Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004, pp 115-141 ISSN 1650-2019 Dept of Oriental and African Languages, Göteborg University

Vidunda people and their names

Karsten Legère Department of Oriental and African Languages Göteborg University [email protected]

S. Maganga & P. Mkwan’hembo c/o Vidunda Catholic Parish P.O. Box 92, Kidatu,

1. Background 1 This is a first summary of on-going research2 on names of wild and wild plant uses among Vidunda speaking people in the area inhabited by the Vidunda ethnic group in Kilosa District of Morogoro Region (United Republic of Tanzania). Vidunda 3 is one of the Tanzanian languages where virtually no linguistic research has taken place. Nothing is known of its genetic relationship to other linguistic varieties spoken by neighbouring people. Neither has its grammatical structure been studied nor is there material on other relevant issues such as its lexicon. There is only one sketchy wordlist of 200 lexical items that was included in Last’s Polyglotta africana orientalis (Last 1885:113-115). Judging from the 1967 Population Census (Tanzania 1971) Vidunda people constitute a small ethnic group with below 20 000 members (exactly 19 585 people) who identified themselves as Vidunda. This fact is partly confirmed by the 2002 Population Census (however, no details about the ethnic composition

1 Karsten Legère is the author of the introductory part and compiler of the plant lists. S. Maganga and P. Mkwan’hembo are responsible for identifying the Vidunda names of plants and for specimen collection as well as providing details about plant uses. The data presented in the appendix are the result of their tireless and committed work. 2 The project “Vilda växter i bantuspråk – namn och användning: en lingvistisk, kognitiv, folktaxonomisk och etnobotanisk jämförelse” (Wild plants in Bantu languages – names and uses: a linguistic, cognitive, folktaxonomic and ethnobotanial comparison) is generously funded by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. This financial support is gratefully acknowledged. 3 G38 in Malcolm Guthrie’s classification. Chividunda is the autonym. 116 & Asia, No 4, 2004 of the population were recorded), where 8 800 persons were counted in the Vidunda core area, ie. the villages Vidunda (the coordinates are: latitude 7º 34’ 60 S, longitude 37º 1’ 60 E),4 Chon’hwe and Udunghu.5 These villages are rather isolated even from each other, as they are situated in the mountains. Thus, Vidunda’s altitude is approx. 795 m above sea level. Immediately in its neighbourhood the Migomberama Bismarck Mountains reach an altitude of 1 600 m above sea level. There is a road to Vidunda which climbs up the escarpment and ends in the village. Only 4x4 cars manage to reach the place provided that the road which is regularly washed out when rain falls (and irreparable during the rainy season) is repaired and in good condition. Nonetheless, villagers do not much rely on any kind of transport, everything which is needed or for sale in other places is carried mainly on their heads. More Vidunda people live in adjacent places such as in the valley east of Vidunda in ethnically heterogeneous settlements like Kidoti, Kidatu or Kilombero, but their exact number is not known. In any case, in view of efficient linguistic and ethnobotanical research the project focus is on the aforesaid core area. There is a clear dominance of Vidunda people to the extent that one may speak of an ethnically homogeneous area with a few persons of non-Vidunda origin who, for various reasons (eg. marriage, job as a primary school teacher) have been living among Vidunda people for a shorter or longer period. Suffice it to note here that this situation is conducive for a far-reaching use of the Vidunda language and a comprehensive knowledge of project-related issues. However, as a matter of fact, Swahili is also widely used as a medium of communication among Vidunda people, the reason being that its official status and people’s frequent exposure to this language (including work outside the Vidunda area) have a strong impact on language attitudes and language use. Similar to the lack of linguistic work on Vidunda, botanical studies of the area are scarce. There is a research report by Frank Mbago (Mbago 2002) who is an experienced botanist working at the herbarium of the University of Dar Es Salaam. Mbago’s paper lists approx. 50 common plant names and information about how some of these plants are used by traditional healers in treating wounds resulting from circumcision and female genital mutilation as well as curing various diseases. However, most common plant names were not properly recorded in Mbago (2002) Ð either the Swahili name was given or an inaccurate Vidunda spelling was produced. Hence, these common names were initially revised and subsequently added to that is included in this paper. It may be argued that before dealing with something language-specific like

