the south coast of England Dist r ibut ion to Perthshire, but is widely scattered except in the south-east. The species is widespread in northern and central Europe. The species has been recorded from coastal locations between Suff olk and Dorset, and between Pembrokeshire and Habitat and ecology Caernarvonshire. The European distribution includes Norway, The spider is found in woodland, amongst litter, under bark, Germany, Switzerland, A ustria, the Czech Republic, Hungary , stones, etc. In Essex it appears to be confined to woodlands on Romania, Poland, the Balkans and Russia. sandy soils, occurring in chestnut coppice or other broad- leaved woodland, or nearby heathland and grassland areas. Habit at and eco logy Adults occur in spring, summer and autumn, perhaps mainly H. minoroccurs among tide litter and sparse vegetati on and during early to mid-summer. shingle on the seashore. Both sexes have been recorded between April and June, with a peak in June. T hr eat s The loss of broad-leaved woodland and clearance of dead T hreat s wood. The loss of open areas in woodland through neglect and Public pressure can disturb the habitat by trampling. In some the cessation of coppicing. The intensive coniferisation of areas, holiday development and gravel extraction are also broad-leaved woods may destroy suitable habitat. threats. The removal of strandline debris on beaches used for Management recreation would pose a threat to this and other str andline- Maintain broad-leaved and coppice woodland. Retain any dead dwelling invertebrates. wood and ground cover. M anagement A ut hor of profi l e: P.R. Harvey with reference to Merrett Accumulations of tide-line litter are likely to be of value to this ( 1990) spider and should be left undisturbed.

324 A uthor of profi le: P. Merrett [ 200 l ] Gnap hosid ae : Scot op ha e us blackwa lli [2 002] Gna p h osida e : Scot op ha eus scut ulat us

No . o f 10 1ca oc c ur r e nc e s No . o f 1 km o c c ur r en c e s • 19 8 0 o nwa r ds 16 0 • 19 80 o nwa r ds 2 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 33 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 0 • / 9 00 - 1 94 9 . 19 00 - 19 4 9 0 x p r e 19 00 x pr e 19 00 0

9 c . a

• Ire • e • gee • • • • 0 • 0

• : Ir a ill• 0 • • • •

20 1.5 15 1 10 5 0.5

0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Relatively common. St a t us Synanthropic. Only three British specimens have been Dist r ib u t io n recorded, but as it is widespread in Europe there seems no The species is widespread in much of England with scattered reason to suppose that it is restr icted to one area of Britain. Its records in Wales and Scotland as far north as Kincardineshire. close similarity in appearance to S. blackwalli means that it It is widespread in north-western and central Europe and the may have been overlooked. Palaearctic in general.

Ha b it a t a nd e co lo gy Dist r ibu t io n In Britain S. blackwalli typically occurs in houses, sheds, etc. First recorded in Britain in 1989, it has now been reco rded which suggests that this species has migrated northwards from from two locations, both in Colchester, Essex. The species is warmer places. It has also been found in gardens on bushes and widespread in Europe, occurring in Belgium and almost the can be fairly common on wooden fences and under bark of whole of France (Grimm 1985). dead trees in urban situations in Leicestershire (J. Daws, pers. comm.). These outdoor specimens have been noted as Ha bitat and e co logy generally much larger than those from inside houses (Crocker A female was found on a bedroom wall by the author of the & Daws 1996). Certainly, in the Mediterranean region, where profile on 71's October 1989. An immature male was found on there are more Scomphaeus species, these are often lighter the stairs of the same dwelling on 19th July 1994 and subse- coloured and are to be found under flakes of bark on tr ees (particularly pines) and even in the dried stalks of reeds In quently matured in captivity on 2s August 1994. An adult Britain one often comes across S. blackwalli at night, creeping male was found j ust over 5 km to the west on I Pb September stealthily on the walls or ceilings of a house. It may be that 2000 at the author 's current hom e (Ruffell 200 1). This species, S. blackwalli does so, unnoticed, during daylight and that it is like S. blackwalli, is a nocturnal wanderer and has a similar its dark colour and sinister movement that catches the eye mousy appearance . In Roberts ( 1995) the period of maturity when the electric light is switched on. Adults have been is given as the same as S blackwalli. recorded throughout the year, but mainly in summer. Aut hor of profile: R. Ruffell Au thor of profi le: LA. Murphy 325 [2 10 1] Gnaphosidae: Phaeocedus braccatus [2202] Gnaphosidae: Zelotes electus

No . of 10km . occ urrencn No . of 10km . occurr enc es • 1980 onwar ds 0 1950 - 197 9 1900 - 1949 x pre 1900

"to 4 cs,

8 1'

0 0 a

4 100 3 BO 60 2 40 1 20 0 0 i rci rsa J F M A RI J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Status Nationally Scarce (Nota ble B). The spider is frequent at some Not common. sites on calcareous grassland, but very local. Distribut ion D ist ribut ion This species is largely restricted to coastal Britain, but The species is confi ned to south ern England. It is widespread in specimens have also been collected inland on sandy Breckland western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, but local. in East Anglia, and on heathland in Bedfordshire containing an outlying population of the coastal and Breckland pyralid moth Habit at and ecology Synaphe punctalis (I. Dawson, pers. comm.). It does occur in braccatus occurs mainly on calcareous grassland, especially Europe and Asia even in countries without any sea coast. The near the coast, usually in sparsely vegetated areas or under author has collected a specimen on an open alp at 1400 m in stones. It is also occasionally found on sparsely vegetated dry the Pyrenees. heathlan d in the New Forest, or coastal shingle in Suff olk, and in woods. Adu lts have been recorded from June to October. Habitat and ecology Small and much more colourful compared with other British T hreat s Zelotes species. The spider is usually found when grubbing at The loss of calcareous gras sland to agricu lture, and reduction of the base of low vegetation in dunes, and even the specimens grazing . collected in the Breckland occupied a similar habitat. Adults of both sexes are found mainly from late spring to mid-sum mer, Management but occasionally into th e autumn . Maintain open, stony and sparsely vegetated areas on calcareous Author of profile: J.A. Murphy grassland by grazing. Some of these areas probably remain open and stony anyway because of lack of soil.

Author of profile: P. Merrett 326

[2203] Gnaphosidae: Zelotes [220 1] Gnaphosidae: Z elotesapr icorum

No . o f 10 ' o c cu r r e nc es Oo. o f 10 km • o ccu r r en c e s • 19 80 on wa rd s 12 1 19 50 - 1 97 9 2 4 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 2 0 s o r e 19 00 3

. • :

a

:

...4;50• 0 • • L •

. • • Ca ••• 04. • • • : • :

: • • 2

200 150

150 100 100 I 50 50 0 l i f i rca Tt. 0 ar° ,r1 TEI TEl S J F M A M J JY A O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Fairly common. Z. apr icorum is very close to Z. subterraneus Stat us and there is increasing evidence of introgression between the two species. Typical Z. subterraneus specimens seem to be Local. dominant in north-east Europe whilst Z. apr icorum seem to be dominant in south-west Europe. The present records in Britain Distribut ion are more or less consistent with this conj ecture. However, the The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain, overall situation remains confused due to the fact that many becoming very scattered and patchy in the north as far as specimens of Z. apricorum and Z subterraneus in European central Scotland. It is widespread in western and central museums and in private collections have been misidentifi ed. Europe. Distribut ion Habit at and ecology The species has a widespread but patchy and mainly western Zelotes latreill ei appears, in general, to be a lowland species. It distribution in Britain except in the south, with few records is often found under stones, wooden debris, etc., but it is also north of south-west Scotland. found when grubbing in short vegetation. There seems to be a preference for open areas such as chalk downland and heaths. Habitat and ecology On sunny days the spider is occasionally seen running over Like many Zelotes species, Z. apricorum prefers stony beds the ground. Adults of both sexes are found from spring to and quarries in both calcareous and acidic areas, but is also autumn, with peaks in late spring/early summer and late found in stony coastal habitats and can sometimes be found summer/early autumn. when grubbing in grass tussocks. Like all Zelotes species, it is agile and has an impressive turn of speed which makes its capture something of a triumph for the collector. The pink A uthor of profi le: LA . M urphy coloured egg-sacs are typically attached to the underside of a stone, the shape rather like a small fried egg, 'sunny side up'. Adults have been recorded between March and November, both sexes peaking in June and September.

A uthor of pr ofile: LA . Murphy 327 [2206] Gna pho sida e : Zelotes subt erraneus [2205] Gna p ho sida e : Z elot es longlp es

No . of 10km . occu rrences No . of 10).m . occu rren ces • 1980 onwards 3 0 1950 - 1979 13 . 3900 - 1949 1 s ure 1900 0 f .11

11.

,C2

15 12 10 10 a 6 5 4 2 0 0 .rt•,_• • J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us St a t u s Rare. The two species Z. subterraneus and Z. apricorum are Nationally Scarce (Notable A) . The spider is common on very closely related (Murphy & Platnick 1986). In patt icu lar, heathland in Dorset, but apparently less fr equent in the New the ep igynes of the females are diffi cult to separate, and even Forest and on Surrey heaths. It is scarce elsewhere. the internal genitalia are very similar. For many years only Z. apricorum was recorded from Britain, so it is possible that Dist ribut io n among females identifi ed as Z ap ricorum there could have The species is confi ned to England south of a line from been some specimens of Z. subterra neus. Norfolk to Somerset, apart from one old (doubtfu l?) reco rd from Argyll. It is widespread in western and central Europe. Dist rib ut io n Ha b it at a nd e co logy So far, most of the few specimens recorded from Britain have longip es occurs mainly on dry heathland. It appears in the come from coastal locations, as in the south-east, and inland fi rst year after fi re, but reaches max imum densities between stony areas , as in northern England and central and eastern about 5- 12 years aft erwards. It is also occasionally found in Scotlan d. On the nearby Co ntinent Z subterraneus, but not dry coastal habitats, under debris on stable sandy shingle, etc. ap ricorum , has been recorded from Belgium, Holland, Males have been recorded from June to November, with a Nor way and Sweden. peak of activity in August and September. Females are probably present for most of the year, but are active mainly Habit at a nd e co logy from April to September, with a peak in August. The Essex specimens appear to have occup ied discarded shells Threats on shingle beaches, but elsewhere Z. subterraneus is typ ically found un der stones, even on mountains. Z. subterraneus is one Loss of dry heathland to agriculture, development. of the shiny, all-black Zelotes species. Adults of both sexes Manag e me nt have been recorded in late spring/early summer and late Maintain semi stages of heathland by rotational management. summer/autumn. This species is able to live in a wide range of ages of heather, but is most abundant in moderately young heather. Au thor of p r ofile: -LA. Murphy Author of profile: P. Merrett 328 [ 2o4] Gnaphosidae: Zelotes petrensis

Sta t us No . o f 10 1a . occ u r r e nc es Nationally Scarce (Notable A). Generally few specimens have • 19 80 m o o n !. been found, but at one site in Essex considerable numbers were collected by hand searching and in pitfall traps (Harvey 1998).

Distribut ion The species has been recorded only from a few southern counties. Most sites are in a small area of Surrey and a neighbouring part of Hampshire although there are recent records from Suff olk, Staff ordshire and Worcestershire. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at an d ecology The habitat is poorly known. The species appears to occur in a fairly wide range of dry open habitats, such as fairly open areas on dry heathland and chalk grassland, but also on coastal shingle and among grass and under stones on My hillsides. At the only known site in Essex the species occurred in rabbit- grazed unimproved grass heath. Adults have been found from March to October, with males from March to May and July to October

T hreats The loss of open heathland and grassland to agriculture, aff orestation and development.

Ma nagement Little is known of the spider's detailed habitat requirements, but it would appear likely to benefi t from the maintenance of some open areas of heathland by rotational management, and some grazing would probably be benefi cial on its grassland sites. 12 10 Author of profi le: P.R. Harvey using information in Merrett a ( 1990) 6 4 2 IT. J F M A M J JY A S O N 0

329 [23 0 1] G na p hosida e : Traehyzelotes pedest ris

St a t us

Nationally Scarce (Notable B) . The spider is abundant in some No . o f 1 0 knO o c c u r r e n c e s • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 6 9 places, especially on dry coastal grassland with many loose o / 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 1 9 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 3 stones, but rather local inland. x p r e 1 9 0 0 1

Dis t rib ut io n The species is con fined to southern Britain south of a line from Nor folk to Herefordshire. It is widespread in western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Ha bit at a nd e co lo gy T p edestris usually occurs in chalk and limestone gras sland, often under stones in fairly open areas . In Essex it occurs on dry south-facing grasslands, landslip areas and at the base of sea walls. It has occasionally been found in open sandy areas on Breckland heaths. P. Men ett (pers. comm.) notes an occurrence in his kitchen sink! Egg-sacs are deposited under stones. Adults of both sexes have been recorded between May and Augu st, mainly in June .

T hre at s The loss of calcareous and coastal grassland to agriculture.

• • Ma na ge m e nt • Maintain grassland by grazing. This species is probably less sensitive to changes in grazing pressure than many grassland species, as it occurs in some areas with tall vegetation, and is of ten in stony areas which tend to remain unvegetated because of lack of soil.

Auth or of p rofile: P.R. Har vey with reference to Merrett ( 1990) 400

300

200

100

0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

330 [240 1] Gnaphosidae: Urozelot es rusticus [250 1] Gnaphosidae: Drassyllus lutetianus

Po . o f 1 0 ' o c c ur r en c es no . o f 1 0 1= . o c c ur : • 1 9 8 0 rew a r d s • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 1 5 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 3 1 9 5 0 - / 9 7 9 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 2 x p r e 1 9 0 0 .0, x p r e 1 9 0 0 0 f "ea

'C.?? 6

40

St at us 30

Very rare, with only sporadic records in Britain during the 20 twentieth century, none recent. It is possibly an errati c visitor 10 which does not appear to have become establ ished. 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D Dist ribut ion There are scattered records from Yorkshire southwards. St at us U. rusticity appears to have a wide and varied distribution Nationally Scarce (Notable A). Most records have involved worldwide (Platnick & Murphy 1984), occurring in temperate few individuals. regions of both hemispheres. Dist ribut ion Habit at and eco logy The species has been recorded from rather few, mostly coastal, It appears to be associated with man and is typically found on sites in widely scattered counties in England and Wales. There the walls of houses, much as Scotophaeus blackwalli. The are doubtful old Scottish records which have not been author has collected specimens from the walls of a basement submitted to the scheme and are not mapped. D. lutetianus is flat in New York and near Park Headquarters at 1800 m on widespread in north-western and central Europe. Mount Kinabalu, Sabah. Habitat and ecology Author of pr ofil e: LA . Murphy The species occurs among detr itus in marshes, on sand dunes, among stones and in wet tide lit ter on the sea shore. There are a few records from marshy sites inland. A dults have been found between April and June.

T hreat s The drainage of marshes, and possibly public pressure at some coastal sites.

Management M aintain the water table in marshes, and retain wet tide litter on sea shore.

A uthor of pr ofile: P. Merrett 33 1 [2 50 3] Gna phosida e : Drossy Ilus pusillus [250 2] G na p hosida e : Drassyllus praeficus

No . of 10km . occ urr ence s No . of 101m . occurren ces 1980 130 • 1980 onwe rde 18 0 1950 - 197 9 8 + 190 0 - 194 9 % pre 1900

if

• 0 .

0 .* • — •os

100 4 80 • BO - 3 40 2 1 0 1 1 - 1 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St at us The spider is local and not common . Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is never particularly numerous, and rather local, especially on heath land. D ist rib ut io n The species has a widespread but patchy and scattered Dist rib ut io n distribution in Britain, mostly in lowland regions in the The species is restricted to southern England where it is southern ha lf of Britain and central eastern Scotland. It is widespread in an area of Dorset, Wiltsh ire and Hampshire, but widespread in north-western and central Europe. very scattered elsewhere. It is widespread in north-western and centra l Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland. Habit at a nd e co logy D. p usillus is small and more colour ful than the typical all Habitat and e co logy black Zeloges. It appears to have a preference for open, dryish The spider is probably most frequent on chalk grassland, areas such as sandy heaths and chalk downland and like other under stones, etc. It is also sometimes found on dry heathland, Zelotine species it is oft en found under stones, discarded mostly between about 6- 12 years after fi re. Adults of both rubbish and in grassy tussocks. Adults of both sexes are found sexes are found from May to July. mainly from early to mid-sum mer. Threat s Autho r of p rofile: J.A. Murphy The loss of chalk grassland and dry heathland to agr iculture.

Ma na ge m e nt Maintain semi stages of heathland by rotational management, and mainta in chalk grassland by traditional grazing.

Au thor of pr ofile: P. Merrett

3 32 [2602] Gnap ho sidae : Gnaphosa lugubris

St a tu s n o .. o f 1 0 k v 1 o c c u r r en c e s Nationally Scarce (Notable A). The spider is not rare in south- • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 6 east Dorset, but there are very few records elsewhere. . 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 1 x p r e 1 9 0 0 0

Dist r ib u t io n The species has been recorded from E. Suffolk, Hampshire and Dorset, and Isle of Wight and W. Sussex (not mapped), but most records are from south-east Dorset. Old records from Berkshire and Staffordshire must be regarded as doubtful. It is fairly widespread in north-western and central Europe, but the species is not recorded from Ireland, Scandinavia north of 8 Denmark, and only doubt fully from the Netherlands (van Helsdingen 1999).

Ha b it a t a n d eco logy In Dorset, G. lugubris is found in dry stony areas on open heathland and on coastal limestone grassland, usually on hillsides in both cases. It also occurs in coastal grassland on the Isle of W ight and in dry coastal habitats in Sussex and Suffolk. Adult males are found from May to July with a peak of activity in early June; females Born May to October.

Thre at s There is probably little threat to most of its coastal sites, and most of its heathland sites are NNRs, but other heatb land sites may be threatened by agriculture, aff orestation or development.

Manag e me nt cCz Maintain open stony areas on heathland and shor t coastal grassland by grazing. However, many of its sites wou ld probably remain sparsely vegetated because of lack of soil.

Au thor of p rofile: P. Merrett 6

4

2

0 J , F M A M J JY A S O N D

33 3 [2603] Gna p h osidae : Gnap h osa o ceident a lis [ 2604] Gna p ho sid a e : Gnap hosa nige rrim a

No . o f 10km . oc cu rr en ce s No . of 10 km . o cc ur re n ce s • 19 80 on wa rd s 0 • 19 80 on wa rd s 1 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 0 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 0 + 19 00 - 19 4 9 2 + 19 00 - 19 4 9 0 X pr e 190 0 0 X pr e 19 00

•C/o

Q d,P1 :teat

St at us St at u s Nat ionally Endangered (RD B 1). Few specimens have been Rare, but apparently plentiful at Wybunbuty Moss, its British found in this country, and none since 1935 desp ite a site, where it was first recorded in 1994. considerable amount of collecting eff ort at Kynance and Cadgw ith Coves in recent years. Dist rib ut io n So far, this species is known only from one site in Britain Dist rib ut io n (Felton 1997), although it is widespread in the cooler part s of The British records are from West Cornwall: Kynance Cove in Europe and Asia. In north-western and central Europe it has 1922 (on e male and two females) and Cadgwith in 1935. The been recorded from Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, species is also known from France. Austr ia, the Czech Republic and Poland.

Ha bita t a nd e co logy Ha bit a t a n d ecology The habitat in Britain is apparently not recorded. The two G. nigerrima is much like G. lugubris in general appearance. It localities are well-known for their cliff-top heather and was collected in pitfalls set in Sphagnum moss, a habitat grasslan d. The spider wou ld po ssibly be found under stones in similar to that preferred by G. leporina. Over the years, this this vegetat ion. Both sexes are adult in June. particular boggy area had been well worked by local arachnologists and it is curious that a conspicuous species of T hre at s this size had not been collected earlier The cliff-tops at Kynance have suffered badly from heavy trampling, but public access is now controlled by the National Au thor of p r ofile: J.A. Murphy Trust and the heath and grassland communities are recovering very well. Accidental fires are possibly the main threat at this site now. At Cadgwith there has been no grazing on the cliff s for many years and the coastal heath and grassland have been largely lost to rank vegetation including scrub and bracken . It is un likely that G. occidentalis will have sur vived at Cadgwith.

Ma nag e m e nt Grazing has been restored by the National Trust and English Nature on the cliff heathland at Kyn ance.

Au thor of p rofile: P. Merrett (in Bratton 1991).

334 [2 60 1] Gna p hosid a e : Gnap hosa lep orina [2 70 1] Gna p hosid ae : Callile pis noct urn e

n o . o f 10 1=0 oc c ur t a r e s 4 : fr,

W

8

3 St a t u s 2 Nationally Endangered (RDB I).

1 Dist ribut io n 0 C. nocturne has been recorded from only two sites in Britain, J F M A M J JY A S O N D one at Prawle Point and Signalmans Point in Devon and the other at Tennyson Down on the Isle of Wight (A lexander 1999). It is widespread in Europe being recorded from as far St a t u s nor th as Scandinavia. Uncommon. Ha bit at a nd e co logy Dist r ib ut io n On the continent this species is associated with coniferous The species is widespread in parts of south-central England, woodlands, where it is often found under stones. In Britain it northern England and Scotland but is absent from many areas. has been recorded running over sandy banks , rocks and It is widespread in north-western Europe, but the species has exposed chalk, all on sea cliffs. This diur nal species appears to not been recorded from Ireland. require bare ground with a sunny microclimate and may be associated with ants (Alexander 1999). Adults have been found Habitat a nd e co logy in May and June. Generally, most Gnaphosa species are to be found under stones, and occasionally in a suitable stony bed, specimens are Thre at s plentiful. They are usually lethargic and easy to collect. The growth of scrub may shade the exposed sandy banks or However, G. leporina seems altogether more active and is often rocks on which this species has been found. to be found running over the ground. It seems to prefer damp rath er than wet areas on heaths or moors. Manage me nt Prevent the encroachment of scrub around south facing sandy Au th or of profile: JA . Murphy banks and rocks at these sites.

Auth or of profile: P. Smithers, using inform ation from Merrett in Bratton (199 1) and Roberts ( 1995).

3 35 [2802] Gnaphosidae: M icaria pulicaria [2803] Gnaphosidae: M icaria romana

No . o f 10 km , occu rrence s No . o f 10 km . occurren ces 0 1980 onwa rds 431 0 1980 onw ards 3 0 1950 - 1979 92 0 1950 - 1979 . 1900 - 1949 20 6 x pre 1900 14 . 1900 - 1949 3 x pre 1900 1

. ..

