DUPLEX HOUSING IN SLOTERMEER CASE ROLAND HOLSTBUURT Thesis plan & Research Report
Thesis plan & Research report Duplex housing in Slotermeer Case Roland Holstbuurt
Graduation Studio Transforming neighborhoods Technical University Delft, Faculty of Architecture
Delft, 19 April 2013
Student: Ing. M.R. van der Veen Studentnumber: 1402714 Tutors: Ir. L. Spoormans Dr. ir. W. Quist Dr. ir. H. Zijlstra
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Figure 1 on title page: Roland Holstbuurt Slotermeer Amsterdam, view on courtyard Leopoldstraat 1950-1965 (via online Archive Amsterdam Beeldbank figure code 10009A005144, accessed on 10-10-2012)
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Colophon:
Research Report & Thesis plan Duplex housing in Slotermeer Case Roland Holstbuurt
Graduation Studio MIT: Transforming neighborhoods Technical University Delft, Faculty of Architecture
Delft, 19 April 2013
Michiel van der Veen Schalk Burgerstraat 80 2572VA The Hague Netherlands +31 618729439 [email protected]
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ------06 Personal motivation ------06 Project introduction ------07 Report structure ------07
Outline graduation assignment ------09
Aims of the project ------10 Problem statement ------10 Research question ------12 Redesign objective ------13 Approach of research & redesign ------15 Research methodology ------15 Design methodology ------17 Relevance ------19 Scientific relevance ------19 Societal relevance ------18 Planning ------20
Research & analysis ------21
Introduction and research structure ------21 Duplex housing principals ------24 Duplex housing short term strategy ------25 Principals of typologies and urban configurations ------29 Concerns on the sustainability of the duplex principle ------34 Erection duplex housing in Amsterdam ------36 Sub conclusions ------38 Duplex housing In practice ------39 Slotermeer & the Western Garden cities ------40 Principals of the urban fabric ------40 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 5
Changes over time ------48 Sub conclusions ------52 Duplex housing in Slotermeer ------53 Generics of duplex housing in courtyard configuration ------59 Changes over time ------67 Sub conclusions ------71 The case Roland Holstbuurt ------72 Urban context ------72 Architecture & Technique ------76 Sub conclusions ------82 Conclusions ------83 Conclusions ------83 Design direction ------84
Literature & Resources ------87
Appendices ------89
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Which, I believe, is the primary concern and continuity of the existing building stock1. One of INTRODUCTION power of the built heritage. the biggest assignments are the city expansions erected in the rebuilt period after the second This report forms the research and thesis plan Current society is highly dynamic characterized world war, which since the nineties cope with of my graduation project of the master by consumption, individualism, heterogeneity, complex social issues and degeneration. The Architecture at the Technical University of Delft emancipation, telematics, mobility and economic crisis put restructuring developments within the section of MIT (Modification, pluriformity on which the built environment for these areas, based on large investments for Intervention, Transformation). has to respond on the one hand. On the other regeneration by demolishment and building the hand the importance of the existing fabric new, on hold, which possibly results in further Personal motivation being subject to devotion and as a carrier of degeneration. Studying architecture for several years after tradition and history grows mutually. In which I
obtaining my degree Bachelor of Built believe finding continuity based on the DNA of Environment and working aside as a roofer I what is, is a highly sustainable method. The The Msc3 studio Transforming Neighborhoods have obtained a wide view in the attitude and intermingling of continuity and change is one of by the chair of Restoration, Modification, craftsmanship of the disciplines involved in the the primary concerns of the MIT faculty. Intervention and Transformation (MIT) deals erection, maintenance and modification of with these complex social issues and buildings. My bachelor graduation project, Since the economic crisis slowly seems to degeneration processes of post war areas. The Energy neutral monuments – case transform into a stable condition professions current studio is the fourth graduation track Fogelsanghstate, was my first confrontation within the field of the build environment, like which is concerned with these postwar housing between sustainability, continuity and change, architects, are faced with new challenges. The areas. The current one is focused on the and culture, tradition and preservation, which financial conditions of involved stakeholders postwar expansion of Amsterdam. Previous in first instance where perceived as classing sets pressure on one-dimensional studios studied also postwar areas in The fields of demands. This duality, and perception ‘demolishment and built new’ assignments in Hague and Rotterdam. Thorough research of sustainability in terms of performances on which the practice shifts towards modifying, based design with the awareness of cultural energy and materials, was the first step in the intervening and transforming in the existing historical significance in order to discover alternation of my perception of the built building stock. About two third of the degraded housing areas as potential heritage is environment and sustainability. Except architectural practice in The Netherlands at the primary concern for regeneration. perceiving it as the valorization of science and nowadays is concerned with the change and
influences of socio cultural motives concerning 1 Website RMIT organization via a program I became interested in the power of http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/over-faculteit/afdelingen/rmit- devotion of the urban tissue and the buildings. en-mediastudies/rmit/organisatie/, accessed on 20-10- 2012 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 7
Project introduction One part of the stock seen as problematic by the Roland Holstbuurt since the erection to the several stakeholders like the housing initial future plans, on urban, architectural and The Western Garden Cities of Amsterdam built corporation and the municipality, is the duplex technical scale is elaborated. After this initial in the rebuilt period after the Second World housing, which forms about twenty percent of research weaknesses, strengths, opportunities War, which is one of the biggest extension the number of dwellings in Slotermeer. Several and threats are drawn in order to derive design plans in the Netherlands erected, faces enclaves are conducted as duplexed ground- objectives and principles for the further design complex social issues and degeneration. Other bound single family housing in courtyard driven research in the second quarter of the large expansion plans are for example The configurations. In time of erection these were graduation studio. Hague South West and Rotterdam South. meant as a temporary solution to overcome the Current restructuring developments are put on housing shortage. After ten years the duplex Report structure hold due to the new economic situation and dwellings would be simplexed which until this corporations have generally minimalized their This report, containing the thesis plan and the 2 day in general did not occur. Over time, due to research and analysis of the first quarter of the activities into management and maintenance. the filtering down process, their position on the Slotermeer, as being one of these areas, graduation studio, has primarily two parts. The housing market changed. Nowadays, therefore erected as one of the first parts of the General first forms the graduation outline and the these areas are mainly characterized by small second forms the actual research which is Expansion Plan (AUP, Algemeen and degenerated typologies with relatively Uitbreidingsplan) is mostly retained by the conducted as input for further design research cheap rents and inhabitants with low financial urban renewal period in which even a large the upcoming quarter. potential. There is an high mutation rate in part is recently declared as heritage, called the change of tenants4. One of these In the graduation outline the aims of the Van Eesteren Museum. Plans were made to neighborhoods, the case study for the project, the approach for the research and regenerate the area by means of large scale graduation assignment, is the Roland analysis and the redesign, and the societal and demolishment and building new housing Holstbuurt. It represents the typical abstract of scientific relevance are explained. In this the estate, in which this could foresee in a more the development of duplex housing in a post problem statement and the research question differentiated housing stock as one of the key are defined as well as the preliminary goals for 3 war urban setting through time. arguments to solve further degeneration. redesign. In the second part, the actual This graduation project tries to find an answer research and analysis of the first period is on how to deal with these areas by means of handled in depth consisting out of two main
2 architectural solutions. In the first quarter parts which combines a thematic analysis on Stadsdeel Nieuw-West bewonerskrant mei 2011, via www.nieuwwest.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/378409/nie thorough research on the duplex strategy and the theme with a situational analysis on the uw_west_bewonerskrant_slotermeer_4_mei.pdf case. On which conclusions are drawn as input (accessed on 20-10-2012) 3 Timár (2009) 4 Timár (2009) for the second phase of the graduation studio. 8 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
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OUTLINE GRADUATION ASSIGNMENT
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AIMS OF THE PROJECT progress for which it obtained a different Although these areas are considered to be of position on the housing market. The typologies cultural historical value representing well the Problem statement are outdated, the technical state is poor, but principals of het ‘Nieuwe Bouwen’ en the the rents have become relatively cheap. Over Western Garden Cities, the performances of Before, during and after World war II the time it attracted therefor people from lower the infill of the principle scales of typology government was highly concerned with social income groups and small households with low towards the green courtyards towards the housing and its quality on the one hand and economic potential or people for a short stay neighborhood as a whole, does not seem to provide in the quantity on the other. After the like students. The mutation rate is therefore meet temporary demands. In which there are war the duplex housing principle was emerged relatively high. Except for the technical and discrepancies between these layers instead it and elaborated as sustainable short term spatial deprivation of the stock these synergizes each other. Outdated typologies, strategy to solve the housing shortage. neighborhoods are facing multiple problems on indistinctive green island and a monotonous Although in time the shortage in social housing the sociocultural and socio-economic level repetition of housing ensembles at first glance. was highly underestimated and the principle which partly has to do with the characteristics was therefore erected under false perspectives. of the inhabitants. Simplexing the housing, as initially was meant The context of the housing after the war was to happen, in which it would become a the movement in which the garden city Since the economic crisis put the renewal neighborhood with single family housing, is principals, de ‘wijkgedachte’ and most period on hold the housing corporation nowadays considered by the housing important ‘Het Nieuwe Bouwen’, light, air and postponed the plans of phased demolishment corporation to be not feasible on economic space where important parameters in which and building new typologies, which mainly grounds, considering the housing stock as one standard housing typologies were developed. In characterizes the future of the areas with fold. Ignoring the probable potential of the which quality seemed to be the primary duplex housing. Aiming on diversification in layering of typology to allotment to urban concern and secondarily the quantity problem. typologies and intensification of housing, in tissue as well as the possible cultural historical which the hierarchy of the initial urban tissue of values it gained over time which probably could Most duplex houses where never simplexed the stamp configurations seems to be add extended value. because the conditions after ten years on the neglected. Since the future looks different it housing market where different than means that on the physical level the stock will One of these areas which represents well the anticipated on. Nowadays, after passing the debrief more and thereby probably catalyzes generic problems of post war neighborhoods ‘fifty years’ boundary, most duplex housing still the existing problems on sociocultural and with horizontal split duplex housing in a exist. Over time its position on the housing socio-economical level. courtyard configuration is the case study, the market altered due to the filtering down Roland Holstbuurt in Slotermeer, Amsterdam. RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 11
Figure 2 Roland Holstbuurt typical entrance yard, 2008 Figure 3 Roland Holstbuurt typical back façade, 2008 Figure 4 Roland Holstbuurt typical front facades, 2008 (www.google.nl/maps, accessed on 12-10-2012) (www.google.nl/maps, accessed on 12-10-2012) (www.google.nl/maps, accessed on 12-10-2012)