4 As given by: www.traveljournals.net/explore/tanzania/map/m3543059/vidunda/html 5 Personal communication by Father Peter Mkunambi of Vidunda Parish, Sept. 2003. Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 117 plant names linguistic groundwork needs to be done. However, when designing the research project it was taken for granted that in the course of the project implementation a bulk of linguistic material in Vidunda (such as the description of plant uses) becomes available. This material was supposed to be the backbone of a stringent linguistic analysis and a subsequent description of salient aspects of Vidunda structure. From a retrospective this assumption has proved to be correct, as eg. the information on how plants are used by Vidunda people is remarkably comprehensive (to date totalling approx. 70 pages of typed text in Vidunda) and an important source of linguistic information. From a linguistic perspective this material sheds in particular light on the noun class system, grammatical agreement and aspects of the verb structure. There are other important aspects which are documented in this Vidunda material (such as revealing the folk-) that are not discussed here. So far, since February 2002 (when the research project started) several field trips have been made to Vidunda village. During two field work periods (Sept. 2003 and January 2004) 260 plant specimens and plant names were mostly collected in the Vidunda area, some of them also on the way to or near Chon’hwe which is situated further up in the mountains. The local experts decided to make this trip, as the area (montane grassland, montane forest) is known for being the habitat of species that do not grow in Vidunda.6 During the field trips, the use of most plants was described by S. Maganga (at a later stage also assisted by by Nestorius Nikas) and recorded in Vidunda. The tapes were subsequently transcribed by P. Mkwan’hembo who presented a summarized version of how plants are useful for human consumption, feeding animals, building purposes or manufacturing objects, as fuel or in herbal medicine. Upon return to Dar Es Salaam all specimens were handed over to F. Mbago for the botanical identification. In a few cases the identification failed, as the quality of the collected samples was poor. Furthermore, it was not always possible to determine exactly which particular plant was found, hence just the genus name. All botanical names that are used here in the text and included as appendix were provided by F. Mbago. His contribution to the project is gratefully acknowledged. It is not intended to present here a detailed discussion of the linguistic or ethnobotanical issues that revolve around the plant names and plant uses, as long as further research will be done later in the year and probably in 2005 too. But in the context of the common names that are reproduced in the appendix some remarks should illustrate various linguistic aspects with reference to the structure of the nouns denoting plants supplemented by a few etymological data.

6 In addition to S. Maganga and K. Legère, Nestorius Nikas was part of the team also. 118 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004