. .4.. -.. . ., ..: .,

• • • co •

300 3

200 2 100

0 I l i Tra r. r, J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us Stat us Common. Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is common in some places on hot hillsides near the coast, but very local, and not Dist ribut ion found more than a few miles inland. The species is widespread throughout most of Britain and, indeed, the enti re Holarctic region. Dist ribut ion The species is confi ned to the extreme south of England. It is Habit at and ecology widespread in central and southern Europe. M. pulicar ia is oft en to be found in open areas of short vegetation where there are scattered stones or small beds of stones. It has been recorded from most habitats particularly Habit at and ecology the warm, sunny parts of sandy heaths, chalk downlands, M. romana is found near the south coast, mainly on short dunes and derelict land, but it has been found in saltmarsh, calcareous grassland, on cliff -tops, in warm sunny situati ons. sphagnum f illed hollows in dunes, moss in broad-leaved It is an ant-mimic, oft en found in company with ants, running woodland as well as stony, bare, dry habitats. A lthough not in hot sunshine. Both sexes are adult from May to July. myrmecophagous the spider quivers its front legs in an ant-like fashion which may help prevent it falling prey to larger T hreat s spiders which generally avoid contact with ants. Females There is probably little threat from agriculture in most of its enclose the eggs within a sti ff sac which is said to resemble a coastal grassland sites, as it occurs mainly in stony areas or on rimmed pot and although she does not guard them, Bri stowe steep slopes which are unsuitable for cultivation. Public ( 1958) states that she returns frequently to check the egg-sac. pressure could possibly be a thr eat in some areas. Adults of both sexes have been recorded from early February to late November and mature specimens may occur throughout Management the year. The Recording Scheme data indicate the main season Maintain open grassland and prevent growth of scrub, but this is late spring to mid-summer. is probably not a problem at most sites. A ut hor s of profi le: I . M urphy and J. Bell A uthor of profile: P. Merrett 336 [280 1] Gnaphosidae: Micar ia alpina [ 2805] Gnaphosidae: M icar ia subapaca

flo . o f 101:n. occur r ence s Ho . o f 101os' occur r enc es

LV LV 3

5 Stat us 4 3 Nationally Rare (RDB3). Very few specimens have been 2 found. 1 0 Distribut ion .1 F M A M J JY A S 0 N 0 The species has been recorded from Welsh mountains and from Stat us Scotland. In Europe, it is known from France, Austria, Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is apparently fairly Switzerland, Sweden, Norway and Finland. numerous on pine trees in a number of places in the south of England. The isolated northern records may represent Habitat and ecology temporary colonies formed by accidental introductions, and it The spider is found under stones, among grass and moss, etc., remains to be seen whether they will persist and whether other usually above 750 m. On Creag Meagaidh it was found in northern populations will be found. Vaccinium myrtillus heath, while on An Teallach the habitat was Nardus/Racomitrium grassland (D. Horsfield pers. Dist r ibut ion comm.). Near Loch an Fheoir it was found in a hummock of Racomitrium in the middle of a Sphagnum bog. Males are adult The species is almost confi ned to the south of England. It has also been found in Stirlingshire, and in Glasgow and Liverpool, from May to July, females in June and July. but in view of the distance from its main centre of population in the south, there must be some doubt as to whether these T hreat s northern records represent well-established populations or are Some populations are likely to suff er damage from hill-walkers chance importations. It is widespread in northern and central and skiers. Forestr y is a potential threat to populations below Europe. the tree line. Habitat and ecology Aut hor of profile: P. Merrett M. subopaca occurs mainly on trunks of pine trees, but has also been found at the base of oak trees and on railings. It is an ant-mimic, oft en found in company with ants, running on pine trunks in sunshine. Both sexes are adult from May to October.

A uthor of pr ofile: P. Menett

337 [2 8 0 4] G n ap h osid ae : M icaria silesia ca [3 604 ] Zo ridae : b ora sp inim ana

No . of 101cm . occu rre nce s . 1980 onwa rds a No . of 10km . occu rrences 0 1950 - 1979 17 5 1980 onw ards 508 0 195 0 - 1979 77 . 1900 - 1949 2 1900 - 1949 17 x pre 1900 x pre 1900 11

° • • 4 •. °

•

3

'..ii2:

....::.. . .n-8:*. . ..* . 8.. . .::: °. • .- :.:. .•. . • • •

r

4 200 3 150 2 100 50 411 a l J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Nationally Scarce (Notab le B). The spider is frequent on fairly recently bur nt heathland in Dorset, Hampshire and Surrey, and on St at us open, sandy Breckland heaths in Suff olk, but scarce elsewhere. Com mon. Distr ibu t io n The species is confined to the southern half of England. It is Dist ribut ion widespread in north-western and centr al Europe, but has not been The species is widespread in much of the southern half of recorded from Ireland. Britain and central eastern Scotland, but scattered elsewhere. It is widespread in western and central Europe. Hab itat and ecology M. silesiaca occurs on sparsely vegetated heathland, reaching Ha bit at a nd e co logy maximum densities in about the second or third year aft er fire, and disappear ing by about 10 years after fi re. It is found mainly on This is typically a grassland spider, usually found near the dry heath , but is also present on moderately wet heath and in ground in grass roots or leaf litter, but also under stones or damp gullies. It is an ant-m imic, sometimes found in association other objects, where the female may be found sitting on the with ants . Males are adult from late May to early July, females white sheet of silk which covers her loosely-woven egg-sac. also until August. It is also found in a range of other habitats including heathland, open woodland and raised bog. The body pattern is fairly Th reats distinctive , even in j uveniles. Adult of both sexes have been The loss of heathland to agriculture, aff orestation and development. The growth of scrub, and lack of open areas . recorded throughout the year, but mainly between late spring and autumn, possibly with peaks in early to mid-summer and Man age m e nt again in the autumn . Maintain all seral stages of heath er by rotational burning. A regular supp ly of naturally open sandy areas or recently burnt areas is Author of profile: W.J. Partridge required by this species. Residual populations probably survive on fi rebreak s, sandy banks, gullies, etc, from where they spread to burnt areas.

Au thor of p rofi le: P. Merrett 3 38 [360 1] Zo ridae: Zora arm illa ta

Sta t us Nationally Rare (RDB3). The spider is thought to be fairly So . o f 10100 occ ur r en c es frequent on Hartland Moor and Morden Bog. The last record at Wicken Fen was in 1997. Its stams at other sites is unknown .

Dist rib ut io n The species has been recorded from Wicken Fen and Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire; Woodwalton Fen, Huntingdonshire (where the record requires confirmation); and Hartland Moor, Slepe Heath and Morden Bog, Dorset. It is also kno wn from Spain, France, Greece and Sweden.

Ha b it a t a n d e cology ci Know n from two rather dissimilar habitats in Britain: among litter and cut reeds in fens in East Anglia, and in wet heath and bog in Dorset. Adults of both sexes have been found between April and September, a female in October.

Thre at s Despite the major fire at Hartland Moor in 1976, the site has revegetated well and this spider still occurs there in good numbers. Lowering of the water table, such as by drainage of adjacent land and/or water abstraction, would damage all the listed localities of this species. A lower water table often leads to scrub invasion, which increases the drying process and shades out the fen and bog plant communities. The eff ects of drainage on the fenland sites are well known (e.g. Godwin 1978; Darby 1983). The catchment of Morden Bog has also been greatly modified by the extensive conifer forestry in the area during the twentieth century.

Manag e m e nt Where drainage leads to scrub invas ion, it is only through much manual and mechanical scrub clearance that former sedge and litter beds can be restored and the fenland vegetation maintained, and even this probably differs markedly from what would be present if drainage of the surrounding area had not been car ried out. Mowing and sedge harvesting are part of the managem ent of Wicken Fen with the aim of mainta ining scrub-free areas.

Au thor of p rofile: P. Merrell

339 [360 2] Z oridae: Zora nemoralis [3603] Z oridae: Zara silvestris

St at us No . o f 10 k m. o c c ur r e nc e s • 1 9 8 0 Onwa r d s Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2). The spider is apparently rare but may have been overlooked owing to its similarity to the widespread and abundantZ. spinimana.Several specimens were found at Hurt Wood and Sherwood Forest.

Distribut ion The species has been recorded from a small number of sites including Hurt Wood, Surrey, in 1953; Iken Heath, East Suff olk, in 1955; Ambersham Common, West Sussex, in 1969; Sherwood Forest Country Park, Nottinghamshire, in 1987 and from north-east Hampshire. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habitat and ecology In Britain, Z. silvestrisoccurs on dry heathland, mainly in mature heather. In Sherwood Forest it was found with larger numbers ofZ. spinimanain mixed heather and grassland from which encroaching scrub and trees had been cleared. Both sexes are found from May to July and a female has been recorded in September.

T hreats Fires in the mature heather habitat are a threat to this species. Management to reduce the fi re risk by preventing the heather reaching the mature phase, such as by grazing or burning on a short rotation, is often used on nature reserves, but would probably result in very little heather being at the desired stage for this spider. Small unmanaged areas rapidly succumb to scrub encroachment, with loss of heather. Heathlands are also at risk from urban expansion and conversion to arable land. M otorcycle scrambling may cause damage to areas of heath Stat us and where sites are close to the roadside, there is risk from traffi c pollution, road salt and roadworks. Nati onally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is apparently very local, but it may be more frequent than the few records suggest. Management Scrub and tree clearance to restore heathland should ideally be D ist ribut ion followed by a grazing regime which will maintain the heathland vegetation at a variety of heights. Apart from one old record from Dorset, this is a northern species in Britain. It is widespread in northern and central Aut hor of profile: P. Merrell Europe.

Habitat and ecology Z. netnoralisoccurs among moss and heather in or near woods. Adults are found from M ay to September.

T hreat s The loss of semi-natural woodland to intensive forestry, and loss of ground-cover.

Management Maintain moss and ground-cover in woodland.

A ut hor of profile: P. M errett

340 [380 1] Sparassidae: M icr ommata virescens

No . o f 1 03:a . re c u r r e nt NO. o f 10 1. 1. m o m • 1 9 80 o n wa r d s 1 • 19 80 o nwe r ds 3 8 0 1 9 50 - 19 79 4 0 1 95 0 - 1 9 7 9 a • 1 90 0 - 19 4 9 a • 1 90 0 - 1 9 4 9 10 x pr • 19 00 x p r • 1 9 00 2

ee :

C.

3

2

1

0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us Very local, rarer in the north.

Distribut ion M. vir escens is widespread but generally widely scattered in the southern half of Britain, with few records in the north. It is absent from many areas. The species is widespread in western and central Europe but uncommon.

Habitat and ecology Both sexes are distinctive and cannot be mistaken for any other species. The spider prefers damp sheltered woodland and is oft en found on the lower branches of oak saplings, on tall grass or sedge tussocks where it sits head down waiting to pounce on passing insects. In mid-summer the female stitches together several leaves to form a relatively large space to enclose the egg-sac (Bristowe 1958). Females are mature from May through to December, but males have a short season and are rare.

A uthor of profi le: D.R. Nel list

34 1 [4505] Philo dro midae : Philodrom us efi spar [450 1] Philo dro m idae : Plil lodro m us aure olus

No . o f 10km . occ urrence. No . of 10kn . occu rrences • 1900 on wa rd s 5 31 0 19 50 - 1 97 9 52 19 00 - 1949 1 9 x pre 1900

• •

X •

".: • • • • a . • ••• 0 • • 0 • 4-4.• r o. • " • •• • 0 • • • • • a • • I i : M OO . 0 • • • •: • • • • on : • • o • •• •• QT. : . • on on• n on • non MO 0 0 : 4 . 0

• • • • • • a . .. • • • • • 9 •

200 500 150 400 100 300 50 200 100 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St a t u s St at u s Common in the south. Common. The diffi cult taxonomy and the complexity of the aureolus group in Europe mean that new species may remain Dis t ribut io n undetected. Voucher specimens of all species in the aureolus The species is widespread in much of the southern half of group are essential (P aureolus, P buxi, P cespitum, P Br itain, but not recorded nor th of Westmorland. It is P longip alp is and P p raedatus). widespread in western and central Europe. Dist ribut ion Ha bita t an d e co logy The species is widesprea d in most of Britain, apparent ly more The species is found in a var iety of wooded habitats including scattered in the west and north. It is widespread in western broad-leaved, mixed and conifer ised woods, thickets, and central Europe. hedgerows, scrub, gardens and it sometimes comes into houses. It can be swept from wood land herbage and the lower Ha bitat and e co logy branches of trees and bushes. The spider appears to over- The species is found in a variety of wooded habitats including winter in litter, especially in leaf litter and the litt er which broad-leaved, mixed and coniferised woods, thickets, accumulates at the bottom of hedgerows, in tree boles and at hedgerows and scrub. It also not infrequently enters houses. It the base of branches. Adults of both sexes are found ma inly in is usually beaten from bushes and the lower branches of trees early sum mer, females occas ionally persisting into the autumn but may also be swept from adjacent herbage. Although and winter. Single males have been recorded inside telephone sometimes found on old trees, the spider is more often bo xes in December and February (Crocker & Daws collected from younger tr ees, both broad-leaved and Leicestershire data; J. Crocker, pers. comm.). coniferous . The spider probably over-winters in the leaf litter that accumulates in various woodland situations. Adults of Aut hor of pr ofile: P.R. Harvey both sexes occur mainly in early to mid-summer.

Author of p rofi le: P.R. Har vey 34 2 [45 10] Philodromidae: Philodromus proedatus

Stat us

Nationa lly Scarce (Notable B). Records in Essex and elsewhere Po . of 10 1o7 oc c a r r e oc n • 19 80 Gn a r l s 12 6 indicate the species has probably been over-looked. Although 0 19 50 - 1 97 9 3 • 1 9 00 - 1 94 9 3 males are easy enough to distinguish from other members of x p r e 1 9 0 0 th e aureolus group, females are diffi cult without dissection and reference to reliably identified specimens. Identification by the external appearance of the epigyne is unreliable. See Harvey ( 199 1) for diagnostic characters. As with other members of the group it is essential to keep voucher specim ens.

D ist r ib ut io n The species is widespread in southern and eastern England, but there are rather few records in the south-west, Wales, northern England and central Scotland. In Locket et al. ( 1974) the species was only known from old specimens tak en at Bloxworth, Dorset, New Forest, Hampshire and Shrewsbury, Shropshire, yet by Merrett ( 1990) it had been recorded in ten counties mainly in southern England and also Inverness-shire. It is now known from 25 counties north to Lancashire and Inverness. The species is widespread in western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, where it is included in their Red List (Gfirdenfors 2000). It has not been recorded from Ireland. : 14' • •• .• Habitat and ecology I •• • " . • Su The spider is typically found on mature oak trees in open situations, in wood pasture, at the edge of woodland rides or in old hedgerows, but it has also sometimes been beaten from other trees such as Field Maple. There seems to be a particular •C7 association with oak branches where the foliage has been attacked and the leaves have a yellowish-green, reddish and curled appearance. Females have been found with their egg-sac in curled oak leaves. Adults of both sexes have been found 100 between late May and the end of l uly with most records in 80 June and early July. 60 40 20 T hreat s 0 • jii In view of our current knowledge of the distr ibut ion of this J F M A M J JY A S O N D species, it cannot be considered threatened. However the maj ority of records are from mature oak trees in open woodland habitat, at the edge of clearings or in hed gerows. This type of habitat is threatened by lack of management resulting in the closure of open woodland, the loss of old trees and the use of pesticides on crops where old oak trees occur in land converted to arable or in old hedgerows adjacent to arable fields.

Au thor of profile: P.R. Harvey

34 3 [4503] Philodromidae: Philodr om us cespit um [45 13] Philodromidae: Philodr omus longipalpis

St atus No . o f 1 0 k m. o c c u r r e n c e s • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 5 5 8 Current evidence suggests this is a rare species. 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 5 7 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 9 x p r e 1 9 0 0 4 Dist r ibut ion The species was fi rst collected in Britain at Box Hill in 1985 but remained unidentifi ed until specimens were identifi ed by Hendrik Segers. The spider has been collected from widely scattered sites across southern England. P longipalpis has been

• • found in material collected in France, Spain, Crete, Turkey and Hungary (Segers 1992) and is included in the checklists for the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and Romania.

0 Habit at and eco logy A ll adults have been beaten from the lower branches of old oak trees but j uveniles have been taken from heather at Chobham Common in Surrey and from heather under open oak woodland in the Quantocks, South Somerset and kept in captivity until .4f3 ••• maturity. All records have been of singletons except for the • recent collection of two females from one old pollard oak tree • • by the side of a footpath between wheat fi elds at Paglesham • . fol t .• . : LI • • • • 0 0 0 0 Churchend in South Essex. Adults have been collected from • . 0 . • • mid-May to mid-July. P longipalpis is signifi cantly larger than • P UP S other species in the aureolus group and j uveniles have a . : .r .. 00. . .• characteristi c reddish coloration. Specimens which may be this . ..• : : . • •.°• :" 0! species should be retained alive until mature. The diffi culty of Ut identifi cation presented by this group means that all records • : 0 • • must be confi rmed with a voucher specimen. C . .0 ••__, cc" T hreats Current evidence points to a low population density and exacting habitat requirements. Most records are from mature oak trees in open woodland habitat, at the edge of clear ings or 500 in hedgerows. This type of habitat is threatened by lack of 400 management resulting in the closure of open woodland, the 300 loss of old trees and the use of pesticides on crops where old oak tr ees occur on land converted to amble or old hedgerows 200 are adj acent to amble fi elds. 100 0 Management J F M A M J JY A S O N D The rotational cutting of woodland ride vegetation, periodic St at us control of scrub and tree invasion and light grazing in Common. Taxonomic confi mion besets this group and the woodland pasture can all help to retain open surroundings. species was formerly considered as a variety of aureolus (var. The retention of wide fi eld edges and headlands should be cespiticolis) in Locket and M illidge ( 1951) but recognised as a encouraged to help maintain a diverse invertebrate fauna and separate species by Locket et al. (1974) and subsequent reduce the eff ects of spray drift on old oak trees in hedgerows publi cations. and at the edge of woodland.

Dist ribut ion A ut hor of profile: P.R. Harvey The species is widespread in much of the southern half of Britain in lowland areas, but records are scattered in the north. It is widespread in north-western and centr al Europe.

Habit at and ecology The species is found in heathland and heathery bogs, hedgerows, scrub and wooded habitats. It is more often associated with scrub and herbage than P aureolus but is someti mes found on trees and also occasionally enters houses. A very disti nct variety occurs where the dorsal abdominal cardiac mark and chevrons are replaced by a pale yellow dorsum. A dults of both sexes are found mainly in early to mid- summer, females occasionally persisti ng into the autumn, although one male has been recorded in October (Crocker & Daws 1996) on ivy on the rear wall of a house.

Author of profil e: P.R. Harvey 344 [4 50 2] Philodro midae : Philodrom us bur l

,jo . of /Oka ' occurrenc es No . of 101az occu rrenc es • 1980 ...wards 15 • 1980 onwards 0 1950 - 1979 0 0 1950 - 1979 0 • 1900 - 1949 . 1900 - 1949 x pre 1900 x pre 1900 0

cC2

5 St at u s 4 Only one specimen has ever been recorded from Britain, and it 3 has now been deleted from the British checklist (Merret t & 2 Murphy 2000) . 1 0 Dist r ib ut io n J F M A M J JY A S O N D A sing le female was taken at Bloxworth by 0 . Pickard- Cambridge in the nineteenth century (Locket et al. 1974), but there may have been confusion over its origin. The species is absent from Scandinavia, but has been recorded from France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary , Roman ia and the Iberian Peninsu la.

Habita t a nd eco logy In Europe the species can be found on bushes and trees.

Author of profile: P.R. Harvey

34 5 [4 504] Philodromidae: Philodr om us collinus

St at us

Nati onally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is uncommon but it No . o f 10k m, oc c ur r enc es • 1980 onwar ds 69 may be frequent where it occurs. 1950 - 19 79 + 1900 - 19 49 2 P r e 19 00 0 Dist ribut ion The species is restricted to southern and eastern England north to Yorkshire. It is widespread in north-western and centr al Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and ecology 0, 7 The spider is mainly found on the branches of pine trees, also on yew and Douglas fi r. It has been found on broad-leaved trees in mixed woodland and coniferised ancient woodland sites, and is frequent on pine in heathland areas in Norfolk, Suff olk, Surrey and Hampshire. It has also been found by beating yews and other evergreen trees and bushes in urban parks, churchyards and suburban cemeteries in Leicestershire (J. Daws, pers. comm.). Adults of both sexes have been found from M ay to July.

• — • T hr eat s The association with coniferous trees in woodland and on heathland in southern England suggests the species might • decline with improved heathland management to control pine • I' • • invasion and with the reversion of coniferised woods in • . : : . southern England to broad-leaved woodland. : •

Managem ent When coniferised woods are harvested and reversion to broad- leaved woodland takes place, some mature coniferous trees should be retained at the edge of clearings or rides.

A ut hor of profi le: P.R. Harvey based on species account in M errett ( 1990). 40 30 20 10 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

346 [4507] Philodromidae: Philodromus fallax [4508] Philodromidae: Philodromus histrio

S o . o f 10 1a . occu r r e c a No . a f / Oka ' o cc u r r e nc e • 19 90 a w a r d. / 3 0 19 5 0 - 19 79 7 . 19 0 0 - 1 94 9 >cp. / 19 0 0 4

X

• 0 •

•• 0 0 0 0

Stat us 6 Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is fairly frequent on 4 sand dunes, but never particularly common, and rather local. 2 0 Distribut ion J F M A M J JY A S 0 N D The species is widespread on the coasts of England and Wales. St at us It is fairly widespread in western and central Europe as far north as Sweden where it is included in their Red List Generally rare and very local, but the spider may be frequent (Gardenfors 2000), but has not been recorded from Ireland. on some heathlands.

Habit at and ecology Dist ribut ion The spider occurs on coastal sand dunes, especially on fore- The species is widespread on southern heathlands, but otherwise has a very scattered distribution in Britain as far dunes, on sand or among marram, where it is camoufl aged to match the sand. Males are adult in April and May, females north as central Scotland. It is widespread in western and from late April to June. The female deposits her eggs in a central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland. cocoon in the sand at the base of rnarrarn. Habitat and ecology Threat s histri o usually occurs on heather in heathland, where the Possibly publi c pressure at some sites, but as it occurs mainly female encloses her egg-sac in silk and bits of dried heather. on fore-dunes there is probably no threat from agriculture or The spider, whose red-brown colour and whitish markings golf-course developments. provide excellent camouflage against the background, may be found guarding her egg-sac. There is a most interesting variety found on saltmarsh in Essex (where the heathland form has not A ut hor of pr ofi le: P. Merrett been recorded) in which the spider has the reddish-brown replaced by the bluish-green colour of Sea Purslane Atriplex portulacoides. Adults of both sexes occur mainly in M ay and June.

A uthor of profi le: P.R. Harvey

347 [4506] Philodro midae : Phll odromus em arg inat us [45 12] Philodro mida e : Philodrom us albidus

St at us No . o f 10 km . o c c ur r e nc e s Nationally Scarce (Notable B). Most references in literature suggest that the species is never very numerous (Merrett 1990) or that only single individuals are usually found (e.g. Crocker & Daw s 1996), but this has not been the case in Essex where it is a widespread and oft en frequent species. The spider is not uncommon on old trees at some sites in southern Oxfordshire (J. Denton pers. comm.) and it has been found in numbers in Huntingdonshire (I. Dawson, pers. comm .). The species former ly known as P ruf us was split into P ruf us and albidus(Donda le 1972; Segers 1989). Dondale ( 1972) states that Pickard-Cambr idge ( 1895) descr ibed and fi gured a male from Britain that matched the real P ruf us. However since P ruf us has not been found since the re-description of P albidusit has now been deleted from the British checklist (Merrett & Murphy 2000). In western France P albidushas been collected in high oak forest whereas the closely related P ruf us occurred on young trees and scrub in open habitats. If P ruf us does occur in Britain, it should probably be sought in open warm habitats near the south coast of England .

Dist rib ut io n The species is confi ned to the southern half of Englan d. It is widespread in western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Scandinavia or Ireland.

Ha bitat a nd e co logy The spider is us ually found in broad-leaved or mixed woodland on the lower branches of broad-leaved trees such as oak at the edge of clear ings or rides. It is also found in old hedgerows and green lanes. Adu lts of both sexes have been found from May to July with a peak in June.

