DOCSLIB.ORG

Preservation of Exceptional Vertebrate Assemblages in Middle Permian fluviolacustrine Mudstones of Kotel'nich, Russia: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Taphonomy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preservation of Exceptional Vertebrate Assemblages in Middle Permian fluviolacustrine Mudstones of Kotel'nich, Russia: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Taphonomy Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 319-320 (2012) 58–83 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Preservation of exceptional vertebrate assemblages in Middle Permian fluviolacustrine mudstones of Kotel'nich, Russia: stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy Michael J. Benton a,⁎, Andrew J. Newell b, Al'bert Yu. Khlyupin c, Il'ya S. Shumov c, Gregory D. Price d, Andrey A. Kurkin e a School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK b British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK c Vyatka Palaeontological Museum, Ulitsa Drelevskii 22, Kirov, Kirov Region 610000, Russia d School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK e Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulitsa Profsoyuznaya 123, Moscow 117997, Russia article info abstract Article history: The Kotel'nich locality in European Russia has long been a rich source of high-quality tetrapod fossils, including Received 2 July 2011 pareiasaurs, dicynodonts, gorgonopsians and theriodonts. The age of the Kotel'nich locality has been debated, but Received in revised form 13 December 2011 it corresponds to early Severodvinian in the Russian stratigraphic scheme, equivalent to the late Capitanian (late Accepted 2 January 2012 Middle Permian) on the international time scale. Remarkably, the majority of specimens are complete, quite un- Available online 8 January 2012 like those from most Russian Permo-Triassic red bed localities; commonest of all are 1–2-metre long pareia- saur skeletons of the genus Deltavjatia, preserved in hollows on top of a consolidated palaeosol horizon. Keywords: Taphonomy Previous taphonomic scenarios in the Russian literature have included suggestions that the animals were Tetrapod skeleton overwhelmed beneath sand dunes, mired in soft fluviatile sediments, caught at the bottom of a deep lake, Drought trapped in burrows, or dumped in fluviatile scours. It is probable that the pareiasaurs were searching for Fluvial scour water in a time of catastrophic aridification, and died, weakened, in shallow hollows. In this case, we also em- Permian phasise the importance of floodplain microtopography in creating the sedimentary conditions necessary for the Russia preservation of exceptional vertebrate assemblages in a slowly aggrading fluviolacustrine setting. Severodvinian © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Vyatkian 1. Introduction of the enclosed vertebrate fossils. This uncertainty is exemplified by the renowned Permian vertebrate locality of Kotel'nich in Russia. Vertebrate skeletons in ancient river deposits are commonly pre- Kotel'nich has yielded hundreds of complete skeletons of fossil served as lags within coarse-grained channel deposits where the re- reptiles, predominantly pareiasaurs and dicynodonts. The mode of mains have generally been transported, disarticulated and abraded. preservation of these skeletons has been debated (Hartmann- Less common, but often of greater paleontological importance, are Weinberg, 1933, 1937; Kashtanov, 1934; Ivakhnenko, 1987; Gubin, skeletons preserved within fine-grained floodplain deposits that are 1989; Tverdokhlebov and Shminke, 1990; Ochev, 1995; Khlyupin, often substantially complete and well preserved (Behrensmeyer, 2007; Sumin, 2009; Tverdokhlebov, 2009): were they preserved by 1988; Smith, 1993; Rogers and Kidwell, 2000; Therrien and miring in soft muds around water holes, deposited on the floor of a Fastovsky, 2000; Ryan et al., 2001; Smith and Swart, 2002; Straight lake, buried in situ within burrows, or washed into floodplain hol- and Eberth, 2002; Rogers, 2005; Eberth et al., 2007, 2010; González lows? Further, although the Kotel'nich locality has been known Riga and Astini, 2007). In comparison to coarse-grained channel de- since the 1930s, and it has been referred to hundreds of times in posits, floodplain mudstones often have a relatively uniform stratig- the vertebrate palaeontological literature, the geology and taphono- raphy that can be masked by syndepositional