Abelshauser, Werner, 317 Abortions, 29, 93, 95, 101–2, 105, 109, 110

Home , Bricha, Caiazzo massacre

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Index

Abelshauser, Werner, 317 American Jewish Distribution abortions, 29, 93, 95, 101–2, 105, 109, Committee, 115 110, 115, 124, 125–6, 134-6, 169, American Jewish organizations, 113, 234 119 Action Party (Italy), 265, 269 American Ofﬁce of Strategic Services, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 285 169 Adenauer, Konard, 12, 45, 59, 77, 79, American zone of occupation in 82–4, 176, 239, 244, 305 Germany, 78, 96, 114, 116–17, 213 Adorno, Theodor W., 82, 84, 212 Amsterdam (Netherlands), 70, 76 adultery, 165, 168, 171 Andreas-Friedrich, Ruth, 98 advertising, 198, 260, 292, 317, anticommunism, 241, 269–70 320 antifascism, 54, 269, 278, 298, 301 Africa, 267, 284–5 antisemitism, 11, 73, 79, 81–3, 86, air raids, 4, 28–30, 37, 51, 56, 58, 63, 88–90, 121, 156–7, 166–7, 171, 248, 250 184, 264, 273, 276, 287–8, 336 Airlift (Berlin), 120-1 Apor, Bishop Vilmos, 147 Algerian War, 251 architecture, 292, 294–5, 298, 300, Algiers, 251 302–3, 307, 310–12, 314 Allenbach Institute for Opinion Arendt, Hannah, 93–4 Research, 30, 32, 173, 214, 218–19, Arezzo (Italy), 276 222, 225, 227–8 Arnold, Franz, 177 Allied Control Council, 51 Aron, Raymond, 86, 88 Allied occupation, 41, 99, 323, Arzberg Porcelain (company), 299, 328–9 311 Allies, 27–8, 57, 78, 96, 98, 124, Association of those Persecuted by the 126–7, 199, 235, 268, 270, 272, Nazi Regime (Vereinigung der 281, 320, 329 Verfolgten des Nazi-Regimes or Alsace, 248–9 VVN), 53 Altwegg, Jurg,¨ 66 atrocities, 16, 18–21, 23–4, 26, 31, American High Command of 33–4, 105, 130, 132, 146, 156, 273, Germany, 301 277, 285 American Jewish Congress, 120 Audisio, Walter, 280

349

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521804132 - Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s Edited by Richard Bessel and Dirk Schumann Index More information

350 Index

Audouin-Rouzeau, Stephane,´ 244 Bermondsey (Great Britain), 207 Auer, Judith, 103 Bessarabia, 26 Aufbau (magazine), 298 Beveridge, William, 195 Auschwitz, 2, 64, 71–2, 84, 87, 93, Biagi, Enzo, 275 245, 340, 344, 346 Biber, Jacob, 115 Australia, 153 Bildende Kunst (magazine), 298 Austria, 24, 49, 121, 130, 132–3, 136, birth control, 93, 195, 206 143, 145, 201, 232, 275 birthrates, 111, 123, 135, 195, 206 Austrian First Republic, 134 Bitterfeld Conference, 310 Blackbourn, David, 343 Bader, Karl Siegfried, 174 Blucher,¨ Franz, 60 Balkans, 246, 250 Blue Lamp, The (movie), 205 Baltic, 26, 30, 118 Bogarde, Dirk, 205 Bartning, Otto, 294 Boll,¨ Heinrich, 2, 81 Bartov, Hanoch, 112 Bologna (Italy), 270 Basic Law (West Germany), 48, 304 Bolshevism, 167, 268 Bassett, George, 159 bombing, 3, 4, 23, 28–9, 31, 80, 99, Bataan Death March, 21 123, 156, 201, 212, 245–6, 276, Battle of Berlin, 53 281, 295 Battle of France (May–June 1940), 249 Bonn (Germany), 300 battleﬁelds, 2, 7, 53, 245, 270, 283 Bonn republic, 212, 214, 294, 315 Bauhaus, 12, 294, 297–9, 301, 313, Borchert, Wolfgang, 15 315 Bosch (company), 225, 292 Bauhaus Modernism, 299 Bosnia, 31 Bavaria (Germany), 79, 112, 123 Bosworth, Richard, 265, 285 Beauty of Labor (Nazi Germany), 314, Bottai, Giuseppe, 287 318, 320 Bourdieau, Pierre, 229 Becker, Annette, 244 Bousquet Rene,´ 86 Beitrage¨ zur Sexualforschung (series), 191 Boveri, Margaret, 98 Belgium, 11, 65, 74, 141, 197, 201, Bovet, Theodor, 177-9 249, 254–5, 275, 286, 343 Bowlby, John, 210 Bell, Daniel, 215 Brandenburg (Germany), 29 Bellona (Italy), 278 Brandenburg Interior Ministry, 53 Belorussia, 26, 246 Brandt, Marianne, 298 Ben Gurion, David, 83 Braun (company), 292, 315 Benedek, Therese, 152 Braunschweig (Germany), 323 Benjamin, Walter, 12, 302, 320 Breendonk (Belgium), 254-5 Benz, Wolfgang, 335 Breker, Arno, 313 Bergen-Belsen, 79, 110, 116 Bremerhaven (Germany), 222 Berlach, Ernst, 312 Breuer, Marcel, 313 Berlant, Lauren, 189 Brevaire´ de la Haine, La (Poliakov), 89 Berlin (Germany), 2, 28–9, 43–4, 49, Bricha underground network, 97, 119 52–4, 60, 93, 96–103, 105–10, 118, British Home Ofﬁce, 205 121–3, 126, 294, 300, 330 British Housewives League, 204 Berlin Wall, 4, 279, 299, 310 British Ministry of Information, 79 Berliner Zeitung (newspaper), 109 British zone of occupation, 78–9, 96, Berlusconi, Silvio, 289 114, 116–17