2 Threat s The major ity of records are from trees or bushes at the edge of 1 clearings or in hedgerows. Lack of management resulting in the closure of open woodland and the loss of old hedgerows are almost certainly detr imental to this species. Spray drift from 0 the use of pesticides on crops is likely to aff ect the survival of J F M A M J JY A S O N D this spider, as well as many other invertebrates, where amble fi elds are adj acent to woodland or hedgerows. S t at us Nationally Scarce (Notab le B). The spider is frequent at some Ma nage m e nt sites , but very local. Management should retain open surroundings by rotational cutting of woodland ride vegetation, periodic control of scrub Dis t rib ut io n and tree invasion and light grazing in woodland pasture. The retention of wide fi eld edges and headlands should be The species has widely scattered records as far north as West Ross. It is widespread in western and central Europe. encouraged to help maintain a diverse invertebrate fauna and reduce the eff ects of spray drift on old trees in hedgerow s and at the edge of woodland. Ha bitat a nd e co logy The spider occurs on pine trees, occasionally on heather Au thor of p rofile: P.R. Harvey (probably near pines), mainly in heathland areas. One female has been found guarding an egg-sac under a stone on river shingle in Caledonian pine forest (I. Dawson, pers. comm.). It is adult from May to July.

Thre at s The clearance of sem i-natural Scots pine for intensive forestry plantations might be detr imental for this species.

Manage me nt Mainta in some old semi-natural pine on heathland.

Author of profi le: P. Merrett

34 8 [4 50 9] Philod r o mid ae : Philactromus margorit at us

No . o f 1 0 10 17 o c cu r r e n c es 0 0 . o f 1 0 100 o c c e r r e ace s • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 7 0 1 9 5 0 - 19 7 9 . 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 X p r e 1 9 0 0

a

,9

en —

• • . 8

120 100 St a t us 80 Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is very local, 60 40 although its excellent camouflage may result in 20 under-recording. 0 1;1 J F M A M J JY A S O N D D ist ribut io n The species is known from scattered localities in the south of England and central Scotland. It is widespread in western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habitat and e co logy P margaritatus occurs on trunks of trees, both p ines and broad-leaved, especially when these are covered with lichens. It has also been found on electricity pylons near pine tr ees and sometimes in gardens on apple trees, etc. It is variable in colour, and camoufl aged to resemble lichen on wh ich it sits. Adults are found in May and lun e.

T hre at s The felling of old, lichen-covered trees.

Author of profile: P. Merrett

34 9 [4602] Philodrom idae : Than a tus striatus [460 1] P h ilod r o m ida e : Th anat ta f orrnicinus

No . of 101. . occ urr enc es No . of 101. . occ urrenc es • 1980 onwards 83 0 1950 - 1979 31 + 1900 - 1949 x pre 1.900

• 0

8 0 0 0 •

St at u s 60 - Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2). The paucity of records may partly be due to this species being mature early in the year 40 when little recording of spiders is carried out. It was apparently well-established when found in Ashdown Forest. 20 Dist rib ut io n 0 The spec ies has been recorded from Beaulieu Heath near J F M A M J JY A S O N D Brockenh urst, New Forest, South Hampshire, in 1894; and Legsheath and Duddleswell, in Ashdown Forest, East Sus sex, this century. Adults were found at Legsheath in the 1930s and St a t us j uveniles at both Sussex sites in 1969. This species is The spider is local and generally uncommon, but it has widespread in western and central Europe, but has not been occurred with som e frequency in Essex. recorded from Ireland.

Dist rib ut io n Ha bita t a nd e co logy The species is widespread on southern heathlands and in The spider occurs in boggy areas with Sp hagnum , tall Molinia south-eastern England but with few scattered records caerulea and mature Calluna vulgaris and Erica tetralix. elsewhere in England as far no rth as Nor thumberland and in Adults are found in March or April. Wales. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe. Thre at s Fire on heathland and loss of the heathland habitat to other Ha bit at a nd e co logy land-uses . Drainage of some New Forest bogs has been carried T striatus occurs on the ground at the base of vegetation in out in the past in order to increase the area and quality of sandy grassland, heathland and dunes but also in tussocky grazing land. There is now very little grazing in Ashdown grasslan d on sea walls, in brackish gras sland, saltmarsh, dyke Forest, partly because the main roads crossing the unfenced edges, waste ground and old sand pits. Adults of both sexes are common land are a danger to livestock. Consequently, scr ub mainly found in May and Jun e, females into July and and bracken invasion of the heath is a problem. occasionally August and September. Ma na g e m e nt Author of profile: P.R. Harvey Scrub clearance is required to restore heathland and open boggy areas.

Au thor of profile: P. Merrett 350 •

[470 1] Philo dr omidae: M enus marit imus [4702] Philodromidae: Tibellus oblongus

So . of 10k m 8 occ or ren c as Mo . o f 10 1m . oc c ur ren ce s • 19 80 on wa rd s 15 0 • 1980 on w ar d s 47 1 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 40 0 19 50 - 19 79 4 4 + 19 00 - 19 49 • 19 00 - 19 49 19 x pre 19 00 a p se 19 00 5

•••• 0 0

• •

:•F,•r r . • : • : • • . s :en:. • • 0 00 • • • a • • 'ff:chi •:::::«•° . " aaac. . 0.. ar, ••: 0s • r .ss. . ••

8 150 6 100 4

2 50

0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us St at us Although T maritimus has a much more localised distribution The spider is common in the south but more local and than T oblongus, it may be locally abundant. In the past there restricted in the north, although it may be locally abundant has been some confusion between these two species and they (J. Newton, pers. comm.). are only separable with certainty by carefid examination of the genitalia. Distribution The species is widespread in much of the southern half of Distribut ion Britain, but the distribution becomes scattered in the west and The spider has a scattered distribution in much of Britain, but north. It is widespread in western and central Europe. is absent from many areas. A Holarctic species, widespread in western and central Europe. Habit at and ecology T oblongus occurs in a variety of dry or damp habitats, Habitat and ecology ranging from sand-hills to grassland of most types, though T maritimus is found on coarse grasses, heather, rushes, etc. in longer herbage seems to be preferred. Adults of both sexes are damp places, raised bogs, on sand-hills and rough ground. found mainly from May to July, females persisting Specimens are often found hugging plant stems with the legs occasionally into the autumn. extended along the length of the stem and in this position they are largely inconspicuous. When disturbed they move very Author of pr ofile: T.J. Thomas rapidly upwards in the vegetation. Adults of both sexes are found from late spring to mid-summer, females persisting later.

Author of pr ofi le: D.I2. Nellist

35 1 [3 9 0 1] T h o m isida e : Thom isus onust us [4 00 1] T ho misida e : Diaea dorsata

No . o f 10km . occu rrence s No . of 10 ' occurrences • 1980 onwa rds 166 0 195 0 - 1979 15 + 0900 - 1949 % pre 1900

•.: •

0 • • •

4 8 3 6 2 4 1 2 0 0 ,_1 1 1 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St a t u s Nationally Scarce (Notab le B) . The spider is frequent on St a t us heathland in Dorset, Hampshire and Surrey, but never Local. pa rticu larly numerous. It is local elsewh ere.

D ist rib ut io n Dist rib u t io n The species is restricted to central southern and south-east D. dorsata is widespread in the southern half of England, England. It is widespread in Europe, especially in the south. becoming scattered in the west and north as far as Yorkshire. It is widespread in western and central Europe, but commoner Ha bit at a nd e co logy towards the south of the region (Roberts 1995). It has not T onustus occurs in th y or moderately wet, mainly mature, been recorded from Ireland. heathland, usually on fl owers of Erica tetralix or E. cinerea , where it ambushes prey, mostly bees and large fl ies. Adult Ha bit a t a nd e co logy females can adjust their bac kground colour to match that of the This species is strongly assoc iated with woodland, perhaps fl ower upon which they sit (Oxford & Gillespie 1998). Both with a preference for evergreens and conifers, and is found on sexes are adult from May to September. Females deposit their the leaves of bushes and trees such as oak, box, yew and egg-sac in July spun up in fl ower heads of Erica. conifers, and is therefore usually collected by beating. It can also be fou nd in leaf litt er, and occasionally in the fi eld layer of Thre ats undisturbed scrubby gras sland (Crocker & Daws 1996), and The loss of heathland to agriculture, foresuy , development and on fence posts in 'ballooning ' weather. Females can be found excessive burn ing. guarding the eggs, which are covered with a thick layer of silk Ma nag e m e nt in a partially bent leaf. The characteristic colouring allows Rota tional management of heathland will mainta in the full adults and j uveniles to be identifi ed in the fi eld. Adults of both range of seral stages of heather. Large fi res may be detr imenta l, sexes are found mainly in May and June, females persisting although the young stages disperse read ily and can start to occasionally into the autumn. colonise new areas about 5 years after fi re. Aut hor of profile: WI Partridge Author of p r ofi le: P. Merret t 3 52 [4 10 1] T homisidae: Misumena ratio [4 20 1] T homisidae: Pistius truncatus

No . o f 1 0k m, o ec .= r e ne e s • 19 8 0 • 1 9 8 0 cc wa r d s 0 19 5 0 0 1 9 5 0 - 19 7 9 0- . 19 0 0 . 1900 - 19 4 9 x p r e a X p r e 1 9 0 0 I .

.5- ...... — 1 • : ... • •re . •. 0. • ---L—A---Ves"---- - cc?

25 20 / Stat us 15 Nationally Endangered (RD B I ). The spider was thought to be 10 extinct in Britain until rediscovered in 1985. 5 0 Distribut ion J F M A M J JY A S O N D The species was recorded from the New Forest near Stat us Brockenhurst, South Hampshire, in 1896 . The precise locality The spider is fairly common in the south. is not known. A female was recorded from a wood in the Blean area, East Kent, in 1985 and two juveniles collected at East Blean Woods in 1993, where a further specimen, an adult Dist ribution female, was collected in 200 1 (Russell-Smith 2001). The The species is widespread in the southern half of England and spider is widespread in western and central Europe as far north Wales. It is widespread in western and central Europe, but as Sweden, where it is included on their Red List (Gardenfors commoner towards the south of the region (Roberts 1995). 2000). It has not been recorded in Ireland .

Habit at and ecology Habitat and ecology This species seems to be most commonly found in the The first Blean specimen emerged in May from piece s of dead boundary region between grass and scrub, such as the edges of wood collected in the previous March, which suggests that woodland rides but it also occurs in more open locations. It dead wood may be an over-wintering site . The specimen may be found in the vegetation, or sitting on a flower head sur vived for some weeks in captivity, being fed on fl ies. The waiting for prey. In these situations its cryptic colouring may two j uveniles were collected from small coppiced oak. In make it difficult to see until it moves, especially as the France, this species is found on bushes, especially small colouring may vary through white, yellow and greenish to scrubby oaks. Adults occur in May, June and Ju ly, in captivity match the flower. Only mature females can undergo one male reached matur ity in March. background-matching colour changes. Some females have red T hreat s anterior, dorso -lateral lines or spots which appear to be genetically determined and are unaffected by the background Many broad-leaved woodlands in south-east England have colour. Mature males are smaller and predomi nantly brown. been cleared for agriculture or converted to conifer plantations The sexual dimorphism for colour is probably a result of males in recent decades, and both activities are still real threats to the and female s occupying different niches (Oxford and Gillespie surviving woods. Development pressures are also increasing in 1998). Adults of both sexes have been recorded between May Kent with the effects of the Channel Tunnel, and further and August, but mainly in May and June with females woods are likely to be lost to housing, industry and roads. occasionally persisting into the autumn or perhaps even Au thor of profile: P.R. Harvey, based on Merrett in Bratton through the winter with one female recorded in leaf litter in ( 199 1) and R. Allison (pers. comm.) March.

Author of profile: W.f . Partridge 353 [4304] T ho m isida e : Xyst icus crist at us [4302] T ho m isida e : Xyst icus audax

No . o f 1 0 k m 1 oc cu rren ce s No . o f 1 0 k m 2 oc cu rr en ce s • 19 8 0 on wa rds 11 55 • 19 80 on wa rds 85 0 19 5 0 - 197 9 15 3 0 19 50 - 19 79 21 + 19 0 0 - 194 9 . 19 00 - 19 49 16 x p re 19 00 6 x pr e 19 00

• • • • 0 *-frt : • •• fi 0 •:.

• . . . • 0 • 0. • ::::::8.. •... • O * . * •

200 0 20 1500 15 1000 10 500 5 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Common. St at us The spider is frequent in suitable habitat in southern Englan d, Dist rib ut io n but very local elsewhere. It has been considered by some The species is widespread throughout most of Britain. It is authors to be a form of X cristatus but there is now agreement widespr ead in western and central Europ e. that it is a separate species. However careful consideration of colour, carapace markings and genita lia is needed to distinguish Ha b it a t a n d e co logy the two species. X cristatus occurs in almost every habitat type, but is shade intolerant and rare in woodlands and closed canopy habitats. Dist ribut ion Large numbers can be found in gras sland s and habitats which The species has a widespread but rather scattered distribution have undergone some degree of disturbance such as quarries in much of southern Britain, with a few scattered records nor th and agricultural fi elds. In grasslands , this spider exploits a to Invern ess-shire. It is a Palaearctic species widespread in fl exible hunting po sition either at the tips of vegetation or on western and central Europe. the ground surface. As a consequence, the diet is extremely varied and comprises flying insects, including bees and Ha b it at a nd e co logy butterfl ies, when positioned in fl ow er-heads, or ants, spiders X. audax is found on gorse and heather in heathland and and other soft bod ied prey wh en ambushing prey on the sometimes grassland, usually at higher levels in the vegetation ground (Nyff eler & Breene 1990). Immatures have been found than X cristatus. Adults of both sexes are found mainly in late ballooning, particularly between the months of July to spring and early summer, females persisting later. September (Freeman 1946). Adults have been recorded from February to December, with a male activity peak in May and Author of pr ofi le: D.R. Nellist l une (Merrett 1967; Bell 1999).

Autho r of pr ofi le: I R. Bell 3 54 [4306] T hom isidae: Xyn icus kochi [4305] T homisidae: Xyn icus erraticus

s o . o f / Oka ' oc cu r r en c es leo . of 101 ' o t c ar era s

0

42

tx. 0 8• •

8

0° °

200 100 150 80 60 100 • 40 50 20 0 I rl - • 1- 7— • 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us Stat us Local. Local.

Distribut ion Dist ribut ion The species has a widespread but patchy and scattered The species has a widespread but patchy and scattered distribution in Britain, mainly in the south. It is widespread in distribution in Britain. It is widespread in western and central western and central Europe as far north as southern Norway. Europe as far north as southern Norway.

Hab it at and ecology Habitat and ecology Locket and Millidge (1951) state the species occurs fairly Principally a grassland and heathland spider with a penchant commonly on bushes and in undergrowth. However habitat for shorter swards such as those found on grazed calcareous data available suggest the spider favours warm, dry conditions, grassland, upland base-rich flushes or disturbed sites such as provided by open and sparsely vegetated habitats such as quani es. This habitat distribution in Britain agrees well with ruderal habitats, dunes, vegetated shingle, under-cliff s, old sand that found in central Europe (see Hanggi et al. (1995)), and chalk pits, south facing scarps, chalk and drier parts of although it may also be found in forests. In Essex the spider is grazing marsh grasslands. Adults of both sexes are found only found in unimproved grassland or heathland (P.R. mainly in May and June, but females can sometimes survive Harvey, pen . comm.). Adults are recorded from March to into the autumn. October, with a single female recorded in January. Coleman ( 1977) shows one peak in male activity in September, whilst Author of profi le: P.R. Harvey Merrett ( 1967) shows peaks in June and September. Our data indicate two peaks, in the south in May and August/ September, and further north in A ugust and October.

A uthor of profi le: J.R. Bell 355 [4 307] T ho mis ida e : Xyst icus lanio [43 12] T hom isid a e : Xyst icus ulmi

No . o f 10km . occu rrences No . o f 101,42 occu rrences • 1980 onwards 78 198 0 0 1950 - 1979 23 + 1900 - 1949 X pre 1900 3

a

:00

7 • • s

• • ' • 4 .•• . • *

• . 8 •.*

15 80 10 60 40 5 20 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St a t us Local. The spider may be frequent in par ts of the south , but in Local, but the spider may be frequent, as in north and west some southern counties such as Essex, it is inexplicably rare Essex. Its absence in the southern and eastern parts of Essex, (P.R. Har vey, pers. comm.). the driest parts of Britain, may be the result of low rainfall and humidity. D ist rib ut io n The species is widespread in southern and eastern England, Dist ribut ion with scattered records in the south-west, Wales and the north. The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain It is widespread in western and central Europe. ma inly towards the east, becoming scattered in the west and north as far as central Scotland. How ever X. ulmi appears to be Ha bitat and e co logy genuinely absent in the extreme south -east of the country. It is The on ly member of the genus to be commonly found on widespread in western and central Europe. bushes or young trees in wood land, especially favouring young oaks. Adults of both sexes are found mainly between April and Ha bitat and e co logy June , occasionally later. The spider usually occurs on low vegetat ion and in the ground layer in damp situations, especially in marshes, fens, and Autho r of p rofile: D.R. Nel list rough grassland, but in North Essex it is also found in ditches alongside arable fields, hedge banks, roadside verges and woodland especially in open and coppiced areas. Juven iles are oft en found in ground litt er at the base of vegetation whereas adults are usually swept from herbage. Females guard their egg-sacs, usually near the tops of higher plants. Adults of both sexes are found mainly in May and June, females occas ionally into the autumn.

Au thor of Profile: P.R. Harvey 3 56 [4303] Thomisidae: X ysticus bifasciatus [4308] T hom isidae: Xysticus luctator

S o . o f 1 0 1c& o c c u r a n c e s SW. o f 10 1ca t o e • 19 8 0 cur ls 3 4 0 1 9 5 0 - 19 7 9 n • 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 7 x p r • 1 9 00 2

UI

2

• •0• •

8 St at us 6 Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2). Few individuals have been 4 found, and the spider appears to be very rare. 2 0 „ )1,11,11, 1 Distribut ion J F M A M J XI' A S O N D The species has been recorded only from Bloxworth Heath, Dorset (a single male in 1854 and a female soon after); Beaulieu Road Heath in the New Forest, South Hampshire Stat us (a male and female in 1958 and several times previously); High Scarce, but may be frequent at some sites. Standing Hill, Windsor Forest, Berkshire (a single female in 1978) and Whiteleaf Hill near Princes Risborough, Dist ribut ion Buckinghamshire (a single female in 1995). It is fairly The species is widely scattered in England, Wales and widespread in central and northern Europe. Scotland, but fairly widespread in southern central England. It is a Palaearctic species widespread in western and central Habitat and ecology Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland. X. luctatoris found in mature dry heathland, under dead wood among heather and beech litter, and amongst dead wood and Habit at and ecology leaf litter in beech woodland. Both sexes are adult in May. X bifasciatusis a large and robust spider and of the twelve British species in the genus it is only equalled in size by T hreats X luctator andX. robustus.It is found in low vegetation, under The grazing pressure, particularly from ponies, is too high in stones on warm grassy heaths, and on chalk grassland. A dults much of the New Forest for mature heath to develop. This is of both sexes are found in spring and early summer, females despite the fact that current grazing levels are much below that occasionally persisting into the autumn. allowed by the by-laws. However, in the long term a more serious threat is posed by the decline of grazing as the Aut hor of profile: D.R. Nellist population of the New Forest loses interest in exercising the commoners' rights to graze livestock. A marked lessening of the grazing pressure would allow scrub encroachment on the areas of heath. Bloxworth Heath has been largely lost to conifer forestry, only a small part of the original surviving as Morden Bog NNR.

A uthor of profile: P. Merrett 357 [4 3 I I] T ho misida e : Xyst icus sabulosus [4 309] T ho misidae : Xyst icus luct uosus

No . o f 10km . occ urren ces No . of 10/le, occ urren ces • 1980 onw ards 24 0 1950 - 197 9 26 + 1900 - 194 9 12 X pre 1900 1

0 0

•

4 3 3 2 2 • 1 1 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

S t at us St a t u s Uncomm on and very local, but Merrett ( 1967a) showed that it A rare spider. Although recorded from 16 counties, and can be the most abundant thomisid on southern English currently assigned a Nationally Scarce (Notable B) status, heathland. there are few recent records for this spider. It is possible that some of the old records refer to X acerbus, females of wh ich Dis t rib ut io n are very similar to X. luctuosus, but this would probably only The spe cies has a patchy and very scattered distr ibution in apply to southern records . England, Scotland and Wales. It is a Palaearctic species widespread in western and central Europe. Dist rib ut ion The species is widespread, but scattered. It is widespread in Ha b it a t a nd e co logy north-western and central Europe. A complex pattern ing conta ining much brown and black con fers good camoufl age for this species in its favoured habitat Habitat a nd e co lo gy on sand or gravel on heathland , although it has occasionally The spider occurs among low plants and on bushes in woods . been found on low heathlan d vegetation. It can be regarded as a Adu lts are found from May to Augu st. pioneer spe cies on burnt heath land, numbers rising to a high level in the fi rst two to three years aft er burning (Merrett Threa t s 1976) . It is the only membe r of the group in which mature The loss of woodland to intensive forestry, and clearance of specimens of both sexes may be found into the autumn and, understorey. indeed , female activity has been recorded from March through to December suggesting that egg-laying may be interrupted by Ma nage me nt winter and completed in the spring (Merrett I967a). Maintain low plants and the shrub layer in woodland .

Autho r of pr ofi le: D.R. Ne l list Author of profile: P. Merrett

3 5 8 [4 30 1] T hom isidae: Xysticus acerbus [43 10] Thom isidae: Xysticus robustus

No . of / OW occ ur r e nc es no . of 1 P a e pe e s • 1 9 8 0 o s sa r d s 1 0 1 9 5 0 - 19 7 9 6 • 1 9 00 - 19 4 9 3 s e r e 1 9 00 0

ch

Stat us St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable A). The spider appears to be very Nationally Scarce (Notable A). local, and at most sites only a few specimens have been found. It may be slightly under-recorded because it matures early in Dist r ibut ion the season. The species is confi ned to Dorset, the New Forest (Hampshire), and near Folkestone (Kent). It is widespread in Distribut ion western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, but has not There are scattered records in the south. The species is been recorded from Ireland. widespread in western and central Europe, but is absent from Scandinavia and has not been recorded from Ireland. Habit at and eco logy The spider occurs in dry heathland and coastal calcareous Habit at and eco logy grassland, usually in stony, sparsely vegetated areas among The spider occurs in a fairly wide range of grassland habitats, older, taller vegetation. Adults of both sexes are found from chalk or limestone grassland in Dorset, Hampshire and May to July. Somerset, short meadow grassland in Sussex and Glamorgan and sand dunes at Braunton Burrows (Devon). It has also T hreat s occasionally been found on heathland and coastal under-cliff in The loss of heatbland to agriculture, aff orestation and Dorset. Both sexes are adult in April and May. development. There is probably little threat to its coastal sites.

T hreat s Management Threats are diffi cult to assess because of its varied habitats, Maintain mixed age stmcture of heathland by rotational but the loss of unimproved grassland in general is likely to be management. Grazing is probably advantageous in its grassland detrimental. sites.

Ma nagement Aut hor of pr ofi le: P. Merrett Maintain unimproved calcareous and other grassland by grazing.

Aut hor of profile: P. Merrett

359 [4402] T hom isidae: Ozyptila blackwalli [4407] T homisidae: Ozypt ila scabr icula

St at us No . o f 10N7 ' o cc u r r enc es • 1980 onwar d s 2 Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is fairly common on 19 50 - 197 9 + 190 0 - 194 9 1 some of the Breckland heaths, but less frequent, and very %p r e 1900 0 local, on heaths in Dorset, Hampshire and Surrey.