soil-forming processes my of the site have not been described. The aims of this paper are and this can lead to uncertainty regarding the original depositional (1) to outline the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Middle environment of the muds as well as the life, death and preservation Permian continental red beds on the banks of the Vyatka River at Kotel'nich, which requires a presentation of the local stratigraphic scheme as well as new evidence for the dating of Kotel'nich in com- parison to the Karoo tetrapod biozones and the international marine ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 954 5400; fax: +44 925 3385. time scale, and (2) to describe the taphonomy of recently excavated E-mail address: [email protected] (M.J. Benton). tetrapod skeletons, and to present evidence that the exceptional 0031-0182/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.005 M.J. Benton et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 319-320 (2012) 58–83 59 preservation of the fauna results largely from an arid episode and the Agafonovo (58.18637N, 48.32864E). The spectacular red, yellow, rapid infill of floodplain hollows. and brown colours of the near horizontally-bedded clastic sediments Museum abbreviations. KPM, Vyatka Palaeontological Museum, have been noted by previous authors (Fig. 4). Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Russia; PIN, Paleontological Institute, Russian Geological work on the Kotel'nich red beds began rather late, with Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. the first geological mapping only 100 years ago (Krotov, 1912). This was because the area was remote from major cities, and seemingly 2. Geological background devoid of mineral potential. The Vyatka River had long been a major transport artery, but the town of Kotel'nich remained a very remote The Permo-Triassic red beds of Russia represent an enormous area outpost of the Russian Empire until the railway from St Petersburg of outcrop, covering 1.4×106 km2 of European Russia (Fig. 1), and to Vyatka opened in 1905. Following continued repression during spanning over 40 million years, from the end of the Early Permian Soviet times, and substantial decline of industry after 1990, Kotel'nich (Ufimian; Kungurian) to the end of the Middle Triassic (Bukobay; remains a remote and undeveloped town. The geology of the Permian Ladinian). These units provide an important record of changing terres- red beds was revised by Ignat'ev (1962, 1963) and Tikhvinskaya trial environments and ecosystems before, during, and after the end- (1946),andreviewedbyNalivkin (1973) and Lozovskiy and Esaulova Permian mass extinction, including long-term aridification of climates (1998). In these works, the sedimentary rocks were interpreted as flu- and major changes in sedimentary regimes across the Permo-Triassic viatile and lacustrine. Tverdokhlebov and Shminke (1990) were the boundary (Newell et al., 1999, 2010; Golubev, 2000; Zharkov and first to argue that the yellow sandstones of the Boroviki Member Chumakov, 2001; Tverdokhlebov et al., 2003, 2005; Benton et al., (Coffa, 1999) were aeolian in origin. Then, Goman'kov (1997), Coffa 2004; Shishkin et al., 2006; Shcherbakov, 2008; Krassilov and Karasev, (1999),andGolubev (2000) presented summary accounts of the sedi- 2009; Benton, 2012). mentology and stratigraphy of the Kotel'nich succession, each based One of the most remarkable localities in the Russian Middle and on original and independent fieldwork, and Tverdokhlebov (2009) Late Permian is Kotel'nich, in Kirov Oblast, the source of hundreds added further first-hand observations. of tetrapod specimens since their first discovery in 1893. In his semi- The Kotel'nich red beds are renowned for their abundant and nal work on the stratigraphy of the Russian Permian tetrapods, exquisite tetrapod fossils, and yet earlier geologists did not pay these Efremov (1937, 1941) established two lower, dinocephalian, com- much attention (see Ochev, 1995; Ochev and Surkov, 2000 for historical plexes (I and II), and a third, pareiasaurian, complex (III) based initial- surveys). Krotov (1894, 1912) recorded isolated bones from the west ly on finds from Kotel'nich and Sokolki, a site on the North Dvina bank of the Vyatka River just south of Kotel'nich, at a locality later River. The pareiasaurian complex was subsequently divided into termed ‘Kotel'nich-1’. In 1933, S. G. Kashtanov, a young hydrogeologist three, the