Figure 5 Satellite view Roland Holstbuurt, 2008 (www.google.nl/maps, accessed on 12-10-2012) 12 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Research question housing principle and its execution. The used the second phase of research by design terms and its context are defined as following: regarding the toolbox for phased development. During the first research and analysis of the duplex housing principles and the case study on Definitions: Toolbox for phased development: which the problem definition was drawn a Merits Duplex strategy: The duplex strategy, Revitalization in which is emphasized on the research question was developed. Formulating splitting a single family house into two houses decoupling of the sojourn levels of the principal the research question, the actual research was for a short period concerns an architectural and built up of the neighborhood which are in emerged within an highly iterative process in time-based strategy in one to overcome the general living environment (urban tissue), living time. Primarily the theme duplex housing and housing shortage problem. The architectural ensemble (carrier) and dwelling (interior) in the location, The Roland Holstbuurt, where strategy concerns the typological configuration which these are considered to be independent clear. Although, during research and the of the floor plans and its connection with the levels which can have their own cycles of question to be answered new findings altered surrounding, in which transformability of the change and improvement. By decoupling these the direction as well as the initial question floor plan is of primary concern. fields other forms of revitalization above a resulting in a final research question as traditional manner of design and execution formulated below. Duplex housing neighborhoods in courtyard becomes possible, in which the more mutual configuration: The neighborhood is physically change is the primary advantage. In which a Research question: defined by the spatial boundaries of the more consumer based approach is possible in How can postwar duplex housing configuration of the sum of stamp allotments which the revitalization of the stock can be neighborhoods in a courtyard configuration, with duplex housing in which it is considered to catalyzed by micro urbanism interventions. like the Roland Holstbuurt, be improved by be a whole according the initial principals of means of a toolbox for phased revitalization? ‘Het Nieuwe Bouwen’, in which these areas are Principle built up: The principle built up is erected, including its current inhabitants. defined by the layers which form the DNA of The question, although it focusses on a such areas which are initially: living principle method for redesign, relies on the Improvement duplex housing neighborhoods: environment (neighborhood-courtyard), living merits of duplex housing neighborhoods, in The improvement op duplex housing ensemble (courtyard-transition) and dwelling search for potential of the DNA, which could neighborhoods is defined by de conclusions (transition-typology). give direction to a suitable program for gradual drawn upon the first part of the research phase revitalization in which the current inhabitants on duplex housing neighborhoods in which the are not neglected. Initially these are the duplex problems of these areas become clear and defined as well as their potentials as input for RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 13
Sub questions research phase Q1& Q2: technique? And how is this altered over time? In order to answer the research question the - What where characteristics of the following sub questions are formulated . inhabitants and what are these Subquestions Q1 (research for design): nowadays? - What where the initial future plans of Main sub question: What are the merits of the these neighborhoods? duplex principle elaborated in Slotermeer and The Case Roland Holstbuurt: more specific the case the Roland Holstbuurt? - How did the architect in the Roland Holstbuurt elaborate the duplex Duplex housing principles: principle?
- What is the duplex principle and why - What where the distinctive was it elaborated? And why is the characteristics on urban architectural simplex strategy in general after ten and technical level and how did this years not conducted? alter over time?
- What where the characteristics of - What is the socio-economic status of duplex housing typologies and it’s the current inhabitants? relation to urban configurations? - What are the initial future plans for the
- What was the social and economic neighborhood? characteristics of the initial
inhabitants? Subquestions Q2 (design for research):
- How was the principle evaluated in time of erection? Main sub question: What are the possibilities of Duplex housing in practice: duplex housing neighborhoods for phased and - How was duplex housing elaborated in consumer based revitalization by decoupling Slotermeer as part of the Western the sojourn elements? Garden cities and to what extend is The sub questions for the second phase of their position changed over time? design for research will be fully defined during
- What are the generics of these areas the second period. concerning urbanism, architecture and 14 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Redesign objective The goal is to improve the living quality of such research possibilities for gradual change on the areas through urban and architectural spatial sojourn scales should be investigated. The initial research was focused on the solutions and the distinctive characters of such understanding of the duplex principle and areas. This by continuation and extrapolation of Although, with regard to the program, this derive the ‘DNA’ of the case study in which the the quality, the infill, of the layering of the should be drawn up on the merits and research and analysis was safe of a specific ‘DNA’ of the place. potentials of the place and in which it should design direction with an actual idea of program. not be understood as classing demands, but in As derived from this initial research a deviation Concerning the economic conditions and the which a synergizing effect should be generated, could be made on three scales of layers in current inhabitants this could be done through which would be de ideal effect for sustainable generic terms of courtyard configurations of a time based strategy in which the area can continuation of such areas. duplex housing. Bottom-up: typology and change mutually in which the typology and its transition (dwelling), transition and courtyard inhabitants, the transitions and the program of (living ensemble), and courtyard and the collective yards can be altered in order to neighborhood (living environment). These are make this layering more strong, interactive and initially hierarchal in scale, drawn upon the distinctive. merits of the principle functioning of these areas, its ‘genius loci’. As result of the first Of importance is especially the strategy for research the discrepancies between the revitalization regarding its current image and program elaborated through the typology and the economic situation. By decoupling the its inhabitants and the program of the layers of dwelling and transition courtyards became clear in which the several (dwelling/interior), transition and courtyard transition zones play an important role. (living ensemble/carrier) and neighborhood and transition (living environment/urban tissue), Regarding the economic new situation and the gradual revitalization becomes possible. Which initial research the main objective is to develop gives the advantage to create a positive future an architectural strategy generic for perspective with potential to overcome the bad improvement of existing neighborhoods with image which it has nowadays. An ongoing ground bound duplex housing horizontal split design and execution process which probable in courtyard configurations in which the Roland could catalyzes its own revitalization. Although, Holstbuurt is the case study. with regard to the second phase of design for
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characteristics of the Roland Holstbuurt on the APPROACH OF RESEARCH Specified methodology quarter one other hand. Basically this was done by & REDESIGN The first step was intuitive, feeling a literature study to understand the context, and discrepancies of duplex housing and its mapping and field research to understand the surroundings after a visit at the case study in current situations on generics and specifics. Research methodology the introduction in practice. For which the case and theme where defined. This enabled getting a good understanding of Abstract methodology quarter one the duplex principle, the elaboration and its In order to answer the research question the The first step in the research was to understand generic context and the distinctive characters initial research is considered and conducted as the theory of the duplex principle thoroughly of the Roland Holstbuurt and its urban context. being twofold: situational research on the case and thereby its architectural dimension. This is On which adequate strengths, weaknesses, study and thematic research on the theme researched by literature and archive studies. opportunities an threads could be drawn for duplex housing. Parallel, the problem and the Chronological situational research started for the second phase of research and design. The question to answer were elaborated. In first the case study for which moreover general abstract of the conducted research is illustrated instance a very intuitive process in which literature study for the urban level and in figure 7. research, problem and question are highly research and analysis by site visits and archive intermingled. During the process all these fields photos was conducted. During research the Top-down deductive processing Intuitive Scout Define become mutually more defined and finally correlation between these two initial fields frozen. This way of process is illustrated in became more intermingled and defined. And figure 6. In general my process is top-down therefore the direction of the research. combined with deductive reasoning. Which is Problem reflected throughout the research. Although With regard to these two domains to this is represented through the elaboration and determine the distinctive characteristics of the communication in fact it is an highly continuous Roland Holstbuurt it was of high importance to Question intuitive shifting on all scales, an iterative understand the generic principles of the set-up process, with continues reflection. Furthermore of these areas in correlation with the theme. the wanted an available information in the Therefore a comparison research of areas with Research research also steers the processing and similar characteristics was conducted in order direction. to get a better understanding of generic principals on the one hand and the distinctive Time
Figure 6: Abstract methodology of research Q1 (author 2012) 16 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Q1 Research for design Q2 Design for research
Thematic: duplex principles Literature Program potentials/possibilities hardware Sketch, studies variants, Duplex housing Duplex housing Concerns on the Archive matrix duplex principle shirt term typologies and research strategy urban configurations Case Neigborhood Courtyard & Transition & studies/re & Courtyard Transition Typology ferences
Literature studies Situational: Duplex in practice Situational Program possibilities preliminary Generic principles elaboration duplex research housing in courtyard configuration Comparison studies Research, Program needs/potentials software - Matrix, Neigborhood Courtyard & Transition & & Courtyard Transition Typology Input from Q1 variants
Sketch, variants, Conclusion analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Generic strategy time/scale principles matrix, Oppertunities, Threads
Target area: Programmatic testing/spatial testing models, Theoretical Input Q2 Input studies
Field /toolbox Neigborhood Courtyard & Transition & research & Courtyard Transition Typology Archives
Specific: deriving distinctives case studies Spatial and programmatic draft Situational: Duplex in practice design Sketch
Figure 7: Research to design an design to research abstract quarter one and two graduation project (author 2012) RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 17
Design methodology Specified methodology quarter two The actual research and design methodology is illustrated in figure 7. Abstract methodology quarter two
Initially the design assignment tries to provide In the second phase on the one hand a architectural spatial solutions in extrapolation programmatic draft should be made for the on the initial conducted research. The second wished diversification on the level of housing stage of design research will focus on the typologies, the courtyard and the possibilities for phased change of duplex neighborhood. housing neighborhoods. First the possibilities of the existing hardware, the urban fabric and the Secondly it should be investigated to what buildings to foresee in programmatic needs extend individual change of the typology can should be researched on the levels of urban foresee in the desired program and to what tissue, carrier and interior. Secondly the extend it can be reached by collective change possibility how this could foresee in phased expanding the carrier of the housing change – in which these three layers can be ensembles. altered individually. These two fields then should be combined into one time based By using a matrix it will enable the design architectural strategy. research to draw potentials of the existing stock on the one hand and the wanted In this, the aspects are intermingled and will program, as external parameter on the other become more defined and finally frozen at the hand. Thereby several solutions on the diverse end of the design to research phase. This way scales can be easily compared and therefore of processing is in abstract highly the same as validated. The research matrix more defined the processing of the initial research phase as with conditions and focal points is illustrated in illustrated in figure 6. Top down processing figure 7b. guided by inductive reasoning will decide which methods will be used for adequately processing information.
