Biology and Ecology of Carp
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Biology and Ecology of Carp © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Biology and Ecology of Carp Editors Constanze Pietsch Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR) Waedenswil Switzerland Philipp E. Hirsch Department of Environmental Sciences University Basel Basel Switzerland p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM Cover photograph reproduced by kind courtesy of Mr. Michel Roggo. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150519 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-0665-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface Carp are unlike other group of fi sh species. In fact, they are special to such an extent, that we feel a whole book dedicated to all aspects of the biology and ecology of carp is warranted. While justifying the many aspects of carp in only a single volume may seem overambitious to some others might wonder whether there is really so much to say about a single fi sh. Despite this being a daunting task, we are confi dent that this book offers something to learn for the expert and the novice alike. The introduction of the book fi rst provides a detailed account on the natural history of carp and the genetics of carp (Chapter 1). Here we learn how humans from earlier on shaped the genetic identity of carp through aquaculture activities and how today we can differentiate several races or strains of carp. Artifi cial selection for desirable traits is not only common in aquaculture: Japanese ornamental koi with their different color varieties are also subject to selective breeding and such elaborate techniques as scale- transplantations are performed to perfect special color types (Chapter 2). Exactly how carp are bred and crossed artifi cially is discussed in great detail in the aquaculture and nutrition part of the book. This part constitutes the backbone of the volume providing in-depth knowledge on both state-of-the art techniques and the latest scientifi c advances in the fi eld of carp aquaculture. Proceeding from a presentation of the history of carp aquaculture in Europe and Asia the reader learns about classical and high-end forms of aquaculture today (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 discusses the earliest life stages of carp—larvae —and how they are most effi ciently produced and raised following artifi cial or natural reproduction in aquaculture . Interestingly, whether carp offspring becomes male or female is all but predetermined and in aquaculture today manipulation of the sex is a common tool presented in Chapter 5. Regardless of sex, carp in aquaculture will have to be fed optimally and sustainably therefore Chapter 6 presents both traditional ways of feeding carp and topical alternatives at hand to replace fi sh meal. This volume also takes a close look at carp in the part parasitology and immunology. Especially relevant for the aquaculture industry are parasites and disease agents of carp that are described in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 follows the parasites and disease agents by taking a more detailed look into molecular mechanisms behind a carp’s immune responses to pathogens. © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vi Biology and Ecology of Carp The part on ecology describes how carp interact with their natural environment. In Chapter 9 the feeding ecology of carp, details are given on how carp feed in the wild and how this relates to the effects that carp can have on the ecosystem. Intriguingly, carp can have profound infl uence of their natural environments and when introduced can proliferate in the wild outside their native range. The associated management implications are also discussed in a comprehensive chapter on carp as invasive species (Chapter 10). While considered a nuisance by some, carp are a highly desired by others as game fi sh in recreational fi shing. Chapter 11 introduces carp fi shing and presents detailed data on growth and management of natural carp populations. In the last part of the book, toxicology combines both, the inside-view on carp from the immunology and parasites part, and the outside-view on carp interactions with their environment. Chapter 12 presents the effects of pesticides on carp and Chapter 12 reviews the effects of natural toxins from, e.g., fungi on carp, highlighting the importance of carp as a model organism. The volume in all its breadth and detail lives up to a comprehensive treatise of one of the most fascinating creatures that man has lived with for thousands of years. We hope the reader will fi nd the content and its presentation as inspiring as the authors’ commitment to an outstanding book. Constanze Pietsch Philipp E. Hirsch © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface v The Editors ix List of Contributors xi Part I: Genetics of Common Carp and Koi Carp 1. The Natural History of Common Carp and Common Carp 3 Genetics Klaus Kohlmann 2. Japanese Ornamental Koi Carp: Origin, Variation and 27 Genetics Servaas de Kock and Boris Gomelsky Part II: Aquaculture and Nutrition of Carp 3. Carp Aquaculture in Europe and Asia 57 Pavel Hartman, Gregor Schmidt and Constanze Pietsch 4. Reproduction and First Feeding of Carp 90 Gregor Schmidt 5. Chromosome Set Manipulation, Sex Control and Gene 105 Transfer in Common Carp Boris Gomelsky 6. Traditional Feeding of Common Carp and Strategies for 135 Replacement of Fish Meal Gert Füllner Part III: Diseases and Immune Response to Carp 7. Disease Agents and Parasites of Carp 167 Jasminca Behrmann-Godel 8. The Carp Immune System and Immune Responses to 188 Pathogens Natalia Ivonne Vera–Jimenez, Geert Frits Wiegertjes and Michael Engelbrecht Nielsen © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC viii Biology and Ecology of Carp Part IV: Ecology 9. Feeding Ecology of Carp 217 Brian Huser and Pia Bartels 10. Carp as an Invasive Species 244 Brendan J. Hicks and Nicholas Ling 11. Recreational Fishing for Carp—Implications for Management 282 and Growth of Carp Populations Henrik Ragnarsson-Stabo Part V: Toxicology 12. Effects of Pesticides on Carp 303 Radka Dobsikova and Josef Velisek 13. Impact of Natural Toxins on Common Carp 334 Constanze Pietsch Index 377 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The Editors Dr. Constanze Pietsch enthusiasm for fi shing started very early in her childhood due to recreational fi shing activities of her father and brothers. Due to her deep interest natural sciences it was not astounding that she chose to study biology at the Humboldt-University in Berlin in Germany. However, her studies focused on plant physiology, freshwater ecology and aquatic toxicology before she deepened her knowledge in fi sh physiology, endocrinology and immunology during her PhD using common carp as the model species at the Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin. After obtaining her PhD in 2008 she moved to the Program Man- Society-Environment as a post-doc at the University of Basel in Switzerland, where she further worked with carp to elucidate possible effects of natural toxins including mycotoxins and anthropogenic toxic chemicals on cell functions, fi sh nutrition, immunology and fi tness. Constanze Pietsch is currently working as a scientifi c researcher in the Aquaculture and Aquaponics Group at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences in Waedenswil, Switzerland, where her work focuses on fi sh nutrition. She also leads the educational course for future aquaculturists and teaches in environmental analytics. Her broad knowledge in many aspects of fi sh and aquaculture alleviated her participation as an editor for the present book in which she mostly coordinated and edited the contributions to the biological aspects of carp. Dr. Philipp E. Hirsch is an evolutionary ecologist with a background in fi sh ecology.