Dist ribut ion The species is found mainly south-east of a line from the Wash to Dorset, but also in West Cornwall, Leicestershire, Pembrokeshire (Skomer) and mid-Wales. The more continental climate in East Anglia may favour this species, as in Europe it is confined to northern and central regions.

Habit at and ecology 0 . scabriculaoccurs mainly on dry, stony or sandy heathland with sparse vegetation cover, and also on coastal sand dunes in Norfolk where mobile sand formed 60% of the cover between marram tussocks. It probably has poor powers of dispersal, as it seems to occur mainly on heaths which are sparsely vegetated because of their soil characteristics rather than on recently burnt heathland. Adult males are found between March and May, and between August and October, females from Apr il to September.

T hreats The loss of heathland to agriculture, forestry and development.

Management Burning is probably not benefi cial for this species, although it cC? lives in open areas. Rotati onal management is, however, necessary on most heathlands to maintain all seral stages of heather, but is best confi ned to relatively small areas at a ti me.

Aut hor of profi le: P. Merrett St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider may be frequent in places along the south-west coast, but is local and never particularly numerous. It is scarce inland.

Dist ribut ion The species is mainly south-w estern and coastal in Britain. A n old Staff ordshire record seems rather doubtful. It is widespread in Europe.

Habit at and ecology 0 . blackwalli occurs under stones and in short grass, mainly near the coast, on cliff -tops and under-cliff. Elsewhere, it is scarce and probably mainly found on short calcareous grassland. Both sexes are adult from May to August, and females have also been taken in March.

T hreat s Possibly publi c pressure in a few places, but most sites are in places which are not suitable for cultivation.

Management Maintain open stony grassland on cliff tops and under-cl iff ; control scrub growth.

A uthor of profi le: P. Merrett

360 [4404] T hom isidae: Ozypt ila nigr it a

No . o f 10 1m1 o c c u r r e n c e s • 19 8 0 o n wa r d s 0 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 x pr e 19 0 0 0

‘-3 a

3 25 20 2 15 10 II 5 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The species is abundant on some calcareous grassland sites, but rather local.

Dist ribut ion The species is confi ned to southern England. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe as far north as Sweden, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and eco logy The spider occurs mainly on short calcareous chalk and limestone grassland, often in stony areas, and especially near the coast. It is also occasionally found on sand dunes. Males have been found adult from March to July, with a peak of activity in May and June, and again from August to October (although our data do not show this). Females have been found adult from March to September.

T hreat s The loss of calcareous grassland to agricultural improvement, and possibly public pressure at some coastal sites.

Ma nagem ent Maintain short calcareous grassland by grazing.

Author of pr ofile: P. Merrett 36 1 •

[44 10] T ho m isida e : Ozypt ila pullata [4406] Tho misida e : Or yptila sanctuaria

No . of 10km 3 occu rrence s No . o f 10 ' occurrence* • 1980 onwa rd s 1 • 1980 onw ards 75 0 1950 - 1979 0 0 1950 - 197 9 22 . 1900 - 1949 . 1900 - 194 9 X P r • 1900 X pre 1900 1

a

• • • • • 0

• + • 0

3 150 2 100 1 50

0 0 ar sr 1-51-0113- JL J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us At the known locality the pop ulation is stable. It might also be St a t us expe cted that 0 . p ullata will be found at sites with similar Local and generally rare, but the spider is commoner in the habitat in the south-east of England (e.g. the North and South south where it may be frequent in suitable habitat. Downs).

Dist rib ut io n Dist rib ut io n The only known British locality for this species is Upper The species is widespread but generally scattered from the Isle of Man, Nor th Wales and central England southwards. It is Great Culand quarry, Burham , Kent . On the continent, it is widespread in north-western Europe but absent from considered a scarce southern centr al and easter n European Scandinavia. species (Heimer & Nentwig 199 1).

Ha bit at a nd e co logy Ha bit a t a nd eco logy The single known site is a disused chalk quarry. The vegetation 0 . sanctuaria occurs in open situations where it can be swept is heavily rabbit-grazed and thus dominated by very short from herbage and undergrow th or found under stones and at scrub/grassland, although with some encroachment by more the base of vegetation. It has been recorded from chalk and acid robust shrubs. The locality is very open, unmanaged and has grassland, sea walls, lichen heath, roads ide verges, old sand and low anthropogenic disturbance (Bell 1999 ; Bell & Merrell chalk pits and under-cliffs. Males are found between August 2000). The species is found at ground level, par ticularly and December, but mainly in September and October. Females amongst grass roots. In continental Europe, Roberts ( 1998) have been recorded between February and December and can similarly records the hab itat of this species as calcareous probably be found at any time of year. grasslan d, especially amongst moss and grass tus socks at ground level. Specifi c details on the ecology of this species are Author of p rofile: P.R. Harvey limited but, in keeping with many other Ozyptila species, adults appear to reach a peak in June and July.

Au thor of pr ofi le: D. Bell 362 [44 09 Th o m isid a e : Ozyp t ila p r a ticola [44 09 ] Th o misidae : Ozypt ila trux

no . o f 10k n . occu rr en c es TA f 10' oc cu rr e nc es 0 19 20 onw a rd s 169 • -1900 ora rds 40 2 0 19 50 - 19 79 12 0 19 50 - 197 9 93 + 19 00 - 19 49 17 + 19 00 - 194 9 32 X Pre 190 0 0 x pre 19 00

"oe ,04 : e e • :far •a 00

• * O- M O. • : •

• •44 • • . 1- • a...... • : 0 : 00 . c I. . .9 : 1 '.- - ' .,:• : • : O C g • : • • . .:: • " .2::* . •• 7* • • •...... • . 1 • c °.: i °. *: • 0.

0

50 150 40 30 100 20 50 10 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at u s St a t u s Local. Local, but more common in th e north and west.

Dist rib u t io n Dist ribut io n The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain as far The species is widespread, but scattered in much of Britain. It north as Nor thumberland, but with few records in the west. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe . is widespread in north-western and central Europe Habit at a nd e co logy Habitat a nd e co logy 0 . tilts has a wide habitat niche, occurring in all types of wet A species that occurs in the litter zone in a variety of habitats and dry grassland, heath and woodland, from sea level to including woodland , grassland, parks and gardens and even 350 m in Kirkcudbrightshire (J. Newton, pers. comm.). disturbed areas such as quarries. In highly structured habitats Although Merrett ( 1967) recorded adults from May to the spider is able to climb to the lower branches of trees and September, there is some suggestion that this spider may be may also be found under bark. Crocker & Daws ( 1996) found similar in phenology to 0 . atomaria with adults throughout adults between April to November with a peak in male and the year (Roberts 1995). The spider may spend much of the female activity in June. Our data show adults recorded season inactive or within the upper zone of the vegetation thus throughout the year, but with one peak building from April to avoiding capture. Our data show adults have been recorded June and a sma ller peak building from July to September. throughout the year, with males fib m February to November, but mainly in May, June and Ju ly. Author of pr ofil e: J.R. Bell Au tho r of pr ofile: J.R. Bell

363 [4408] T ho mis ida e : Ozypt ila simp lex [4401] T ho m isidae : Oxypt ila ot oma r lo

No . of 10km , occu rre nces No . of 10km , occurrences • 1980 onw ard s 68 0 1950 - 197 9 17 + 1900 - 1949 x pre 1900

-0 0 • • •

rr" S ri

C .

• 0

f/°0 8 . • • • • 4. • • ••••• • a. • •

• • • • • .... • 0 0 0 . • 855+5. 0 • 0:..

150 60 100 40

50 20

0 t rar rac ar c- 0 rr•rsk J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St a t us Sta t us Local. Local but the spider may be frequent near the coast in the south-east . Dist ribut io n The species has a widespread but patchy and scattered Dist r ib u t io n distr ibution across most of Britain. It is widesp read in western The species has a scattered and patchy distr ibut ion in the and central Europ e. southern half of Brita in as far north as Anglesey, with one old record for East Lothian in Scotland. It is widesp read in Ha bitat a nd e co logy western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from 0 . atomaria lives within the litt er layer of grasslands and Scandinavia or Ireland . heathlands, ambushing soft bodied prey. The spider seems to prefer mo re mature heathland (Merrett 1976) or limestone grassland (Bell 1999) rather than more disturbed sites. In the Ha bit at an d e co lo g y north many records are assoc iated with stony habitats, where A species associated with sand-hills, coastal gras slands, the spider occurs under stones (J. Newton, pers. comm.) . Both estuarine habitats and occasionally inland grassland habitats. In sexes may be more nocturnal than diurnal and active even central Europe, this sp ider may also be found in fens and reed- under snow (Aitchison 1980). Egg-sacs are attached to the beds (Hanggi et al. 1995). Adults of both sexes are found ground and are guarded by the female who sits over them mainly from May to July, females occasionally into the (Bristowe 1958). Adults have been recorded in every month of autumn and winter. the year with two peaks in the male activity, the fi rst in spring (April-May) and th e second in late summer (August- Author of p r ofil e: J.R. Bell September) (Merrett 1967; Bell 1999). Our data show males recorded for most of the year, but mainly between March and May and in September and October.

Aut hor of pr ofile: J.R. Bell

364 •

[4403] Tho m isidae : Ozypt ila bre vipes [4803] Sa lt icida e : Safticus scenicus

No . o f 10k m ' occ ur ren ces No . o f 10 ' OC CU ET !LS 0 19 80 on wa rd s 54 7 • 19 50 on wa rds 74 0 19 50 - 19 79 15 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 60 . 19 00 - 19 49 14 . 19 00 - 19 49 25 x pr e 19 00 13 S ore /90 0

0.: • • : ...

• • • • • • • • 0 0 e ll OS 0 : 0 9 0 t , e 9 1 : 0 6 Q • • • : 0 : • • " : ° : • • • I NM 0 + • • • •••• • • • • • 0 0 •1.1 . P. • • • 0 0 S OO . 0 * i •0 o • X • • • • . • • • • : • : • • I • • • am. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • • • O • • • • • •

• 0 • 0 0 0 0 • • n a • 0 0 0 0 60 0 • • •• •• • • MD O . 1 • • 0 • . o e • O D 100 6 0 0 • . .". .2. . • 0 0 • _ r •

20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 arc' cara-r—r—r J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at u s St at us LocaL Com mon in southern Britain but becoming scarce in Scotland.

Dist r ib u t io n Dist ribut ion The species has a widespread but rather scattered distribution The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain, as far north as Northumberland , but mainly in the south and becoming more scattered in the north. It is widespread in east. It is widespread in nor th-western and central Europe. western and central Europe.

Habitat and e co logy Ha b it a t a nd e co log y 0 . brevipes appears to be only found with any frequency in This is an easily recognised spider found on sunn y walls and fens, such as Wicken Fen in Cambr idgeshire, and marshy fences in rural and built-up areas but also indoors usually near places including coasts. It is also found in heathlands, a window. It is also found in more natural open habitats, on grasslands and other drier habitats, and is well established on rocks, shingle and occasionally tree trunks such as oak in open limestone grassland and on gorse in the east of Leicestershire situations. The spider has been found in pine wo odland, swept (J. Daws, Pers. comm .). Adults have been recorded between from heather and sometimes occurs at higher elevations. February and November, but mainly between May and July. Totally melanin forms have been described from industrially polluted areas (Mackie 1964). As with all Salticidae the spider Author of profi le: J.R. Bell has good vision and the enlarged chelicerae in the males, easily seen by the females, play a role during courtship. Males are found mainly in May and June, females between May and July, but adults have occasionally been recorded into the autum n and even winter.

Aut hor s of profi le: P.R. Harvey and D. Nellist using information from C. Geddes, W. Rixom, A. Russell-Smith, H. Williams (pers. comms.). 36 5 [480 1] Salt icidae: Salticus cingulatus [4804] Salt icidae: Salticus zebraneus

St atus No . o f 10 k m, oc cu r r e n c e s Nationally Scarce (Notable A). The spider may be numerous in favourable conditions, but is more oft en found as singletons or in small numbers. Records in Essex indicate that the species, wh ilst rare, may be over-looked and hence more widespread in southern England than present records suggest.

Dist ribut ion • Formerly only known from seven sites in Hampsh ire, Sussex, r• eg Surrey and Kent (Merrett 1990), the species is now recorded • from a number of new sites in Essex, Berkshire, Hertfordshire (and London) and Worcestershire. It is widespread in western a and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland. Habitat and ecology Although described as mainly found on the trunks of pine • •• trees (Roberts 1995) many recent records are from old oak

0 0 trunks at the edge of anc ient wood land, in pasture woodland . • S . and hedgerows and on old willow trunks. The spider has also • • been found on an old oak trunk between arable fi elds in South or s ...... x. . • 0 Essex and on an old oak trunk in parkland converted to arable . • • • u . . in Worcestershire (Alexander 1995). It has even been found on 4, 2 a number of occasions on an old lime tr unk in a suburban . ' • 5 . . . . • . . . garden at Surbiton, Surrey originally part of an old estate. The spider is very well camoufl aged and can rap idly hide in . + 2 . • . WO fi ssures and crevices or under loose bark. The texture and structure of the bark is probably more important than the 0 0 •• particular type of tree and all old trunks with fi ssured bark are • •••I worth investigation. The spider is most easily seen when it moves around on the sur face of bark in sunshine. Adults of both sexes have been foun d between late April and the third week of July with most records in June.

20 T hreats 15 Most records have been from mature tr ees in open woodland 10 habitat or at the edge of clearings. Lack of management 5 resu lting in the closure of open woodland and the loss of old trees and ancient wood land are almost certainly detrimental to 0 this species. Spray drift from the use of pesticides on crops is J F M A M J JY A S O N D likely to aff ect the survival of this spider, as well as many other invertebrates, where old oak trees occur in land St at us converted to arable or in old hedgerows adj acent to amble Local. The spider may be frequent in suitable habitat. It is fi elds. inexplicably rare in some parts of the coun try such as Essex. Management D ist ribut ion Open surroundings and the presence of old tree trunks The species is widely distr ibuted in Brita in, but with few expo sed to the sun are likely to be important. Management should reta in open surround ings by rotational cutting records in the west, south-east and large areas of the north. It of is widespread in western and centr al Europe. woodland ride vegetation, periodic control of scrub and tree invasion and light graz ing in woodland pasture. The retention of wide fi eld edges and headlands should be encouraged to help Habit at and ecology maintain a diverse inverteb rate fauna and reduce the eff ects of S. cingulatusoccurs on old tree trunks and fence palings in spray drift . sunny situations in or near woodland, fens and heathland where it may be fr equent on pines. Males are found in May Aut hor of profi le: P.R. Harvey and June, females mainly between May and July, but occasionally persisting into the autumn .

Author of pr ofil e: P.R. Harvey

36 6 [4902] Salt icidae: Heliophanus cupr eus

No . o f 10 k m e w e s So . o f 1 0k m ° c on t r a :Ic es • 19 8 0 o nw a r d s 20 • 1 98 0 c owa r d s 19 2 0 19 5 0 - 1 97 9 0 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 3 9 + 19 0 0 - 1 94 9 4 + 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 1 5 /co r e 19 0 0 0 x p r e 19 0 0 4

a so

0

0 . 0 0 • • • • I S 0 0 0 0 0 5 007

SO S .

12 80 10 60 6 40 4 20 2 0 r r , I 1 I 0 r a r- J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us Local. In northern Britain it is more common along the coast (J. Newton, pers. comm.).

Distribut ion The species is widely distributed as far north as central Scotland but it is absent or very scattered in many parts of the country. It is widespread in western and central Europe.

Habitat and ecology A species collected from a wide variety of habitats including woodlands, grasslands, raised bogs, coastal cliff s, shingle beaches and wastelands and other disturbed habitats such as quarries. In these varied habitats, it is commonly found in the drier parts, occasionally seen active on the surface but more commonly within litt er. In northern Britain the species seems to need sunny conditions (J. Newton, pers. comm.). During a resting period, this spider may be found in a silken cell placed under stones or in littet Adults of both sexes are found mainly in May, June and July, females persisting occasionally into the autumn.

A uthor of profile: JR . Bell

367 [4903] Salt icidae: Heliophanus flavipes [ 490 1] Salt icidae: Heliophanus aur at us

St at us No . o f 10k m. oc cu r r en c e s Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2). The spider was found in some numbers in 1961 at Colne Point, although it has not been re- found there despite extensive fi eldwork. At Steeple Creek the spider was present in numbers on a small area of shingle. Its status at Arne is unknown.

Dist r ib u t io n In Britain the species was known only from Essex unti l it was discovered at Arne in Dorset in 1999 (Dawson 2000). It was fi rst recorded in 1961 at Colne Point, North Essex, and then in 1987 it was found at Shinglehead Point, North Essex, and Steeple Creek, South Essex, both on the Blackwater Estuary. The species is widespread in central and southern Europe.

Habit at and ecology In Britain H.auratushas been found among sparse vegetation • • • • on shingle, j ust below the line of the spring tide litter. The • • .0 Arne site consists of a narrow sparsely vegetated shingle strip between saltmarsh and Poole Harbour (I . Dawson, pers. • • n a comm.) and similarly at Steeple Creek the spider occurred on a 0 • • % . • narrow str ip of shingle below the sea wall adj acent to 0 saltmarsh and the tidal river. The spider can be seen running on 11 • shingle during periods of sunshine. Both sexes are adult in June • and males have been found in early July.

• • . ...a e ." . .. ma . 3 ) r r T hreat s • The Blackwater sites consisted of a shingle strip and a shell bank, both adj acent to the sea wall . Construction and maintenance of sea defences frequently destroy the strip of habitat in front of the sea wall, so, where possible, work should be carried out from the landward side of the existi ng bank. 80 Author of pr ofile: P.R. Harvey using information from 60 Merrett (in Bratton 1991). 40 20 [It J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us Local. In north-western England it is more common along the coast (J. Newton, pers. comm.).

Dist r ib u t io n The species is widespread in much of the southern half of Britain and central eastern Scotland, but very scattered or absent in upland areas and much of the north.

Habitat and ecology The habitat of this spider is very simi lar to that of H. cupreus. It may occur in the fi eld and shrub layer and on lower branches of trees, where it can be collected by sweeping and beating respectively (J. Daws, pen . comm.). Like H.cupreus,in northern Br itain the species seems to need sunny conditions (J. Newton, pers. comm.). A dditionally, H. f lavipeshas been found in a Malaise trap, which indicates aerial dispersal (Crocker & Daws 1996). Adults of both sexes are found mainly in May, June and July, females occasionally persisti ng into September and on one occasion December.

A uthor of pr ofile: J.R. Bell

368 [ 4905] Salt icidae: Heliophanus dampf i

l b . o f 1 0 k e . o c c u r r e nc e s No . o f 1 0 4 4 , o c c u r e a c • 1 9 0 0 a w a r d s 1 9 8 0 = wa r d s 3 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 2 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 . 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 . 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 x p r e 1 9 0 0 x p r e 1 9 0 0 a 4

W

5 St at us 4 Insuffi ciently Known (RDBK). 3 2 1 D ist r ibut ion The discovery of this spider in Britain was made in September J F M A M J JY A S O N D 1989 at Cors Fochno, an estuarine raised bog in Cardiganshire (Williams 1991). Subsequently specimens of this species were taken at Flanders Moss and Ochtertyre M oss in Perthshire, both raised bogs (Stewart 1993). In Europe it has been recorded from France, Belgium, Norway, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic and Poland.

Habitat and ecology dampfi is apparently found only on raised bogs throughout its range. On these the usual habitat in Europe isMolinia and Eriophorum (Bratton 1991). The Welsh specimens were pitf all trapped in low, dense Myrica, Erica tetra& and Eri ophorum. On the Scottish sites pitfall trapping proved to be much less successful than sweeping and shaking out in obtaining specimens. Adult spiders appear to prefer the taller vegetati on such as saplings of Scots pine and birch as well as clumps of Myrica and Vaccinium. Immature specimens were found at lower level in heathet Adult females are found from April to July, males in June and July.

A ut hor of profile: J A Stewart

369 [500 1] Salt icidae: M arpissa muscosa [ 5003] Salt icidae: M arpissa radiat o

St at us No . o f / Oka + oc c ur r enc e s Nationally Scarce (Notable A). Marp issa radiate is widespread and fairly common in the fens of East Anglia, but apparently absent from some areas that seem suitable.

Dist ribut ion Although this species is almost confi ned to the fenland areas of Norfolk , Suff olk and Carnbridgeshire, it has also been recorded from Shapwick Heath (Somerset), marshes east of Swansea (West Glamorgan) and there is an old record from Dorset. In Europe it is widespread but rather local in wet habitats generally, rather than being confined to fens.

Habitat and ecology Generally a species which is found in open fens, where females spin a cocoon in heads of Phragmites. It is also found among lower vegetation. Adults are most abundant in May and June, but a female has been collected from litter at Chippenham Fen in October (D. Carr, pers. comm.).

T hreats The most signifi cant threat is loss of open fens through drainage or invasion of scrub vegetati on.

Manage me nt Management to maintain open Phragmites beds by controlling scrub growth and maintenance of a sur face water table are necessary. Traditional reed-bed management should be encouraged where possible.

Aut hor of profile: P. Merrett

4 3 2 1 0 r r J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us Nati onally Scarce (Notable B). The species is common on dry- stone walls in south-east Dorset and frequent in some areas in the south-east of England. Elsewhere it is local and generally rather uncommon

D ist ribut ion The species is widespread in south-eastern England, with a few scattered records further west and north. It is widespread in north-w estern and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habitat and ecology The spider occurs mostly under loose bark on tr ees, on paling fences, posts, hop poles, etc, but in south-east Dorset it is common under flat stones on the tops of dry-stone walls. Adults of both sexes are found from April to September, and females possibly most of the year.

A ut hor of pr ofi le: P. Merrett

370 [50 02] Sa lt icida e : Morp isso n ivoyi

so. a 101on. occur r ence s

E Q

St at us 8 Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is local and never 6 particularly common. 4 2 Dist r ib ut ion 0 The species is restricted to England and Wales, where it is J F M A M J JY A S O N D widespread on sand dunes. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe as far north as Denmark.

Habitat a nd eco logy M. nivoyi occurs mainly on coastal sand dunes among marram , occas ionally in inland marshes, and once on dry burnt heathland at Ashdown Forest (Sussex). The spider is long and thin, and runs along marram stems. Males have been found from April to September and females most of the year.

Thre at s Possibly public pressure and holiday development at some sites.

Ma na ge m e nt Control erosion of sand dunes.

Au th or of pr ofi le: P. Merrett

37 1 [S 10 1] Sa lt icid ae : Bianor aurocin ct us

St a t u s

Nat ionally Scarce (Notable A). The spider is very local, but No . o f 10 5an• o c c u r r e n c e s • 1 98 0 on wa r ds 2 2 probably most frequent in the East Thames Corridor. 19 5 0 - 19 7 9 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 5 x p r e 1 9 00 0 Dis t rib ut io n Most records are from the south-eastern part of England. Otherw ise the species has a widely scattered and very local distribut ion, recorded from the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire and from Lancashire, Dunbartonshire (Merrett 4 1990), War wickshire (Merrett I9 95a), Hatfi eld Moors in Yorkshire (Wilson 2000) and Lincolnshire. It is widespread in western and central Europe as far north as southern Norway, but has no t been recorded from Ireland or Sweden.