It should be borne in mind that Vidunda (like most other languages in Tanzania) has not been reduced to writing. For the time being, a slightly modified version of the Swahili orthography is used here. The modification has been necessary to account for the graphic presentation of those sounds that are specific to Vidunda. The syllable structure of Vidunda is similar to other Bantu languages and of the type CV. Thus, open syllables produce [+ATR] vowels. These vowels are [, , , , ] which are rendered as a, e, i, o and u. Sounds that are not found in Swahili are, for instance, the voiced alveolar affricate [dz] written as dz which corresponds to Swahili [z], but also Sw. [d], such as in ifungandedzi (Panicum laticomum Nees, POACEAE) where ndedzi is Sw. ndezi ‘cane rat’, and madzi is maji ‘water’. Problematic (and to be optimized in future) is the appropriate transcription of voiceless aspirated (emphatic) nasals which are obviously much alike those found in Ngh’wele or Luguru. P. Mkwan’hembo uses an apostrophe (which indicates aspiration) whenever these nasals occur in plant names, but there is still inconsistency of whether this apostrophe follows h or precedes it. Neither is it clear why the apostrophe is inserted, as probably the use of h for aspiration could also express voicelessness. Tone is another issue that is not properly covered for the time being. So far it seems that Viudunda is a pitch-accent language where the penultimate syllable of the noun bears a high tone. Exceptions from this rule are marked with an acute for high pitch, such as in isadásada (Holarrhena febrifuga Klotzsch, ). The list of plant names comprises currently approx. 300 lexical items (ie. Mbago’s 50 lexical items and those names provided by Vidunda experts). This is a substantial contribution to the study of common names for wild plants in the area and beyond. The local experts who participated in the field work did an impressive job of collecting these plants and identifying the names of the specimens. The material which is in each case accompanied by the description of how the plant is used evidences the far-reaching knowledge of plants as well as of their names and their uses among Vidunda people. Of course, the small group of researchers who are involved in the project is specialised and certainly more advanced than others with regard to wild plant knowledge, but it was observed that many Vidunda speakers are also familiar with a wide range of plants and their names that are popular in the area where they live. This is true even for children, although the impact of Swahili in particular as the medium of instruction in school goes along with disregard of Vidunda. This in its turn is responsible for a situation where traditional knowledge about eg. common Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 119 names of plants and their uses preserved in Vidunda is not passed on to the young generation. The latter is no longer exposed to (and interested in) the rich oral heritage that reflects the historically grown collective experience of Vidunda people.

2. The data The structure of the nouns (and also adjectives) in Vidunda is

noun class prefix (NCP) Ð stem (ST) where NCP combines with a noun or/and an adjective stem. This structure is also relevant for the plant names, eg.

i-pete i-kulu NCP5-STN NCP5-STADJ Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE)

A glance at the Vidunda plant names from a structural perspective reveals various interesting facts. First, the overwhelming majority of lexical items denoting plants are found in class 5 (noun class prefix i- and li-). The plural of these nouns, however, is not class 6 as expected, but class 4 (noun class prefix mi- which substitutes the class 5 morpheme).7 For example:

i-kwangwasale >mi-kwangwasale NCP5-ST NCP4-ST anceps Willd. ()

i-tamba >mi-tamba NCP5-ST NCP4-ST Ficus thonningii Blume (MORACEAE)

li-dza >mi-dza NCP5-ST NCP4-ST Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. ()

7 The class 6 morpheme ma- is used for fruits (but not for plants), such as masadásada Ð fruits of isadásada (Holarrhena febrifuga Klotzsch, APOCYNACEAE); the latter also being the fruit’s singular form. 120 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004

This singular cl.5 Ð plural cl.4 pairing is a specific feature of Vidunda (and probably also relevant in neighbouring languages, although no details are available so far). Even a folk taxonomic item like ‘tree’ belongs to class 5 and in plural to class 4, ie. (l)i-godi Ð mi-godi ‘tree(s)’. Second, a few plant names belong to noun classes other than class 5. Thus, class 7/8 nouns are as follows:

chi-tumbaku >vi-tumbaku NCP7-ST NCP8-ST Crabbea velutina S. Moore (ACANTHACEAE) ‘small tobacco-like plant’

chi-dago > vi-dago NCP7-ST NCP8-ST Cyperus rotundus L. (CYPERACEAE)

The plant names in this class 7/8 are, as a rule, associated with smallness, such as denoting various herbs which do not grow high or strong. In addition, it seems that several plant names may also occur with class 7/8 prefixes, in particular when people have young plants in mind. Accordingly, the noun class 7/8 prefixes are not always stable, but may be floating. Class 9/10 is represented, among other things, by a noun like:

ny-imh’wa >ny-imh’wa NCP9-ST NCP10-ST Solanum incanum L. (SOLONACEAE)