Index 351

Broszat, Martin, 338, 340 Child Care and the Growth of Love Brownmiller, Susan, 144–5 (Bowlby), 210 Bruns, Ingeborg, 34 childbirth, 95, 115, 117, 123, 127 Brussels World Exposition (1958), 314 children, 7, 9–10, 16, 19, 21–3, 26, Brustmann, Martin, 182–3 28–30, 33, 34–5, 73, 89, 95, 103, Buchenwald, 87, 110, 255 108–10, 112–14, 116–18, 122–3, Budapest (Hungary), 129–33, 135–8, 125, 134, 155, 158, 179, 194–7, 142, 144, 147 201, 205–10, 217, 219, 222, 231, Budapest National Council, 135 245, 281–3 Bundestag (West Germany), 48–9, 55, Christian Democratic Party (DC) 58–9, 77, 80 (Italy), 267 Bundeswehr (FRG), 49, 55, 59 Christian Democrats (Italy), 266, 269, Burger-Prinz,¨ Hans, 185–86 284 Burma, 156 Christian Democrats (West Germany), 267, 305 Caiazzo (Italy), 278 Christianity, 74, 177, 236, 241, 339, Calvino, Italo, 271–2 342 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Christians, 82, 164, 171, 175, 179, 205 181, 190, 240, 339 Canada, 153, 275 Church of England, 204 Canguilhem, Georges, 347 Church of Scotland, 204 Caribbean, 206 Churchill, Winston, 267 casualties, 25, 28, 56–7, 60, 63, 71, cinema, 203, 218, 221, 265, 296, 304, 150, 243, 245–51 330 Catholic Church, 10–11, 47, 81, 135, Ciociara, La (Moravia), 281 148, 170, 176, 231–6, 238–40 Civil War (Spain), 11, 237, 238 Catholicism, 23–33, 236, 238 civilian life, 16, 27, 149, 152, 158, 160 Catholics, 85, 176–7, 232, 235, 238–9, civilians, 3–4, 9, 15, 18, 23–4, 27, 241, 268, 270, 339 30–1, 37, 39, 51–2, 56, 65, 133, Caucasus, 26 152–6, 246–8, 250, 276, 278, 281 Cavour, Conte Camillo Benso di, 267 Civitella Val di Chiana (Italy), 276 Ceausescu, Nicola, 279 clergy, 237–8, 240–1 Celan, Paul, 81 Cold War, 4, 41, 46, 69, 106, 120–1, Central Council of Jews in Germany 131, 138, 144, 205, 262, 269, 291, (Zentralrat der Juden in 298–9, 301, 304–5, 309, 319 Deutschland), 83 collaboration, 2, 4, 11, 34, 70–1, 76, Central Ofﬁce of Tourism (Germany), 86, 131, 238, 252–3, 262 329, 337 collective guilt, 82, 186, 284 Centre de recherche et de collective memory, 41, 48, 63, 66, 75, documentation juive contemporain 131, 211 (CDJC), 89 Cologne (Germany), 28, 59, 314 Certeau, Michel de, 229 combat, 16–9, 22–6, 31–4, 149, 152–4, Charles II (of England), 279 157–60, 251–2, 256, 277, 283, 304 Charleston County (South Carolina), Comintern, 138 18 Commentary (journal), 93 Chicago Exposition (1933), 312 Commission on Mental Health (USA), child care, 208–10 22

352 Index

Committee Against Jim Crow in Damberg, Wim, 238 Military Service and Training Danzer, Paul, 167–8 (USA), 158 Das schwarze Korps (SS journal), 170 Committee for Youth Welfare (FRG), Davis, Benjamin O., 157 179 Day of Mourning, 49, 51, 55, 57 communism, 3, 44, 62, 130–1, 144, De Felice, Renzo, 264–5, 288 146, 262, 279, 289 de Gaulle, Charles, 85–7, 197, 255, 267 Communist Party (France), 88, 255, De Sica, Vittorio, 281 271 death camps, 41, 65–6, 88, 93, 112, Communist Party (Germany), 101–2 115, 117, 119, 121, 165 Communist Party (Hungary), 138–9 death rates, 195–7, 246, 248–9 Communists, 11, 47, 76, 86–8, 96, 99, Del Boca, Angelo, 285 103–5, 265–70, 273, 280 Delinquent Generations (report), 205 Compiegne` (France), 254 democracy, 43, 45, 62, 68, 84, 215, concentration camps, 3, 17, 47, 56–8, 268, 274, 298, 317, 337, 343 64, 66, 78, 96–7, 104, 110, 112, Democratic Party of the Left (Italy), 116, 118, 165, 234, 248, 253, 255, 279 278, 285, 344 democratization, 6, 62, 99, 215 Conference on Jewish Material Claims denaziﬁcation, 50, 54, 61, 78–9, 82–3, Against Germany, 82 94, 99, 100, 108, 176, 182, 186–7, Conservative governments (Great 234–5, 303, 306, 314, 325 Britain), 202, 205 Denes, Magda, 118 Conservative Party (Great Britain), 62, Denmark, 197, 201 200–2, 204 Department of Veterans’ Affairs Constanze (women’s magazine), 162, (United States), 20 173, 187–8, 191 deportations, 2, 11, 23, 71–2, 74, 76–7, consumer goods, 12, 202, 217, 219, 85, 87, 89–90, 193, 248, 254–6 221, 223–4, 226–7, 311 depression, economic, 1, 5, 6, 70, 296, consumer society, 6, 8, 215, 221, 225, 319, 330 227–8 depression, mental, 17, 22, 109, 150 Corriere della Sera (newspaper), 275 derniers des justes, Les (Schwarz-Bart), 90 Council for Christians and Jews, 82 design, 12, 24, 292, 294–5, 297–9, crime, 12, 18, 20, 86, 107, 135, 153, 301–2, 305, 307–8, 310–16, 318, 154, 202, 262, 338 320 Crimea, 26 Dessau(Germany), 298 Croatia, 142 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Croce, Benedetto, 274 Mental Disorders (publication), 19 Crum, Bartley, 114 Dibelius, Otto, 53, 60 Crystal Palace Exposition (1851), 299 dictatorships, 47, 80, 213, 231, 233, currency reform (West Germany), 121, 237–8, 270, 329, 337, 342 211, 214, 220. See also Diner, Dan, 84, 212, 339, 341 Wahrungsreform¨ disease, 107–9, 136, 151 Czechoslovakia, 30, 43, 118 displaced persons (DPs), 57, 79, 93, 96, 98–9, 110–12, 117–22, 124–6, 249 D’Alema, Massimo, 275 displaced persons camps, 9, 95–6, Dachau, 236, 255 110–14, 116, 118–19, 121, 125–6 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 228 DIVO Institute, 226