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Figure 7b: Research matrix - design to research methodology (author 2013) RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 19
This, since research seeks for time based Furthermore, by defining a plan for RELEVANCE architectural strategies to revitalize duplex revitalization aiming on gradual change the housing neighborhoods by means of phased image of such neighborhoods will be altered Scientific relevance change, probably with advantages regarding since future perspectives come in sight. In The conducted research and design approach the current economic circumstances, with a which it becomes possible to make a housing and goal in first instance adds information on consumer based approach. career within the neighborhood or even the body of knowledge about postwar housing dwelling. Which therefore also support the in the Netherlands on the subject of duplex Societal relevance social sustainability of such neighborhoods. housing principles and its elaboration in The social relevance lies primarily in the fact generic. Although, ethical problems can arise when it’s concerned with the current social problems altering the stock in which it could not be of duplex housing neighborhoods in a courtyard Secondly it adds more specific information beneficial for all current inhabitants. Since it is configuration with horizontal split duplex about the case study, The Roland Holstbuurt, aiming on bettering the situation for the housing. In which the intended approach for an elaboration of a post war housing majority and moreover bettering the potential ‘redesign’ is bottom-up and consumer based neighborhood of vertical split duplex housing in of the area. Since any intervention could and therefore strongly related to the current courtyard configurations. probably mean an upgrade of the area this inhabitants. Inhabitants which in general have influences the economical strata which could an economical poor position for which it is for a Regarding duplex housing as part of post-war finally lead to higher rents. large part the reason to rent a duplex house housing little research is done on the principle since these rents are relatively low. itself, an architectural time based strategy, and its merits on architectural scale in relation to Thereby the urban an architectural fabric is the urban scale. In the first research phase subject to devotion and can be considered as these relationships are investigated. valuable, especially for the elderly people
which form a relative big part of inhabitants in Except the investigation on the principles and such neighborhoods. The research and design merits of the duplex housing and the case approach therefore is especially concentrated study, the intended approach for redesign and on the potentials of the existing the redesign goals can be beneficial as neighborhoods. reference for areas with equal characteristics.
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PLANNING Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Methods Products
Field work Research & Analysis Research on Situational Research on building tech. Literature studies Thesis plan & Thematical program on research Expert meetings Research Report Situational defined scales Thematic research RMIT scheme (urban, Research on economic feasibility arch, tech from Develop problem erection to present) statement Research on sustainability
Research input assignment Develop research question Research concept development
P1
Develop concepts/strategies Urban draft 1:1000 Redesign report for different scales Brainstorm / 1:500 Paper Heritage References programme of development Develop program for different scales Interviews requirement Draft Statistics design (plans, Sketching variants on cross-cuts, facades) Reflect sketch design Develop masterplan all levels within set 1:200 on research conditions
principals Combining variants Design Develop sketch design Sketch design
P2
Spatial design testing References plans, facades, Reflection report cross-cuts, 1:200 / Literature 1:100 Articles (technique) Materials & techniques Modelling (real) part of the building, Reflect VO design on plan and cross-cut concept and research Computer (3d) Materializing 1:50 Synergizing structural, façade fragment architectural, technical aspects with hor. and vert. cross-cut 1: 20
Preliminary desing (VO) details 1:5 Elaboration P3
Modelling 3d comp theoretic and the-matic Graduation report Revising design on all aspects CAD draw support of research (further elaboration) Sketch and de-sign + reflection Reflect DO design on on architectonic and concept and research social relevance Synergizing structural, situational drawing architectural, technical aspects 1:5000 / 1:1000 (further elaboration) plan b.g. in situ 1:500 plans, facades, cross- Definitif Design (DO) cuts 1:200 / 1:100
Finalization part of the building, plan and drawings 1:50 P4 façade fragment with hor. and vert. cross-cut 1: 20 Finalize products details 1:5 Figure 8: Planning graduation studio (author 2012) P5 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 21
RESEARCH & ANALYSIS 22 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Research structure Slotermeer’. In order to derive the generic built up and generic changes over time of these In order to have a clear view and interpretation areas. As well as the understanding of the of the duplex housing principles and its initial future plans. Upon which sub conclusions elaboration in the case study Roland Holstbuurt are drawn as input for the next paragraph. the following research is threefold. In the paragraph ‘The case Roland Holstbuurt’, The first chapter ‘Duplex housing principles’ is the distinctive characters on urban, concerned with the erection of the principle architectural and technical level are further and its context, the development of the investigated to get a clear understanding of the architectural component of the strategy, distinctive DNA apart from the generic DNA of typologies and urban configurations and finally duplex housing in courtyard configurations. On the discussion on the sustainability in time of which sub conclusions are drawn. development. Finally sub conclusions are drawn as in input for further research. In the third and final chapter ‘Conclusions & reflection’ conclusions are drawn for the total The second chapter, ‘Duplex housing in research in relation to the research question in practice’ is concerned with the urban context of which strengths, weaknesses, opportunities the Western Garden Cities in which the and threats are formulated as input for the principles of the urban fabric are investigated research in the second quarter. and described in sub chapter Principles of the Western Garden Cities and Slotermeer. For The structure of the research is illustrated in which sub conclusions are drawn as input for figure 9. the next paragraph.
Upon this three neighborhoods with duplex housing horizontal split in a courtyard configuration in Slotermeer Amsterdam, including the case study the Roland Hostbuurt, are compared in sub chapter ‘Duplex housing in RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 23 Structure first research stage period 1
Duplex housing principles Main questions to be answered Duplex housing Duplex housing Concerns on the - What is the duplex short term typologies and duplex principle principle and how was strategy urban it conducted and configurations evaluated in the time?
What was the urban Duplex housing in practice context in which the duplex principle was Urban context Western Garden cities & Slotermeer over time elaborated? (erection-initial futere)
Duplex Housing in Slotermeer What are the generics Generics courtyard configuration horizontal split of the duplex areas with ground bound ground bound duplex housing horizontal split duplex housing in a courtyard Neighborhood Courtyard & Transition & configuration? & Courtyard Transition Typology
The case Roland Holstbuurt How is the duplex principle elaborated in Specific and situational distinctive characteristics the case study and what are the Urban Architectural Technique distinctive characters of the neighborhood?