The plural form in this case is identical with the singular form. However, in the following class 9 examples class 4 plurals are used. Accordingly, the underlying stem initial voiceless consonant is reproduced, for example:

nh’-ocha >mi-kocha NCP9-ST NCP4-ST Panicum trichocladum Hack. ex K. Schum. (POACEAE)

nh’-osa >mi-tosa NCP9-ST NCP4-ST Ageratum conyzoides L. (ASTERACEAE)

The plural form of class 4 is prefixed to nouns that belong to class 11 lu-, eg.: Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 121

lu-sina >mi-lu-sina NCP11-ST NCP4-NCP11-ST Albizia sp. (MIMOSOIDEAE)

Third, reduplication of the noun stem (in particular complete reduplication, but also partial) 8 plays an important role in conceptualization. Some plant names still reflect the descriptive character that is expressed in the lexical item, such as:

i-kamba~kamba NCP5-ST~ST Macrotyloma maranguense (Taub.) Verdc. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ‘rope-like plant’, cfr lu-kamba ‘rope’

i-dzabi~dzabi NCP5-ST~ST Glycine wightii (Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Verdc. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ‘bead-like plant’, cfr lu-dzabi ‘bead’

For most other reduplicated lexical items the etymology has not (yet) been established. Below are further examples that illustrate partial or complete stem reduplication, eg. for partial reduplication:

i-dza~dzawi (Albizia versicolor Welw. ex. Oliver, MIMOSOIDEAE) i-ga~gawi (Penisetum purpureum Schumach., POACEAE) as well as for complete reduplication, eg.:

chi-denje~denje (Equisetum ramosissimum Desf., EQUISETACEAE) i-ganda~ganda (Mitragyna rubrostipulata [K. Schum.] Havil., ) i-sugu~sugu ( fragans Schott & Endl., ) i-swagu~swagu (Hibiscus palmatus Forssk., MALVACEAE)

Fourth, various plant names are modified by adnominal expressions. These expressions are gender-related, describe size, colour or habitat. Thus, there are eg. adjectives such as -dala and -kodzi ‘female’, -lume ‘male’,9 -kulu ‘big’ or -dodo ‘small’, -dzelu ‘white’ such as:

8 The underlined part is reduplicated in below examples. 9 As a rule -dala/-kodzi refers to a plant that grows fruits, while a plant whose name includes -lume does not, although there might be flowers. 122 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004

i-cherejembe i-dala (i-kodzi) Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach. & Thonn.) Milne-Redh. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE)

i-fudzi~fudzi i-lume Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. (ASCLEPIADACEAE)

i-saje~saje i-kulu Blumea aurita (L. f.) DC. (ASTERACEAE)

nh’osa nh’ulu < *N-tosa N-kulu 10 NCP9-ST NCP9-STADJ Plumbago zeylanica L. (PLUMBAGINACEAE)

There are also nouns which either simply follow the head noun or are linked to the latter by the connective morpheme -a that is in grammatical agreement with the head noun. The grammatical agreement is established by the concord marker (CM) of the head noun, eg.:

i-fenh’e lya chidzungu < i-fenh’e li-a chi-dzungu NCP5-ST CM5-a NCP7-ST spinach of Europeans Amaranthus hybridus L. (AMARANTHACEAE)

i-godi ly-a wa-dzungu NCP5-ST CM5-a NCP2-ST tree of Europeans Tectona grandis L. f. (VERBENACEAE)

i-fuso ly-a ku-mu-holo NCP5-ST CM5-a NCP17-NCP2-ST ifuso of from bush Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench (ASTERACEAE)

Fifth, a few plant names are true synonyms. The synonym is indicated in brackets in the alphabetical Vidunda list, such as:

10 The capital N stands for homorganic nasals which indicate class 9/10. Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 123

inyongamp’hembe (imogola) araliacea (Hochst.) Hiern ()

ikangaga (isinga) Cyperus exaltatus Retz (CYPERACEAE)

