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Cirlot Ma-Victoria-Mabinogion.Pdf MABINOGION, CUENTOS GALESES Mabinogion Edición de Mª Victoria Cirlot - 1 - MABINOGION, CUENTOS GALESES Indice INTRODUCCIÓN......................................................................................................................3 LA CIVILIZACIÓN CELTA ................................................................................ 3 Los MABINOGI .................................................................................................... 8 El concepto «mabinogi» ........................................................................................................ 9 Contenido y estructura .................................................................................... 10 a) Las cuatro ramas ................................................................................. 11 b) Cuentos de tradición galesa ................................................................... 17 c) Cuentos de posible tradición francesa ......................................................................... 23 Fecha ................................................................................................................... 30 EDICIONES Y TRADUCCIONES DE LOS MABINOGI ............................................. 33 Ediciones ................................................................................................................... 33 Traducciones .................................................................................................. 34 La presente traducción .................................................................................... 35 BIBLIOGRAFÍA......................................................................................................................39 CIVILIZACIÓN CELTA ................................................................................. 39 ESTUDIOS SOBRE LOS «MABINOGI» .................................................. 40 EDICIONES Y TRADUCCIONES ....................................................................... 41 ABREVIATURAS....................................................................................................................42 PARTE PRIMERA....................................................................................................................43 Pwyll, Principe De Dyvet ................................................................................................ 44 Branwen, Hija De Llyr .............................................................................................. 63 Manawyddan, Hijo De Llyr ....................................................................... 75 Math, Hijo De Mathonwy ............................................................................... 87 PARTE SEGUNDA................................................................................................................105 El Sueño De Maxen ............................................................................... 106 Lludd Y Llevelys ................................................................................................. 113 Kulhwch Y Olwen ............................................................................................... 117 El Sueño De Rhonabwy ................................................................................ 149 PARTE TERCERA.................................................................................................................161 La Dama De La Fuente ................................................................................ 161 Peredur, Hijo De Evrawc ...................................................................... 179 Gereint, Hijo De Erbin .................................................................................... 214 - 2 - MABINOGION, CUENTOS GALESES INTRODUCCIÓN Los Mabinogion constituyen una de las mejores obras en prosa de la literatura céltica medieval. Conocidos y estudiados desde el siglo pasado en Inglaterra y Francia, nadie duda hoy día de su coherencia interna, riqueza y calidad literarias. Al mismo tiempo, estos relatos poseen un gran interés como documento histórico, ya que se suman a las escasas fuentes que nos informan de aquella sociedad instalada en los límites occidentales de Europa, concretamente en el País de Gales. Esta región, a pesar de haber mantenido estrechos contactos con la Francia del Norte desde mediados del siglo XI, permaneció en cierto modo recluida en su tradición. Junto con Irlanda y la Península de Armórica, el País de Gales poseyó una fuerte unidad y homogeneidad cultural, y si bien todo parece indicar que siguió la evolución y ritmo del resto de las sociedades medievales de la Europa occidental, también conviene señalar que estas tres regiones constituyeron el último reducto de la civilización