Habit at a nd e co logy B. aurocinctusdoes not appear to be restr icted to any particular habitat type apart from a need for dry sparsely vegetated ground. It occurs in a variety of habitats, but always among short vegetation (heather or grass) or in stony areas. Old sand and cha lk quarries, post-industrial sites and unimpro ved Thames Terrace grasslands all provide suitable habitat in the East Thames Corridor, where the climate is un ique in Britain for its low rainfall, high summer temperatures and mild winters. Adults of both sexes have been found from spr ing to ear ly autumn, but mainly in June.

Thre ats t • There is enormous development pressure on all open space in 0 the East Thames Corridor, where the 'Thames Gateway' initiative threatens wildlife habitats and 'brown fi eld' sites are especially vu lnerable. Amenity management, the 'tidy ing up ' of habitats and the landscaping and loss of open areas to tree plant ing all represent threats to the habitat of this and many other sp ecies found in the region. Other threats include thn loss of cha lk grassland to agriculture at some sites and the loss 15 of sparsely vegetated habitats to succession. 10

Manag e m e nt 5 Open sunny habitats need to be mainta ined by grazing or the 0 r t . rr a period ic contr ol of scrub and tree invas ion. Occas ional J F M A M J JY A S O N D disturban ce to expose areas of bare ground is likely to be benefi cial.

Author of profile: P.R. Harvey

3 72 [5 20 1] Salt icida e: Ba Ilus chalybeius [5 30 1] Sa lt icidae : Neon ret ic ulatus

Mo . o f 10ka , occur re n ce s No . o f 10k a . oc cu r es 6 19 80 on wa rds 60 4 19 40 ccea rd s 22 9 0 19 50 - 19 79 6 0 19 50 - 2979 72 . 19 00 - 194 9 4 . 19 00 - 19 49 37 s ore 19 00 % pr e 19 00 7

ae:

9 . (43:

0 •

• • 0 0 4 • • I ° 0 0 •

60

40 25 30 20 15 20 10 $10 -11 0 50 11 1 11 . 7-1r . J F M A M J JY A S 0 , N 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

St at us St a t u s Local, but the spider may be abundant where found. The spider is rather local. Dist ribut ion Dist ribut io n The species is scattered and widespread throughout most of The species is widespread in south-eastern England, but Britain. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe. oth erwise has a scattered distribution in southern Brita in, including Leicestersh ire (Crocker & Daws 1996), with old Ha b it at a nd ecology records for Durham. It is widespread in western and cen tral There are two distinct habitats for this species; either in leaf- Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland. litter (oft en quite dry) in woodland, or within moss in open, damp, boggy habitats . It has also been recorded in bracken Hab itat a nd ecology litter, on and under stones in grassland and on the beach. It B. chalybeius favours a wood land habitat where it spins a ascends to 350 m in mid-west Yorkshire New ton, pers. retreat on the upper surface of leaves of bushes and young comm .). Its small size may make it diffi cult to see, especially trees, particularly oak. Adults are found mainly from late in the woodland situations, but the pattern ing is visible if the spring to mid-summer. light is good enough. Adult females have been found throughout the year, and adult males from April to October, Autho r of p r ofile: E.L. Bee but th e peak is spr ing to mid-summer.

Au thor of profile: W.3. Partr idg e

373 [5304 ] Salt icidae: Neon robust us

St at us Insufficient ly Known (RDBK ). The spider appears to be No . o f 1 0ka . oc c ur r e n c e s • 19 8 0 o nwa r d s 10 locally abundant within its ecological niche. 0 19 5 0 - 19 79 + 1 9 00 - 1 94 9 %Or e 19 0 0 Dist ribut ion As a result of past confusion with Neon reticulatus, N. robustus was only recognised as part of the Briti sh fauna in 1997, but has now been recorded at several widely scattered locations from the south-east of Scotland, through Wales to the south-eastern coast of England (Snazell et al. 1999; Gallon 20006; Dawson 2000; M arriott 2000) and is li kely to turn out to be more widespread. This northern European species is otherwise known only fr om Ireland, Denmark, southern Sweden and Finland (Snazell et al. 1999).

Habit at and ecology N. robustus is a thermophilous species inhabiting open patches of scree, oft en on sheltered south-west facing slopes (Snazell et al. 1999). A t coastal sites N. robustus has been found on shingle beaches (M arriott 2000), amongst loose piles of rock (Dawson 2000) and amongst scree (Gallon 2000). In Snowdonia N. robustus frequents montane screes and has been found at altitudes between 600 and 715 m. This salticid spider is also known to inhabit stone walls in southern Sweden (Snazell et al. 1999). Records throughout this spider 's European range indicate that females are mature between April and October and males during May and June (Snazell et al. 1999). The few Brit ish records of adult males indicate maturity for a longer period, from April to August. <0 A ut hor of pr ofile: R.C. Gallon

4 3 2

J F M A M J JV A S O N D

374 [5302] Salt icidae: Neon valentulus

Sta t us Nationally Vulnerable (RDB2). The spider is reported No . o f 10 )¢ 0 o c c ur r e ac e s • 1 9 80 o nwa r ds 2 regularly at Wicken and Chippenham Fens, Cambridgeshire 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 3 + 19 00 - 19 4 9 1 and Foulden Common, West Norfolk where it may be not x pr e 19 00 uncommon.

Distribut ion This species is restricted to a few fenland sites in a relatively small area of East Anglia. There are records from Cambridgeshire (Wicken and Chippenham Fens), West Norfolk (Foulden Common), East Norfolk (Roydon Fen), West Suff olk (Pashford Peers Fen) and East Suff olk (Redgrave Fen). An early record from Essex (Hull 1948) is unlikely and a record from Box Hill (Surrey) has proved on re-examination to be N. reticulatus. In Europe the species has been recorded from France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Romania and Poland.

Habit at and ecology The spider is found in grass and moss in sedge fens. At Redgrave Fen it has also been recorded in Molinia, Cladium and Juncus. Adults are normally found in May and June but females were taken at the end of July at Roydon Fen.

T hreat s All the sites at which this spider has been recorded are either National or Local Nature Reserves and four (Wicken Fen, Pashford Poen Fen, Redgrnve Fen and Foulden Common) are SSSIs. As with other fenland species, drainage of the East Anglian fens for agriculture has lowered the water table over a wide area. This, together with water abstraction for irrigation and public water supplies has decreased flows of water from springs on which many of the valley fens in the area depend. At many of these sites, drying out of soils has been accompanied by invasion of open fen communities by willow and birch scrub and, eventually conversion to can woodland.

Managem ent At Wicken, Chippenham and Redgrave Fens, the hydrology of the sites is being manipulated in an eff ort to maintain high water tables. At these sites, revival of sedge cutting has begun to reverse the encroachment of scrub and can woodland onto open fen communities. While one solution might be to divert water from fenland rivers onto sites, the high nutrient load of these rivers (derived from agricultural fertilizers) can cause problems of eutrophication of soils and consequent changes to the vegetation.

Author of pr ofile: P. Merrett

375 [5303] Salt icidae: Neon Mew s ?

Stat us

The status of N. p ictus in Britain is not yet fully established No . o f 10 1m5 . o c c ur r e nc e s • 19 8 0 o nwar ds 2 but at the two known sites the population appears to be 0 1 9 5 0 - 19 7 9 0 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 0 stable. Specimens correspond to the species usually descr ibed x p r e 19 00 as Neon levis (Simon, 187 1) in northern Europe, but males are diff erent from specimens of levis from Corsica, the type locality and probably correspond to N. p ictus from Central Europe (M errett & Murphy, 2000).

Dist ribut ion N. p ictus was fi rst recorded in Britain in May 1998 on coastal vegetated sh ingle at Rye Harbour SSSI, East Sussex . The spider has been found regu larly since in small numbers throughout the area . It was subsequently discovered in Jun e 1999 on a closely similar site at Dungeness SSSI, East Kent. Here it has been recorded in small numbers in both 1999 and 2000. This rather inconspicuous species may occur on shingle elsewhere in southern Britain. It is widespread in southern and eastern Europe, found from France and Italy eastwards to the Czech republic, Rom ania and Greece. This species closely resembles th e non-British species Neon levis (Simon, 187 1) and the two may well have been confused in the literature.

Habitat and ecology At Rye Harbour, this species appears to be restricted to areas of either completely bare or sparsely vegetated shingle from near the shoreline to over one mile inland, where it occurs on disturbed areas of very old shingle ridges. The species has been found fro m May to October with adults between May and Aug ust. On ly a single mature male has been found at Rye, in June 1999. At Rye, N. p ictus occurs together with Salticus scen icus, Pseudoeuop hry s obsoleta and Sitticus inexpectus. At Dungeness, the species has been taken from the fi rst to the sixth shing le ridge fr om the shoreline at Lydd and occurs in 5 both areas of almost bare shingle near the shore and those with 4 very sparse grass land 3 of Arrhenatherurn elatius occurring 2 slightly fur ther inland. Adults have been taken between April and August, with males present from May to July on ly. , N. p ictus is found together with Salticus scenicus, J F M A M J JY A S O N D Pseudoeuop hrys obs oleta, Euop hrys f rontalis, Pellenes tripunctatus and Phleg raf asciata at Dungeness.

T hreat s Rye Harbour is an SSSI and part lies in a LNR. Dun geness is an SSSI part of which lies within an RSPB reserve. This species has been discovered too recently in Britain to be certa in what threats it faces. However, parts of the Dungeness area have been severely damaged by gravel extraction and if this spider occurs outside the SSSI this could still represent a potent ial threat. Desp ite the high level of public recreational pressure on th e immediate area in which it is known to occur at Lydd, there is no eviden ce as yet that this is aff ecting the N. p ictus population.

Management As with other species restr icted to shingle habitats, protection from disturbance of shingle due to extraction, bu ilding and recreation (particularly motor sports) is essential.

Aut ho r s of p rofi le: k R. Russell-Smith and A. Phillips

3 76 [54 04] Salt icid a e : Euophr ys front alis [54 0 5] Sa lt icid ae : Euophrys herbigrado

So . o f 1 o s a . oca rreaces b . o f / Oka . o c c u r r en c e s • 1 9 8 0 o nw a r d s 5 2 0 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 7 3 . 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 2 2 s o n g 1 9 00 2 1

ci

rid.

• • 0 0 . 0 . • •

: :U d e

e x . * 0 • • • • woo Oe n • • 0 0 • : : o • I. • • • • o tt a.

g • : • • • • : . 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 • • • • • ••• • e• • . 0 • • • OO OO 0 00 • P t : ••• •• P e n r . : 0 0 • • • • •• . • • a Sr . . " • •• — o_

250 4 200 3 150 2 100

I L s J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us St a t u s Nationally Scarce (Notable A). This species may be under Com mon in the south. recorded in the south west of England as females can be easily confused with E. frontalis. Merrett ( 1995b) shou ld be consulted for reliable diagnostic features. Dist ribut io n The species is widespread in the southern half of Britain, with Dist ribut io n mainly coastal records further north . It is widespread in The spider has been recorded from a scatter of sites along the western and central Europe. south coasts of Cornwall, Devon and Dorset. Its distribution suggests that it is sensitive to frost, and it seems unlikely that Habita t and e co logy it would be found east of the Isle of Wight, or further north in As in central Europe (see Fli nggi et al. ( 1995)), this spider England. A single female recorded at Freshfield, Lancashire by does not seem to have a well-defined habitat niche in Britain, Mack ie ( 1962) is now thought probably a misidentifi cation although it seems particularly abundant in grasslands and (Merrett I 995b). Specimens recorded from Or fordness, Kent, heaths. E. fr ontally has a rather catholic diet, which may Suffolk, Sussex and Middlesex were found on re-exam ination include insect eggs. It is only caught during the day. Males can to be E. frontalis and two records from northern Eng land are extremely doubtful (P. Merrett, pers. comm.). These records be observed acting out their complex courtship which involves have not been mapped. In Europe the centre of distribution is behavioural cues using both their legs and palps (Bristowe around the western Mediterranean but extends up the French E. frontalis may be found 1929, 1958). Dur ing a resting period, coast as far as Brittany and the Channel Islands. in a silken cell placed under stones or in litter. Females guard the egg-sacs which contain around 20 eggs each (Bristowe Ha bit a t a nd eco logy 1958). Adults of both sexes have been recorded between April E. herbigrada has been collected on dry, sunny slopes or cliff - and October, but mainly in May. June and July with females tops within a few hundred metres of the sea, from am ong grass occasionally persisting into the autumn and winter. and heather and also under stones. Adults have been recorded between April and June, and in September. Au thor of p rofile: J.R. Bell Author of profi le: P. Smithers, using information from Merrett ( 1990) and Roberts ( 1995). 377 [5403] Salt icldae: Pseudeuophrys erratica [5406] Salticidae: Pseudeuophrys lanigera

N o . o f 101N 1 2 oc cu rr en ce s No . o f 10 km . oc cu rr en ce s • 19 8 0 onw a rd s 37 • 19 80 on wa rd s 79 0 19 5 0 - 19 79 17 0 19 50 - 19 79 23 + 19 00 - 19 49 15 + 19 00 - 19 4 9 3 x p re 19 00 6 x p re 19 00 0

(Se Cl e a t

•

• f tg

0 ••

10 12 8 10 6 8 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St atus St at us Local. The spider is local, and seems to be more common in the north. Dist ribut ion The species is widespread in much of England, with a few D ist ribut ion records in Wales and Scotland and is apparently spreading north, probably partly assisted by man . It is widespread in The species is widely but locally distributed in western and western and central Europe as far north as Denmark. nor ther n Britain. It is rare or absent from most of southern and eastern England. It is widespread in western and central Habitat and ecology Europ e, but has not been recorded from the Netherlands . This species was fi rst recorded in Devon in 1930 and since that time has spread rapidly northwards (Merrett 1979). Habitat and ecology lanigera is strongly associated with man, and is one of the P erratica occurs on walls and amongst stones. In few spiders that is characteristic of roofs and walls of Leicestershire it has been found in rugged heathlan d, scrubby buildings . It may be found away from this habitat, in acid grassland and ancient deer parks with over-mature oak woodlands for examp le, but these records are rare. The spider trees, in each case with bracken a dominant feature of the has been observed using a drop-and-swing behaviour (pers. habitat . The spiders have been ob served stalking prey on rock obs .), wh ich is successfully used by other species to become surfaces and on an oak stump in br ight sunshine, and they airborne. An aeronautic habit would explain, in part, its have also been collected from dead wood and under bark of old successful migration from Devon northwards to Scotland. Due oak trees, under stones and in leaf litter (Crocker & Daw s to the favourably warm microclimate provided by central 1996) . Adu lts of both sexes are found from late spring to late heating in houses, the spiders seem to continua lly produce summer, but mainly in May and Jun e, with females young year-round (Clarke 1972). Adult females can be found occasionally recorded into the autunm . in all months, but males may not survive the winter.

Author of pr ofile: P.R. Har vey Author of pr ofile: J.R. Bell

378 [5402] Salt icidae: Pseudeuophrys obsolet o [5407] Salt icidae: Talavera petrensis

o f 10km . ocatrrances No . o f 101a . occurrence s • 1980 onw ards 8 0 0950 - 1979 16 • 1900 - 1949 4 x pr• 1900 2

a 4;

25 5 20 4 15 3 10 2 r m i 5 i 1 0 1- -r— ra J am," 0 J FMAMJJYASOND J F M A M J JY A S O N D Stat us Stat us Nationally Rare (RDB3). The spider is numerous at some Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is common on some sites, for example Bradwell, Colne Point and Shingle Street. heathland sites, but rather local. Dist ribut ion Dist r ibut ion Apart from an old record from Cumberland, and recent records from Apparently restr icted to shingle beaches in the south-east, the North Yorkshire, Rum and Wigtownshire, the species is confi ned to species has been recorded from Blalceney Point, East Norfolk the south of England. It is widespread in western and central (not mapped); Orford Beach and Shingle Street, East Suff olk; Europe. Colne Point and Walton Naze, North Essex; Bradwell, South Essex; Lydd Ranges and near Faversham, East Kent; and Rye Habit at and ecology Harbour, East Sussex, all since 1953. T petrensisoccurs on chy heathland, reaching highest densities between about 7 and 12 years after fi re. It may colonise small burnt areas in the first year or two, but may take 4 or 5 years to become Habit at and ecology established on large burnt areas where there is not an adj acent source P occurs among tide litter, in empty whelk shells and obsoleta of immigrants, suggesting that its powers of dispersal are rather in the open on shingle. Adults of both sexes are found from poor. It is usually seen active in sunshine on bare stony areas, but is April to June and from August to October. also able to live among older heather. The spider is also found under stones on mountains in the north. Males are adult from late April to T hreat s July with a peak of activity in late May and early June, females are Public pressure, causing erosion by trampling, may degrade its adult from late March to September. sites and holiday development may be a threat outside nature T hreat s reserves. The use of vehicles on shingle, as at Lydd Ranges, The loss of heathland to agriculture, aff orestation and development. causes irreversible disruption to the habitat. Shingle erosion This species appears to be slow to spread to large expanses of burnt and oestrogen-mimicki ng chemicals that could aff ect whelk heathland. populations may also be threats (M. Shardlow, pers. comm.). Ma nagement Aut hor of profi le: P. Merrett Maintain all seml stages of heather by rotational management.

A uthor of profile: P. Merrett 379 [540 1] Sa lt icida e : Talave ra aeq uip es [ 5408] Sa lt icidae : Talavera t ho relli

No . of 10km . oc curren ces No . of 10km . occurrences • 1980 onw ard s 90 5 198 0 Onwa rds 1 0 195 0 - 1979 43 0 195 0 - 197 9 0 + 190 0 - 1949 5 + 190 0 - 1949 0 ',pre 1900 0 % pre 1900 0

a I . 3

40 St at us 30 Very rare. A single female was taken at Castle Hill in 1989 and 20 another adult male and female in 199 1. 10 0 Dist ribut io n J F M A M J JY A S O N D The species was first discovered in Britain at Castle Hill, near Folkeston e, East Kent in 1989 (Snazell 1995). It has subsequently been recorded from Sussex and Surrey (Merrett St a t us 2000) but these records have not been submitted to the Local and uncommon, but the spider is more frequent in recording scheme. Outside Britain there are a few, very southern counties . scattered records of T Morelli from central and eastern Europe , southern Scandinavia and north-western Asia. D is t rib ut io n The species is widely distributed in Britain but with only a Ha bitat a nd e co logy few scattered records in the west and north. It is widespread in The species was found in steep, south-facing chalk grassland, north-w estern and central Europe, but has not be en recorded typ ical of that found all along the Folkestone escarpment. It is from Ireland. predominantly Brachyp odium p innatum grassland, with much of the area falling into the Centauria nigra-Leontodon hisp idus Ha bit at a nd e co logy sub-community. Adults of both sexes have been taken in June. Th is lit tle spider is found in warm, open, sunny habitats with bare surfaces, such as short turf on downs, sandy or stony Author of p rofile: P.R. Harvey using information from banks, and quarries or old railway embankments. Adults of Snazell ( 1995). both sexes are found mainly in May, June and July.

Au thor of p rofile: M. Askins

3 80

[550 3] Sa lt icida e : Sit ti cus pubesc ens [5 50 1] Salt icida e : Sitticus caricis

n o . o f 10km o ce rr en ces No . o f 1 kn . oc cu rr en ce s • 19 80 onw a rd s 10 4 • 19 80 on wa rd s 12 19 50 - 19 79 32 O 1950 - 19 79 10 + 19 00 - 19 49 21 19 00 - 19 49 6 x p re 19 00 1 >core 19 00 0

°

0 0 0 • •

• 0 0 • -1- • • 0 • •

0 00 • 0 0 00 0 0 • •

12 10 St a t u s 8 6 Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is frequent at some 4 sites, but very local. 2 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N O Dist ribut ion The species is widely scattered in England and Wales. It is widespread but local in northern and central Europe. St a t u s The spider is locally dispersed throughout its range. A marked Habitat and eco logy decline associated with an increase in Euophrys lanigera is The spider occurs among Molinia and Sphagnum in lowland pointed out in Merrett (1979) and a marked decline nationally bogs, and among low vegetation in marshes and fens. Adults of since the early 1970s is also noted in Crocker & Daws ( 1996). both sexes are found in October and November, and from March to July, and probably over-winter. Dist ribut io n The species is widespread in much of England and parts of Thre at s Wales. It is also recorded from the Isle of Skye (Mennen 1989 , Drainage of bogs and fens. not mapped) and Midlothian (Merrett 2000). S. pubescens is widespread in western and central Europe . Manage me nt Maintain th e water tab le of bogs and fens. Habitat and eco logy S. pubescens is usually found in association with human Aut hor of pr ofile : P. Merrett habitation, on walls, window frames, fences and sometimes indoors but tending to prefer outdoor situations in full sunshine. It is occasionally found on fence posts, tree trunks, underneath stones and on heather away from houses and other buildings (Roberts 1995; Crocker & Daw s 1996). Mature females can be found throughout the year and males have been recorded between March and October, but adults of both sexes are found mainly in May and June.

Au thor of p r ofde: E.L. Bee

38 1 [55 0 2] Sa lt icida e : Sit t icus floricola

St a t us

Nationally Rare (RDB3). The spider is abundant at its known No . o f 10 1art. o c c u r r e n c e s • 19 90 on war ds sites. 0 19 50 - 19 7 9 0 . 19 0 0 - 19 4 9 2 x pr e 19 00 1 Dis t rib ut io n The species is well-established at four sites in the Delamere Forest area, and it has been found more recently at Wyb unbury Moss. In addition to these Cheshire sites, it was discov ered in 198 1 in a marsh by Loch Ken near New Ga lloway, Kirkcudbrightshire, and has since been found several times in this area and at Loch Stroan a few miles away. It has also been found in Shropshire and Denbighshire (Merrett I995a) in the same habitat type. This species is fairly widespread in Europe .

Ha bit at a nd e co logy In the De lamere area it has been found in bogs on Sphagnum, and at Wybunbury Moss in two fen meadows and in an area of abundant Eriophorum vaginaturn in the Sphagnum bog. It spins a cocoon in tall vegetation such as seed heads of Eriop horum and fl ower heads of Lychnis fl os-cuculi and Cirsium palustre. It over-w inters deep in the Sphagnum. In the Scottish sites it also occurs on Deschampsia cespitosa at the side of the loch and in drier areas in dead leaves lying in the grass. Adu lts are found from March to September.

Th re a t s Wyb unbury Moss suff ered severe eutrophication for many years prior to 1986 ow ing to pollution from a septic tank and road drainage. Agricultural run-off still threatens further damage of this sort. The eutrophication has caused marked changes in the vegetation, with loss of Sphagnum lawn. There has been further loss of Sphagnum ow ing to birch and pine invasion . Wood land encroachment is also a prob lem at Abbots Moss .

Manag e m e nt In 1989 S. Jloricola was found in an area of Wybunbury Moss where tree cover had recently been removed, resulting in a good gr owth of Sphagnum and Eri ophorum. This suggests tr ee remova l is an eff ective means to restore the habitat where there has be en birch and pine invasion.