What are potentials/weaknesses of the case Conclusions analysis (hardware)? Strengths, Weaknesses, Oppertunities, Threads
Figure 9: Structure research Q1 (author 2012)
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DUPLEX HOUSING PRINCIPLES
Figure 10: The illustration shows in 1948 the housing shortage was underistamed and it was expected that the housing shortage would be solved in 1956
(Bouwkundig weekblad 1948, p. 313)
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Duplex housing short term the association of Dutch Architects (BNA, Bond towards emergency housing for economic and van Nederlandsche Architecten). The social reasons.4 Although, this kind of housing strategy Kerngroep main figures were ir. W. van Teijen, was initially built on a small scale. Normal prof.ir. J.H. van den Broek, ir. C. de Cler, ir. J.A. dwellings with a good quality should have The Ministry of Reconstruction and Housing Kuiper en B. Merkelbach. They were concerned priority in which the typology and space should (Ministerie van Wederopbouw en with architectural strategies to contribute in not be influenced by measure for economic Volkshuisvesting) faced the problem of the solving the housing shortage. Serial production, savings. At most on the added values like housing shortage after the end of the second standardization and minimum measurements bathroom tiles or sanitary in general. Cost world war. Before the war the number of for dwellings for different kinds of households reductions were already obtained through the 3 dwellings were 2,1 million of which 86 belonged to their core activities. studies on typologies and space and profound thousand were demolished by the co-operation between the involved bombardments as well as the stripping of wood In 1946 the group advised the ministry of stakeholders.5 By means of standardization and to make fire in the winter of 1944 during the reconstruction and housing by means of the normalization. Thereby emergency housing war. The population number in 1940 was ‘Nota van den Nederlandschen Architecten over wouldn’t gain notable savings on labor nor approximately 8,8 million, grown to 12,1 million den na-oorlogschen Woningbouw’ in which the material costs.6 in 1963 mainly caused by the baby-boom.1 The general parameters of a ‘good dwelling’ were first years after the war policy was based on the defined. Due to the great and durable Regenerating the livability of the Netherlands prognoses of growth of inhabitants in The ambitions, solutions like temporary housing was the focal point above maximizing housing Netherlands, demolished buildings and were no real options since it would not provide production. On the basis of ‘Voorschriften population counts. They assumed that the in ‘good housing’ as addressed in the nota. en Wenken 1951, aangaande de eisen voor de statistical shortage could and would be solved Already before in 1945, several parties, the inrichting van een woning’, the Kerngroep around 1956 as represented in figure 10.2 Nederlandsch Instituut voor Volkshuisvesting concludes the following which illustrates the en Stedebouw, Nationale Woningraad, previous thought: In order to adequately respond, organize and Algemeene Bond van handle the situation several advising Woningbouwvereenigingen and the ‘een woning en haar directe omgeving moeten organizations were consulted. One of these Architecten-Studiegroep voor zodanig zijn dat al datgene, wat daarin voor organizations was the 'Kerngroep', also called Woningarchitectuur addressed a preliminary een gezonde geestelijke en materiele the ‘Studie groep Woningbouw’, founded by report, ‘adres over de woningnood’ to the
cabinet in which they argued heavy critics 4 Bosma, K., Wagenaar, C. (1995) p. 238 1 S.Mulder,J.Schilt (1993) p.15 5 Zuithoff, Y. (2006) p.8 2 Bouwkundig weekblad, 1948, p. 313 3 Zuithoff, Y. (2006) p.7 6 Bosma, K., Wagenaar, C. (1995) p. 238 26 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
ontplooiing van het individu, gezin en gemeenschappelijk spel, aan verenigings-, an informing illustration as part of this gemeenschap onmisbaar is, daarbinnen ook cultureel en kerkelijk leven.’8 propaganda.11 geboden kan worden’7 The objective of the government to drastically The duplex priniciple, splitting an one-single The ‘Voorschriften en Wenken voor het improve the living quality of the building family house into two temporarily houses was ontwerpen van woningen 1951’ describes the environment were guaranteed by these regarded as a suistainable solution in the long technical demands and minimum requirements principals. Although the qualitative parameters run. A normal house would be split for ten regarding space and room types for each target were set, the production problem maintained years and habitated by two families. After ten group (this is a continuation of the ‘Voorlopige for which no innovative architectural strategy years, when the housing shortage should and Wenken 1947’ which also describes general was yet brought to bear. Emergency housing would be solved, the dwelling would be topics like design, gardens and typology was still built in the first years after the war.9 simplexed inhabitating just one family, as the configurations). For each target group different Scarcity of materials, discontinuity in policy and dwelling initially was ment for. De split dwelling needs and requirements were formulated for a underestimated shortage in dwellings were could almost meet the demands that were set the housing typologies: the main causes. Except the discontinuity in by the government and a temporary residential policy they believed that due to maximized permit was given in order to household two ‘voor het individu voldoende gelegenheid, production this could harm the economic families. This solution, since only half of the zowel tot geestelijke als lichamelijke activiteit consistent growth. And thereby the dwellings were needed for the same amount of als tot rust en bezinning. Speciaal voor de restructuring of infrastructure was of an households, was seen as an important step to huisvrouwen mogelijkheid tot het vermijden greater priority for industrialization and the deal with the aspected temporary housing van onnodig geestdodend huiselijk sleurwerk. trade business. Therefore, the government was shortage. Voor het gezin gelegenheid tot intiem en seeking for new solutions in order to solve the waardig samenzijn, tot wederzijdse vorming en quantity problem. In 1948 PvdA minister J. in ´t beïnvloeding. Voor de gemeenschap Veld introduced and erected the duplex ongezochte gelegenheden tot natuurlijk, solution. Which was developed and propagated vrijwillig contact tussen straat, buurt en by the government in co-operation with the wijkgenoten. Gelegenheid tot deelname aan Kerngroep Woningarchitectuur.10 Figure 11 is
8 7 Bouwkundig Weekblad 1948, nummer 37 Het Zuithoff, Y. (2006) p.9 9 11 Woningcongres 1948 en de Architecten, p. 301 via Bosma, K., Wagenaar, C. (1995) p. 242-244 Voorlichting over duplexwoningen, 1949 via 10 Zuithoff, Y. (2006) p.8 Bosma, K., Wagenaar, C. (1995) p. 244 S.Mulder,J.Schilt (1993) p. 30, 31 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 27
28 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Figure 11: Informing sheet about duplex housing by the Dutch Government in 1949 (S. Mulder, J. Schilt (1993) p. 30, 31) RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 29
Principals of typologies and gain good design solutions it would be - The good separation of the two published in order to give these ideas general entrances; urban configurations awareness.12 In 1949 in the magazine - Providing a sufficiently large living ‘Bouwkundig Weekblad’ fruitful solutions room for the temporary home on the The development of the duplex typologies were generated by the competition were published. first floor; based on standardized typologies of ‘normal’ The temporality of the dwellings was an - The particular features of the rural housing which formed the basis to start with. important factor which meant that the duplex dwellings.14 In consequence, the studies done are implicit principle starting point was a standard single with the urban conditions and the ideas of family house. The duplexed typology should Several solutions were thought of either light, air and space underlying the normal therefore be capable to be easily transformed concerning the ground bound typology or the typologies. From typology to urban context a into a simplexed dwelling. Not only for the apartment type. The basic typology for ground logical sequence can be derived, in which the urban context, but also for the countryside bound dwellings witch had a volume of way of splitting, the kind of entrance and the typologies were developed. In 1949 an article approximately 260 and maximum 290 m3 relation with the direct surrounding and the was published which illustrates the principle which was mend for family housing, had a living urban allotment are standing in a triangular typology solutions and differences concerning room and kitchen on the ground floor and relationship. An overview of the relationships is apartments and ground bound dwellings.13 In three sleeping rooms on the first floor. 15 They illustrated in a matrix as shown in figure 13. The the research how to transform a standard could be split horizontal or vertical. The development of the typology types and the dwelling, as described in the ‘voorlopige horizontal split seemed to be most fruitful for urban configuration possibilities will be handled wenken voor het ontwerpen van duplex housing which came with different more in depth in this paragraph. eengezinshuizen’ into a duplexed one, the solutions. Creating two bedrooms for each following five points were at general concern dwelling was hard to establish. The suite type In 1949 the Kerngroep explored the possibilities among the architects: was the most easy typology to split. (see figure of the duplex dwelling further by study and - Obtaining a bigger sleeping 12a-f). Although, splitting the living room on design. For which in 1948 the Kerngroep accommodation in the temporary the ground floor resulted into two small and Woningarchitectuur in co-operation with the house on the ground floor; long rooms which weren’t suitable enough as direction of the Ministry of ‘Volkshuisvesting en - The provision of the need for storage illustrated in figure 12c. Stedebouw’ erected a design competition space for both the temporary housing; regarding duplex housing. The goal of the competition was to explore which practical 12 Bouwkundig Weekblad 1949 Nummer 39, p. 421 14 Bouwkundig weekblad, 1949, p. 422 ideas there were concerning the architectural 13 15 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en stedebouw, 1949, p. Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en stedebouw, 1949, p. strata in duplex housing typologies. If it would 118 – 123 118-119 30 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Fig. 12i: Appartment, semi-duplex Fig 12a: Suite type horizontal split,separate entrances ground Fig 12c: ‘pijpenlade’ split Fig 12d: ‘kook alkoof and first floor principle, horizontal split principle, horizontal split, ground and or first floor ground and or first floor
Fig. 12j: Appartment, duplex rug-aan-rug
Fig 12b: Suite type horizontal split, communal entrances Fig 12e: ‘Aanrecht bij Fig 12f: ‘Kitchen movable ground and first floor stookplaat’ principle, wall principle, horizontal horizontal split, ground and split, ground and first floor first floor
Fig 12g: Double duplex, ground and first floor Fig 12h: Duplex vertical split ground and first floor Fig. 12k Appartment, duplex arm-in-arm RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 31
