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Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon : the Calendar in Mesoamerican Civilization / by Vincent H

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Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon : the Calendar in Mesoamerican Civilization / by Vincent H 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page i Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page ii 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page iii Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon The Calendar in Mesoamerican Civilization by Vincent H. Malmström UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page iv Copyright © 1997 by the University of Texas Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 1997 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Permissions, University of Texas Press, P.O. Box 7819, Austin, TX 78713-7819. ࠗ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Malmström, Vincent Herschel, 1926– Cycles of the sun, mysteries of the moon : the calendar in Mesoamerican civilization / by Vincent H. Malmström — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-292-75196-6 (cloth: alk. paper). — ISBN 0-292-75197-4 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Indian calendar—Mexico. 2. Indian calendar—Central America. 3. Maya calendar. 4. Indian astronomy—Mexico. 5. Indian astronomy—Central America. 6. Maya astronomy. I. Title. F1219.3.C2M25 1997 529′.3′0972—dc20 96-11638 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page v In commemoration of the native genius of the people of Mexico M 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page vi 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page vii Contents ix List of Illustrations xi Preface 1 Chapter 1. Questions, Hypotheses, and Assorted Detours 16 Chapter 2. Humans and Environment in the Americas 30 Chapter 3. Strange Attraction: The Mystery of Magnetism 43 Chapter 4. New Windows on the World: Working the Land and Sailing the Sea 65 Chapter 5. The Olmec Dawning 110 Chapter 6. The Long Count: Astronomical Precision 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page viii Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon 130 Chapter 7. Calendar Reform and Eclipses: The Place of Edzná 151 Chapter 8. The Golden Age 184 Chapter 9. The Twilight of the Gods 200 Chapter 10. Dawn in the Desert: The Rise of the Toltecs 232 Chapter 11. People of the Pleiades: The Aztec Interlude 244 Chapter 12. The Long Journey: A Retrospective 259 References 271 Index viii 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page ix Illustrations Figures 1. Soconusco. Place-names (Map) 23 2. Water Budget, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico (Diagram) 25 3. “Fat Boy” Sculpture, La Democracia, Guatemala (Photograph) 33 4. Magnetic Turtle-head, Izapa (Photograph) 37 5. Movement of the North Magnetic Pole Relative to Soconusco (Map) 40 6. Distribution of Magnetic Sculptures (Map) 41 7. Soconusco. Pre-Columbian Trade Routes (Map) 46 8. Carving in Ball Court, Izapa (Photograph) 48 9. Zenithal Sun (August 13) (Map) 51 10. The Site and Situation of Izapa (Map) 61 11. The Volcano Tajumulco, as seen from Izapa (Photograph) 62 12. Ceremonial Centers in 1300 b.c. (Map) 63 13. Diffusion of Ocós/Locona Pottery (Map) 67 14. Linguistic Patterns in S. Mesoamerica, 1500 b.c. (Map) 69 15. Linguistic Patterns in S. Mesoamerica, 1300 b.c. (Map) 70 16. Linguistic Patterns in S. Mesoamerica, a.d. 1500 (Map) 71 17. Water Budget, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico (Diagram) 75 18. Radius of Visibility of Major Topographic Features (Map) 79 19. Orientations of Ceremonial Centers in S. Veracruz (Map) 81 20. Ceremonial Centers in 1000 b.c. (Map) 85 21. Orientations of Ceremonial Centers in Guatemala (Map) 87 22. Orientations of Ceremonial Centers in N. Veracruz (Map) 90 23. Orientations of Ceremonial Centers on the Mexican Plateau (Map) 91 24. Calendrical Inscription, Monte Albán (Photograph) 93 25. Ceremonial Centers in 500 b.c. (Map) 97 26. Corner of Main Pyramid, Huamelulpan (Photograph) 98 27. Pyramid of the Sun and “Street of the Dead” at Teotihuacán (Photograph) 103 28. Orientations at Teotihuacán (Map) 104 29. The Gnomon and Cinco Pisos at Edzná (Photograph) 107 30. Ceremonial Centers in a.d. 1 (Map) 108 31. Distribution of Long Count Sites (Formative Period) (Map) 129 32. Water Budget, Flores, Guatemala (Diagram) 131 ix 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page x Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon 33. Water Budget, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico (Diagram) 132 34. Water Budget, Quezaltenango, Guatemala (Diagram) 133 35. The Situation of Edzná (Map) 137 36. Stela C from Tres Zapotes (Photograph) 141 37. Western Horizon, from Cinco Pisos, Edzná (Photograph) 145 38. Orientations at Edzná (Map) 149 39. Orientations of Ceremonial Centers in the Petén (Map) 