Author of p rofile: P. Merrell

382 [ 5504] Salt icidae: Sit ticus inexpect us [ 560 1] Salt icidae: Sitt icus satt ator

Rio . o f 1 0 5= , o c c u r r e n c es S o . o f 1 0 k et . o c c u r r a c e s • 1 9 8 0 fo rwa r d s 1 8 • 1 9 8 0 o s e r d s 1 8 o 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 1 3 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 4 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 x p r e 1 9 0 0 0 )( P r e / 9 0 0

tp,

8

13 100 80 6 60 4 40 2 20 0 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D J F M A M J JY A S O N D St at us Stat us Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is widespread, but Nationally Scarce (Notable A).S. inexpectuswas recently infrequent and local on sand dunes. It is scarce on heathland, described as a new species and British recordsS. of rupicola except for a few places in the Breckland. Its apparent scarcity refer to this species. The spider is common at some sites, may be partly accounted for by its small size and camouflage. mostly in areas of large expanses of relatively undisturbed Distribution shingle. The species is confi ned to England and Wales, mostly on the coast. It is widespread but uncommon in western and central Distribution Europe, and has not been recorded from Ireland. The species is confi ned to coastal sites south-east of a line from the Wash to the Severn. There are scattered localit ies in Habitat and ecology lowland northern Europe, contrasting withS. rupicolawhich S. saltatoroccurs in sandy places, mainly on coastal sand occurs at higher altitudes (Logunov & Kronestedt 1997). dunes on open sand in sunshine, where it is well camoufl aged and can leap considerable distances. It is sometimes found on sandy heaths inland, where it tends to live in open sandy areas Habit at and ecology rather likeOzyptila scabricula.A dults of both sexes have been The species occurs on coastal shingle and amongst tidal litter found from spring to autumn, but mostly in May, June and on shell shingle and sand adjacent to saltmarsh. Adults are July and with perhaps a second smaller peak in the autumn. found from April to October. T hreats T hreat s The loss of sandy heathland to afforestation and development, Public pressure and shingle and gravel extraction. and possibly public pressure at some coastal sites. M anagement Managem ent Rotational management for the maintenance of open bare None apart from the reduction of disturbance. ground on heathland.

Aut hor of profil e: P.R. Harvey based on Merrett ( 1990). A uthor of profile: P. Merrett 383 [ 5702] Salt icidae: Evarcha falcat a [ 570 1] Salt icidae: Evarcha arcuata

St at us No . o f 10km. oc c ur r en c es Nationally Scarce (Notable B) . The spider is common in some places, but rather local.

Dist r ibut io n The species is almost confi ned to central-southern and south-eastern England, but it has also been recorded in Staff ordshire, Shropshire, and Cardiganshire, and in 1999 the species was discovered at Hatfi eld Moors in Yorkshire. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe, but has not been recorded from Ireland.

Habit at and ecology E. arcuataoccurs mainly on old heathland in damp areas, sometimes in bog, oft en with some scrub present, but sometimes on dry heathland and other similar low shrubby vegetati on. Adults of both sexes are found from May to 0 August and males have been recorded in September and October. ... • 8 0. • • • 0 • • 0 . 0 0 T hreat s

• The loss of heathland to agriculture, aff orestation and 0 • development. Most of Hatfi eld Moors has already been o rj, V' 88 • destroyed, and peat exploitati on continues on vast tracts ° • . surrounding the small remaining refuge. Drainage of the surrounding land has lowered the water table to a point where 0.•• . . . . the lowland raised mire is in imminent danger of being 0. • 0. completely lost to woodland. •. Manage ment Maintain some patches of mature, damp heathland with scrub. At Hatfi eld Moors eff orts are being made to raise the water table in the sur viving area of mire. 40 30 Aut hor of profile: P.R. Har vey, based on M errett ( 1990). 20 10 0 J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Stat us The species is fairly common throughout its range but can be local in some areas (Crocker & Daws 1996).

Dist r ibut ion The spider is widespread in the southern half of Britain, but becomes very scattered in the north of England and Scotl and. It is widespread in north-western and central Europe.

Habit at and ecology This woodland spider occurs in the foliage of tr ees and on lower vegetation such as heather and gorse in woodland clearings (Roberts 1995). It is readily obtained by beati ng lower tree branches and sweeping vegetation (Locket & M illidge 1951). A dults of both sexes have been found between March and November, but mainly in May, June and August.

A ut hor of pr ofile: E L. Bee

384 (580 1] Salt icidae: Adur illus v-insignit us

s o . o f / Wm ' o c c u r r e n c es Bo . o f 1 0 1= c or r t ic es • 1 9 8 0 o n war d s 3 3 • 1 9 8 0 on ward s 2 1 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 8 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 4 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 X p r e / 9 0 0 0 x p r e 1 9 0 0 0

UI

4- 0

% 8 • n " . • a

St at us 8 Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is sometimes 6 common on heathland, but rather local. It is probably 4 commoner towards the south-west and near the coast than in 2 the south-east. 0 Dist ribution J F M A M J JY A S O N D A. v-insignitusmostly occurs in England south of a line from the Wash to the Severn, apart from one record for Ramsey Island in Pembrokeshire (Dawson 2000) and two localities in Scotland, where an 1895 record from Fife was confirmed in 1999 and the species was recorded in Holyrood Park, Edinburgh in 1998 and 1999 (Stewart 1999). It is widespread in Europe.

Habit at and ecology It occurs mainly in dry, open, sunny areas on heathland, and also on short, stony calcareous grassland, usually near the coast, and occasionally on rocks near the sea. On heathland the spider reaches highest densities between about 4 and 10 years afi er burning, but may be present even on mature heathland. M ales are adult from May to July and again in late August and September, females are adult from May to September.

T hreats The loss of heathland to agriculture, forestry and development.

Management Maintain all seml stages of heather by rotational management. Thi s species is able to survive in all ages of heather, but is more abundant in younger heather.

Aut hor of profile: Merrett ( 1990) updated by P R. Harvey

385 [590 1] Salt icidae: Phlegra faseiat a

Stat us

Nationally Rare (RD B3). For some sites the records are over No . o f 1 0 km , o c c u r r e n c e s • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 9 fift y years old. The spider was recorded in small numbers at 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 0 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 5 several samp ling points at Rye Harbour and Dungeness during %p r e 1 9 0 0 0 an NCC survey in the late 1980s, but it is not common. Several specimens were found independently at two locations on the Gow er in 1994 and it may be widespread on limestone cliff s in that area. "od Dist ribut ion c o: The species has been recorded from a number of sites on the south coast between Dungeness and Sandwich, East Kent and 4 1' Chesil Beach, Dorset. It was recently discovered in South Wales (A lex ander & Morgan 1994). It is fairly widespread in Europe, and also found in the U.S.A.

Habit at and ecology P. f asciata is found mainly on sand dunes and sometimes in other dry coastal habitats such as shingle. In South Wales the spider was found on steep rocky limestone sea cliff s, on bare and sparsely vegetated limestone slop es and in a very warm and dry spot with loose rocks and sparse, herb-rich limestone grassland vegetation on skeletal soils (Alexander & Morgan 1994 ) Adults of both sexes are found between April and July, females also in September.

T hreat s Erosion caused by high public use, particularly the use of motor vehicles on shingle, and possibly holiday developm ent threaten the rath er fragile habitats of this species. Dungeness is being extensively damaged by gravel extraction , which is cau sing signifi cant alteration of the hydro logy, and thereby eco logy, in addition to the obvious loss of shingle area to gravel-p its. Although there is no end date yet for gravel 3 ext raction, Special Area of Conser vation designation now 2 leaves j ust one last permission to be imp lemented 1 (M . Shardlow, pers. comm .). Th ere are currently no plans for a new po wer station at Dungeness but its possibility in the 0 future still p oses a threat. J F M A M J JY A S O N D

Management Adequa te safeguards are necessary to avoid the damaging operations mentioned above.

Author of p rofile: P. Merrett (in Bratton 1991), updated by P.R. Har vey

386 [ 600 1] Saft icidae: Synageles venato r [6 10 1] Salticidae: Myr m arachne for mi car ia

no . o f 1 0 k n . oc c u r r en c e s Bo . o f 1 0k e o c c u r r e n c e s • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 9 • 1 9 8 0 o n wa r d s 1 5 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 6 0 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 9 3 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 + 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 9 7 x p r e 1 9 0 0 0 x p r e 1 9 0 0 0

3

cC?

4 St at us 3 Nationally Scarce (Notable A). The spider is fairly common in 2 some large dune systems, but infrequently recorded elsewhere. 1 0 Er Distribut ion J F M A M J JY A S O N D The species is almost confi ned to the coasts of southern St at us England and South Wales, but also recorded from Yaxley and Woodwalton Fens, Huntingdonshire, two old brick pits in the Nationally Scarce (Notable B). The spider is very local, but fairly numerous at some sites and is possibly most f requent in Peterborough area and an old pulverised fl y ash (PFA) lagoon damp places on under-cliff . site in South Essex. It is widespread and more frequent in Europe. Dist r ibut ion The species is confined to south-east of a line from the Wash Habit at and ecology to the Severn. It is widespread in western and central Europe, S. venator occurs in sand dunes on the coast, usually low but has not been recorded from Ireland or Denmark. down among marram, and among similar tussocky vegetation Habit at and ecology in fens. More recently it has been found in two old brick-pits, M. formicaria usually occurs on some type of grassland, in one case on a fairly steep bank with Phragmites and partial sometimes very near the beach and on under-cliff . There are vegetation cover near the margin of a pool (P. Kirby, pers. many records from chalk grassland but also stony cliff ledges, comm.) and in traps set in weathered PFA `dune' with nearby saltmarsh, rnarram and fens. Jones-Walters ( 1997) reports it as areas of Phragmites and 'fen' vegetation. The spider is an relatively common in the New Forest mires where the common ant-mimic, usually found in association with ants. Both sexes ant Myrmica scabrinodis is abundant. It is an ant-mimic, are adult in summer and autumn, and females also in spring. usually found in company with ants, either running among grass or under stones. Adults have been recorded from April to T hreat s November. Public pressure and holiday development on sand dunes, the T hreat s drainage or growth of scrub in fens. One of the old brick pit Most of its coastal sites are too inaccessible to be liable to any sites and the PFA lagoon site have subsequently been specifi c threat, although some have recently been covered by developed for housing. landslides. Some of its chalk grassland, fen and mire sites might be vulnerable to agricultural changes or drainage respectively. Managem ent Little is needed on sand dunes apart from the reduction of Management erosion by public pressure. In fens contr ol scrub growth and None needed on coastal sites, but maintain chalk grassland by maintain the water table. traditional grazing and maintain water table in fens. Aut hor of profile: P. Merrett A uthor of pr ofile: P.R. Harvey, based on Merrett ( 1990). 387 [620 1] Salt icidae: Pe genes t ripunct at us

St at us

Nationall y Endangered (RDB 1). A Nature Conservancy No . o f M ae ' o c c ur r e n c e s • / 9 90 o nwa r d s Council survey in the late I 980s recorded small numbers at 0 1 9 50 - 19 7 9 0 • 19 00 - 19 4 9 0 several sampl ing points at Dungeness. X pr e 19 00 1

Dist ribut ion Formerly recorded only from Folkestone, East Kent, in 1888, when both sexes were found. In recent years numerous specimens have been found at Dungeness, East Kent. The spider was found in 1994 on Chesil Beach, Dorset. There is also an unconfirmed record from the Crumbles, East Sussex, in the 1980s. It is apparently widespread in central and southern Europe. a Habit at and ecology The spider has been found on sparsely vegetated shingle, on one occasion in whelk shells. A dults have been found in late May and June.

T hreat s The Crumbles was largely destroyed in 1988 by marina and building developments. Dungeness is being extensively damaged by gravel extracti on, which is causing signifi cant alteration of the hydrology, and thereby ecology, in addition to the obvious loss of shingle area to gravel-pits. A lthough there is no end date yet for gravel extr acti on, Special Area of Conser vati on designation now leaves j ust one last permission to be implemented. There are currently no plans for a new power station at Dungeness but its possibility in the future sti ll poses a threat. Irrevocable damage has been caused by CS• motor cycles and other vehicles crossing the shingle, damaging the vegetation and the shingl e ridges. This damage has largely been reduced to the occasional incident and there is more evidence that the shingle communiti es are capable of 20 regenerati ng aft er superficial disturbance, hence the current 15 levels of surface disturbance are likely to be biologically 10 sustainable (M . Shardlow, pers. comm.). 5

M anagem ent J F M A M J JY A S O N D Adequate safeguards are necessary to avoid the damaging operations mentioned above.

A ut hor of profi le: P. Merrett (in Bratton 1991), updated by P.R. Har vey

388 R EFER EN CES

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UK Biodiversity Steering Group 199 5. Biodivers ity : the UK Steering Group rep ort, volume 2, A ction Plans. London : FIMSO. Van Helsdingen, P.J. 199 6. The spider fauna of some Irish fl oodplains. Irish natura lists j ourna l, 25, 285-293. Van Helsd ingen, P.J. 1997. M e spiders (Araneida) of Pollardstown Fen , Co. Kildare, Ireland. Irish naturalists j ournal, 25, 396-404. Van H elsd ingen, P.J. 1999. Catalogus van de Nederlandse spinnen (Araneae). Faunistische mededelingen, 10, 1-2 1. Vanuytven, H. 1992. Meioneta f usczp alp is (C.L . Koch, 1836), nieuw voor de Belgische fauna (Araneae, Linyph iidae). Nwsbr. Belg. ArachnoL Ver., 7, 7-8 . Vanuy tven, H. 2000 . Checklist of Belgian Sp iders. Date of version: 20 June 2000. http://www.ufsia.ac.be/Arach nology/Pages/ Arabel/BelgianSpiders.html Verdcou rt, B. 1997. N ig ma walckenaeri (Roewer) (Ar achnida, Araneae, Dictynidae) at Maidenhead, Berks, and at Kew, Surrey. Entomologist 's monthly magazine. Wieh le, H. I 960a. Beitrage zur Kenttnis der deutschen Spinnenfauna, II: Theridiidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung f ur Systema tik, Okolog ie und Geograp hie der Th ere, 88, 229-254 . Wiehle, H . I 9606. Die Tier weldt Deutschlands, Sp innentiere oder Arachnoidea (Araneae, X I, M icryp hantidae-Zwergsp innen . William s, S.A. 199 1. Heliop han us dampfi Schenkel (Salticidae) in mid-Wales and new to Britain . Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society , 6 1, 3-4. Wilson, R. 2000 . Bianor aurocinctus (Araneae: Salticidae) captured at Hat fi eld Moors SSSI, Yorkshire. Sp ider Recording Schem e ne wsletter, 38, 3. Wright, R. 1997. Pardosa p alustris and Pardosa monticola in War wicksh ire. Sp ider Recording Scheme newsletter, 27, 4. Wunderlich , J. 1973. Weitere seltene und bisher unbekannte Ar ten sow ie Anmerkungen zur Taxonomie mid Synonymie (Arachn ida, Aranea): Spinnenfauna Deutschlands , XV. Senckenberg. biol., 54, 4054 28 . Wund erlich , J. 1985. Zur Synonymie einiger europaischer Arten der Gattung Pelecopsis Simon 1864 (Arachnida : Araneae: Linyphiidae). Sencicenberg. biol., 66 , 111-114. Wunderlich , J. 1994 . Beschreibung der bisher unbekannten Spinnen-Ar t Clubiona p seudoneglecta der Familie der Sacksp innen aus Deutsch land (Arachnida : Araneae : Clubionidae). Ent. Z. Frankf a. M ., 104 , 157- 160.

396 SP E CIE S IND E X

This species index provides the page references to the map and species account of each species included in the atlas, as: (Volume number) Page number. A selection of synonyms are also included. Some species may also be referred to in the Introduction, or in the accounts of other species, but these references have not been included. abnormis, Saaristoa ( 1) 184 alficeps, Bolyphantes ( 1) 194 acalypha, Mangora (2) 239 ahiceps, Walckenaeria ( 1) 70 Acartauchenius scurrilis ( 1 ) 1 1 1 Amaurobius fenestralis (2) 290 accentuata, Alopecosa (2) 252 Amaurobius ferox (2) 291 accentuata, Anyphaena (2) 293 Amaurobius similis (2) 290 acerbus, Xysticus (2) 359 ambiguus, Silometopus ( 1) 109 Achaearanea lunata ( 1)47 amentata, Pardosa (2) 245 Achaearanea riparia ( 1)47 Anelosimus aulicus ( 1) 46 Achaearanea simulans ( 1)48 Anelosimus vittatus ( 1) 46 Achaearanea tepidariorum ( 1) 48 angulatus, Araneus (2) 224 Achaearanea veruculata ( 1)49 angulatus, Episinus ( 1) 36 acuminata, Entelecara ( 1) 81 angulatus, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 204 acuminata, Walckenaeria ( 1) 69 antica, Walckenaeria ( 1) 70 adianta, Neoscona (2) 230 Antistea elegans (2) 274 Aelurillus v-insignitus (2) 385 antroniensis, Lepthyphantes ( 1 ) 204 aenigmaticus, Pseudomaro ( I) 156 Anyphaena accenthata (2) 293 aequalis, Centromerus ( I) 177 apertus, Micrargus (I ) 126 aequipes, Euophrys (2) 380 aphana, Ero ( 0 30 aequipes, Talavera (2) 380 Aphileta misera ( I) 157 aestivus, Tiso ( I) 116 apicatus, Oedothora.: ( 1) 103 afli nis, Atypus ( 1 ) 21 Apostenus fuscus ( ') 296 affi nis, Tmeticus ( 1) 86 approximatus, Bathyphantes ( 1) 186 affmis, Trichoncus ( I) 113 apricorum, Zelotes (2) 327 Agalenatea redii (2) 230 aquatica, Argyroneta 12) 274 Agelena labyrinthica (2) 267 Araeoncus crassiceps ( I) 134 Agraecina striata (2) 296 Araeoncus humilis (1) 134 agrestis, Oedothorax ( 1) 102 Araneus alsine (2) 226 agrestis, Pardosa (2) 242 Araneus angulatus (2) 224 agrestis, Tegenaria (2) 271 Araneus diadematus (2) 225 agricola, Pardosa (2) 241 Araneus marmoreus (2) 226 Agroeca brunnea (2) 293 Araneus quadratus (2) 225 Agroeca cuprea (2) 295 Araneus sturmi (2) 227 Agroeca inopina (2) 294 Araneus triguttatus (2) 227 Agroeca lusatica (2) 295 Araniella alpica (2) 232 Agroeca proxima (2) 294 Araniella cucurbitina (2) 231 Agyneta cauta ( 1) 165 Araniella displicata (2) 233 Agyneta conigera (1) 164 Araniella inconspicua (2) 232 Agyneta decora (1) 164 Araniella opisthographa (2) 231 Agyneta olivacea ( 1) 165 arcanus, Centromerus (1) 175 Agyneta ramosa (1) 166 arctica, Erigone ( 1 ) 141 Agyneta subtilis ( 1) 163 Arctosa alpigena (2) 258 alacris, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 197 Arctosa cinerea (2) 258 albidus, Centromerus ( 1) 179 Arctosa fulvolineata (2) 256 albidus, Philodromus (2) 348 Arctosa leopardus (2) 257 albimana, Aulonia (2) 263 Arctosa perita (2) 257 albomaculata, Steatoda ( 1)43 arcuata, Evarcha (2) 384 albovittata, Hypsosinga (2) 235 Argenna patula (2) 288 aletris, Erigone (1) 144 Argenna subnigra (2) 288 Allomengea scopigera (0 213 Argiope bruennichi (2) 240 Allomengea vidua (1) 214 Argyroneta aquatica (2) 274 Alopecosa accentuata (2) 252 arietina, Mastigusa (2) 284 Alopecosa barbipes (2) 252 arietina, Tuberta (2) 284 Alopecosa cuneata (2) 251 armillata, Zora (2) 339 Alopecosa fabrilis (2) 252 arundinacea, Dictyna (2) 278 Alopecosa pulverulenta (2) 251 arundineti, Robertus ( I) 63 alpica, Araniella (2) 232 Asthenargus paganus ( I ) 155 alpigena, Ar ctosa (2) 258 Atea sturmi (2) 227 alpina, Micaria (2) 337 Atea triguttatus (2) 227 alsine, Araneus (2) 226 atomaria, Ozyptila (2) 364 Altella lucida (2) 289 atra, Erigone ( 0 140 397 atrica, Tegenaria (2) 269 capucinus, Centromerus ( I) 176 atr ica, Zygiella (2) 238 caricis, Sitticus (2) 38 1 atropos, Coelotes (2) 29 1 Carorita limnaea ( I) 152 atrotibialis, Walckenaer ia ( 1) 72 Carorita paludosa ( I) 153 Att u lus saltator (2) 383 carpenteri, Macrargus ( I) 185 Atypus affinis ( 1) 2 1 castaneipes, Monocephalus ( 1) 122 audax, Xysticus (2) 354 cauta, Agyneta ( I) 165 aulicus, An elosirnus ( 0 46 cavernarum, Centromerus ( 1) 180 Au Ionia albimana (2) 263 Caviphantes saxetorum ( I) 155 auratus , Heliophanus (2) 36 8 celans, Scotina (2) 297 aureolus, Philodromus (2) 342 cellulanus, Nesticus ( 1) 35 auroc inctus, Bianor (2) 372 Centromerita bicolor ( I) 182 Ballus chalybeius (2) 373 Centromerita concinna ( I) 182 barbipes, Alopecosa (2) 252 Centromems aequalis ( 1) 177 Baryphyma duff eyi ( 1) 92 Centromerus albidus ( 1) 179 Baryphyma gowerense ( 1) 93 Centromerus arcanus ( I) 175 Bary phyma maritimunn ( 1) 94 Centromerus brevivulvatus ( I) 177 Baryphyma pratense ( I) 9 1 Centromerus capucinus ( 1) 176 Baryphyma trifrons ( I) 94 Centromerus cavernarum ( 1) 180 Bathyp hantes approximatus ( 1) 186 Centromerus dilutus ( 1) 176 Bathyp hantes gracilis ( 1) 186 Centromerus incilium ( I) 177 Bathyp hantes nigrinus ( I) 187 Centromerus incultus ( I) 178 Bathyphantes parvulus ( I) 187 Centromerus levitarsis ( 1) 175 Bathyphantes setiger ( I) 188 Centromerus minutissimus ( 1) 18 1 bavarica, Segestria ( 1) 24 Centr omerus persimilis ( 1) 180 beata, Me ioneta ( I) 169 Centr omerus prudens ( 1) 174 beckeri, Lepthyphantes ( I) 20 1 Centromerus semiater ( 1) 178 be llicosus, Rugathodes ( 1) 58 Centromerus serratus ( 1) 179 Bianor auroc inctus (2) 372 Centromerus sylvaticus ( 1) 174 bicolor, Centromerita ( I) 182 Ceratinella brevipes ( I) 67 bidentata, Diplocentria ( 1) 138 Ceratinella brevis ( I) 68 bifasciatus, Xysticus (2) 357 Ceratinella scabrosa ( 1) 68 bifrons, Dismodicus ( 1) 87 Ceratinops is romana ( 1) 114 bimaculata, Neottiura ( 1) 56 Ceratinopsis stativa ( 1) 114 bimaculatum, Theridion ( 1) 56 Cercidia prominens (2) 237 biovatus, Thyreosthenius ( I) 12 1 cespitum , Philodromus (2) 344 bipunctata, Steatoda ( I) 44 chalybeius, Ballus (2) 373 bituberculata, Gibbaranea (2) 223 Cheiracanthium erraticum (2) 3 13 bituberculatum, Hypo mma ( 1) 88 Cheiracanthium pennyi (2) 3 14 blackwalli, Ozyptila (2) 360 Cheiracanthium virescens (2) 3 13 blackwalli, Scotophaeus (2) 325 cicur, Cicurina (2) 282 blackwalli, Theridion ( 1) 55 Cicurina cicur (2) 282 blanda , Mioxena ( 1) 154 cinerea, Arctosa (2) 258 Bolyphantes alticeps ( I) 194 cingulatus, Salticus (2) 366 Bolyphantes luteolus ( 1) 193 cinnaberinus, Eresus ( 1) 32 bourneti, Meta (2) 222 cito, Trichopterna ( I) 104 braccatus, Phaeocedus (2) 326 clathrata, Neriene ( 0 2 10 brevipes, Ceratinella ( 1) 67 clavicom is, Walckenaeria ( 0 78 brevipes, Clubiona (2) 309 clercki, Pachygnatha (2) 2 18 brevipes, Ozyptila (2) 365 Clubiona brevipes (2) 309 brevis, Cerat inella ( 1) 68 Club iona caerulescens (2) 304 brevisetosum, Dicymbium ( 1) 80 Clubiona comta (2) 308 brevivulvatus , Centrom erus ( I) 177 Clubiona corticalis (2) 300 br itteni, Satilatlas ( 1) 120 Clubiona diversa (2) 3 12 br uenn ich i, Argiope (2) 240 Clubiona frisia (2) 307 brunnea Agroeca (2) 293 Club iona genevensis (2) 3 11 bucculenta, Floronia ( I) 19 1 Club iona j uvenis (2) 3 10 buxi, Philodr omus (2) 34 5 Clubiona lutescens (2) 308 caerulescens, Clubiona (2) 304 Clubiona neglecta (2) 306 calcar ifera, Wiehlea ( 1) 154 Clubiona norvegica (2) 304 caliginosus, Semlj icola ( 1) 146 Clubiona pallidula (2) 305 Ca llilepis nocturna (2) 33 5 Clubiona phragmitis (2) 305 cambr idgei, Ero ( 0 29 Clubiona pseudoneglecta (2) 307 cam br idgei, Porrhomma ( 1) 162 Clubiona reclusa (2) 30 1 cam pbe lli, Porrhomma ( 1) 160 Clubiona rosserae (2) 303 can dida, Hahn ia (2) 275 Clubiona similis (2) 307 cap ito, Walckenaeria ( 0 72 Clubiona stagnatilis (2) 30 1 cap ra, Erigone ( I) 142 Clubiona subsultans (2) 302