However, for the time being several entries of the botanical list include more than one common name. This should not be understood as if there are various other synonyms that are not indicated as such in the Vidunda list. As a rule, if not indicated in the way above the Vidunda experts argue that a particular name means a particular plant. Accordingly, since the plant identification does not support this opinion, either the specimens were poor resulting in an inaccurate botanical name or botany does not recognize the difference by using a specific botanical name. Therefore, particular attention must be paid to those specimens the identification of which raises doubts, eg.:

Bidens magnifolia Sherrf. (COMPOSITAE) ibangwe, ipambwe, itugusungu Panicum maximum Jacq. (POACEAE) igugu, inyovi, isanze Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (POACEAE) ibagalala, igagawi, igugu, igunga, ihembahemba, isanje 11

In addition, the Vidunda list shows that occasionally different botanical names are found for the same plant. It might again be that the botanical identification was incorrect or that the Vidunda plant name was used for different specimens. That might have happened, when many specimens had to be sorted and identified with the appropriate Vidunda name. This is an issue that has to be further studied in order to improve the relevance of the material. Thus, still problematic are, among others, inung’hanung’ha, which is said to be either of the following:

Felicia grantii (Oliv.) Grau (ASTERACEAE) Ocimum suave Willd. (LAMIACEAE) Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less (ASTERACEAE)

Also, lwenya is identified as both of the following:

Cissus rubiginosa (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. () Hyptis suaveolensis (L.) Poit. (LAMIACEAE)

11 And some others where the identification does not seem optimal. 124 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004

Sixth, various lexical similarities could be found, when Vidunda plant names are compared with those of Swahili. This fact is quite understandable given the genetic relationship between the Bantu languages in general and in view of the specifically close relationship between these two languages in particular that is even reflected in classifying both Swahili and Vidunda as members of zone G. But it seems that these similarities are also the result of borrowing, especially when it comes to trees which even in Swahili have a foreign origin. Examples for the aforesaid similarities are:

VIDUNDA SWAHILI a. chidago ndago (Cyperus rotundus L.) (Cyperus articulatus L., CYPERACEAE) b. ibungo mbungo (Saba comorensis [Bojer ex A. (Saba florida [Benth.] Bullock, DC.] Pichon) APOCYNACEAE) c. idimudimu mdimu msitu (Maytenus senegalensis [Lam.] (Maytenus undata [Thunb.] Blakelock, Exell.) CELASTRACEAE) d. igugu gugu (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach., POACEAE) e. ikuyu mkuyu (Ficus sur Forssk.) (Ficus capensis Thunb., MORACEAE) f. ikwangwasale mkwangwachare (Smilax anceps Willd.) (Smilax kraussiana Meisn., SMILACACEAE) g. ing’ongo mng’ongo (Sclerocarya birrea [A. Rich.] (Sclerocarya caffra Sond., Hochst) ANACARDIACEAE) h. ishelisheli mshelisheli (Artocarpus communis J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., MORACEAE) i. itopetope mtopetope (Annona senegalensis Pers., ANNONACEAE) j. iyombo myombo (Brachystegia spp., CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 12

12 More names display lexical similarities, but the species denoted in both languages belong to different families and are not considered here. Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 125

Finally, all botanical names were cross-checked with several internet addresses and revised where necessary. The major source of information was the Missouri Botanical Garden’s VAST (VAScular Tropicos) nomenclatural database.13 It has to be noted too that several specimens could not be identified. This implies that these plants are known by their Vidunda name, but the botanical equivalent is not (yet) available.