Kotel'nich, Ilinsko'ye, and Sokolki subcomplexes, occupying from Kazan' University, discovered two complete pareiasaur skeletons the bulk of the Tatarian Russian Stage (details in Golubev, 2000). near the village of Vanyushonki, on the river bank 18 km south of Kotel'nich was then one of the fundamental locations for understand- Kotel'nich (Figs. 2, 3), and he found a further two or three in 1935, ing the evolution of Middle and Late Permian tetrapods from the ear- 2 km upstream (Kashtanov, 1934). The skeletons were incomplete as liest days of palaeontological work in Russia, and it was seen they had been partially eroded by the action of the Vyatka River, but internationally as the equal and equivalent of the succession of tetra- Kashtanov excavated some of this material and sent it to the Paleonto- pod zones in the Karoo Basin in South Africa (e.g. Olson, 1962; logical Institute (PIN) in Moscow. The Moscow palaeontologists came to Anderson and Cruickshank,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sauropareion Anoplus, with a Discussion of Possible Life History
    The postcranial skeleton of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of possible life history MARK J. MACDOUGALL, SEAN P. MODESTO, and JENNIFER BOTHA−BRINK MacDougall, M.J., Modesto, S.P., and Botha−Brink, J. 2013. The postcranial skeleton of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of possible life history. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (4): 737–749. The skeletal anatomy of the Early Triassic (Induan) procolophonid reptile Sauropareion anoplus is described on the basis of three partial skeletons from Vangfontein, Middelburg District, South Africa. Together these three specimens preserve the large majority of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, articulated forelimbs and hindlimbs, and all but the caudal portion of the vertebral column, elements hitherto undescribed. Our phylogenetic analysis of the Procolophonoidea is consonant with previous work, positing S. anoplus as the sister taxon to a clade composed of all other procolophonids exclusive of Coletta seca. Previous studies have suggested that procolophonids were burrowers, and this seems to have been the case for S. anoplus, based on comparisons with characteristic skeletal anatomy of living digging animals, such as the presence of a spade−shaped skull, robust phalanges, and large unguals. Key words: Parareptilia, Procolophonidae, phylogenetic analysis, burrowing, Induan, Triassic, South Africa. Mark J. MacDougall [[email protected]], Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada and Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada; Sean P. Modesto [[email protected]], Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada; Jennifer Botha−Brink [[email protected]], Karoo Palaeontology, National Museum, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Xinjiangchelyid Turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China and the Evolution of the Basipterygoid Process in Mesozoic Turtles Rabi Et Al
    A new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China and the evolution of the basipterygoid process in Mesozoic turtles Rabi et al. Rabi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:203 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/203 Rabi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:203 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/203 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China and the evolution of the basipterygoid process in Mesozoic turtles Márton Rabi1,2*, Chang-Fu Zhou3, Oliver Wings4, Sun Ge3 and Walter G Joyce1,5 Abstract Background: Most turtles from the Middle and Late Jurassic of Asia are referred to the newly defined clade Xinjiangchelyidae, a group of mostly shell-based, generalized, small to mid-sized aquatic froms that are widely considered to represent the stem lineage of Cryptodira. Xinjiangchelyids provide us with great insights into the plesiomorphic anatomy of crown-cryptodires, the most diverse group of living turtles, and they are particularly relevant for understanding the origin and early divergence of the primary clades of extant turtles. Results: Exceptionally complete new xinjiangchelyid material from the ?Qigu Formation of the Turpan Basin (Xinjiang Autonomous Province, China) provides new insights into the anatomy of this group and is assigned to Xinjiangchelys wusu n. sp. A phylogenetic analysis places Xinjiangchelys wusu