Index 353

divorce, 12, 22, 32–4, 161, 163, 196, Ellenbeck, Major Dr., 168 198–9 Emden (Germany), 323–4 domesticity, 112, 187, 189, 203, 205, End of a Berlin Diary (Shirer), 107 208 England, 153, 198–9, 202, 204, 239, Dongo (Italy), 280 343. See also Great Britain Dortmund (Germany), 28 English, Raymond, 103, 152 Doyle, John B., 159 Erhard, Ludwig, 293, 301, 306 Dr. Zhivago (movie), 138 Eschweiler (Rhineland), 224 Drancy (France), 86 Esperia (Italy), 282 Draussen vor der Tur¨ (Borchert), Ethiopia, 273, 284–5 15 eugenics, 134, 163, 179, 182, 190, Dresden (Germany), 245, 294 195 Dreyfus Affair, 85 European Coal and Steel Community, Duisburg (Germany), 28 239 Dutch National Socialist Movement European Defense Community, 257 (NSB), 72 European Economic Community Dwf: donna, women, femme (journal), (EEC), 244, 256 282 expellees, 30, 51, 57, 79, 96, 220

Eames, Charles, 296, 315 Fallen Soldiers (Mosse), 65 East Bloc Modernism, 297 family allowances, 197, 208 East Prussia, 29 famine, 246, 250 Eastern Europe, 6, 8, 11, 44, 65, 71, fascism, 13, 43, 45–6, 54, 80, 88, 104, 89, 117, 131, 134, 212 106, 121, 161, 233, 235, 243, 261, eastern front, 23, 25, 27, 32, 53, 245, 262, 264, 268, 273, 291, 302–4, 247–8, 250 307, 311 Eastern Pomerania, 29 Fascism (Italy), 259, 261, 264–8, economic miracle (West Germany), 94, 273–7, 281–2, 284, 286–9 315 Federal Ofﬁce of Statistics (FRG), 216, economics, 5, 6, 10, 12, 234, 259, 292, 221 311, 318–19 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), education, 47, 61, 70, 78, 84, 154, 3, 9, 12, 33, 40, 46–9, 55, 58, 63–4, 201, 203, 207, 263–4, 276, 287, 68, 78–9, 84, 99, 165, 172, 176, 296, 301, 303, 182, 197–8, 200–1, 206, 208, 212, 316–17 215, 220–3, 255, 275, 293, 296, Egner, Erich, 215 299–300, 317–18 Ehlers, Herman, 58–9 Fed´ eration´ des locataires de bonne foi Ehrenburg, Ilja, 142 (Federation of Renters of Good Eichmann, Adolf, 344 Faith), 89 Einaudi publishers, 278 Fed´ eration´ Nationale des Deport´ es´ et Einsatzgruppen (operation teams), 25, Internes´ Resistants´ et Patriotes, 87 33, 65 Feldbinder, Else, 188–9 Einstein, Albert, 301 Felman, Shosanna, 68 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 119 Fenoglio, Beppe, 271 Eley, Geoff, 343 fertility, 110, 115, 127, 167, 195, 197, elites, 38, 46, 50, 69–70, 75, 77, 78, 206 80, 84, 89, 91, 156, 212 Fifth Republic (France), 255

354 Index

ﬁlms, 12, 81, 88, 94, 108, 146, 154, Gault, William B., 20 156, 170, 198, 205, 265–6, 271, gender roles, 12, 206, 208, 305 274, 281–4, 290, 292, 298, 302, General Agreement on Tariffs and 304, 335, 344 Trade (GATT), 199 Finzi, Roberto, 286, 288 gen´ eration´ du feu, 245 First World War, 1–4, 7, 11, 141, 200, genocide, 3, 5, 42, 63, 95, 98, 114, 244, 252, 257, 267 121, 246, 248, 250, 253–4, 256 Flucht Ohne Ziel (Langner), 108 German army, 25, 143. See also Fontana, Alan, 19–20, 22 Wehrmacht Form und Dekor (publication), 297, 299, German Association for Sex Research, 314 174, 185 Form und Zweck (design journal), 297–8 German Central Ofﬁce of Tourism Formalism Debate, the, 297–8 (Deutsche Zentrale fur¨ Foucault, Michel, 131, 175–6, 347 Fremdenverkehr), 329 Four Musketeers, The (Fraser), 156 German Communist Party Fourth Republic (France), 244, 255 (Kommunistische Partei Fragebogen (von Salomon), 83 Deutschlands), 102, 104–5 France, 6, 9, 11, 65–6, 69, 72, 74, German Democratic Republic (GDR), 85–8, 90–1, 141, 195–7, 199–201, 9, 12, 40, 43–4, 46–9, 52–4, 56, 63, 206, 209–10, 239, 245, 247–50, 99, 255, 293, 294, 297–9, 307–10, 254–5, 261, 269, 275, 286, 319, 314, 321 338, 342–3 German Design Council (FRG), 294, Francis of Assisi, 241 296, 300, 315–16 Franco, Francisco, 236–8 German Design Council (GDR), 310 Frank, Anne, 74, 81 German Federation of Industry (BDI), Frankfurt (Germany), 122 293 Frankfurter Hefte (periodical), 176, 295 German Housewives Association Fraser, George MacDonald, 156 (FRG), 305 Frederking, Walter, 186 German Labor Front, 314 Frei, Norbert, 80 German soldiers, 12, 23, 27, 51–3, 56, Freikorps,3 60, 95, 107, 246 French Ministry for War Veterans, 251 Gf K (Nuremberg Society for French zone of occupation in Consumer Research), 223, 224 Germany, 78–9 ghettoes, 112, 117 Freud, Sigmund, 67, 112, 184 Giehm, Gerhard, 184–5 Friedlander,¨ Saul, 66, 68, 338–9, 342 Giese, Hans, 174, 185 Frings, Josef, 59 Goebbels, (Paul) Joseph, 101, 103, 143, Frosinone (Italy), 282 176, 312, 320 Fussel, Paul, 243 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 211, 329, 337 Garcia, John, 151 Gone with the Wind (movie), 138 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 267 Gorlitz¨ (Germany), 43 garibaldini, 270 Gramsci, Antonio, 273, 275 Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), Graupner, Heinz Dr., 174 330 Great Britain, 10, 32, 150, 152, 155, Gasperi, Alcide de, 239 193–202, 204–10, 248, 261, 263, Gaullistes,86 265, 281, 286, 319. See also England

