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California SHEEP Production

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California SHEEP Production mmmmi. W3MMM::MSMM0Mm&t.: V E . f :-jmc **? ' <* --• -<l J < ^W^iSS. S*#s California . V : '<K : ' " : :,: :: ^'" * " . .^":" -^'^ ' : '"V :i Jt.'&M -^::">:i:>-M^'^iiS W if .:., '.^:S WILLIAM C. WEIR - HIUBIN AIM CALIFORNI Experimen E x t e Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of California, Davis Libraries http://archive.org/details/californiasheepp16weir California SHEEP Production WILLIAM C. WEIR - REUBEN ALBAUGH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Service LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS CONTENTS Distribution, breeding, and selection 1 History of their introduction into the state 1 Sheep population 2 Present distribution in the state 2 The four general groups 4 Breeding replacement ewes How to select breeding stock 8 Keeping records of performance 10 Sheep raising as a business 13 The pros and cons 13 Five types of sheep operations 13 How to start a sheep enterprise 14 Handling sheep 15 Predator and dog control 15 Marketing lambs 16 Production costs 16 Sheep prices compared to cattle prices 19 Equipment for sheep production 19 Develop an over-all plan 19 List of available plans 19 The loading chute 19 Scales 20 The feed yard 20 Sheep dogs 24 Feeding sheep in California 25 Requirements 25 Total feed 25 Digestible protein 25 Total digestible nutrients 28 Minerals 28 Vitamins 30 Composition of feeds 36 Supplemental feeding 36 Calendar of operations 39 Breeding season 39 Shearing, branding, and hoof-trimming 42 Care of ewes from breeding to lambing 44 Care of the ewe at lambing time 45 Care of ewes after lambing 47 Care of lambs 47 Culling the breeding ewes 54 Water 54 Shade " 54 Marketing 55 Fattening feeder lambs 56 Feeding lambs on pasture as a soiling crop 58 Stilbestrol implants 58 Reference reading 59 ,r - &!£r£*. ' --v. ." * * Sift- HEPHERDING is one of the oldest professions known to man- kind. Dating back to biblical times, the care of sheep is often used in song and story as a symbol of the simple life. But the sheep business as it exists today in California is a complex enterprise. This manual will acquaint you with the principal aspects of sheep production—the breeds raised in the state; sheep as a business; equipment you will need; feeding sheep; and a cal- endar of operations for a typical year. There is also a list of reference books, in case you wish to read further on any particular phase of sheep raising. This manual replaces Extension Circular 49. THE AUTHORS: William C. Weir is Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry and Assistant Animal Husbandman in the Experiment Station, Davis; Reuben Albaugh is Extension Animal Husbandman, University of California, Davis. OCTOBER, 1954 California SHEEP Production WILLIAM C. WEIR - REUBEN ALBAUGH DISTRIBUTION, BREEDING, and SELECTION for wool production or for meat A brief history of their introduction With the discovery of gold in Cali- into the state fornia in 1848 and the influx of fortune- Domestic sheep were first introduced seekers from all parts of the country, into California in 1769. They were there was a great demand for fresh meat. brought here by the Franciscan fathers, Lambs brought $12 and wethers $15 per who were then establishing their chain of head. Large numbers of sheep were missions along El Camino Real. These slaughtered, and by 1850 only 17,514 sheep, of Spanish origin, were low-grade, head of sheep remained—less than 1 per of the coarse-wool type. They were used cent of the number roaming the ranges by the mission fathers as a teaching aid of California 25 years before. During the in missionary work with the natives. The period of 1852-1857, because of the de- men were taught the care and manage- mand for meat 551,000 sheep were im- ment of the flocks, and the women ported into California by the trail route learned the art of making clothing from from New Mexico. the wool. Sheep also supplied food and Following the gold-rush days many fiber to the colonists. enterprising and progressive sheepmen In 1825 about one million head of began to improve their flocks. They im- sheep were kept by the seventeen mis- ported purebred sheep from Vermont, sions, and a like number were owned by New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. ranchers. This indicates that in the early Spanish Merinos were first brought to days the coastal district of California California by Curtis and McConnell of was a great sheep-producing region. Be- Sacramento. Besides importations from sides clothing and blankets made by the other states, large numbers of high- women of the mission, large numbers of priced sheep were brought into Cali- pelts and quantities of tallow processed fornia from Australia. It is reported that and sold to