Alternatives were thought of by combining temporarily in two. Although sheds were not Two considerably large apartments with large kitchen and living room (see figure 12d-f). preferred in a urban setting since it would harm measure between the load bearing walls was Figure 12f shows a typology with the kitchen on the architectural urban feel. For the transition necessary in order to create from two houses ground floor in duplexed form on the living either two separate doors or a portal were the temporarily four. In which still a lot of space room side. When simplexed, only the wall basic solutions. Although two front doors were would be lost due to corridors. Such a type is behind the kitchen block had to be set on the preferred, the solution of one front door was the ‘rug-aan-rug type’ as illustrated in figure other side and the temporarily sleeping room easier to transform.17 Since this solution, when 12j. An extra objection is a poor sun would became the kitchen again. simplexing, only concerned demolishing a orientation. Another type based on two large contemporary inside separation wall. apartments was the ‘arm-in-arm-type’ as Conditions on the countryside were different in illustrated in figure 12k. Which additional costs which a vertical spilt dwelling was preferred, Except ground bound typologies, duplex entailed by the necessity of long platforms to since a good relationship with the garden variants for standard apartment typologies connect the apartments on the sides. should be established.16 Since on the were developed. In comparison to ground countryside the urban context was different bound housing, the measures to be taken for A third variant which emanates from one and it was more common to build to attached apartments were significantly bigger. When apartment per floor and in duplex form two, single dwellings it gave the opportunity to simplexing by far more demolishment and takes many objections of the two locate the entrances on the sides. Figure 12g repair measures had to be done. Which aforementioned variants away. Although, none shows a vertical split typology for the therefore illustrates why de ground bound of the variants was ideal, in which the general countryside with the entrance on the side. typology as duplex dwelling was by far most negative aspect was the size of the simplexed Figure 12h shows the vertical split typology. popular. apartments. For which one could argue if these Even another typology principle called ‘het apartments even at all would be simplexed omvattende type’ was a possible solution on The normal apartments in a configuration of after ten years.18 the countryside which divided the single two around one staircase could not be split in dwelling into two unequal dwellings. One was four duplex apartments, but only in three. And From typology to urban context a logical meant for one or two persons and the other for one could therefore not truly speak of a duplex sequence can be derived. Since most of the a normal family. To foresee in enough storage typology, but a semi-duplex typology as duplex dwellings were built as part of the urban space the solution was either to build a shed illustrated in figure 12i. expension plans, mainly the urban spatial rules detached or attached or to divide the cellar of ‘het nieuwe bouwen’, which is explained
16 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en stedebouw, 1949, p. 17 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en stedebouw, 1949, p. 18 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en stedebouw, 1949, p. 121 118 – 123 123 32 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
more in depth in chapter ‘Duplex housing in intermingled which therefore enables other variants also sleeping rooms were located on practice’ influenced the typology starting duplex typologies like the vertical split ones. this side. Although for one variant as illustrated principles which were implicit in the ordinary in figure 12b the temporarily kitchen on the typologies for which the duplex prinicple was In the normal typology, as well as for the first floor was allocated on this side. elaborated. For the countryside therefore there apartment as the ground bounded dwellings, were more possibilities regarding enclosure and orientation towards the sun was of high inregularity in the building envelop then in a importance. Mainly this meant that the living urban context. As explained in the first alinea rooms should be orientated towards the south the possible solutions can be explained in a and the sleeping rooms towards the north with threefold system of typology, transition and the garden or balcony as extension of the living urban configuration. room or kitchen. Regarding the several duplex typologies especially the apartment types did Since duplex typologies were based on ‘normal’ not meet these requirements. For example the typologies in which they would transform in ‘rug-aan-rug’ type orientated each dwelling to again after ten years, the transition zone, the one side. Only the ground bound typology was relation of the back and fronts, should capable to almost fully meet good orientation therefore basically be the same. Which and transition as it would have in simplexed depended on the urban configuration. In this form. And therefore is another reason why this the parameters were garden and balcony, was the most popular duplex typology. entrance, and orientation. Regarding the Although, de ground bounded duplex typology duplex dwelling it therefore should be built up meet the demands of transition and with the gardens and entrances as well sleeping orientation, in all variants the zoning of the and living rooms on the same side as it would rooms can be considered to be not totally ideal. be in the simplexed form. In the urban setting In duplex form on the entrance side, sleeping all urban configurations in principle had the rooms are situated. When simplexed, the garden on the one side and the entrances on sleeping room on the ground floor, in all cases, the other. Back and front were clear. As well as would transform In a living room as it initially for the opened-up perimeter block as the was supposed to be. This means that the front modern stripe or courtyard allotment. On the facade during the day was less active or countryside it was possible to have it without ‘eyes’. Since on the first floor for all
RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 33
Figure 13: Matrix of principle duplex typologies into urban configuration (author 2012) 34 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Concerns on the It is evident that the housing shortage verhuiskosten en aanzienlijke onkosten voor statistically indeed reduced by the duplex inrichten van de nieuwe woning; sustainability of the duplex housing, which in the context of the 3e. de kosten van verbouwing en het developments to overcome the housing opknappen van de woning, met groot risico principle shortage was a suistainable method. Although, voor de huiseigenaar, dat de samengevoegde due to the continious underestimation of the woningen moeilijk verhuurbaar zijn tegen een In 1948, when de duplex principle was initiated housing shortage this would turn out hogere huur, omdat de overbevolking en het the government believed that the housing differently. lage woningpeil op het gehele complex een shortage eventually would come to an end in stempel van minderwaardigheid zal hebben approximately 195719. In this regard the duplex In several leading journals in that time gedrukt, waardoor dit voor beter-gesitueerde principle indeed would be contemporary as it therefore a fierce debate between supporters arbeiders en middenstanders al heel was meant. But hidden problems, such as and opponents of the duplex housing arised. In onaantrekkelijk zal zijn;’ 21 forced living together, which is difficult to the article ‘Splitsing van Woningen’ by Ir. A. F. measure, were not included in the previous Bakhoven fierce critisism regarding duplex In reply proponents emphasize particularly on prognoses. The actual deficit was therefore housing is pointed out in five points which the necessity of the temporal solution to greater than originally assumed and became represent the general critisims of the overcome the housing crisis for which other public enemy number one in 1955.20 Partly opponents of the principle end ‘40s begin strategies are not available.22 To avoid splitting because of this it is plausible to argue that the ‘50ths: will not occur, emphasized is on the continuous simplexing of duplex housing after the presence of stimulus to split. The rent of the expiration of the ten-year limit would be ‘Als dan zullen de volgende moeilijkheden zich two seperated houses together must be at least difficult. voordoen: 150% of the rent of the individual dwelling. One
le. de noodzakelijkheid van aanbouw van the one hand to ensure that residents will not At the time of the duplex solution, which in a nieuwe woningen, groot genoeg om de become familiar with a low rent which in the very short time developed from idea to inmiddels groter geworden gezinnen te course of time may become an obstacle in elaboration, already a fierce debate raged herbergen, waarmee, indien het grote aantallen switching to a normal house. In addition, the about the actual suistainability of duplex betreft, vele jaren gemoeid zullen zijn; additional rental income must be used for the housing. 2e. de verplaatsing van gezinnen uit abnormaal cost of simplexing and the higher cost of
kleine woningen naar grote woningen, hetgeen voor die gezinnen betekent; huurverhoging, 21 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en Stedebouw, 19 Bouwkundig weekblad 1949, p. 313 1949, p. 5 20 Bosma, K., Wagenaar, C. (1995) p. 244 22 Bouwkundig weekblad 1948, p. 318 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 35 maintenance. 23 Furthermore, as much as simplexing.25 The scale which it is concerned gaat met een mindere huuropbrengst en een possible the duplex housing should be based on with is not clearly defined, although it is extra uitgaaf". In deze zin ligt een erkenning a normal standard house of 260 m3 and in plausible the scale of at least one row or stamp, van de juistheid van vele der door mij lesser degree of 290 m3. And curtainly not since this was the smallest measurement in genoemde bezwaren. Doch hier dreigt een bigger in order to guarantee the primitiveness urban configuration. ander gevaar, n.l. dat woningbouwverenigingen of the temporary split dwelling since this would en gemeenten aan het eind van de rit, indien ensure the stimulus to want to have a normal It is precisely the following citation which can althans hiervan sprake mocht zijn, blijven zitten dwelling. The measures to be taken should be be seen as an essay with a great predictive met een volkomen gedeprecieerd woningbezit, as simple as possible so that transformation power with regard to the elaboration of built gelegen in een door overbevolking en costs of duplex to simplex will be minimal.24 duplex houses: verwaarlozing gedeprecieerde buurt.‘ 26
It is, therefore, on the one hand the case to ‘Het is dan ook geen overdreven pessimisme als keep the duplexed housing primitive in order to men aanneemt dat de duplex-woningen keep the need to split and on the other hand to minstens 20 jaar bewoond zullen blijven. Het is keep it humane. These contradicting demands zelfs de vraag of men ooit van deze woningen is which characterizes the discussion on the afkomt. De ervaring, opgedaan met semi- elaboration of duplex housing. permanente woningen, gebouwd na de vorige wereldoorlog, geeft te denken. Het is dan ook, Besides the discussion of duplex housing in juist in verband met de vermoedelijk zeer lange itself, in the assumption of its application, the duur van het gebruik, niet overdreven van een discussion about the distribution of duplex nieuwe woningellende te spreken, welke door housing in neighborhoods is also at concern. A de duplex-woningen zal worden veroorzaakt.’ large complex of duplex housing as well as large De schrijver in „Bouw" merkt aan het eind van complex of single family housing were not zijn artikel op, dat gesplitste woningen het preferred because of psychological motives. eigendom moeten zijn van And therefore a responsible devision of types woningbouwverenigingen of gemeenten, ,,daar should be made, as well as before as after particulieren minder geneigd zullen zijn over te gaan tot het inrichten van het gebouw voor 23 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en Stedebouw 1949, bewoning door één gezin, daar dit gepaard p.116-117 24 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en Stedebouw 1949, 26 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en Stedebouw, 25 p.117-118 Tijdschrift voor Volkshuisvesting en Stedebouw, p. 118 1949, p. 6 36 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Duplex housing in which is further explained in the chapter Thereby the reasons to move out the duplex ‘Duplex housing in practice.’ dwelling were analyzed in the report. The wish Amsterdam for a bigger house was the mean reason. 29 The total amount of duplex housing in All over the Netherlands duplex dwellings were Amsterdam could accommodate about 3700 built during the first phase of the rebuild period families. The municipality had published an after the war, to coop with the housing article about duplex housing in Amsterdam in shortage. As well as part of large scale urban 1957. In this the households which inhabited expansion plans as on the countryside as the duplex dwellings were investigated. illustrated in figure 14.27 The number of couples without children In the outlined developments of the housing already showed a decreasing tendency, while shortage after the war a part of the ground- the number of couples with one child showed bound family housing in Amsterdam was minor fluctuations and the number of families elaborated as duplex housing. In total 1685 with two children considerably increased. The duplex dwellings were built as part of the average occupancy of duplex housing was 2.18 rebuilt period, all as horizontal split ground persons which already increased to 2,58 bound typology. These were al built between persons in 1955. The average occupancy of 1950 and 1954.28 housing in the city was 3,58 persons. Per room the occupancy of duplex housing was 1,19 and Why all duplex houses were horizontal split for ‘normal’ housing 1,02. ground-bound dwellings can partly be explained due to the fact this typology was Noteworthy is that it appears that the first easily to simplex. Thereby partly due to the residential occupancy was not significantly urban context of the Western Garden cities in higher than in ‘normal’ dwellings. And which the ideas of ‘Het Nieuwe Bouwen’ especially families without children took their influenced the urban allotments of housing residence here. With the increasing housing shortage, which was underestimated, is herein, 27 Voorlichting Ministerie van Wederopbouw en although based over a short period of time, the Volkshuisvesting 1948, via Zuithoff (2006) p. 19 28 Tijdschrift voor volkshuisvesting en stedebouw 1957, occupancy increases. 29 Tijdschrift voor volkshuisvesting en stedebouw 1957, p. 47 p. 47 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 37