Index 355

Greece, 197, 261, 267 Hollingshaw, August B., 155 Grendi, Edoardo, 326 Holocaust, 9, 11, 46, 63, 64, 71, 111, Grenzganger¨ (border crossers), 96 124, 192, 212, 278, 291, 338–9, Gretsch, Hermann, 313–14 341–6. See also Shoah Gropius, Walter, 301 Home Fires (Katz), 1 Guadal Canal, 159 home front, 28, 65, 133, 142, 243, Guardini, Romano, 233–4 246, 313 Guardistallo (Italy), 276–7 homosexuality, 164, 185 Guerri, Giordano Bruno, 287 homosexuals, 63, 165–6, 185 Horthy regime (Hungary), 143 Habermas, Jurgen,¨ 320 Howley, Frank, 99 Hague, The, 77 Hulme, Kathryn, 117 Halbe (Germany), 53 Hungarian army, 130, 136, 142, 146–7 Hamburg (Germany), 28, 185, 213 Hungary, 10, 26, 30, 130, 132–7, Harich, Wolfgang, 106 141–4, 146, 213, 261, 271 Harrison Report, 119–20 hunger, 40, 61, 80, 107–8, 211–14, Harz (Germany), 324, 327–9, 337 305, 323 Harz Tourist Union, 327, 337 hygiene, 111, 174, 221 Hassenpﬂug, Gustav, 298 Heath, Stephen, 176 I sentieri dei nidi di ragno (Calvino), 271 Hedler, Wolfgang, 80–1 I ventitre giorni della citta` di Alba Heimat Front (television series), 334 (Fenoglio), 271 Heldengedenktag (Heroes’ Il colonialismo italiano (Rochat), 285 Remembrance Day), 58 In Search (Levin), 113 Hellerau, Wilhelmine, 297 Indonesia, 67 Herf, Jeffrey, 79 industrial design, 12, 292–3, 297, heterosexuality, 140, 161, 163, 170, 302–3, 309–10, 312, 315, 319 172, 183, 185, 190 Institut d’Histoire du Temps Present,´ Heuss, Theodor, 48, 59, 80, 82, 84, 263 301, 316 Institute for Statistical Market and Heymont, Irving, 111, 115, 119 Opinion Research (ISMA), 173 Himmler, Heinrich, 170, 182–3, 344 intellectuals, 84, 259, 262, 268, 271, Hindig, Otto, 313 273–4, 288 Hirche, Herbert, 298 International Day of Peace (September Hiroshima (Japan), 156 1), 43–4 Hirschmann, Johannes B., 241 Intervista sul fascismo (De Felice), 264 History of Sexuality, The (Foucault), 175 Ireland, 193, 197, 206 Hitler, Adolf, 45–6, 49, 50, 60–1, 63, Israel, 74, 82–3, 112, 123, 183, 344 80, 105, 170, 179, 195, 213, 244, Italian Communist Party (PCI), 265–9, 265, 269, 298, 302, 317, 320, 328, 275, 279–80, 289 338. Hobsbawm, Eric, 288 Italy, 6, 11, 196–7, 200–2, 206, 208, Hoecker, Karla, 101 232, 238–9, 248, 259, 261, 264–5, Hoffmann, Ferdinand, 167–8 267–75, 280–2, 285, 287–8, 302–3, Hofmann, Anton, 176–8 305, 307, 340 Hohenecken, Hans von, 182 Holland, Meta, 179 Japan, 18, 250, 285, 302 Hollander, Walther von, 187–9 Jaspers, Karl, 81

356 Index

Jewish Brigade, 112 Kriegsneurotiker (war neurotics), 25 Jewish Co-ordination Committee Kultur im Heim, Die (journal), 308 ( JCC), 74 Jewish Social Work ( JMW), 74 labor camps, 27 Jews, 4, 8–9, 11, 23, 26, 30, 42, 64–6, labor market, 200, 201, 209 69–77, 79–91, 94, 96–8, 103, 112, Labour government (Great Britain), 117–21, 123–7, 130, 157, 166–8, 198, 200–1 183, 212–13, 248–50, 252, 255, Labour Party (Great Britain), 198, 278, 286–8, 328, 338–9, 340, 200–2, 204–5 344 Lake Como (Italy), 280 Jim Crow, 340 Landsberg camp, 112, 120 Jochum, Maria, 176 Langner, Ilse, 108 John XXIII (pope), 241 Langquaid (Germany), 224 Johr, Barbara, 29 Laub, Dori, 68 journalists, 259, 262, 264, 267, 273, Laval, Pierre, 86 284, 289, 327 Lebanon, 23 journee´ de la deportation´ , 255 Lebensborn program, 181 Judt, Tony, 131 Leb´ eny´ (Hungary), 136 Leipzig (Germany), 297 Kaminsky, Annette, 27 Leipzig fair, 312 Kandinsky, Wassily, 300 Leningrad (Russia), 246 Katona, Georg, 226, 228 Leopold III (of Belgium), 255 Katz, Donald, 1 Leppich, Johannes, 176 Keler, Peter, 298 Lessing, Gotthold E., 81 Kelm, Martin, 310 Levi, Primo, 2, 140, 278 Kershaw, Ian, 342–3 Levin, Meyer, 113–14, 126 Kersten, Felix, 170 Libya, 281 Khrushchev, Nikita, 299 Liebe und Ehe (sex-advice journal), 162, Kiel (Germany), 217, 218, 220 179–84, 191 Kielce (Poland), 97 Lindner, Carl, 162 Kinsey report, 172, 191 Lindner, Elisabeth, 162 Kisujsszallas (Hungary), 146 Loewy, Raymond, 296, 306 Klee, Paul, 300 Lohe,¨ Dorothee, 180, 184, 188 Knef, Hildegard, 108 London (England), 204, 206–7, 251, Knoll, Florence, 296 281, 299 Knorr, Dr., 168 Longo, Luigi, 269–70 Knox, MacGregor, 265 Lonne,¨ Karl-Egon, 238 Kogon, Eugen, 81 Loren, Sophia, 281 Kolbe, Georg, 180, 184 Lorraine, 248–9 Kolle, Oswalt, 190 Louis XVI (of France), 279 Kolonne Henneicke, 76 Lower Saxony (Germany), 224, Konrad, Gyorgy, 147 324 Koonz, Claudia, 66 Lubke,¨ Heinrich, 60 Korean War, 213, 293 Lucca (Italy), 276 Koselleck, Reinhart, 3 Ludtke,¨ Alf, 318 Kosovo, 275 Luft, Anton, 109, 325–6, 333 Kriegel, Annie, 88 Luftwaffe (German air force), 280