n. sp. in a monophyletic polytomy with other xinjiangchelyids, including Xinjiangchelys junggarensis, X. radiplicatoides, X. levensis and X. latiens. However, the analysis supports the unorthodox, though tentative placement of xinjiangchelyids and sinemydids outside of crown-group Testudines. A particularly interesting new observation is that the skull of this xinjiangchelyid retains such primitive features as a reduced interpterygoid vacuity and basipterygoid processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogenetic Change in the Temporal Region of the Early Permian Parareptile Delorhynchus Cifellii and the Implications for Closure of the Temporal Fenestra in Amniotes
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Ontogenetic Change in the Temporal Region of the Early Permian Parareptile Delorhynchus cifellii and the Implications for Closure of the Temporal Fenestra in Amniotes Yara Haridy*, Mark J. Macdougall, Diane Scott, Robert R. Reisz Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada * [email protected] a11111 Abstract A juvenile specimen of Delorhynchus cifellii, collected from the Early Permian fissure-fill deposits of Richards Spur, Oklahoma, permits the first detailed study of cranial ontogeny in this parareptile. The specimen, consisting of a partially articulated skull and mandible, exhib- OPEN ACCESS its several features that identify it as juvenile. The dermal tuberosities that ornament the dor- Citation: Haridy Y, Macdougall MJ, Scott D, Reisz sal side and lateral edges of the largest skull of D. cifellii specimens, are less prominent in RR (2016) Ontogenetic Change in the Temporal the intermediate sized holotype, and are absent in the new specimen. This indicates that the Region of the Early Permian Parareptile new specimen represents an earlier ontogenetic stage than all previously described mem- Delorhynchus cifellii and the Implications for bers of this species. In addition, the incomplete interdigitation of the sutures, most notably Closure of the Temporal Fenestra in Amniotes. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0166819. doi:10.1371/journal. along the fronto-nasal contact, plus the proportionally larger sizes of the orbit and temporal pone.0166819 fenestrae further support an early ontogenetic stage for this specimen. Comparisons Editor: Thierry Smith, Royal Belgian Institute of between this juvenile and previously described specimens reveal that the size and shape of Natural Sciences, BELGIUM the temporal fenestra in Delorhynchus appear to vary through ontogeny, due to changes in Received: July 18, 2016 the shape and size of the bordering cranial elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species of Special Concern and Vascular Plant Flora of the National
    Plant Species of Special Concern and Vascular Plant Flora of the National Elk Refuge Prepared for the US Fish and Wildlife Service National Elk Refuge By Walter Fertig Wyoming Natural Diversity Database The Nature Conservancy 1604 Grand Avenue Laramie, WY 82070 February 28, 1998 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance with this project: Jim Ozenberger, ecologist with the Jackson Ranger District of Bridger-Teton National Forest, for guiding me in his canoe on Flat Creek and for providing aerial photographs and lodging; Jennifer Whipple, Yellowstone National Park botanist, for field assistance and help with field identification of rare Carex species; Dr. David Cooper of Colorado State University, for sharing field information from his 1994 studies; Dr. Ron Hartman and Ernie Nelson of the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, for providing access to unmounted collections by Michele Potkin and others from the National Elk Refuge; Dr. Anton Reznicek of the University of Michigan, for confirming the identification of several problematic Carex specimens; Dr. Robert Dorn for confirming the identification of several vegetative Salix specimens; and lastly Bruce Smith and the staff of the National Elk Refuge for providing funding and logistical support and for allowing me free rein to roam the refuge for plants. 2 Table of Contents Page Introduction . 6 Study Area . 6 Methods . 8 Results . 10 Vascular Plant Flora of the National Elk Refuge . 10 Plant Species of Special Concern . 10 Species Summaries . 23 Aster borealis . 24 Astragalus terminalis . 26 Carex buxbaumii . 28 Carex parryana var. parryana . 30 Carex sartwellii . 32 Carex scirpoidea var. scirpiformis .