List distribution duplex dwellings in places in The Netherlands
Groningen Groningen, Oude Pekela, Friesland Bolsward, Heerenveen Drenthe Assen, Coevorden, Emmen Overijssel Almelo, Diepenveen, Enschede, Goor, Gramsbergen, Haaksbergen, Hengelo, Kampen, Losser, Oldenzaal, Ommen, Raalte, Steenwijk, Zutphen, Zwolle Gelderland Apeldoorn, Bemmel, Culemborg, Doesburg, Ede Elst, Gendringen, Groesbeek, Haaften, Hummel-Keppel, Nijkerk, Rheden, Wageningen, Warnsveld, Winterswijk Utrecht Breukelen Noord-Holland Aalsmeer, Alkmaar, Amsterdam, Assendelft, Bergen, Beverwijk, Castricum, Den Helder, Enkhuizen, Haarlemmermeer, Heemskerk, Hoorn, Krommenie, Medemblik, Obdam, Velzen, Weesp, Zaandam Zuid-Holland Berg Ambacht, ’s Gravenhage, Katwijk, Ridderkerk, Rotterdam Zeeland Axel, Duivendijke, Middelburg, Vlissingen Noord-Brabant Boxtel, Goirle, Dongen, Helmond, ’s Hertogenbosch Klundert, Oss, Roosendaal, Tilburg, Willemstad Limburg, Maasdriel, Roermond, Sittard, Tegelen
Figure 14 Distribution duplex dwellings in The Netherlands (Voorlichting Ministerie van Wederopbouw en Volkshuisvesting 1949, p.7)
38 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Sub conclusions duplex neighborhoods. Nowadays it seemingly does urban context of the Western Garden Cities which is further researched in the chapter within the allotment principals of ‘Het Nieuwe principles Duplex housing in practice – Duplex housing in Bouwen.’ Which is further explained and Slotermeer. explored in the second chapter ‘Duplex housing According to the findings in the literature, little in practice.’ research has been done into the reasons for In the concerns on the duplex principle it is pointed out that, although it seemed to be an the failure of not simplexing the duplex stock. Based on the discussions in the journals, topic of no real importance since in the assumptions can me made. Undoubtedly, it is erection time they believed de duplex housing would be simplext after ten years, the deviation not due to a singular motive or problem. A combination of changes in development and of duplex housing over the several areas was conditions in the housing market, the economic crucial since otherwise social problems could condition, and social psychological appreciation emerge more easily. The duplex housing
turned duplex housing into housing with neighborhoods would not only atract small attractive cheap rents. Which lead to the household but moreover also be regarded as unduplexed situation of nowadays. depreciated neigborhoods with a depreciated stock characterized by overpopulation. In the In literature and articles in the time of erection actual case this became to an high extend the
the duplex principle is mainly concerned with actual situation, except overpopulation, which the typology. In this regard the urban context is further researched in the chapter Duplex was implicit in the normal typology. housing in practice – Duplex housing in Nevertheless there is no connection drawn Slotermeer . between the possible program differences due
to the duplexing for the direct urban In Amsterdam there are several neighborhoods with duplex housing elaborated. That all duplex surrounding, for which one could state this was not regarded as it would make a real difference housing is conducted as horizontal split ground- in that time, since the the inhabitants of such bound duplex housing is logically since this neighborhoods did not significantly differ from typology was the easiest to simplex and
the inhabitants within not splitted thereby all were developed within the same
RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 39
DUPLEX HOUSING IN PRACTICE
General Extension Plan 1935 (AUP, Algemeen Uitbreidingsplan 1935) Artist impression births eye view extension plans The picture illustrates the in 1939 presented general extension plan of Amsterdam in which the red areas indicates the The picture perspective is looking from the south-east in which expansion areas. Slotermeer is situated north of the western the lake Sloterplas is visible just above the middle. Slotermeer extension parts above the lake Sloterplas. is indicated by the red line.
Figure 15 (Abrahamse J.E., e.a., p 44 , edited by author) Figure 16 (Abrahamse e.a., p 44 , edited by author)
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Since surveys proved, which was exemplary city. Three of the main principals where the The Western Garden such was used to develop urban extension creation of a city on the country site, layering of Cities & Slotermeer plans, the inhabitant growth of the municipality street order in accordance with the buildings of Amsterdam till the year 2000 could be solved and a harmonic deviation of the population. In with urban extensions. Thereby the housing figure 18 the principals are illustrated by a Principals of the urban fabric neighborhoods would be located near conceptual diagram elaborated in the context employment centers and the core city. In which of an fictive urban expansion plan.4 The main
the main advantages of the Garden City structures of green, water and roads in the AUP The General Expansion Plan principals, independent character, increased refers to these ideas. In this the green not only In Amsterdam in the late twenties the general openness and single family housing, could be connects the several districts but also arranges expansion plan (Algemeen Uitbreidings Plan, realized with the profits of the demographical it hierarchically. The green layering thereby has AUP) was developed. Led by urbanist Van situation nearby the city. In which on the multiple layered functions. In the AUP the Eesteren the plan was presented in 1934 as contrary a satellite city would become relatively importance of green is explicated by van illustrated in figure 15 and 16. It reflects the more isolated. The new employment areas Eesteren: main issues of allocation of labor areas, green where projected near the harbors in the north ‘Er kan niet genoeg op gewezen worden, hoe zones en roads. The idea and goal was a and the south-east of the city. The housing groot de waarde van zulk diep doordringende complete defined city expansion which they areas where Bos en Lommer, Westlandgracht, envisioned. Geuzeveld Slotermeer is part of this Overtoomseveld, Geuzeveld, Slotermeer, park- of groenstroken voor de toekomstige stad plan. Slotermeer was erected as one of the first Slotervaart, Osdorp and Buitenveldert.3 zal blijken te zijn. Het gevoel van openheid, de 1 samenhang tusschen land en stad is zoowel uit parts in the early fifties. The erection of the AUP marks the transition of the traditional psychisch als hygienisch opzicht noodzakelijk The Garden City street patterns with perimeter blocks towards om de bewoonbaarheid van de stad, die anders The garden city principals influenced the AUP, the modern green city with open configurations maar al te zeer tot een eindelooze huizenzee which mainly is elaborated through the main of housing strips. Which obtained fame all over uitgroeit, te bevorderen.’5 urban structure of green, water and roads. the world.2 Ebenezer Howard, founder of the Garden City Although the AUP is influenced by the garden thought, described in his book ‘Garden cities of Urban planners recalled on two systems, either city principals one could argue if the qualities of tomorrow’ of 1902, his conception of future a central compact city or decentralized city. the garden city are really elaborated in the cities. It tried to combine the advantages of the village and the city which resulted in the garden 4 1 Heusden, M.I. (1995) p.16 Heusden, M.I. (1995) p.16 3 2 De Hoog, M (2007) p. 7 De Hoog, M (2007), p. 22 5 AUP, nota 1934, p.106, via Heusden, M.I. (1995) p.26 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 41 expansion plan which is erected, witnessing a functionality. De function of the built while in the elaborated plan only 30% was statement of Van Eesteren in 1934: environment therefore highly determines it elaborated as ground bound single family shape. Separation of functions and enough housing while 70% was the target. This 30% ‘Maar ja, het is een stad met veel groen en als light, air and space were the themes of also includes all duplex housing which all is je daar vrede mee hebt, dat er veel tuintjes zijn, importance. In the AUP this is elaborated elaborated as horizontal split ground bound dat het daarom tuinstad heet, nou daar ga je through several aspects: single family housing. toch geen herrie over maken?’ 6 - In the configurations of the building stripes The elaboration of the extension plan shows - Orientation of dwellings towards sun; differences with the original AUP. The initial open configurations qualities of the green are not totally - Deviation of roads hierarchal elaborated. Although it is in quantity, it is not in - Deviation of functions hierarchal the quality as connecting layer through the - Self-surveying neighborhoods, related several scales and its recreational character. In to the ‘wijkgedachte’ the elaboration, green parts where used for - The organic whole; logical place of buildings which would fit well in a green housing and functions of general setting. The water network had originally three interest, in which the green should functions: water storage, transport and esthetic penetrate into the neighborhoods upon beauty for the townscape. In this only water as all public spaces storage is fully enabled.7 - Modern neighborhood is a set of configurations arranged, enclosed and Het Nieuwe Bouwen penetrated by an hierarchical structure 8 In the AUP the thoughts of ‘Het Nieuwe of roads and green. Bouwen’ are significantly more uniform elaborated. The architecture according to ‘Het Although, regarding the housing and its Nieuwe Bouwen’ should primarily focus on allotments there are discrepancies between the elaborated and the initial plan. In Slotermeer and Geuzeveuld the aim was low rise housing 6 Van Eesteren, presentation AUP 1934 quoted, via Heusden, M.I. (1995) p.30 7 Heusden, M.I. (1995) p.34 8 Heusden, M.I. (1995) p.34
AUP built up
42 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Neighborhood (buurt): Interwoven by green and roads
2000-4000 inhabitans, 5 minutes radius
District (wijk) Slotermeer: interwoven by green and roads
self-supplying in the daily needs
15 minutes radius, approximately 20.000 inhabitants
Figure 17 De geleding der stad, via District /decentral city http://www.bestaandewoningbouw.nl/gebied-buurt-of-wijk/ (wijk) Slotermeer – (accesed on 20-10-2012) Geuzeveld:
interwoven by green and roads self-supplying in the daily needs
Everything reachable within 15-30 minutes
City expansion parts (stadsdelen) AUP:
Several city parts interwoven through green, water and roads which are fully self- surveying
Figure 18 Ward and Centre, Garden City, (via Figure 19 (author 2012) http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/howard.htm, accessed on 20-10-2012)
RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 43
The left picture illustrates the in 1939 first presented plan Tuinstad Slotermeer. The picture on the right shows the changed plan as it is executed. The ‘zoom-in’ parts show the direct context of the case study Roland Holstbuurt which is indicated by a red border.