39 8 Club iona subt ilis (2) 3 12 Diplocephalus perrnixtus ( 1) 131 Club iona terrestris (2) 306 Diplocephalus picinus ( 1) 133 Club iona th vialis (2) 309 Diplocephalus protuberans (I) 133 Cnephalocotes obscur us ( 1) 1 I I Diplostyla conco lor ( I) 189 Coelotes atropos (2) 29 1 Dipoena coracina ( 1) 40 Coelotes terrestris (2) 292 Dipoena erythropus ( 1) 38 Coleosoma floridanum ( 1) 66 Dipoena inom ata ( 1) 39 collinus occidentalis, Megalepthyphantes ( 1) 195 Dipoena melanogaster (I) 4 1 complicatus, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 205 Dipoena prona ( 1 ) 39 comta, Clubiona (2) 308 Dipoena torva ( 1) 4 1 concinna, Centromerita ( 1) 182 Dipoena tristis (I) 40 concolor, Diplostyla ( 1) 189 Dismodicus bifrons ( I ) 87 congenera, Entelecara ( 1) 82 Dismodicus elevatus ( I) 88 conica, Cyclosa (2) 240 dispar, Philodromus (2) 342 conigera, Agyn eta ( 1) 164 displicata, Araniella (2) 233 connatus, Diplocephalus ( 1) 132 distinctus, Halorates ( 1) 151 convexum, Porrhomma ( 1 ) 158 diversa, Clubiona (2) 3 12 coracina, Dipoena ( 1 ) 40 Dolomedes fimbr iatus (2) 264 corniculans, Walckenaeria ( 1) 76 Dolomedes plantarius (2) 265 corniger , Sintula ( 1 ) 183 domestica, Tegenaria (2) 272 com utum, Hypomma ( 1) 90 domesticus, Oonops ( 1) 27 cornutus, Larinioides (2) 228 Donacochara speciosa (1) 147 corticalis, Club iona (2) 300 dorsalis, Kaestneria ( 1) 188 cottonae, Glyphesis ( 1 ) 128 dorsata, Diaea (2) 352 crassiceps, Araeoncus ( 1) 134 Drapetisca socialis (1) 190 cristatus, Diplocephalus (I) 131 Drassodes cupreus (2) 319 cristatus, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 199 Drassodes lapidosus (2) 3 18 cristatus, Trematocephalus ( 1) 86 Drassodes pubescens (2) 320 cristatus, Xysticus (2) 354 Drassyllus lutetianus (2) 33 1 crocata, Dysdera ( 1) 25 Drassyllus praeficus (2) 332 Crustulina guttata ( 1) 42 Drassyllus pusillus (2) 332 Crustulina sticta ( 1 ) 42 Drepanotylus uncatus ( I) 148 Cryphoeca silvicola (2) 282 duffeyi, Bary phyma ( 1 ) 92 cucullata, Walckenaeria ( I) 7 1 Dysdera crocata ( 1) 25 cucurbitina, Araniella (2) 23 1 Dysdera erythrina (I ) 25 cuneata, Alopecosa (2) 25 1 dysderoides, Walckenaeria (1) 73 cuprea, Agroeca (2) 295 egeria, Porrhomma (1) 161 cupreus, Drassodes (2) 3 19 electus, Zelotes (2) 326 cupreus, Heliophanus (2) 367 elegans, Antistea (2) 274 cuspidata, Walckenaer ia ( 1) 78 elegans, Silometopus ( 1) 108 Cyclosa conica (2) 240 elevatus, Dismodicus ( I) 88 dalmatensis, Hap lodrassu s (2) 32 1 elongata, Pelecopsis ( 1) 107 dampfi, Heliophanus (2) 369 emarginatus, Philodromus (2) 348 decollatus, Hybocoptus ( 1) 9 1 emp hana, Neriene ( 1) 211 decora, Agyneta ( 1 ) 164 Enoplognatha latimana ( 1) 59 degeeri, Pachygnatha (2) 2 19 Enoplognatha mordax ( 1) 60 dentatum, Gnathonarium ( 1) 85 Enoplognatha oelandica (1) 62 dentichelis, Lessertia ( 1) 135 Enop lognatha ovata ( 1) 58 denticulata, Textrix (2) 267 Enoplognatha tecta ( 1 ) 61 dentipalpis, Erigone ( 1) 139 Enoplognatha thoracica ( 1) 60 diadematus, Araneus (2) 225 Entelecara acuminata ( 1) 81 Diaea dorsata (2) 352 Entelecara congenera ( 1) 82 diceros , Saloca ( 1) 123 Entelecara errata ( 1) 84 Dictyna arundinacea (2) 278 Entelecara erythropus (1 ) 82 Dictyna laten s (2) 280 Entelecara flavipes (1) 83 Dictyna major (2) 279 Entelecara omissa ( 1) 83 Dictyna pusilla (2) 278 Episinus angulatus ( 1 ) 36 Dictyna uncinata (2) 279 Episinus maculipes ( 1 ) 37 Dicymbium brevisetosum ( 1 ) 80 Episinus truncatus (1 ) 36 Dicymbium nigrum ( 1 ) 79 Eresus sandaliatus (1 ) 32 Dicymbium tibiale ( 1) 8 1 Eresus cinnaberinus ( 0 32 digitatus, Typhochrestus ( 1 ) 136 ericaeus, Lepthyphantes ( I) 202 dilutus, Cent romerus (1) 176 Erigone aletris (I) 144 diodia, Zilla (2) 234 Erigone arctica (1) 141 Diplocentria bidentata ( 1) 138 Erigone atra ( 1 ) 140 Diplocephalus connatus ( I) 132 Erigone capra ( 1) 142 Diplocephalus cristatus ( 1 ) 131 Erigone dentipalpis (1) 139 Diplocephalus latifrons ( 1) 132 Erigone longipalpis ( I) 141

399 Erigone promiscua ( I ) 140 fuscipalpa, M eioneta (I ) 170 Erigone psychrophila ( I ) 143 fi mcipes, Monocephalus ( I) 122 Erigone tirolensis ( I ) 142 fuscum, Zodarion (2) 318 Erigone welchi ( 1 ) 143 fuscus, Apostenus (2) 296 Erigonella hiemalis ( I ) 129 fi l sell s, Oedothorax ( I ) 101 Erigonella ignobilis ( 1) 130 gallicus, Maso ( I ) 97 Ero aphana ( 1) 30 gemmosum, Theridiosoma (1) 67 Ero cambridgei ( 1) 29 genevensis, Clubiona (2) 311 Ero furcata ( I ) 29 Gibbaranea bituberculata (2) 223 Ero tuberculata ( 1 ) 31 Gibbaranea gibbosa (2) 223 errans, Porrhomma ( I ) 161 gibbosa, Gibbaranea (2) 223 errata, Entelecara ( 1) 84 gibbosus, Oedothorax ( I) 101 erratica, Euophrys (2) 378 gibbum, Pholcomma ( 1) 65 erratica, Pseudeuophrys (2) 378 gigantea, Tegenaria (2) 268 erraticum, Cheiracanthium (2) 313 Glyphesis cononae ( I ) 128 errati cus, Xysti cus (2) 355 Glyphesis servulus ( 1 ) 129 erythr ina, Dysdera ( I ) 25 Gnaphosa leporina (2) 335 my thropus, Dipoena ( I ) 38 Gnaphosa lugubris (2) 333 erythropus, Entelecara ( I ) 82 Gnaphosa nigerrima (2) 334 Euophrys aequipes (2) 380 Gnaphosa occidentalis (2) 334 Euophrys erratica (2) 378 Gnathonarium dentatum ( I ) 85 Euophrys frontalis (2) 377 Gonatium pamdoxitm (1 ) 96 Euophrys herbigrada (2) 377 Gonatium rubellum ( 1 ) 95 Euophrys lanigera (2) 378 Gonatium rubens I) 95 Euophrys obsoleta (2) 379 Gongylidiellum latebricola ( 1) 124 Euophrys petrensis (2) 379 Gongylidiellum murcidum ( I ) 125 Euophrys thorelli (2) 380 Gongyfi dieIlum vivum ( I) 124 Euryopis fl avomaculata ( I ) 38 Gongylidium rufi pm, ( 1) 87 evansi, Scotinotylus ( I) 136 gowerense, Baryphyrna ( 1) 93 Evansia merens ( I ) 115 gracilipes, Scotina (2) 298 Evarcha arcuata (2) 384 gracilis, Bathyphantes ( I) 186 Evarcha falcata (2) 384 gracil is, S yedra ( 1) 17 3 excisa, Hi laira ( I ) 149 graminicola, Hylyphanres ( 1 ) 85 experta, Tallusia ( 1) 181 grossa, Steatoda ( I ) 44 expunctus, L epthyphantes ( 1) 206 gulosa, Meioneta ( 1 ) 170 extensa, Tetragnatha (2) 215 guttata, Crustulina ( I ) 42 fabrilis, A lopecosa (2) 252 hackmani, Trichoncus ( 1) 112 falcata, Evarcha (2) 384 Hahnia candida (2) 275 falconeri, Jacksonella ( 1) 156 Hahnia helveola (2) 277 fallax, Philodromus (2) 347 Halmia mi crophthalma (2) 276 famil iare, Theridion ( I ) 53 Hahnia montana (2) 275 fasciata, Phlegra (2) 386 Hahnia nava (2) 276 faustus, Latithorax ( 1 ) 146 Hahnia pusill a (2) 277 fenestralis, A maurobius (2) 290 Halorates disti nctus ( I ) 151 ferox, A maurobius (2) 291 Halorates holmgreni ( I) 152 ferruginea, Tegenaria (2) 270 Halorates reprobus ( 1 ) 151 festivus, Phrurolithus (2) 299 hamata, Singa (2) 237 fimbriatus, Dolomedes (2) 264 Haplodrassus dalmatensis (2) 321 fi rma, Saaristoa ( I) 184 Haplodrassus minor (2) 324 fl avipes, Entelecara ( 1) 83 Haplodrassus signifer (2) 320 fl avipes, Heliophanus (2) 368 Haplodrassus silvestris (2) 324 flavipes, Lepthyphantes ( I ) 200 Haplodrassus soerenseni (2) 323 flavomaculata, Euryopis ( I ) 38 Haplodrassus umbrati lis (2) 322 fl orentina, Segestria ( I ) 24 hardyi, Leptothrix ( I) 148 fl oricola, Sitticus (2) 382 Harpactea hombergi ( I) 26 fl oridanum, Coleosoma ( 0 66 Harpactea rubicunda ( 1) 26 Floronia bucculenta ( 1) 191 Heliophanus auratus (2) 368 formicar ia, M yrmarachne (2) 387 Heliophanus cupreus (2) 367 formicinus, Thanatus (2) 350 Heliophanus dampfi (2) 369 frigida, Hilaira ( 1) 149 Heliophanus fl avipes (2) 368 frisia, Clubiona (2) 307 Helophora insignis (1) 207 frontalis, Euophrys (2) 377 helveola, Hahnia (2) 277 frontata, Savignia ( I ) 130 hemerobium, Theridion ( I ) 51 fulvolineata, A rctosa (2) 256 herbigrada, Euophrys (2) 377 fulvum, Hypomma ( 1) 89 herbigradus, M icrargus ( I ) 125 furcata, Ero ( I ) 29 hen, Hypsosinga (2) 236 furcillata, Walckenaeria ( 1) 76 heterophthalmus, Oxyopes (2) 266 furtiva, Neriene ( 1) 211 hiemalis, Erigonella ( 1) 129

400 Hilaira excisa ( 1) 149 latitans, Pirata (2) 26 1 Hilaira frigida ( 1) 149 Latithorax faustus ( 1 ) 146 Hilaira nubigena ( I) 150 laue illei Zelotes (2) 327 Hilaira pervicax ( I) 150 laudatus, Micrargus ( I) 127 hist rio, Philodromus (2) 347 leopardus , Arctosa (2) 257 holmgreni, Halorates ( 1) 152 lepidus, Maro ( I ) 173 hombergi, Harpactea ( 1) 26 leporina, Gnaphosa (2) 335 horridus, Nothophantes ( I) 194 leprosus, Lepthyphantes ( I ) 196 hortensis, Linyphia ( I ) 209 Lepthyphantes alacris ( I) 197 hortens is, Pardosa (2) 247 Lepthyphantes angu latus ( 1) 204 hum ilis, Araeoncus ( 1) 134 Lepthyphantes antroniensis ( I) 204 humilis, Lathys (2) 286 Lepthyphantes beckeri ( 1) 20 1 Hybocoptus decollatus (1) 9 1 Lepthyphantes comp licatus ( 1) 205 Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (2) 249 Lepthyphantes cristatus ( I ) 199 hygrophilus, Pirata (2) 260 Lepthyphantes ericaeus ( I) 202 Hylyphantes graminicola ( I ) 85 Lepthyphantes expunctus ( 1 ) 206 Hypomma bituberculatum ( 1 ) 88 Lepthyphantes flavipes ( I) 200 Hypomma com utum ( 1) 90 Lepthyphantes insig nis ( 1) 203 Hypomma fulvum ( 1) 89 Lepthyphantes leprosus (1) 196 Hypselistes j acksoni ( 1 ) 100 Lepthyphantes mengei ( I) 200 Hypsosinga albovittata (2) 235 Lepthyphantes midas ( I) 206 Hypsosinga heri (2) 236 Lepthyphantes minutus ( I ) 196 Hypsosinga pygtnaea (2) 235 Lepthyphantes nebulosus ( I) 195 Hypsosinga sanguinea (2) 236 Lepthyphantes obscurus ( 1 ) 198 Hyptiotes paradoxus ( 1) 34 Lepthyphantes pallidus ( I) 202 ignob ilis, Erigonella ( 1) 130 Lepthyphantes pinicola ( 1) 203 imp igra, Microlinyphia ( 1 ) 213 Lepthyphantes tenebricola ( I) 20 1 impressum, Theridion ( 1) 50 Lepthyphantes tenuis ( I ) 198 incilium, Centromerus ( I) 177 Lepthyphantes whymper i ( 1) 197 incisa, Walckenaer ia ( 1) 73 Lepthyphantes zimm ermann i ( 1 ) 199 inconspicua, Araniella (2) 232 Leptorhoptrum robustum ( I) 147 incultus, Centromerus ( I) 178 Leptothrix hardyi ( I) 148 incur vatus, Silometopus ( 1) 110 Lessertia dentichelis ( I) 135 inerrans, Miller iana (I) 137 levitarsis, Centromerus ( I) 175 inexpectus, Sitticus (2) 383 limnaea, Caror ita ( I) 152 innotabilis, Meioneta ( 1) 166 lineatus, Stemonyphantes ( 1) 193 inopina, Agroeca (2) 294 Linyphia hor tensis ( 1 ) 209 inornata, Dipoena ( I ) 39 Linyphia triang ularis ( 1) 208 insecta, Tapinocyba ( 1) 118 Liocranum rupicola (2) 299 insignis, Helophora ( 1 ) 207 lister', Pachygnatha (2) 2 19 insignis, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 203 lividus, Robertus ( 1) 62 insignis, Robertus ( I) 64 longidens, Tapinopa ( I) 191 instabilis, Rugathodes ( 1 ) 57 longipalpis, Erigone ( I) 141 italicum, Zodarion (2) 3 15 longipalpis, Philodro mus (2) 344 Jacksonella falconeri ( I) 156 longipes, Zelotes (2) 328 jacksoni, Hypselistes ( I) 100 Lophomma punctatum ( 1) 123 j uncea, Pocadicnemis ( 1) 100 lucida, A ltella (2) 289 j uvenis, Clubiona (2) 3 10 luctator, Xysticus (2) 357 Kaestner ia dorsalis ( 1 ) 188 luctuosus, Xysticus (2) 358 Kaestner ia pullata (1) 189 ludicrum, Peponocranium ( 1) 99 kochi, Walckenaeria ( 1) 77 lugubris, Gnaphosa (2) 333 kochi, Xysticus (2) 355 lugubris, Pardosa (2) 246 Labulla thoracica ( 1) 192 lunata, Achaearanea ( 1) 47 labyrinthica, Agelena (2) 267 lusatica, Agroeca (2) 295 lanigera, Euophrys (2) 378 luteolus, Bolyphantes ( 1 ) 193 lanigera, Pseudeuophrys (2) 378 lutescens, Clubiona (2) 308 lanio, Xysticus (2) 356 lutetianus, Drassyllus (2) 33 1 lapidosus, Drassodes (2) 3 18 Macrargus carpenter i ( 1) 185 Larinioides cornutus (2) 228 Macrargus rufus ( I ) 185 Larinioides patagiatus (2) 229 macrophthalma, Mastigusa (2) 285 Larinioides sclopetar ius (2) 228 maculipes, Episinus ( 1) 37 latebricola, Gongylidiellum ( 1) 124 maerens, Tuberta (2) 283 latens, Dictyna (2) 280 major, Dictyna (2) 279 Lathys humilis (2) 286 Mangora acalypha (2) 239 Lathys nielsen i (2) 286 margaritatus, Philodromus (2) 349 Lathys stigmatisata (2) 287 marginella, Minicia ( 1) 98 latifrons, Diplocephalus ( I) 132 maritimum, Baryphyma ( I ) 94 latimana, Enoplognatha (1) 59 maritimus, Tibellus (2) 35 1

4 0 1 marmoreus, Araneus (2) 226 minutus, Maro ( I) 172 Maro lepidus ( 1) 173 Minyriolus pusillus ( I) 117 Maro minutus ( 1) 172 Mioxena blanda ( I) 154 Maro sublestus ( I) 172 mirabilis, Pisaura (2) 264 Marpissa muscosa (2) 370 misera, Aphileta ( I ) 157 Marpissa nivoyi (2) 371 Mi sumena vatia (2) 353 Marpissa radiata (2) 370 mitis, Tapinocyba ( I ) 119 Maso gallicus ( 1) 97 mitrata, Walckenaeria ( 1) 69 Maso sundevalli (1) 96 Moebelia penicillata ( 1) 84 Mastigusa arietina (2) 284 moth s, M eioneta ( I) 167 Mastigusa macrophthalma (2) 285 Monocephalus castaneipes ( 1) 122 Mecopisthes peusi ( 1) 110 Monocephalus fuscipes ( I ) 122 Mecynargus morulus ( 1) 145 monoceros, Walckenaeria ( 1) 75 Mecynargus paetulus ( I) 145 montana, Hahnia (2) 275 Megalepthyphantes coll inus occidentalis ( I ) 195 montana, Neriene ( 1) 209 Megalepthyphantes nebulosus ( 1) 195 montana, Tetragnatha (2) 216 Meioneta beata ( I) 169 montanum, Porrhomma ( I ) 163 Meioneta fuscipalpa ( I) 170 monticola, Pardosa (2) 243 Meioneta gulosa ( I) 170 mordax, Enoplognatha ( 1) 60 Meioneta innotabilis ( I) 166 morulus, Mecynargus ( I ) 145 M eioneta moths ( I ) 167 morulus, Rhaebothorax ( 1) 145 Meioneta mossica ( 1) 168 mossica, Meioneta ( I) 168 Meioneta nigripes ( I ) 171 murcidum, Gongylidietlum ( 1) 125 Meioneta rurestris ( I) 167 muscosa, Marpissa (2) 370 Meioneta saxatilis ( I ) 168 Myrmarachne formicaria (2) 387 Meioneta simplicitarsis ( 1) 169 mystaceum, Theridion ( 1) 54 melanogaster, Dipoena ( 1) 41 nava, Halmia (2) 276 melanopygius, Ostearius ( I) 157 nebulosus, Lepthyphantes ( I) 195 melanurum, Theridion ( 1) 54 nebulosus, Megalepthyphantes ( I) 195 menardi, M eta (2) 221 neglecta, Clubiona (2) 306 mengei, Lepthyphantes ( I) 200 neglectus, Robertus ( 1) 63 mengei, M etellina (2) 220 nemoralioides, Pelecopsis ( I ) 106 mengei, Pelecopsis ( 1) 105 nemoralis, Pelecopsis ( I) 106 merens, Evansia ( 1) 115 nemoralis, Xerolycosa (2) 250 merianae, Metellina (2) 221 nemoralis, Zora (2) 340 Meta bourneti (2) 222 Neon pictus? (2) 376 Meta menardi (2) 221 Neon reti culatus (2) 373 Metellina mengei (2) 220 Neon robustus (2) 374 Metellina merianae (2) 221 Neon valentulus (2) 375 Metellina segmentata (2) 220 Neoscona adianta (2) 230 Metopobactrus prominulus ( 1) 90 Neottiura bimaculata ( I) 56 Micaria alpina (2) 337 Neriene clathrata ( 1) 210 Micar ia pul icaria (2) 336 Neriene emphana ( 1) 211 M icaria romana (2) 336 Neriene furtiva ( I) 211 M icaria silesiaca (2) 338 Neriene montana ( 1) 209 Micaria subopaca (2) 337 Neriene peltata ( 1) 210 Micrargus apertus ( I ) 126 Neriene radiata ( 1) 212 M icrargus herbigradus ( I ) 125 Nesticus cellulanus ( I) 35 M icrargus laudatus ( I) 127 nielseni, Lathys (2) 286 Micrargus subaequalis ( I ) 126 nigerrima, Gnaphosa (2) 334 Microctenonyx subitaneus ( 1) 120 Nigma puella (2) 280 Microlinyphia impigra ( I) 213 Nigma walelcenaeri (2) 281 Microlinyphia pusilla ( 1) 212 nigriceps, Pardosa (2) 246 M icrommata virescens (2) 341 nigrinus, Bathyphantes ( I) 187 M icroneta viaria ( I) 171 nigripes, Meioneta ( I) 171 microphthalma, Hahnia (2) 276 nigrita, Ozypti la (2) 361 microphthal mum, Porrhomma ( I ) 160 nigrita, Tetragnatha (2) 217 midas, Lepthyphantes ( I) 206 nigrurn, Dicymbium ( 1) 79 midas, M idia ( 1) 206 nivoyi, M arpissa (2) 371 M idia midas ( I ) 206 nobilis, Steatoda ( 1) 45 Milleriana inerrans ( I ) 137 noctuma, Callilepis (2) 335 miniata, X erolycosa (2) 249 nodosa, Walckenaeria ( 1) 71 Minicia marginella (1) 98 norvegica, Clubiona (2) 304 minimus, Phrurolithus (2) 300 Nothophantes horridus ( 1) 194 minor, Haplodrassus (2) 324 Notioscopus sarcinatus ( 1) 128 minutissima, Theonoe ( 1) 66 nubigena, Hilaira ( 1) 150 minutissimus, Centromerus ( I ) 181 Nuctenea umbratica (2) 229 minutus, Lepthyphantes ( I) 196 nudipalpis, Walckenaeria ( 1) 74