    [Show full text]
  • Reptile Family Tree
    Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2015 Distribution of Scales, Scutes, Hair and Feathers Fish scales 100 Ichthyostega Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 Pederpes 91 Eldeceeon holotype Gephyrostegus watsoni Eryops 67 Solenodonsaurus 87 Proterogyrinus 85 100 Chroniosaurus Eoherpeton 94 72 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 98 Seymouria Chroniosuchus Kotlassia 58 94 Westlothiana Casineria Utegenia 84 Brouffia 95 78 Amphibamus 71 93 77 Coelostegus Cacops Paleothyris Adelospondylus 91 78 82 99 Hylonomus 100 Brachydectes Protorothyris MCZ1532 Eocaecilia 95 91 Protorothyris CM 8617 77 95 Doleserpeton 98 Gerobatrachus Protorothyris MCZ 2149 Rana 86 52 Microbrachis 92 Elliotsmithia Pantylus 93 Apsisaurus 83 92 Anthracodromeus 84 85 Aerosaurus 95 85 Utaherpeton 82 Varanodon 95 Tuditanus 91 98 61 90 Eoserpeton Varanops Diplocaulus Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 88 100 Sauropleura Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 78 Ptyonius 98 89 Archaeothyris Scincosaurus 77 84 Ophiacodon 95 Micraroter 79 98 Batropetes Rhynchonkos Cutleria 59 Nikkasaurus 95 54 Biarmosuchus Silvanerpeton 72 Titanophoneus Gephyrostegeus bohemicus 96 Procynosuchus 68 100 Megazostrodon Mammal 88 Homo sapiens 100 66 Stenocybus hair 91 94 IVPP V18117 69 Galechirus 69 97 62 Suminia Niaftasuchus 65 Microurania 98 Urumqia 91 Bruktererpeton 65 IVPP V 18120 85 Venjukovia 98 100 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 100 Eodicynodon Dicynodon 91 Cephalerpeton 54 Reiszorhinus Haptodus 62 Concordia KUVP 8702a 95 59 Ianthasaurus 87 87 Concordia KUVP 96/95 85 Edaphosaurus Romeria primus 87 Glaucosaurus Romeria texana Secodontosaurus
    [Show full text]
  • QUARTERLY REPORT Sberbank of Russia Open Joint-Stock
    Approved on November , 2013 by the CEO, Chairman of the Executive Board of Sberbank of RussiaOJSC (indicate the issuing credit institution's body that approved the Quarterly Report on Securities) QUARTERLY REPORT for Q3 2013 Sberbank of Russia Open Joint-Stock Company Code of the issuing credit institution:01481-В Location of the issuing credit institution: 19 Vavilova St., Moscow, Moscow, Russia, 117997 (indicate the location (address of the permanent executive body of the issuing credit institution) Information contained in this quarterly report is subject to disclosure pursuant to the laws of the Russian Federation on securities CEO, Chairman of the Executive Board of Sberbank of Russia OJSC __________ H.O. Gref signature November , 2013 Acting Chief Accountant of Sberbank of Russia OJSC of Director of the Accounting and Reporting M. Yu. Department __________ Lukyanova signature November , 2013 Seal of the issuing credit institution Contact person: Deputy Head of the Corporate Secretary Service - Head of the Corporate Work and Information Disclosure Sector - Mikhail Ushakov (indicate position and full name of contact person in the issuing credit institution) Telephone: (495) 505-88-85 Fax: (495) 505-88-84 (indicate the contact person's telephone (fax) number(s)) E-mail address: [email protected] (indicate the contact person's e-mail address (if any)) Address of the Internet page(s) where the information contained in this quarterly report is disclosed: www.sberbank.ru, http://www.e-disclosure.ru/portal/company.aspx?id =3043 8 CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Equisetalean Plant Remains from the Early to Middle Triassic of New South Wales, Australia
    Records of the Australian Museum (2001) Vol. 53: 9–20. ISSN 0067-1975 Equisetalean Plant Remains from the Early to Middle Triassic of New South Wales, Australia W.B. KEITH HOLMES “Noonee Nyrang”, Gulgong Road, Wellington NSW 2820, Australia Honorary Research Fellow, Geology Department, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia [email protected] Present address: National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa ABSTRACT. Equisetalean fossil plant remains of Early to Middle Triassic age from New South Wales are described. Robust and persistent nodal diaphragms composed of three zones; a broad central pith disc, a vascular cylinder and a cortical region surrounded by a sheath of conjoined leaf bases, are placed in Nododendron benolongensis n.sp. The new genus Townroviamites is erected for stems previously assigned to Phyllotheca brookvalensis which bear whorls of leaves forming a narrow basal sheath and the number of leaves matches the number of vascular bundles. Finely striated stems bearing leaf whorls