trading ships were economi- during the period of 1856-1860 as many cally important. as 200 purebred sheep were exhibited at During the period of 1832-1848 the fairs as a single exhibit. disposal of livestock was placed in the The first California sheep and wool hands of Government officers. By their growers association was organized on ruling much of the livestock property was September 24, 1860, its purpose being to sold to interests outside the missions. foster and promote sheep breeding and [i] wool growing in all its branches and to Sheep population in take steps to prevent a monopoly on the California is now on wool market of the state. The California the increase Woolgrowers Association is the state's Sheep numbers in the state from 1920 oldest agricultural organization. to 1944 fluctuated from slightly over Sheep numbers increased rapidly from 2,000,000 head to about 3,500,000 head, 1860 to 1876. Over 6 million head were the peak year coming in 1934. From reported in the state in producing 1876, a 1944 to 1950 the numbers showed a wool clip of 56,550,970 pounds. During gradual decrease, reaching a low point the period 1880-1890 there was a grad- in 1950 of only 1,756,000; but by the ual decrease in sheep numbers, due beginning of 1954 there were again mainly to the low price of wool the and 2,034,000 sheep in California. competition for grazing lands from other Several factors are responsible for the agricultural industries. According to E. decline from the 1934 peak of produc- J. Wickson in a book entitled "Rural tion. Lands formerly used for sheep have California," over 225,000 sheep were gone into other crops. More profit has trailed eastward in 1881. During the been realized from other enterprises. nineties sheep numbers still continued to Skilled sheep labor has been difficult to decline, and the farm value reached an secure. Wool prices have been relatively all-time low of $1.50 per head. low. Grazing allotments have been re- In the decade 1900-1910 conditions duced. Predatory animals and uncon- for raising sheep remained adverse. In trolled dogs have been a problem. There 1906 the U.S.D.A. placed a grazing fee has been increased competition by wild- on domestic livestock grazed on the Na- life, especially deer, for range forage. tional Forests. Public policy appeared to Brush encroachment has reduced the be against the wool producer. forage available to sheep in the range New interest was awakened in mutton area. sheep with the outbreak of the World It is generally agreed that if sheep War in 1914, and sheep values increased. numbers are to be materially increased In spite of this, during 1914- the period more farm flocks must be established. 1920 numbers did not expand. After the war a national depression was experi- How the present sheep enced, and many believe that the sheep population is distributed business withstood this economic disor- Before entering the sheep-production der better than did some other industries. business, make a careful study of your During these different periods in the area to determine if it is suitable for sheep industry, a gradual change took such an enterprise. Although sheep rais- place in breeding, feeding, management, ing is carried on in most sections of the and marketing. Four- to six-months-old state, the largest population is found in milk-fat lambs of good breeding replaced the great interior valleys—Sacramento the aged wether, which had been kept and San Joaquin. mainly for its wool. With the aid of On January 1, 1953, the Sacramento scientific data sheepmen began selective Valley area had 671,000 sheep. The San breeding for wool and lamb production. Joaquin Valley section reported the same Although the American people do not year 321,500 head. favor mutton, they like lamb. The de- Commercial and farm flocks make up mand for lambs is such that about 65 per the largest percentage of sheep popula- cent of the sheepman's income in Cali- tion in California. However, in some fornia is from this source, while 35 per areas the purebred business is highly cent is from wool. developed. 12] WHERE SHEEP ARE RAISED IN CALIFORNIA \" f • • • SHEEP DISTRIBUTION IN CALIFORNIA 1 • • 1953 J • * * • • • • • *j • • represents approximately 10,000 head "^ + represents approximately 5,000 head \ • MTvi •" represents less than 5,000 head 1 • •••>|V.W( •• / • •^ r +V / * * • ) V • vvvL • • • • • • • THE TEN LEADING COUNTIES IN 1953: Glenn 150,300 Kern 116,700 Humboldt 140,500 Colusa 98,000 Mendocino 133,000 Tehama 88,600 Sonoma 134,300 Fresno 61,100 Solano 130,800 Yolo 61,000 [3] — Most breeds fall into four general groups These are fine wools, long wools, medium wool dual-purpose, and medium wool mutton breeds. Instead of discus- sing each breed in detail, this section gives the principal use, advantages, and disadvantages of each group.
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