Fig. 20 (Uitgave Tuinstad Slotermeer Amsterdam, 1952, Gemeentebestuur van Amsterdam modified by author))
Figure 19 Illustration abstract of the change from closed perimeter block to stripes to hooks and stamps. (author)
44 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Configuration of allotment and stamps in Slotermeer
Figure 20 ( Vos, A., p. 20, edited by author)
From perimeter block to stripes
Figure 19 (author 2012) RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 45
From closed perimeter block to stripes In addition drying laundry would be visible from matched the idealism directly after the war. For the perception of the built environment the public road.9 The essence of the neighborhood concept and and thus the living pleasure the configuration layering of the city can be illustrated by the of the housing is important. In which the Since the subdivision of single rows as following points: allotment is in relation to the order of the illustrated in the original AUP was experienced - The housing encloses the smallest inner street pattern. The traditional closed block was as too monotonous and serially for which it circle around the individual; before the war already fiercely discussed which became the not intended sum of the same - The area (buurt) is entirely personal; led to experiments with more open stripes, during the war experimented was with - The neighborhood (wijk) is what the configurations. Which for example was the case new configurations.10 Figure 19 illustrates the residents still experience as clear, in Bos- en Lommer as transition zone between development of the urban block. The understandable and familiar; the old and new city. Supporters of the modern neighborhood as a whole and the housing - The district is more of organizational movement in architecture were the ones who allotment were seen as interacting parts. The significance and the city district principally fought for the open allotments. In housing units were not an infill of a district dominates this all: Interesting as not which particularly stripe configurations. retrospectively nor was the district the sum of familiar and trusted environment. the individual housing units. A thought, which Basically row housing was the allotment of had a major impact on this is the neighborhood However, the neighborhood idea was mainly housing in which the front sides were facing concept (wijkgedachte). elaborated as pragmatic interpretation. There each other as well as the backsides as residue was general skepticism regarding the social- of the broken closed perimeter block. De wijkgedachte related themes. The residential area in this was In the intended stripe configurations the front In 1946 the book De stad der Toekomst, de seen as it was technically an attractive and sides are facing backsides. In which orientation Toekomst der stad by Ir. A. Bos e.a. was feasible unity. Since in a reasonable time a of the back side towards the sun is possible for published wich can be seen as the Dutch completed district could be realized with a full all housing. Light, air and space is the primary manifest of the neighborhood concept. It was range of everyday facilities. But also within focus. Opponents of such allotments argued an urban and sociocultural study about the such an approach a variety of housing created that it would not give a desired space for growing city communities according the in different living environments could be seclusion, orientation would not be clear due to subtitle of the book. The described program in elaborated. the intermingling of front and backsides to the this book gained almost universal validity after same streets as well as the wind would get free the war for postwar housing expansions which Planner G.J. van de Berg in this regards says about the implementation of the reign. 9 Boer, de, N, Lambert, D. (1987) p. 22 -24 neighborhood concept: 10 Boer, de, N, Lambert, D. (1987) p. 24 46 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
worden herhaald bij een gelijk blijvend aantal with terms as scaling up, build cheaper, and ‘Ruimtelijk is dan ook een doelbewuste geleding woningen en dus minder snel tot even the crane paths, changed into van groeiende steden en dorpen in dergelijke monotonie leidt.” 12 standardized stamps. 15 Resulting in the eenheden het positieve erfdeel van de transition from a rhythmic whole with romantische wijkgedachte’ 11 Both apartments as well as ground-bound differentiations into a monotonous repetition housing is configured according these new like the urban extension Osdorp built as one of Prompted by the neighborhood concept arose principals for allotment. In the case of the the last parts of the AUP.16 the courtyard configuration and the idea of the duplex housing this is all configured according larger assemblies and parts. In figure 18 the the principals of stripe allotment, in which the change of the allotments in the initial plan and front and backsides are alternating oriented the conducted plan in Slotermeer are clearly towards the streets. Which is also the case in visible. Van Eesteren said about this new the courtyard configuration. The first area built allotments in the magazine Forum (1952): up in the courtyard allotment is the neighborhood Jeruzalem in Amsterdam, which “De woningen zijn het grondmateriaal, de is conducted as duplex housing ground-bound materie, welke moet worden samengevoegd tot horizontal split.13 stedebouwkundige vormen. De gerichte strook is de eerste primitieve samenvoeging. Herhaling In figure 18 this diversity in allotments and van stroken kan worden gerhythmiseerd door stamps and configurations in Slotermeer which geleding, welke ontstaat door na een aantal is still the same nowadays is illustrated.14 herhalingen een afstand tussen twee Slotermeer represents the ideal way of stroken groter te maken dan de vorige. Stroken allotments how Van Eesteren envisioned this kunnen worden samengevoegd tot een and still kept close to the human scale. In which grondvorm, b.v. een L. Twee grondvormen the repeatable unit, a composition of building kunnen een motief vormen, blocks, repeating and reflecting determined the welk motief, groter van formaat zijnde dan de urban fabric. For an interesting rhythmic whole. strook, minder malen behoeft te Which prompted by the economy associated
12 Blom, A, e.a. (2004) p.36 13 15 11 G.J. van de Berg quoted in Boer, de, N, Lambert, D. Blom, A, e.a. (2004) p. 37 Blom, A, e.a. (2004) p.37 14 16 (1987) p. 29 Vos, A. (1996) p.11 Vos, A. (1996) p.12 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 47
The classical manner of the aesthetic townscape within Slotermeer Interpretation of the Western Garden Cities as ‘Schotse Ruit’ and partly Geuzeveld Figure 22, Vos, A (1996) p.12, edited by author (2012) Figure 21, A. Vos (1996) p. 13 , edited by author (2012) 48 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Changes over time For which the housing market turns into a cities are described as well as the elements market with relative monotonous supply of which should be preserved and which can be
housing. In the time there were no needs to changed.20 In this the urban structure and Initially the expansion plans functioned well. improve the stock for which there was an principals are mainly rated as highly valuable. Logically, since the war was just over and most integral policy. The housing corporations saw The hierarchy of the green and water structure people where in first instance already happy especially the degeneration of the physical and as well as the roads in combination with the with having a house.17 But over time, due to the technical parameters of the stock for which diverse urban configurations of the allotment. filtering down principels, de quality and housing corporations started renovation and Although, due to non cooperation between the concurrence position of the stock devaluates. modification processes all among the stock. several stakeholders developments and Due to the change of society due to socio- In which in general there was not spent revetalising elaborated fragmentated and economic and socio-cultural trends the attention to the architectural aspects of the concerned often exclusively stamps or blocks. Western Garden Cities over time functioned stock. Typically herein is that entire blocks built During the ninethies due to cooperation less as it originally was intented to function. of masonry which are encased by a package of between several stakeholders the restructering Thereby the occupancy changed. In which the insulation and stucco, and the replacement of became in that sense more suistainable due to developments in Slotermeer En Geuzeveld are wooden windows with new plastic frames. In the approach of areas in favour of the stamp typical. Within a decade, these districts already which often the fine composition and scale. were less intensively occupied. Increase is until stratification is lost. approximately 1960 where it remains stabbing In the article Van Tuinstad naar Parkstad by A. at 56,000 inhabitants. Until 1985 there was Begin ninethies the first cracks apeared in the Vos the principle of the ‘Schotse Ruit’ is continuous decrease towards a total 34,000 garden cities. On which the first restructering introduced which reflects to a curtain extend inhabitants. After this it slowly increased to phase was elaborated. Both socio-economic the way of restructuring in the renewal period. 36,000 inhabitants in 1994. Decrease is due to issues as well as spatial shortcomings were In this the water, green and traffic structure the shrinking size of households. The slight noted. The position of the stock was altered and allotment of the buildings on the one hand increase is due to a migration surplus of young and had become on of cheapest on the social is seen as autonomous parts being interesting people and an influx of young households with housing market in the region19. In 1995 the and on the other hand in the coherence many children, mainly from Turkey and nota Parkstad was presented which can be between the elements. This ambuigity is seen Morocco.18 Substantial problems are deep into considered as the first step to durable as interesting in which between the rules of the eighties not experienced. Early eighties, the regenaration of the Western Garden Cities. In these systems the fields are on itself and housing stock is already somewhat outdated. this document the characteristics of the garden therefore interchangeable in terms of infill.