402 oblitum , Porrhomma ( 1) 162 Pardosa palustr is (2) 244 oblongtun, Pon-homma ( I ) 162 Pardosa prativaga (2) 245 oblongus, Tibellus (2) 35 1 Pardosa proxima (2) 247 obscurus, Cnephalocotes ( I) I l l Pardosa pullata (2) 244 obscurus, Lepthyphantes ( I) 198 Pardosa purbec kensis (2) 243 obso leta, Euophrys (2) 379 Pardosa saltans (2) 246 obso leta, Pseudeuophrys (2) 379 Pardosa trailli (2) 248 obtusa, Tetragnatha (2) 2 17 par ietina, Tegenar ia (2) 270 obtusa, Walckenaeria ( 1) 75 parvulus, Bathyphantes ( I) 187 occidenta lis, Gnaphosa (2) 334 patagiatus, Larinioides (2) 229 occ identalis, Megalepthyphantes collinus ( I ) 195 patula, Argenna (2) 288 Oedothorax agrestis ( I ) 102 pedestris, Trachyzelotes (2) 330 Oedothorax apicatus ( 1) 103 Pelecops is elongata ( I ) 107 Oedothorax fascus ( I ) 101 Pelecopsis mengei ( I ) 105 Oedothorax gibbosus ( I ) 10 1 Pelecopsis nemoralioides ( 1) 106 Oedothomx retu sus ( I ) 102 Pelecopsis nemoralis ( 1) 106 oelandica, Enop lognatha ( 1) 62 Pelecopsis parallela ( I) 105 olivacea, Agyneta ( I) 165 Pelecopsis radicicola ( 1 ) 108 omissa, Entelecara ( I ) 83 Pellenes tripunctatus (2) 388 onustus, Thomisus (2) 352 peltata, Neriene ( 1) 2 10 Oonops domesticus ( 1 ) 27 penicillata, Moebelia ( I) 84 Oonops pulcher ( 1 ) 27 pennyi, Cheiracanthium (2) 3 14 opisthographa, Amniella (2) 23 1 Peponocranium ludicrum ( 0 99 Orchestina sp.? ( 1) 28 perita, Anctosa (2) 257 Oreonetides vaginatus ( I ) 183 permixtus, Diplocephalus ( 1) 131 Ostearius melanopygius ( 1) 157 persimilis, Centromerus ( 1) 180 ovata, Enoplognatha ( I) 58 pervicax, Hilaira ( 1) 150 Oxyopes heterophthalmus (2) 266 petrensis, Euophrys (2) 379 Ozyp tila atomar ia (2) 364 petrensis, Talavera (2) 379 Ozyptila blackwalli (2) 360 petrensis, Zelotes (2) 329 Ozyptila brevipes (2) 365 peusi, Mecopisthes ( 1) 110 Ozyptila nigrita (2) 36 1 Phaeocedus braccatus (2) 326 Ozyptila praticola (2) 363 phalangioides, Pholcus ( 1) 22 Ozyptila pullata (2) 362 phalerata, Steatoda ( I ) 43 Ozyptila sanctuaria (2) 362 Philodromus albidus (2) 348 Ozyptila scabricula (2) 360 Philodromus aureolus (2) 342 Ozyptila simplex (2) 364 Philodromus buz i (2) 345 Ozyptila trux (2) 363 Philodromus cespitum (2) 344 Pachygnatha clercki (2) 2 18 Philodromus collinus (2) 346 Pachygnatha degeeri (2) 2 19 Philodromus dispar (2) 342 Pachygnatha listen (2) 2 19 Philodromus emarginatus (2) 348 paetulus, Mecynargus ( 1) 145 Philodromus fallax (2) 347 paetulus, Rhaebothorax ( I ) 145 Philodromus histr io (2) 347 paganus, Asthenargus ( I ) 155 Philodromus longipalpis (2) 344 Paidiscura pallens ( I ) 57 Philodromus margaritatus (2) 349 pallens, Paidiscura ( 1) 57 Philodromus praedatus (2) 343 pallens, Tapinocyba ( 1 ) 118 Phlegm fasciata (2) 386 pallens, Theridion ( 1) 57 Pholcomma gibbum ( 0 65 palliardii, Scotina (2) 298 Pholcus phalangioides ( 1) 22 pallidula, Clubiona (2) 305 phragmitis, Clubiona (2) 305 pallidum, Porrhomma ( I ) 159 Phrurolithus festivus (2) 299 pallidus, Lepthyphantes ( I ) 202 Phrurolithus minimus (2) 300 pa ludico la, Pardosa (2) 248 phrygianus, Pityohyphantes (1) 208 paludosa, Caror ita ( 1 ) 153 picinus, Diplocephalus ( 1) 133 palustris, Pardosa (2) 244 picta, Tegenaria (2) 273 Panamomops sulcifrons ( 1) 135 pictum, Theridion ( 1) 50 paradoxum , Gonatium ( I ) 96 pictus?, Neon (2) 376 paradoxus, Hyptiotes ( I ) 34 pinastr i, Theridion ( I) 52 parallela, Pelecopsis ( 1 ) 105 pinicola, Lepthyphantes ( I) 203 parasiticus, Thyreosthenius ( I ) 121 pinicola, Tetragnath a (2) 2 16 Pardosa agrestis (2) 242 Pirata hygrophilus (2) 260 Pardosa agrico la (2) 24 1 Pirata latitans (2) 26 1 Pardosa amentata (2) 245 Pirata piraticus (2) 259 Pardosa hortensis (2) 247 Pirata piscatorius (2) 262 Pardosa lugubris (2) 246 Pimta tenuitarsis (2) 260 Pardosa monticola (2) 243 Pirata uliginosus (2) 26 1 Pardosa nigriceps (2) 246 pimticus, Pirata (2) 259 Pardosa paludicola (2) 248 Pisaum mirabilis (2) 264

40 3 piscatorius, Pirata (2) 262 reclusa, Clubiona (2) 30 1 Pistius truncatus (2) 353 redii, Agalenatea (2) 230 Pityohyphantes phrygianus ( 1) 20 8 replicatus, Wabasso quaestio (1) 138 plantarius, Dolomedes (2) 265 reprobus , Halorates ( 1) 15 1 plum ipes, Uloborus ( I) 34 reticulatus, Neon (2) 373 Pocadicnernis j uncea ( I) 100 retusus , Oedothorax ( 1) 102 Pocadicnemis pumila ( 1) 99 reussi, Silometopus ( I) 109 Poeciloneta variegata ( 1) 190 Rhaebothorax morulus ( 1) 145 Porrhomma cambridgei ( 0 162 Rhaebothorax paetulus ( I) 145 Porrhomma campbelli ( 0 160 riparia, Achaearanea ( 1) 47 Pon-homma convexum ( 1) 158 Robertus arundineti ( I) 63 Porrhomma egeria ( I ) 16 1 Robertus insignis ( I) 64 Porrhom ma errans ( I) 16 1 Robertus lividus ( 1) 62 Porrhomma microphthalmum ( 1) 160 Robertus neglectus ( I) 63 Porrhomma montanum ( 1) 163 Robertus scoticus ( I) 64 Porrhom ma ob litum ( I ) 162 robusta, Trochosa (2) 254 Porrhomma oblongum ( 1) 162 robustum , Leptorhoptrum ( I) 147 Porrhomma pall idum ( I ) 159 robustus , Neon (2) 374 Porrhomma pygmaeum ( 1 ) 158 robustus, Xysticus (2) 359 Porrhomma rosenhauen ( I) 159 romana, Ceratinopsis ( 1) 114 praecox, Tapinocyba ( 1) 117 romana, Micaria (2) 336 praedatus, Philodromus (2) 343 rosenhaueri, Porrhomma ( 0 159 praeficu s, Drassyllus (2) 332 rosserae, Clubiona (2) 303 pratense, Baryphyma ( 1 ) 9 1 rubellum , Gonatium ( 1) 95 praticola, Ozyptila (2) 363 rubens, Gonatium ( I) 95 prativaga , Pardosa (2) 245 rubicunda, Harpactea ( 1) 26 Prinerigone vagans ( 1) 144 rubidum, Zodarion (2) 3 17 prominens, Cercidia (2) 237 rubrofasciata, Hygrolycosa (2) 249 prominulus, Metopobactrus ( I) 90 rufi pes, Gongylidium ( I ) 87 promiscua, Erigone ( I) 140 rufus, Macrargus ( I) 185 prona, Dipoena ( 1) 39 Rugathodes bellicosus ( 1) 58 protuberans, Diplocephalus ( 1) 133 Rugathod es instabilis ( 1) 57 proxima, Agroeca (2) 294 rupicola, Liocranum (2) 299 proxima, Pardosa (2) 24 7 rupicola, Sitticus (2) 383 pr udens, Centromerus ( 1) 174 rurestris, Meioneta ( I) 167 Pseudeuophrys erratica (2) 378 run cola, Trochosa (2) 253 Pseudeuop hrys lanigera (2) 37 8 rusticus, Urozelotes (2) 33 1 Pseu deuop hrys obso leta (2) 379 Saaristoa abnormis ( 1) 184 Pseudomaro aen igmaticu s ( 1) 156 Saan stoa firma ( I) 184 pseudoneglecta, Clubiona (2) 307 sabulosus, Xysticus (2) 358 Psilochor us simoni ( I ) 23 saeva, Tegenaria (2) 269 psychrophila, Erigone ( 1) 143 Saloca diceros ( 1 ) 123 pubescens, Drassodes (2) 320 saltans, Pardosa (2) 246 pubescens, Sitticus (2) 38 1 saltator, Attulus (2) 383 puella, Nigma (2) 280 saltator, Sitticus (2) 383 pulcher, Oonops ( 1) 27 Salticus cingulatus (2) 366 pulicaria, Micaria (2) 336 Salticus scenicus (2) 365 pu llata , Kaestneria ( 1) 189 Salticus zebraneus (2) 366 pullata, Oz yptila (2) 362 sanctuaria, Ozyptila (2) 362 pullata, Pardosa (2) 244 sandaliatus, Eresus ( 1) 32 pulverulenta, Alopecosa (2) 25 1 sanguinea, Hypsosinga (2) 236 pumila, Pocadicn emis ( 1) 99 sarcinatus, Notioscopus ) 128 punctat um, Lophomma ( I ) 123 Satilatlas britteni ( 1 ) 120 purbeckensis, Pardosa (2) 243 Savignia frontata ( 1) 130 pusilla, Dictyna (2) 278 saxatilis, Meioneta ( I) 168 pusilla, Hahnia (2) 277 saxetorum, Caviphantes ( 1) 155 pusilla, Microlinyphia ( 1) 2 12 saxicola, Trichoncus ( 1) 112 pusillus, Drassyllus (2) 332 scabricula, Ozyptila (2) 360 pusillus, Minyriolus ( I ) 117 scabriculus , Troxochrus ( 1) 116 pygmaea, Hypsosinga (2) 235 scabrosa, Ceratinella ( 1) 68 pygmaeum , Porrhomma ( 1) 158 scenicus, Sa1ticus (2) 365 pygmaeus , Tapinocyboides ( 1) 119 sclopetarius, Larinioides (2) 228 quadratus, Araneus (2) 225 scopigera, Allomengea ( 0 213 quaestio replicatus, Wabasso ( I ) 138 scoticus, Robertus ( I) 64 radiata, Marpissa (2) 370 Scotina celans (2) 297 radiata, Neriene (1) 2 12 Scotina gracilipes (2) 298 radicicola, Pelecopsis ( I) 108 Scotina palliardii (2) 298 ramosa, Agyneta (I) 166 Scotinotylus evansi ( 1) 136

404 Scotophaeus blackwalli (2) 325 subaequalis, Micrargus ( I ) 126 Scotophaeus scutulatus (2) 325 subitaneus, Microctenonyx ( I ) 120 scurrilis, Acartauchenius 0 ) 1 1 1 sublestus, Maro ( I ) 172 scutulatus, Scotophaeus (2) 325 subnigra, Argenna (2) 288 Scytodes thoracica ( I ) 22 subopaca, Micaria (2) 337 Segesui a bavarica ( 1)24 subsultans, Clubiona (2) 302 Segesuia fl orentina ( I) 24 subterraneus, Zelotes (2) 328 Segestria senoculata ( 1) 23 subtilis, Agyneta ( I) 163 segmentata, Metellina (2) 220 subtilis, Clubiona (2) 312 semiater, Centromerus ( I) 178 sulcifrons, Panamomops ( 1) 135 Semlj icola caliginosus (1) 146 sundevalli, Maso ( 1) 96 senoculata, Segestria ( I) 23 Syedra gracil is ( 0 173 serratus, Centromerus ( 1) 179 sylvaticus, Centr omerus ( 1) 174 servulus, Glyphesis ( I) 129 Synageles venator (2) 387 setiger, Bathyphantes ( I ) 188 Talavera aequipes (2) 380 setosus, Taranuncus ( I) 192 Talavera petrensis (2) 379 signifer, Haplodrassus (2) 320 Talavera thorelli (2) 380 silesiaca, Micaria (2) 338 Tallusia experta ( I) 181 Silometopus ambiguus ( I ) 109 Tapinocyba insecta ( I) 118 Silometopus elegans ( I ) 108 Tapinocyba mitis ( I) 119 Silometopus incurvatus ( 1) 110 Tapinocyba pallens ( 1) 118 Silometopus reussi ( I) 109 Tapinocyba praecox (1) 117 silvestris, Haplodrassus (2) 324 Tapinocyboides pygmaeus ( I) 119 silvestris, Tegenaria (2) 272 Tapinopa longidens ( I) 191 silvestris, Zora (2) 340 Taranuncus setosus ( I) 192 silvicola, Ciyphoeca (2) 282 tecta, Enoplognatha ( 1) 61 simile, Simitidion ( 1) 56 Tegenaria agrestis (2) 271 simile, Theridion (I) 56 Tegenaria atrica (2) 269 similis, Amaurobius (2) 290 Tegenaria domestica (2) 272 similis, Clubiona (2) 307 Tegenaria ferruginea (2) 270 Simitidion simile ( 1)56 Tegenaria gigantea (2) 268 simoni, Psilochorus ( 1) 23 Tegenaria parietina (2) 270 simoni, Typhochrestus ( I ) 137 Tegenaria picta (2) 273 simplex, Ozyptila (2) 364 Tegenaria saeva (2) 269 simplicitarsis, Meioneta ( I ) 169 Tegenaria silvestris (2) 272 simulans, Achaearanea (1)48 tenebricola, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 201 Singa hamata (2) 237 tenuis, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 198 Sintula corniger ( I ) 183 tenuitarsis, Pirata (2) 260 sisyphium, Theridion ( 1) 49 tepidariorum, Achaearanea ( 1) 48 Sitticus caricis (2) 381 terrestris, Clubiona (2) 306 Sitt icus fl oricola (2) 382 terrestris, Coelotes (2) 292 Sitticus inexpectus (2) 383 terricola, Trochosa (2) 255 Sitticus pubescens (2) 381 Tetragnatha extensa (2) 215 Sitticus rupicola (2) 383 Tetragnatha montana (2) 216 Sitticus saltator (2) 383 Tetragnatha nigrita (2) 217 socialis, Drapetisca ( I ) 190 Tetragnatha obtusa (2) 217 soerenseni, Haplodrassus (2) 323 Tetragnatha pinicola (2) 216 speciosa, Donacochara ( I ) 147 Tetr agnatha striata (2) 218 spinimana, Zora (2) 338 Textrix denticulata (2) 267 spinipalpis, Trochosa (2) 255 Thanatus formicinus (2) 350 stagnatilis, Clubiona (2) 301 Thanatus striatus (2) 350 stativa, Ceratinopsis ( 1) 114 Theonoe minutissima (1) 66 Steatoda albomaculata ( 1)43 Theridion bimaculatum (1) 56 Steatoda bipunctata ( I ) 44 Theridion blackwalli ( 1) 55 Steatoda grossa ( 1) 44 Theridion familiare ( 1) 53 Steatoda nobilis ( 1) 45 Theridion hemerobium ( I ) 51 Steatoda phalerata ( 1) 43 Theridion impressum ( 1) 50 Steatoda triangulosa ( I ) 45 Theridion melanurum ( 1) 54 Stemonyphantes lineatus ( 1) 193 Theridion mystaceum ( I ) 54 sticta, Crustulina ( 1) 42 Theridion pallens ( 1) 57 stigmatisata, Lathys (2) 287 Theridion pictum ( 1) 50 striata, Agraecina (2) 296 Thericlion pinastri ( I) 52 striata, Tetragnatha (2) 218 Theridion simile (1) 56 str iatus, Thanatus (2) 350 Theridion sisyphium (1) 49 stroemi, Zygiella (2) 239 Theridion tinctum ( I) 55 sturmi, Araneus (2) 227 Theridion varians ( 1) 52 sturmi, Atea (2) 227 Theridiosoma gemmosum ( 1) 67 stylifrons, Walckenaeria ( 1) 74 Thomisus onustus (2) 352

405 thoracica, Enoplognatha ( I ) 60 vigilax, Walckenaeria ( 0 79 thoracica, Labulla ( I) 192 v-i nsignitus, Aelurillus (2) 385 thoracica, Scytodes ( I) 22 virescens, Cheiracanthium (2) 313 thorelli, Euophrys (2) 380 virescens, Micrommata (2) 341 thorelli, Talavera (2) 380 vittatus, Anelosimus ( 1) 46 thorelli, Tr ichopterna ( 1) 103 vivum, Gongylidiellum (I ) 124 Thyreosthenius biovatus ( 1) 121 Wabasso quaestio replicatus ( I) 138 Thyreosthenius parasiti cus ( I ) 121 walckenaeri, Nigma (2) 281 Tibellus mariti mus (2) 351 Walckenaeria acuminata ( 1) 69 Tibellus oblongus (2) 351 Walckenaeria alticeps ( 1) 70 tibiale, Dicymbium ( 1 ) 81 Walckenaeria antica ( 1) 70 tinctum, Theridion ( 1 ) 55 Walckenaeria atrotibialis ( 1) 72 tirolensis, Erigone ( 1) 142 Walckenaeria capito ( I ) 72 Tiso aesti vus ( 1 ) 116 Walckenaeria clavicornis ( 0 78 Tiso vagans ( 0 115 Walckenaeria corniculans ( 0 76 Tmeticus affi nis ( 1 ) 86 Walckenaeria cucullata ( I) 71 torva, Dipoena ( 1) 4 1 Walckenaeria cuspidata ( 1 ) 78 Trachyzelotes pedestris (2) 330 Walckenaeria dysderoides ( I ) 73 trailli, Pardosa (2) 248 Walckenaeria furcillata ( 1) 76 Trematocephalus cristatus ( 1) 86 Walckenaeria incisa ( 1) 73 triangular's, Li nyphia ( I ) 208 Walckenaeria kochi ( 1) 77 triangulosa, Steatoda ( 0 45 Walckenaeria mitrata ( 0 69 Trichoncus affi nis ( 1) 113 Walckenaeria monoceros ( I) 75 Trichoncus hacicmani ( I ) 112 Walckenaeria nodosa ( 1) 71 Trichoncus saxicola ( 1 ) 112 Walckenaeria nudipalpis ( 1) 74 Trichopterna cito ( 1) 104 Walckenaeria obtusa (1) 75 Trichopterna thorelli ( I ) 103 Walckenaeria stylifrons ( 1) 74 trifrons, Baryphyma ( 1 ) 94 Walckenaeria unicomis ( 1) 77 triguttatus, Ar aneus (2) 227 Walckenaeria vigilax ( 1) 79 triguttatus, Atea (2) 227 walckenaerius, I lloborus ( 1) 33 tripunctatus, Pellenes (2) 388 welchi, Erigone ( I) 143 tristis, Dipoena ( I ) 40 whymperi, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 197 trivial's, Clubiona (2) 309 Wiehlea calcarifera ( 1 ) 154 Trochosa robusta (2) 254 Xerolycosa miniata (2) 249 Trochosa ruricola (2) 253 Xerolycosa nemoralis (2) 250 Trochosa spinipalpis (2) 255 x-notata, Zygiella (2) 238 Trochosa terricola (2) 255 Xysticus acerbus (2) 359 Troxochrus scabriculus ( I ) 116 Xysti cus audax (2) 354 truncatus, Episinus ( 1) 36 Xysti cus bifasciatus (2) 357 truncatus, Pistius (2) 353 Xysticus cristatus (2) 354 trux, Ozypti la (2) 363 Xysticus erraticus (2) 355 tuberculata, Ero ( 0 31 Xysticus kochi (2) 355 Tuberta arietina (2) 284 Xysticus lanio (2) 356 Tuberta maerens (2) 283 Xysticus luctator (2) 357 Typhochrestus digitatus ( I ) 136 Xysticus luctuosus (2) 358 Typhochrestus simoni ( I ) 137 Xysticus robustus (2) 359 uliginosus, Pirata (2) 261 Xysticus sabulosus (2) 358 ulmi, Xysticus (2) 356 Xysticus ulmi (2) 356 Uloborus plumipes ( 1) 34 zebraneus, Salticus (2) 366 Uloborus walckenaerius ( 1) 33 Zelotes apricorum (2) 327 umbrati ca, Nuctenea (2) 229 Zelotes electus (2) 326 umbrati lis, Haplodrassus (2) 322 Zelotes latreillei (2) 327 uncatus, Drepanotylus ( 0 148 Zelotes longipes (2) 328 uncinata, Dictyna (2) 279 Zelotes petrensis (2) 329 unicomi s, Walckenaeria ( 1) 77 Zelotes subterraneus (2) 328 Urozelotes rusticus (2) 331 Zilla diodia (2) 234 vagans, Prinerigone ( I ) 144 zimmermanni, Lepthyphantes ( 1) 199 vagans, Tiso ( I) 115 Zodarion fuscum (2) 318 vaginatus, Oreonetides ( I ) 183 Zodarion italicum (2) 315 valentulus, Neon (2) 375 Zodarion rubidum (2) 317 varians, Theridion ( I) 52 Zodarion vicinum (2) 316 variegata, Poeciloneta ( I ) 190 Zora armi llata (2) 339 vatia, M isumena (2) 353 Zora nemoralis (2) 340 venator, Synageles (2) 387 Zora silvestris (2) 340 veruculata, A chaearanea ( 1) 49 Zora spinimana (2) 338 viaria, M icroneta ( 1 ) 171 Zygiella atrica (2) 238 vicinum, Zodarion (2) 316 Zygiella stroemi (2) 239 vidua, A llomengea ( 0 214 Zygiella x-notata (2) 238

406 á á