Beggar your neighbours: apartheid power in Southern Africa http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20027 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Beggar your neighbours: apartheid power in Southern Africa Author/Creator Hanlon, Joseph Contributor Daniel, John, Smart, Teresa, Spray, Paul, Stoneman, Colin Publisher James Currey Ltd. (London) Date 1986 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Mozambique, South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1976 - 1985 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 337.68 H241b Rights By kind permission of Progressio (CIIR) and with thanks to Joseph Hanlon. Description The book provides a comprehensive review of South Africa's war in the Southern African region, detailing the role of "destabilization" in the "total strategy" to defend apartheid. It covers economic as well as military actions, and includes a statistical annex and extensive references. Hanlon was based in Mozambique for 1979 to 1984, as a correspondent for the BBC, the Guardian and various financial magazines. Format extent 376 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20027 http://www.aluka.org Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 Beggar Your Neighbours Beggar Your Neighbours Apartheid Power in Southern Africa JOSEPH HANLON CATHOLIC INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS r d ilk in collaboration with JAMES CURREY INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS Catholic Institute for International Relations (CIIR) 22 Coleman Fields, Islington, London N1 7AF James Currey Ltd. 54b Thornhill Square, Islington, London N1 1BE Indiana University Press Bloomington, Indiana 47405 C CIIR 1986 First published in 1986 British Library Cataloguing in Beggar Your Neighbours Hanlon, Joseph Publication Data 1. South Africa - Foreign relations - Africa, Southern 2. Southern - Foreign relations - South Africa 1. Title 327'.0968 DT771.A356 ISBN Cased 0-85255-307-2 (James Currey) Paper 0-85255-305-6 (James Currey) Cased 0-946848-36-X (CIIR) Paper 0-946848-27-0 (CIIR) Set at CIIR and Russell Press, Bertrand Russell House, Gamble Street, Forest Road West, Nottingham NG7 4ET Printed in England by Villiers Publications, 26a Shepherds Hill, London N6 Contents 1. The War Outside South Africa 1 2. The Total Strategy to Defend Apartheid 7 3. SADCC, the ANC, and Constructive Engagement 17 4. Destabilisation: 1981-83 27 5. South Africa as a Regional Power 37 6. Pricking the Balloon 45 7. What Does South Africa Want in the Region? 57 8. Ties that Bind 67 9. No Free Lunch The Southern African Customs Union 81 10. Swaziland 91 11. Lesotho Bellowing from the Mountain-Top 107 12 Mozambique Ports and Railways 131 13. Angola 151 14. Zimbabwe I. South African Military Intervention 173 15. Zimbabwe II. South African Government Economic Actions 185 16. Zimbabwe IIL The Private Sector and South Africa 199 17. Botswana Cautious but Outspoken 219 18. Malawi Taking from Both Sides 235 243 254 259 19. Zambia 20. Neighbours' Reactions 21. What Can Be Done? Appendix 1 The Cost of Destabilisation Appendix 2 The Effect on Neighbouring States of Sanctions Against South Africa Statistical Annex References Index List of Maps Southern Africa Rail and Pipeline Routes Mozambique South African Attacks Angola facing page Acknowledgements This book would have been impossible without the help of more than a hundred people who provided information, introductions, leads, suggestions, advice, guidance, and hospitality. People opened their houses and files to us. Confidential documents found their way into our hands. Colleagues read early drafts and commented on them and debated with us. Many of those who helped did so on condition that they would not be identified. It would be invidious to identify some of those who were so important to this project and not others, so we would simply like to thank all those who helped and say that we hope they feel it was worth their effort. The author and publishers would like to acknowledge the kindness of Penguin Books in allowing them to make use of maps prepared for Apartheid's Second Front by Joseph Hanlon (Penguin 1986). That book is a useful introduction to the subjects treated here. Author and Contributors Dr Joseph Hanlon was correspondent in Mozambique for the BBC, the Guardian and various financial magazines from 1979 to 1984. His previous books include Mozambique: The Revolution Under Fire (Zed Books, London, 2nd ed. 1985), SADCC: Progress, Projects