153 40. Distribution of Solsticially Oriented Sites (Map) 155 41. Distribution of Sites with August 13 Orientations (Map) 156 42. “El Caracol” Observatory, Chichén Itzá (Photograph) 157 43. The Sky at Sunset in Late April a.d. 1000 as It Would Have Appeared through the Main Window at “El Caracol” (Diagram) 158 44. Classic Sites with Long Count Dates (Map) 159 45. Ceremonial Centers in a.d. 500 (Map) 160 46. Fifth-Century a.d. Astronomical Expeditions (Map) 164 47. Chalchihuites, Zacatecas (Photograph) 166 48. Western Horizon, from Temple I, Tikal (Photograph) 169 49. Eastern Horizon, from Temple IV, Tikal (Photograph) 170 50. The Astronomical Matrix of Tikal (Map) 172 51. Lunar Eclipse of June 29, a.d. 763, at Copán (Diagram) 175 52. Water Budget, Mexico City (Diagram) 186 53. Extent of Purépecha Language (Map) 191 54. Water Budget, Zacatecas, Mexico (Diagram) 202 55. The Pyramid of the Niches, El Tajín (Photograph) 227 56. The Stone Circles at Zempoala (Photograph) 230 57. The Aztec Calendar Stone (Photograph) 241 58. Postulated Diffusion of the 260-day Sacred Calendar (Map) 247 Tables 1. Archaeological Chronology of Soconusco 27 2. Generalized Mesoamerican Chronology 28 3. Dates of Zenithal Sun Positions within Mesoamerica 50 4. Superior Conjunction, Venus/Sun — June 13, 1992 178 5. Inferior Conjunction, Venus/Sun — April 1, 1993 180 6. Dates of Conjunctions of Venus, a.d. 727–1507 219 7. Dates of Venus’s Rise over Orizaba 223 x 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page xi Preface Any reconstruction of the knowledge or belief systems of a preliterate people must of necessity be at least somewhat imaginative. Even though our research may have uncovered what an early people knew, without an eyewitness description or a written record at hand we can never really be sure how they came to know it. What the stimulus or motivation or acci- dental discovery may have been that led to such and such an idea or to this or that custom or practice, we oftentimes can only speculate. And, in so doing, one is obliged to seek the most conservative and credible solu- tion possible, while at the same time realizing that the true explanations for some human thoughts and/or actions may well border on the bizarre and irrational. This book, then, is both fact and fiction. In it, I not only recount what I and other researchers have learned through the decades about the pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamerica and their impressive cultural achievements, but I also attempt to posit what I hope are ratio- nal hypotheses concerning where, when, and how many of their innova- tive breakthroughs and discoveries were actually made. Thus, while most of the facts I present are immutable, some of my interpretations and ex- planations are admittedly conjectural, and the reader is invited to decide for himself or herself whether more credible answers yet can be given. This, then, is really an invitation to join me in solving not one but a whole series of mysteries. As we go along, I will tell you what the clues are, and give you my best arguments for what the “motives” may have been. Hopefully, by the time my case has been made, you — the jury — will have been convinced beyond a reasonable doubt, and can render an impartial verdict, namely that the pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamer- ica were among the most precocious and ingenious of any on our planet! Among my companions on this quest into the origins of the Meso- american intellect have been half a generation of field assistants drawn chiefly from my students at Middlebury and Dartmouth Colleges. To each and all of them I owe a special debt of thanks for their patience, un- derstanding, and unflagging good spirit under what have oftentimes been trying and difficult conditions. Beginning with Aaron Kiley, they include Linc Cleveland, Rob Walkinshaw, Karin Malmström, Bruce Keogh, Jay Harter, Paul Dunn, Warren Whitney, Juan Carlos Navarro, xi 00-T5327-FM 5/18/2001 12:55 PM Page xii Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon and Alex de Sherbinin. Though the questions of some of the 100-odd students who took part in my Foreign Study courses in Mexico through the years helped to guide my own thoughts into new directions, I must make special mention of at least one, Sarah Kotchian, whose indepen- dent research project led to the accidental discovery of what was then probably the oldest magnetic artifact in the world. (Four years later, Paul Dunn became the first person to recognize the magnetic properties of the yet-older “Fat Boys.”) On some of my later Foreign Study Programs, when I chose not to both drive and lecture at the same time, I depended on the iron nerves and steady hands of such stalwart chauffeurs as John Corbett, Steve Mines, and Tony Hartshorn; to all three of them I say “thanks again” for bringing all my student charges and me home again in one piece.
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