Index 357

Luneburg¨ trials, 78 Miller, Max, 160 Luth,¨ Erich, 82 Ministry for African Affairs (Italy), 285 Lutyens, Edward, 2 Ministry of Economic Development Luzzato, Sergio, 280 (GDR), 294 Ministry of Economics (FRG), 294 Macmillan, (Maurice) Harold, Earl of Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel), 83 Stockton, 12 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy), 285 Malta, 281 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), Mamayev Kurgan 132 (Volgograd/Stalingrad), 2 Ministry of Health (Austria), 132 Marchesi, Concetto, 286 Ministry of Interior (Netherlands), 70 Marcuse, Herbert, 169 Ministry of the Interior (FRG), 58 Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 287 Ministry of the Interior (Nazi market economy, 215, 293, 334 Germany), 328 marriage, 10, 33, 35, 126, 160–3, 167, Mitterand, Franc¸ois, 250 169, 170–2, 175, 177–8, 181, Montanelli, Indro, 274, 284 186–7, 191, 196–8, 208–9, 311 monuments, 40, 47, 51–2, 56–7, 59, Marseille (France), 72 143, 252, 255–6, 284, 335 Marshall Plan, 199 Moravia, Alberto, 281–2 Maschiachskinder (children of the Moroccan soldiers, 282 Messiah), 117 Morocco, 249 masculinity, 141, 185, 187, 190 Moscow (Russia), 45, 102, 132, 138, mass death, 1, 3, 4, 243, 245, 251–2, 297 291 Moscow Fair (1959), 299 mass media, 70, 259, 264, 289, 304, Mosse, George, 65, 243 311, 324 motherhood, 95, 100, 112, 122, 127, mass murder, 1, 2, 5, 23, 177, 192, 176, 195, 208 234, 239, 332 Munich (Germany), 79, 115, 122, 126, Mass Observation (Great Britain), 207 298 mass violence, 4, 13, 68, 91 Murphy, Robert, 99 massacres, 156, 276, 278 Mussolini regime, 6 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 267 Mussolini, Benito, 195, 239, 264–5, McCloy, John J., 301 273, 276, 279, 280–1, 284–5, 287, Melk (Austria), 136 302 memorials, 2, 3, 38, 44, 51–2, 54–7, Mussolini’s Roman Empire (Smith), 284 59, 61, 125. See also monuments mutilation, 150, 243–4, 253 Mendes` France, Pierre, 89 mental illness, 18, 31 Nagasaki (Japan), 156 mental institutions, 151 Naimark, Norman, 144 middle class, 1, 71, 143, 196, 201, 204, Nanking (China), 99 207, 209, 300, 308, 327 Naples (Italy), 278, 282 Milan (Italy), 280–1 Napoleon Bonaparte, 45 Milan Triennales (1933, 1937, 1940), Nathan der Weise (Lessing), 81 313 National Archives, Washington, D.C., Military Government (United States), 282 96, 110–11, 118–19 national identity, 43, 95, 125, 127, 133, Military Police (United States), 282 263