celta. LA CIVILIZACIÓN CELTA Los conocimientos acerca del mundo celta se encuentran en estrecha relación con el carácter y la naturaleza de las fuentes que lo documentan. En muchos aspectos la imagen que poseemos del mundo celta resulta parcial y poco objetiva. Ello se debe de modo especial a la escasez de fuentes escritas propiamente celtas. En lo que respecta a los celtas continentales, solamente se dispone de fuentes indirectas, de modo que para el estudio de la Galia en época romana se ha tenido que recurrir a historiadores como Tito Livio, Julio César o Tácito. Por su parte, los celtas insulares nos han legado una abundante producción literaria que posee un inapreciable valor documental, pero que exige del constante desciframiento por parte del historiador entre mito y realidad, lo cual constituye una tarea difícil. En este sentido, la civilización celta se ha convertido en un tema de estudio que ha despertado la imaginación de ciertos eruditos e historiadores, guiados en ocasiones más por afanes nacionalistas que por el rigor histórico. Por otro lado, la civilización celta no puede entenderse como una estructura estática, ajena a la evolución histórica y a las distintas influencias que habría de sufrir a lo largo de su historia. A pesar de la existencia de un sustrato religioso y lingüístico común a las múltiples tribus celtas y a la permanencia de lo tradicional, estos pueblos acusaron profundos fenómenos de aculturación y de inculturación, de modo que su civilización no puede entenderse desligada de las circunstancias históricas de su entorno. No debe olvidarse que al hablar de civilización celta nos referimos a una cultura de más de mil quinientos años de duración. En efecto, al final de la época de Hallstatt tuvo lugar la primera gran convulsión de los pueblos celtas. Procedentes del ángulo sudoeste de Alemania (Turingia), comenzaron las primeras migraciones en dirección oeste, hacia Italia y España. Algunos historiadores fechan la aparición de los celtas en un período anterior. Así, H. Hubert - 3 - MABINOGION, CUENTOS GALESES sitúa en la Edad del Bronce una hipotética disolución de la comunidad italocéltica en goidélicos y britónicos, a la que sucedió una primera migración de los goidelos a las islas Británicas y su instalación en Irlanda. Según una fuente del siglo XI, Leabhar na Gabhala («El libro de las conquistas»), Irlanda había sido invadida por cinco pueblos distintos procedentes en su mayor parte de España, correspondiendo la cuarta invasión a las tribus de la diosa Danu (Tuatha dé Danann) y la quinta a los goidelos. Entre los pueblos más importantes sometidos por los goidelos se encontraban los arainn o iverni, de los que posiblemente derivaría el nombre de Iwerdon (Irlanda). Al final de la Edad de Bronce, los pictos, posiblemente también celtas, emigraron a las islas y sin abandonar la isla de Bretaña pasaron a Irlanda. Estos pueblos, denominados picti o cruithnig por su fundador Cruidne, habrían de dar el nombre por el que se conoce a la isla de Bretaña en las fuentes celtas: cruithnig, qurteni o qretani, que transformó la qu en la p britónica, dando lugar a Pretanis o Prydain (Ynys Pridain). A goidelos y pictos se debió la construcción de túmulos circulares, que heredaron los pueblos que los sucedieron en las posteriores colonizaciones de las islas1. Hay que señalar que no todos los historiadores admiten la irrupción de los celtas antes de la época de La Téne, considerando que la invasión de Irlanda por pictos y goidelos fue muy posterior a la época señalada por Hubert y atribuyendo, por tanto, a pueblos aborígenes las construcciones megalíticas de las islas2. Las fuentes arqueológicas, la onomástica y las inscripciones indican el siglo V a. JC como el inicio seguro de las grandes expansiones célticas que se centraron en dos focos fundamentales: el valle del Po en Italia y la zona del Danubio. Durante este primer período de La Téne los celtas asentados en la Galia ofrecieron a los latinos una cultura técnicamente superior y las influencias se ponen de manifiesto de modo especial en la lengua, pues los latinos adoptaron muchos términos celtas. En un segundo período, tribus celtas y bandas de mercenarios se lanzaron bajo el mando de Breno a la conquista de Macedonia y Delfos, donde habrían de sufrir una gran derrota. J. Markale asimila la figura histórica de Breno y el desastre de Delfos, donde murió la mayor parte del ejército, a la figura mítica de Bran, hijo de Llyr, quien, según la segunda rama de los Mabinogi acudió a Irlanda para vengar el deshonor a su hermana Branwen y conquistar el Caldero de la Resurrección. En Irlanda, al igual que en Delfos, murió todo el ejército galo, y si al parecer el histórico Breno se suicidó, el mítico Bran ordenó a los siete últimos galeses que le cortaran la cabeza3. A
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