17 Boer, de, N, Lambert, D. (1987) 18 Heusden, M.I., van (1995) 19 Vos, A (1995) p. 2 20 Vos, A (1996) p. 2 RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 49
Which is called the principle of the Schotse Ruit period and its execution is the fact that renewal as illustrated in figure 22. And therefore de of the public space on the one hand and the For Slotermeer plans where made for structural author considered the AUP as erected despite buildings on the other hand are developed renewal, but only a few were conducted. Since the changes in the plan since the plan was without a good correlation regarding its DNA, this was all planned for the near future and the ment to describe these rules and was a plan its delicate layering between the de schotse ruit economic crisis put developments on hold.25 In which described only the main allocation of and het stadgezicht, because they are split the ‘Herziening richting Parkstad 2015’, for functions and its hierarchy. Although, within organizational, while this is on of the main Slotermeer residential environments are the classical interpretation of this system the characteristics and values of the expansion defined for different areas. Within the city author describes the stratification of the plan. This development was even enhanced district Nieuw-West in analogy with the townscape within this principle as another due to large investments in improving the stock principle of the Schotse Ruit. With the aim to order. For example incidental axes, mirroring, while little money is spent on the public ensure variety and avoid monotony. In which and marking points, long blocks, and space.23 Which resulted in the eleboration of the three environments are: urban ground repetitions are elaborated in order to create blocks with totally different concepts regarding bounded, green urban, and urban mixed. But specific relationships which was of high public and private gradients and even besides residential environments, edges and importance for the image of the Western sometimes, which illustrates this development walls were indicated along the streets of an Garden cities. The quality therefore relies in in its extends, the perimeter block was higher order connecting the neigborhoods, in this ambuigity between the classical manner reintroduced. order to strenghten this through the urban and de Schotse Ruit as illustrated in figure 21 morphology. Thereby to enable further and 22.21 In the approximitaly fifthy years the Western centralization of public functions.26 This is Garden cities excist, al lot has changed. Initialy illustrated in figure 23. In Slotermeer this classical manner of aesthetic the Western Garden cities where located near city design is in particular on a small scale, small the city. Nowadays the demographical position Since the renewal plans are not elaborated and coherent fragments. While in Osdorp this is is moreover within the city due to the are put on hold, Slotermeer is still a disctrict of illustrated by the grand gesture inspired by the development of the Western Harbor, Schiphol, the Western Garden Cities which is the mostly far-reaching rationalization.22 The South-axes, and Teleport and the new preserved. Slotermeer has been evaluated by ringroad, Schiphollijn en de Ringlijn as well as architectural historians commissioned by the Although, according to this interpretation, one further expansion of housing neigborhoods like 24 of the concerns with the policy of the renewal Geuzenveld-West, Nieuw Sloten en de Aker. 25 Stadsdeel Nieuw-West bewonerskrant mei 2011, via www.nieuwwest.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/378409/nie uw_west_bewonerskrant_slotermeer_4_mei.pdf 21 23 Vos, A. (1995) p. De Hoog, M (2007) p. 6,7 (accessed on 20-10-2012) 22 Vos, A. (1995) p.12 24 Vos, A (1995) p.2 26 Timár, A (2009) 50 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
municipality as the most authentic city garden like expansion part of the Western Garden cities reflecting the ideas of Van Eesteren. This becomes clear on the chart of values of the municipality in which the rankings in this area are the highest on urban, architectural parameters in relation to the other districts.27 Thereby, a part of Slotermeer is nowadays a museum, the Van Eesteren museum and therefore a protected area. Although this is only a fragmented part of Slotermeer which is the outcome due to policy and therefore should not be interpreted as the area which only has heritage value. Since this is highly based on the merits of the urban tissue one could argue if it should not be an area defined by political defined borders, but borders drawn of the urban tissue and therefore aproximatelly Slotermeer as a whole.
Although, socio-economic problems and a decayed building stock are nowadays still the primary concerns. The renewal period was put on hold for which these problems probably will continue to excist unless other strategies to coop with this mix of problems will be developed.
27 Presentatie Cultuurhistorie AUP deel 2, Stadsdeel West, via www.raadsinformatienieuwwest.nl/Vergaderingen /Thema-avond/2012/18-april/19:30/presentatie- cultuurhistorie-AUP-deel-2.pdf (2012) RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 51
Residential living environments:
Urban mixed
Green urban
Urban ground-bound
Figure 23 Vernieuwingsplan Slotermeer 2010 (Tamár, 2009, edited by author 2012)
52 THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Sub conclusions The spread of program over the districts which representable areas of intimate villages in a city became more centered and on the other hand which was one of the primary concerns of the Western Garden Cities & the inhabitants, multicultural and in general AUP in the first place. below the average potential social-economical. Although these areas are preserved, socio Slotermeer But also due to the change of demographics the economic problems as well as decay of the extension is changed into a more central area stock are still at concern and will probably The Western Garden Cities can be seen as the of the city. In which it therefore strengthens continue and even increase if new strategies elaboration of a modern postwar city expansion the feel of a village in a city moreover within and interventions more suitable to the plan in which ideas of garden city, the the core of the housing neighborhoods. economic present situation will not be wijkgedachte and Het Nieuwe Bouwen are conducted. intermingled and interpreted in a practical In Slotermeer, being part of the Western manner. The erected plan shows differences Garden Cities and considered to be the best concerning these thoughts with the initial representation of van Eesteren thoughts, is general expansion plan in which the main almost not altered due to the renewal period. elements are preserved. Although due to the The van Eesterenmuseum being a part of housing shortage the percentage of ground Slotermeer illustrates and tries to preserve this. bound housing actually built is lower than Nevertheless the van Eesteren museum envisioned. Nowadays the main structure and boundaries are drawn with a great extend due hierarchy of green and allotment are still to politic economic motives, for which it is a visible, although the renewal period altered fragmented area. And one could argue if the parts of the plan, especially on stamp level, In line should not be drawn along the edges of which often the original relationship of the Slotermeer. hierarchy of public and private, streets and
green are neglected. It is especially this In Slotermeer a part is conducted as ground discrepancy between attention for the stock bound housing of which a great part originally and the urban public space. While the urban was erected as duplex housing. Not spread structure is in general appreciated in most mutually over the stock but allocated to specific developments it seems to be neglected. areas. Since these areas in general have not
been changed by the renewal period or before Nowadays social and economic conditions are these areas have become moreover changed for the area. On the one hand the RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 53
Within Slotermeer there are four main areas with ground duplex housing of which three are elaborated in the urban courtyard configuration. The part in the Van Eesteren museum is a mix between duplex ground bound dwellings and single family ground-bound housing in which the stripe allotment is common.
(Tamár, 2010)
Type housing Number Percentage Single-family 1.200 15 housing Duplex housing 1.650 21 Appartments 3.600 45 (without elevator) Appartments 1.500 19 (with elevator) Totall 7.950 100
(Tamár, 2010)
Figure 24 satellite pictures duplex housing Slotermeer 2008 (www.google.nl/maps, accessed on 12-10- 2012)
Roland Holstbuurt Couperusbuurt Part Northside Van Eesteren museum Antonie Struikbuurt THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Figure 25a, (Vos, A 1996, p.16 edited by author 2012)
Figure 25b, satellite pictures duplex housing in courtyard configuration Slotermeer 2008 (www.google.nl/maps, accessed on 12-10- 2012) RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 55
Duplex housing ground bounded Allotment: adjacent to - Dwellings orientated streets of an high southwest wards order towards sun (respectively Wijkweg and Stadslaan)
Streets hierarchy: 1. private transition zone 2. pavement 3. living street 4. Neighborhood street 5. District street 6. City street 7. Auto way
Green hierarchy: 1. Private garden 2. Communal courtyard 3. Green strip 4. Park strip 5. Park 6. landscape
Figure 26b satellite pictures duplex housing in courtyard configuration Slotermeer 2008 edited by author(www.google.nl/maps, Figure 26a (author 2012) accessed on 12-10-2012)
THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Figure 28 pictures Roland Holstbuurt mid ‘60s (online Amsterdam Archive, via www.amsterda m.beeldbank.nl (accessed 10- 10-2012))
Figure 27 Principle programmatic interweavement neighborhood (author 2012) RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 57
Figure 28 (author 2012) THESIS PLAN & RESEARCH REPORT
Facades duplex housing in courtyard configuration Slotermeer
Front and back facade Roland Holstbuurt Front and back facade Couperusbuurt Front and back facade Anton Struikbuurt
Figure 29a-f (via Amsterdam Archive, via www.amsterdam.beeldbank.nl (accessed 10-10-2012)) RESEARCH REPORT & THESIS PLAN 59
DUPLEX HOUSING IN Struikbuurt. The duplex housing in de part of courtyard configured neighborhoods with the van Eesteren museum is mainly arranged in single family ground-bound housing. SLOTERMEER combination with normal ground bound housing in several configurations of strips. Since the housing in courtyard configuration where al being erected in the first stage of the Generics of duplex housing in Urban and architectural context rebuilt period after the Second World War, in courtyard configuration The three neighborhoods with courtyard the time span of the 1950-1954, in which configurations all can be characterized as experimenting with industrialized buildings was In Slotermeer several neighborhoods with neighborhoods with this as main characteristic not that common, they are all built by ground bounded duplex housing were built. although they are all part of a bigger stamp traditional manners and for some elements 21% of the total amount of houses is built as configuration as illustrated in figure 25a and b. nontraditional techniques. Which is in general duplex housing which are 1650 houses. The The urban configurations follow the principals for Slotermeer as a whole as illustrated in four areas which form an agglomeration of of the main elements of allotment, green and figure 31 which illustrates pictures of buildings duplex housing are the Roland Holstbuurt, the streets as illustrated in 26a and b. Although nowadays in which this is still visible. Typical is Anton Struikbuurt, the Couperusbuurt and a slight varia