358 Index

national martyrdom, 253, 255 Nierentischkultur, 300 national memory, 11, 143, 252 Niethammer, Lutz, 34, 80, 211, 334 national narrative, 11, 40, 260 Nixon, Richard M., 299 National People’s Army (Nationale No Memorial (Babington), 150 Volksarmee) (GDR), 49 Nolan, Mary, 331 National Socialism, 50, 95, 169, 233, Nolde, Emil, 312 235–6, 304, 325, 327, 329–32, Nora, Pierre, 146 334–8, 342, 345. See also Nazism Nordmark Regional Tourist Union, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty 325 Organization), 49, 59, 238, 256 Nordwestdeutsche Hefte (publication), Nazi crimes, 11, 12, 39, 46, 94, 95, 186 110, 215, 235–6 Normal and the Pathological, The Nazi Dictatorship, The (Kershaw), 342 (Canguilhem), 347 Nazi Germany, 30, 77, 81, 93, 100, Normandy (France), 248 111, 131, 133, 143, 237, 245, Northern Ireland, 153, 204 311–12, 319, 331, 342 Northern League (Italy), 289 Nazi ideology, 26, 328, 331, 340 Norway, 275 Nazi Modernism, 313 Norwegian army, 249 Nazione, La (newspaper), 278 NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Nazi persecution, 8–9, 185, 254, 256 Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), 104, 168, Nazi policy, 30, 165, 181 235 Nazi propaganda, 51, 58, 313 Nuit et Brouillard (movie), 88 Nazi regime, 4, 37, 41–2, 46–7, 55, 62, Nuremberg Institute, 293 70, 80, 90, 138, 170, 182, 329, 331, Nuremberg Laws (1935), 328 336, 338, 340–4 Nuremberg Society for Consumer Nazism, 3, 10, 46, 52, 57–8, 61, 79, Research (Nurnberger¨ Gesellschaft 81, 83, 120, 127, 146, 164, 166–7, fur¨ Konsumforschung, or GfK), 223 169–71, 176, 178–9, 182, 184–5, Nuremberg trials, 78, 94, 234 187–90, 192, 233, 262, 264–5, 267, 282, 292, 294, 316, 338, 340, 342–3 OberammergauPassion Play Nederlands Israelietisch¨ (Germany), 330, 332 Kerkgenootschap (NIK), 74 Oberhausen (Germany), 224 Netherlands, The, 9, 11, 65–7, 69–71, Ockel, Gerhard, 180 77, 85–7, 90–1, 201, 238, 249–50, Octopussy (movie), 156 252, 254–5, 261, 275, 286 Odessa, 72 Neue Ordnung, Die (newspaper), 240 Ofﬁce of Industrial Design (GDR), Neue Sachlichkeit, 295, 314–15 294 Never Leave Well Enough Alone Olivetti (company), 315 (Loewy), 296 Olympic Games (1936), 330 New Economic Policy (GDR), 293 Omaha Beach, 245 New Haven (United States), 151 Opfer des Faschismus-Tag, 54–5 New Mexico (United States), 5 Oradour trial, 240 New York (United States), 107, 112 orphans, 73, 89, 243 New Zealand, 153 Overmans, Rudiger,¨ 24 newspapers, 48, 77, 110, 160, 205 Nicholas, Tzar (of Russia), 279 paciﬁsm, 44, 48 Niederland, William, 111 Padua (Italy), 286

Index 359

Palestine, 83, 97, 112, 114, 119, 126 pregnancy, 102, 115, 117, 125, 127, Palestinian catastrophe (1948–9), 339 132, 135–6, 178–9, 209 Palmer, H. A., 150 premarital chastity, 166, 168 Pannonhalma (Hungary), 147 premarital sex, 10, 166, 171, 173, 175, Paris World Exposition (1937), 315 192 Parliamentary Council (West prisoners of war (POWs), 9, 18, 20–1, Germany), 48 27, 30, 32, 37, 39, 47, 57, 59, 63, partisans, 23, 25, 112, 117, 268–72, 78–9, 82, 84, 95–7, 108, 124, 137, 276–7, 279–80 153, 193, 234, 246, 249–50, 252–5, Pax Christi, 240 283 peace, 5, 31, 44–5, 60–1, 83, 105, 115, Pristina, 275 141, 240–1, 264, 267, 272, 298, promiscuity, 165, 167, 173, 183 333, 336 propaganda, 101, 106, 141–3, 244, perpetrators, 8–9, 16, 23, 26, 31, 37, 253, 260, 296, 297–8, 302, 332 39, 42, 51, 57, 61, 62, 66, 69, 99, Prost, Antoine, 244 141–2, 276, 344, 346 prostitution, 106, 137, 165–6, 181 Petacci, Clara, 280–1 Protestant Church, 53, 82, 235, 239 Petain,´ Henri Philippe, 85–7, 247 Protestants, 53, 60, 73, 82, 177, 204, Petersen, Rudolf, 213 241, 313, 339 Petri, Trude, 313 psychiatric illness, 20, 26 Piedmont (Italy), 277 psychiatric literature, 16, 29, 33 Pisa (Italy), 276 psychiatrists, 25, 34, 67, 114, 194 Pius XII (pope), 232–3, 236, 240 psychoanalysis, 194, 198 Pla´ i Deniel (bishop), 237 psychological problems, 21, 32 Poland, 24–5, 30, 43, 97–8, 134, 142, psychopathology, 22 233, 246, 250, 344 public memory, 9, 30, 55, 62–3, 69, Polcz, Alain, 147 90, 130, Poliakov, Leon,´ 89 344 police, 59, 77, 86, 101, 129, 132, 165 Public Opinion Institute (Institut fur¨ political prisoners, 54, 252 Demoskopie) (Germany), 332 politicians, 41, 43, 48, 59, 61–2, 80, Pursuit of Purpose, The (English), 152 142, 144, 155, 191, 200, 240, 264, 267, 276, 288, 290 Rabenalt, Arthur Maria, 170–1 Politik und Schuld (Schwan), 68 race, 75, 106, 134, 142, 157, 165–6, Pomeni, Paola, 238 169, 179, 182, 184, 195, 206, population displacement, 246, 251, 253 212–13, 287, 343 Porsche (company), 313, 315 Race Decree (Italy), 287 Portugal, 197, 261, 286, 343 racism, 4, 86, 156, 169, 171, 182–3, Posen (Germany), 344 189–90, 287–8, 340 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rakosi,´ Maty´ as,´ 138–9 (PTSD), 8, 16–7, 18–21, 23, 26, 29, rape, 10, 16, 18, 23, 29, 31, 63, 94, 31, 32–3, 35, 111 99–109, 122, 124–5, 129–35, PTSD Clinical Teams Program, 20 137–42, 144–8, 166, 278, 282, Potsdam Conference (1945), 5 329 Pott Silverware (company), 311 Rasch Tapestries (company), 311 Poujade, Pierre, 89 Ratzeburg (Germany), 224 Poujadist movement (France), 89 Ravensbruck,¨ 255