consisting of several foliar lobes each formed from four to seven linear conjoined leaves are described as Paraschizoneura jonesii n.sp. Doubts are raised about the presence of the common Permian Gondwanan sphenophyte species Phyllotheca australis and the Northern Hemisphere genus Neocalamites in Middle Triassic floras of Gondwana. HOLMES, W.B. KEITH, 2001. Equisetalean plant remains from the Early to Middle Triassic of New South Wales, Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 53(1): 9–20. The plant Phylum Sphenophyta, which includes the Permian Period, the increasing aridity and decline in the equisetaleans, commonly known as “horse-tails” or vegetation of northern Pangaea was in contrast to that in “scouring rushes”, first appeared during the Devonian southern Pangaea—Gondwana—where flourishing swamp Period (Taylor & Taylor, 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • A Reassessment of the Taxonomic Position of Mesosaurs, and a Surprising Phylogeny of Early Amniotes
    GENERAL COMMENTARY published: 03 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/feart.2018.00220 Response: Commentary: A Reassessment of the Taxonomic Position of Mesosaurs, and a Surprising Phylogeny of Early Amniotes Michel Laurin 1* and Graciela Piñeiro 2 1 CR2P (UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN Sorbonne Université, “Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements”, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 2 Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay Keywords: Mesosauridae, Parareptilia, Synapsida, Sauropsida, Amniota, Paleozoic, temporal fenestration A Commentary on Commentary: A Reassessment of the Taxonomic Position of Mesosaurs, and a Surprising Phylogeny of Early Amniotes by MacDougall, M. J., Modesto, S. P., Brocklehurst, N., Verrière, A., Reisz, R. R., and Fröbisch, J. (2018). Front. Earth Sci. 6:99. doi: 10.3389/feart.2018.00099 INTRODUCTION Edited by: Corwin Sullivan, University of Alberta, Canada Mesosaurs, known from the Early Permian of southern Africa, Brazil, and Uruguay, are the oldest known amniotes with a primarily, though probably not strictly, aquatic lifestyle (Nuñez Demarco Reviewed by: et al., 2018). Despite having attracted the attention of several prominent scientists, such as Wegener Tiago Simoes, University of Alberta, Canada (1966), who used them to support his theory of continental drift, and the great anatomist and paleontologist von Huene (1941), who first suggested the presence of a lower temporal fenestra *Correspondence: Michel Laurin in Mesosaurus, several controversies still surround mesosaurs. One concerns the presence of the [email protected] lower temporal fenestra in mesosaurs, which we accept (Piñeiro et al., 2012a; Laurin and Piñeiro, 2017, p. 4), contrary to Modesto (1999, 2006) and MacDougall et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R
    STUDIA FORESTALIA SUECICA NR 39 1966 Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R. An Analysis of Soviet Competitive Potentialities Skogsekonomi i Sovjet~rnionen rned en unalys av landets potentiella konkurrenskraft by KARL VIICTOR ALGTTERE SICOGSH~GSICOLAN ROYAL COLLEGE OF FORESTRY STOCKHOLM Lord Keynes on the role of the economist: "He must study the present in the light of the past for the purpose of the future." Printed in Sweden by ESSELTE AB STOCKHOLM Foreword Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R. is a special study of the forestry sector of the Soviet economy. As such it makes a further contribution to the studies undertaken in recent years to elucidate the means and ends in Soviet planning; also it attempts to assess the competitive potentialities of the U.S.S.R. in international trade. Soviet studies now command a very great interest and are being undertaken at some twenty universities and research institutes mainly in the United States, the United Kingdoin and the German Federal Republic. However, it would seem that the study of the development of the forestry sector has riot received the detailed attention given to other fields. In any case, there have not been any analytical studies published to date elucidating fully the connection between forestry and the forest industries and the integration of both in the economy as a whole. Studies of specific sections have appeared from time to time, but I have no knowledge of any previous study which gives a complete picture of the Soviet forest economy and which could faci- litate the marketing policies of the western world, being undertaken at any university or college.