and Prospects (Economist Intelligence Unit, London, 1985) and Apartheid's Second Front (Penguin, London 1986). Dr John Daniel spent 11 years at the University of Swaziland where he was Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Social Science Research Unit. He was forced to leave in 1985, and became a Research Fellow at the Free University of Amsterdam. Teresa Smart was a teacher and researcher in southern Africa from 1980 until 1985 and is now coordinator of mathematics at Islington Sixth Form Centre, London. Paul Spray has worked as an economist in Botswana and Lesotho, and is now a staff member of the Catholic Institute for International Relations. Colin Stoneman is an economist and is Leverhulme Research Fellow at the Centre for Southern African Studies at York University. He is the editor of Zimbabwe's Inheritance (Macmillan, 1981) and the forthcoming Zimbabwe's Prospects. Currencies 1985 exchange rates Angola Botswana Lesotho Malawi Mozambique Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe Kwanza (Kw) Pula (P) Maloti* (M) Kwacha (K) Metical (Mt) Emalangeni* (E) Kwacha (K) Dollar (Z$) *The forms quoted are plurals, these being the basis of the abbreviations. The singular forms are loti and lilangeni. Abbreviations Acronyms are explained on first occurrence and in the index. US$1 30.2 1.75 1.92 1.78 43 1.92 2.36 1.56 UK£1 39.0 2.26 2.52 2.34 56 2.52 3.04 2.00 (ANGOLA) ZAIRE j TANZANIA q v-. Dar es Salaar Luanda Mweru Lobito Lake Ma .v * M AL "W ANGOLA Nyasa [' " ' Ndola,&--J MALAWINll ,. 4 A Lilongwe SNa be { ZAMBIA A..... ngwe Nacala amnibe A Cahora Bassa Dam * Lusaka A a A Blantyre -- ----------- Lake - Kariba ' , MOZAMBIQUE - Harare A ' \ ZIMBABWE ' Beira S%.A Bulawayo I Francistown At ..'- BOTSWANA Windhoek ". ' WalvisBay Limpopo Rover i. Gaborone A -%I A Pretoria :: q.:~~" - - 1Z. o r t o a . l M a p u to .," I* Luderitz A .- Z A I . -. * " Luderitz L...'- Johannesburg MbabaneLJ " Orange River "SWAZLAND -ichards Bay Maseru A, Durban \ LESOTHO kTLANTIC SOUTH AFRICA INDIAN OCEAN A, East London Cape Town RPort Elizabeth "-C km200400600 MIS 200 400 Southern Africa 1. The War Outside South Africa In October 1985, the Australian Foreign Minister explained his goverment's policy towards South Africa: 'We want to bring it to its senses, and we want to do so before the violence in South Africa spreads beyond its borders.'" One of the main purposes of this book is to demonstrate that this widely-shared perception is dangerously wrong. For years Pretoria has been waging a war in defence of apartheid well beyond its borders, with severe consequences for its neighbours. The occupation of Namibia, declared illegal by the United Nations twenty years ago, is clear for all to see. But elsewhere, because the South African offensive is largely covert, aggression against the neighbouring states is far more widespread than has been appreciated in the West. Since 1980, in the eight majority ruled states of the region, South Africa has: * invaded three capitals (Lesotho, Botswana, Mozambique) and four other countries (Angola, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, and Zambia); " tried to assassinate two prime ministers (Lesotho and Zimbabwe); " backed dissident groups that have brought chaos to two countries (Angola and Mozambique) and less serious disorder in two others (Lesotho and Zimbabwe); * disrupted the oil supplies of six countries (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe); and 0 attacked the railways providing the normal import and export routes of seven countries (Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe). More than 100,000 people have been killed, most of them starved to death in Mozambique because South African-backed rebel activity prevented drought relief. Famine was used as a weapon of war. More than one million people have been displaced. The largest single group is Angolans fleeing various South African invasions. But all the majority-ruled states have had to care for refugees of South African attacks and destabilisation. In purely financial terms, the cost is immense. It was detailed by the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), the economic organisation of the majority-ruled states of the region, in a memorandum reproduced as Appendix 1. Over the five-year period 1980 to 1984 South Africa cost the region $10,000 million - more than all the foreign aid these states received in the same period. The biggest single component ($3bn) was direct additional military expenditure.