360 Index

reconstruction, 6, 7, 55, 69–71, 86–7, Romanian Entente forces, 141 95, 99, 111, 117, 201, 280, 291, Rome (Italy), 284, 287 295, 324, 329 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 267 Red Army (Soviet Union), 29, 31, Rosenheck, Robert, 22 44–5, 47, 52–3, 63, 100–1, 103–4, Rosenthal Porcelain (company), 311 106, 129–30, 133–4, 136–7, 140, Rossellini, Roberto, 283 142–4, 146–7 Roth, Karl Heinz, 25 Red Cross, 52, 72, 155, 157 Rousset, David, 88 refugees, 3, 29, 32, 37, 53, 57, 85, 89, Royal Air Force (Great Britain), 194, 93, 96–7, 102, 107, 118–19, 121, 281 125, 212, 220, 252, 275, 283 Royal Commission on Population Regensburg (Germany), 179 (Great Britain), 208 Regional Tourist Union of East Ruhr area, 28 Friesland, 323–24 Russia, 54, 267, 339, 340, 343 Regional Tourist Union of the Harz, Russians in Germany, The (Naimark), 324 144 Reich War Ministry (Germany), 49 Rutelli, Francesco, 287 Reichling, Gerhard, 29 Ryan, Cornelius, 144 Reichskristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), 64 Sachsenhausen, 255 Remarque, Erich Maria, 2 Sally Ann, 155 Renan, Ernst, 95 Salo` Republic, 273 reorientation camps, 153 Salomon, Ernst von, 83 reparations, 105, 234 Sander, Helke, 29 reproduction, 70, 77, 99, 165, 170, Sant’Anna di Stazzema (Italy), 276 178–9, 181, 191 Sassoon, Siegfried, 2 Republic of Salo,` 270 Scalfaro, Oscar, 285 Republicans (Spain), 237 Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann von, resistance, 4, 11, 38, 45–7, 49, 56, 59, 59 62–3, 70, 73, 75–7, 80, 87, 91, 131, Schauplatz Berlin (Andreas-Friedrich), 139, 160, 180, 209, 233, 238, 249, 98 252–4, 265, 280, 301–2, 307 Schelsky, Helmut, 215 Resistance, 261, 265–74, 276–7, Schildt, Axel, 215 279–80, 284, 286, 289 Schlussstrich (termination point), 79–80, Resistance,´ la,87 110 Resnais, Alain, 88 Schmolders,¨ Gunter,¨ 226 restitution, 38, 72, 74, 77, 111 Schoeps, Hans Joachim, 82 Revelli, Nuto, 277 Scholl, Inge, 301 Riesman, David, 215 Schollgen,¨ Werner, 179 Riess, Curt, 98, 102, 122 schools, 44, 177, 237, 266, 294–5, 298, Risen from the Ashes (Biber), 115 300 Rochat, Giorgio, 285 Schumacher, Kurt, 80 Rock Around the Clock (movie), 205 Schuman, Robert, 239 Rogerius, 143 Schwan, Gesine, 68 Roma citta` aperta (Rossellini), 283 Schwarz, Hans-Peter, 90, 212, 214 Romania, 26, 30, 261 Schwarz-Bart, Andre,´ 90 Romanian army, 141 Scotland, 153, 199, 204

Index 361

Se questo e´ un uomo (If This Is a Soviet Military Administration Man)(Levi), 278 (SMAD), 96, 101, 104, 105 Secchia, Pietro, 269 Soviet Military Council, 44 Second Vatican Council, 82, 241 Soviet military courts, 139 secularization, 231, 234, 236, 239–40, Soviet zone of occupation in Germany, 321 47, 52, 110, 144, 176, 329 Segev, Tom, 83 Soviet soldiers, 9, 45, 104, 106, 130, Senegal, 249 132–4, 137–9, 142–7 Sereny, Gitta, 23 Soviet Union, 4, 6, 25, 27, 43–5, 105, servicemen, 106, 149–50, 152–60, 245 108, 117, 143–4, 147, 212, 233, sexology, 185 245, 250, 292, 297 Sexual Fix, The (Heath), 175 Soviet war memorials, 44 sexual politics, 161, 164, 170–1, 181, Soviet zone of occupation in Austria, 189, 192 136 sexual revolution, 165, 190, 192 Sozialistische Reichspartei (Germany), sexual violence, 7, 129, 132, 141, 145 81 sexuality, 12, 95, 100, 127, 141, 145, Spain, 11, 197, 232, 236–8, 261 162, 167, 170, 175, 184, 186, 234, Speer, Albert, 311, 313–15, 328 347 SS (Schutzstaffel), 25–6, 104, 170–1, sexually transmitted diseases, 132, 181–3, 254, 344. See also Waffen-SS 136–7 Stalin, Joseph, 267, 307, 339, 343 Shanghai, 121 Stalingrad, Battle of, 25, 187 shell-shock, 25, 32, 243–4 Stalinism, 233, 343 Shirer, William, 107 Stam, Mart, 298 Shoah, 2, 236 Stanford (United States), 158 shopping, 217–18, 222 starvation, 18, 109, 246 shortages, 70, 85, 204, 212, 216 sterilization, 134, 165, 169, 179, 182 Siberia, 101 Stern (magazine), 211 Siemens (company), 219 Stone, I. F., 112 Silesia, 29 Storia degli ebrei italiani (De Felice), 288 slave laborers, 96 Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Smith, Denis Mack, 284, 288 Freude), 314, 331–2 So Hat Jede Frau Erfolg (Lindner, Strumpel,¨ Burkhard, 226, 228 Elisabeth and Carl), 162 student movement, 165, 190, 192 Sobibor, 71 Sturmer,¨ Der (antisemitic newspaper), Social Democratic Party (Germany), 166 80, 105, 331 Stunde Null,66 Social Democrats (West Germany), 55, Sudetenland, 24 305 Suez Crisis, 213 social welfare, 54, 123, 200, 293 suicide, 15, 20, 26, 28, 33, 107, 109–10 social workers, 114, 210 Sunderin,¨ Die (movie), 304 socialism, 45, 53, 61, 63, 205, 271, survivors, 3, 9, 16, 21, 25, 39, 41–2, 304–5, 308, 321 56, 64, 71–3, 91, 95–9, 103, Socialist Unity Party (SED) (East 109–19, 122, 124–6, 146, 236, Germany), 43, 47, 54–5, 62, 105–6, 253–4, 267, 344 293, 297, 307, 309–10, 320 Sutherland, Edwin H., 153 Solomon, Zahava, 21–2 Sweden, 201, 210, 261, 275