    [Show full text]
  • GAMMA-KAPPA 765Kv Transmission Line, Western Cape Province
    1 GAMMA-KAPPA 765kV Transmission Line, Western Cape Province SCOPING REPORT PALAEONTOLOGY Compiled by: Dr JF Durand (Sci.Nat.) For: MDT Environmental (Pty) Ltd 673 Glossoti Street, Garsfontein, Pretoria 0081, SOUTH AFRICA 25 July 2020 2 Table of Contents: 1. Executive Summary………………………………..…………………………....................3 2. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….................4 3. Terms of reference for the report………………………………………………................5 4. Details of study area and the type of assessment…………………………………….....8 5. Geological setting……………………………………………………………………………9 6. Palaeontology of the study area…………………………..……………………………...11 7. Conclusion and Recommendations………… …………………………………………20 8. Declaration of Independence……………………………………………………………..22 . List of Figures: Figure 1: Google Earth photo indicating the study area……...………………….……….. 8 Figure 2: Geological map of the study area with the proposed power grid for the Gamma-Kappa section (adapted from the 1: 1 000 000 Geology Map for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, Geological Survey, 1970) ………………………10 Figure 3: Biostratigraphical map indicating the Karoo Supergroup strata including the biozonation of the Lower Beaufort Group in the study area (adapted from Rubidge, 1995)………………………………………………………………………...11 Figure 4: Mesosaurus fossil skeleton………………………………….…………………….12 Figure 5: Tapinocephalus skull……………………………………………………………… 14 Figure 6 : Bradysaurus skeleton …………………………………………………………… 15 Figure 7: Atherstonia………………………………………………………………………… 15 Figure 8: Rhinesuchus skull………………………………………………………………....16
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Siberian Railway Author(S): P
    The Great Siberian Railway Author(s): P. Kropotkin Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Feb., 1895), pp. 146-154 Published by: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1773570 . Accessed: 06/01/2015 08:41 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Tue, 6 Jan 2015 08:41:19 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 146 THE GPtEATSIBERIAN PtAIL\VAY. very simpleand systematic. On the northernslope, the Stour own; the holdsits Medwayhastaken off the headof the Darent;the lWolehas be- headeda stream that used to go throughthe Mersthamnotch to Groyden; and either the Moleor the Darenthas beheadeda streamthat madethe notchat Catelham Valley; the Wey has recentlytaken oS the head of the Blackwater, nearAldershot. On the southernslope, the C:uckmare, Ouse,Adur, and Arun maintairtopen paths to the sea. Chalk Inside of the escarpment,the drainage is often by subsequentside whose streams? developmenthas been describedby various authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleodest - Paleontologia Em Destaque, V
    v. 36, n. 74, 2021 Paleodest - Paleontologia em Destaque, v. 36, n. 74, 2021 1 SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE PALEONTOLOGIA Presidente: Dr. Renato Pirani Ghilardi (UNESP/Bauru) Vice-Presidente: Dr. Rodrigo Miloni Santucci (UnB) 1ª Secretária: Dra. Sônia Maria Oliveira Agostinho da Silva (UFPE) 2º Secretário: Msc. Victor Rodrigues Ribeiro (UNESP/Bauru) 1º Tesoureiro: Msc. Marcos César Bissaro Júnior (USP/Ribeirão Preto) 2º Tesoureiro: Dr. Hermínio Ismael de Araújo Junior (UERJ) Diretor de Publicações: Dr. Sandro Marcelo Scheffler (MN/UFRJ) PALEODEST - PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia Corpo Editorial Editor-chefe Sandro Marcelo Scheffler Editora de Honra Ana Maria Ribeiro, Museu de Ciências Naturais/SEMA-RS Conselho Editorial Hermínio Ismael de Araújo Júnior, Professor da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/UERJ Rafael Costa da Silva, Pesquisador do Serviço Geológico do Brasil/CPRM Paula Andrea Sucerquia Rendón, Professora da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco/UFPE Cláudia Pinto Machado, Pesquisadora colaboradora da Universidade Federal de Roraima/UFRR Renato Pirani Ghilardi, Professor da Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho/UNESP Conselho Científico Annie Schmaltz Hsiou, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brasil Antonio Carlos Sequeira Fernandes, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MN/UFRJ), Brasil Cecília Amenabar, Departamento de Geologia, Universidade de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina Cesar Schultz, Departamento de Geologia, Universidade
    [Show full text]