362 Index

Switzerland, 261, 280 United Nations Relief and Szekfu,ˆ Gyula, 142 Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 117, 119 Tagesspiegel (newspaper), 120, 123 United States, 6–7, 17, 26, 84, 93, 107, television, 12, 203, 219, 221–2, 266, 153–4, 172, 189, 226–7, 239, 274, 289, 292, 304, 308, 313, 261–3, 265, 271, 275, 301, 319 334 Univers Concentrationnaire, Le (Rousset), Tessenow, Heinrich, 2 88 Theresienstadt, 121 Universite´ Libre (Brussels), 286 Third Republic (France), 6 universities, 82, 232, 262, 266, 286–7 Three Musketeers, The (Fraser), 156 University of Padua, 286 Todesfuge (Celan), 81 Unsre Hoffnung (newsletter), 125 Todesmuhlen,¨ Die (movie), 78 urban planning, 295, 310 Todt, Fritz Dr., 328 Togliatti, Palmiro, 269–70 Vallentin, Gabriele, 103, 122 total war, 37, 60, 188, 333 Vas, Zoltan, 144 totalitarianism, 50, 256, 343 Vatican, 82, 233, 235–8 tourism, 12, 323–34, 337, 346 Velde, Henry van der, 301 trade unions, 155, 205, 253 Vlodrome d’Hiver, 89 Tragedy of the Bedroom, The (Hartwig), venereal disease, 101, 105, 132, 136–7, 161 139, 191, 253 trauma, 17–24, 26, 29, 31–5, 39, 62, Vergangenheitspolitik (policy toward the 66–9, 84, 91, 95, 111, 116, 120, past), 57, 77 127, 154, 194, 243, 253 Versailles Treaty, 303 travel, 149, 324, 326, 331, 333–4, 337, veterans, 8, 18, 20–1, 23, 87, 150, 346 154–5, 157–60, 194, 251 Treaties of Paris (1955), 48 Vichy France, 66, 85–90, 244, 250, Treblinka, 13 286, 339 trials, 74, 79, 86, 94, 165, 340. See also victimization, 30, 59, 63, 79, 88, 95, Luneburg¨ trials, Nuremberg trials 100, 101, 103, 106, 108, 110, 122, Truman, Harry S., 5, 158 127, 129, 255 Trummerfrauen¨ (rubble women), 108 Vienna (Austria), 126, 129–34, 136–8, tuberculosis, 139, 253 144 Tunisia, 281 Vietnam veterans, 19–23, 26, 32 Turkey, 275 Vietnam War, 8, 16, 23, 31 Tuscany (Italy), 277 virginity, 174, 176 Tzetnik, K., 344 Volkischer¨ Wille (journal), 167 Volksbund deutsche Ukraine, 26, 115, 246 Kriegsgraberf¨ ursorge¨ e.V., 57 Ulbricht, Walter, 102, 106, 309 Volksfremde, 54, 63 Ulm Institute of Design (FRG), 300–1 Volksgemeinschaft (national ethnic unemployment, 10, 200, 327 community), 9, 41, 45, 50, 61, 63, Unita,` La (newspaper), 271 304, 318 United Kingdom, 198 Volkspadagogik¨ (country-wide United Nations, 117, 238 re-education), 47 United Nations High Commission on Volkstrauertag (Day of Mourning), 9, Refugees (UNHCR), 275 49, 58–9

Index 363

Volkswagen, 318 Wilhelmina, Queen of the Vom Eros zur Ehe (Wirtz), 177 Netherlands, 70 Vor dem Tore der Ehe (Holland), 179 Willesden (England), 207 Willmann, Heinz, 44 Waffen-SS, 23–7 Winter, Jay, 243 Wagenfeld, Wilhelm, 298–9, 313–14 Wirtz, Hans, 177–8 Wahrhaftig, Zorach, 120 Wochenend (weekly paper), 173 Wahrungsreform¨ (West Germany), 80 women, 6, 9–10, 22, 26–8, 30–1, 33, Waldheim affair, 131 59, 94–6, 99–105, 108–10, 113–18, Wales, 198–9, 202, 204 122, 124–6, 129–30, 132–47, 153, war crimes, 46, 51, 63, 76, 78–9, 133, 159, 161–3, 165–7, 169, 173–8, 156, 262 180, 182, 185–90, 193, 195, 200–4, Waren-Kredit-Gesellschaft, 217, 219 206–9, 212, 245, 276, 281–3, 305, Warenkunde (catalog), 299, 314, 320 329, 331, 345 warfare, 61–2, 105, 141, 159, 243, 246, Women’s Defense Groups (Italy), 283 251 women’s movement, 206 Warner, Michael, 189 Woolf, Stuart, 288 Warsaw (Poland), 246 working class, 10, 106, 200–4, 206–7, Washington, D.C. (United States), 300 209, 222, 307 Weg, Der (German-Jewish weekly), 121 Working Group of Spas and Health Wehrmacht (Germany), 12, 23–7, 33, Resorts in the Harz, 324 37, 51–3, 56–7, 63, 133, 240, 248, World Day of Peace, 53 250 World Exposition in Paris (1937), 313 Weimar (Germany), 298 World Jewish Congress, 120 Weimar Constitution, 303 Wuermeling, Franz-Josef, 176, 191, Weimar design, 313–14, 316 305–6 Weimar Modernism, 295, 299, 311, Wurttemberg¨ (Germany), 168 315 Weimar Republic, 48, 58, 93, 102, Yiddish, 83, 89, 114, 126 171, 214, 318 Ysertower (Belgium), 254 welfare state, 195, 201 Yugoslavia, 30, 250 welfare workers, 32 Werkbund, 294–5, 300, 313–14, 316 Zahn, Ernest, 222, 226, 228 Wesen und Gestalt (Wagenfeld), 299 Zapf, Wolfgang, 215 Western zones of occupation in Zeiss (company), 292 Austria, 136 Zeitschrift fur¨ Sexualforschung (Journal White, Hayden, 157, 260 for Sex Research), 162 Wiedergutmachung, 82, 84, 105, 257 Zertal, Idith, 112 Wiesel, Elie, 2 Zionism, 117 Wieviorka, Annette, 87 Zuckmayer, Carl, 301 Wildt, Michael, 317 Zusammenarbeit (journal), 82