3. Conclusion Although the research is still on-going it is already clear now that to date a substantial contribution to the study of plant names in Tanzania (and plant uses that are not discussed here) has been made. The existing stock of Vidunda common names is a convincing proof of the rich (so far unwritten) heritage preserved in a tiny Tanzanian language that illustrates the tense interaction between human beings and nature with respect to plants. For all species that were found in the Vidunda-speaking area plant names could be identified. A larger part of these plant names of which approx. 300 are presented in the appendix are still widely known and used. However, this knowledge is eroding as the result of the strong Swahili impact and people’s shifting focus of attention away from traditional values and knowledge that are obviously no longer important for managing life in these days. It can be assumed that so far the majority of plant names that exist in Vidunda has been recorded. Some additions may still be expected (including those referred to above), as announced by the local experts. What remains to be done is to add these specimens to the current list. But more relevant is further revision of what is already available in order to eradicate discrepancies and to improve the accurateness of the data. This includes also the study of the voiceless nasals and tonal aspects.

REFERENCES

Butzin, Friedhelm. 1981. Typenstudien im Berliner Ochideen-Herbar: diverse markierte Typen (De Herbario Berolinensi Notulae No. 15). Willdenowia, 11, pp 119-121. www.bgbm.org/BGBM/research/willdenowia/Vol+11+p+119-121.txt

13 Missouri Botanical Garden’s webpage is at: . For searching, see . Other relevant internet sources are listed after the main references. 126 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004

Heine, Bernd; Legère, Karsten. 1995. Swahili plants: an ethnobotanical survey. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Last, Joseph T. 1885. Polyglotta africana orientalis. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK). Legère, Karsten. 2003. Plant names from North Zanzibar. Africa & Asia: Göteborg working papers in Asian and Africna languages and literatures, 3, pp 123-146. Leipzig. 2004. The Leipzig glossing rules: conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/files/morpheme.html Mbago, Frank. 2002. Report on the botanical study on useful plants used by the Vidunda ethnic group in treating circumcision wounds. Women’s Research and Documentation Project, Dar es Salaam. Tanzania. 1971. 1967 Population census, vol 3. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer for the Central Statistical Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Planning, United Republic of Tanzania (URT). Thornell, Christina. 2004. Wild plant names in the Mpiemo language. Africa & Asia: Göteborg working papers in Asian and Africna languages and literatures, 4, pp 57-89.

INTERNET SOURCES Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Conservatory, University of Connecticut florawww.eeb.uconn.edu Famine Foods, compiled by Robert L. Freedman www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods/ff_Indices/ff_home.html Gardino Nursery Website, “Rare & Unusual Plants” www.rareflora.com A Global Compendium of Weeds, by Rod Randall www.hear.org/gcw International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS) www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb Missouri Botanical Garden Ð search page mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 127

Swaziland National Trust Commission, “Malolotja Flora Checklist” www.sntc.org.sz/checklst/malflch7.html Trade Winds Fruit www.tradewindsfruit.com Traveljournals.net – “Vidunda, Tanzania” www.traveljournals.net/explore/tanzania/map/m3543059/vidunda/html Willdenowia (electronically available articles) Ð Botanical Garden & Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (BGBM) www.bgbm.org/BGBM/research/willdenowia/default.htm World Information and Early Warning System (WIEWS) on PGR apps3.fao.org/wiews

APPENDIX 1 — VIDUNDA PLANT NAME INDEX chidago Cyperus rotundus L. (CYPERACEAE) chidenjedenje Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. (EQUISETACEAE) chidzabidzabi Ipomoea sp. (CONVOLVULACEAE) chidzogolo Vernonia amygdalina Del. (ASTERACEAE) chikalati Aframomum mala (K. Schum.) K. Schum. (ZINGIBERACEAE) chikalati chilume Costus sarmentosus Bojer (ZINGIBERACEAE) chilukwili Agrostis gracilifolia C.E.Hubbard (ASTERACEAE) chimh’undi Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf (POACEAE) chimkwakwatu Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc. (RUBIACEAE) chimkwakwatu Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. (BORAGINACEAE) chinonile Oxalis corniculata L. (OXALIDACEAE) chisakasaka Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. (MIMOSOIDEAE) chitogolo* > itogolo Ectadiopsis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schult. (ASCLEPIADACEAE ) chitogotogo Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll. Arg.) Pichon (APOCYNACEAE) chitumbaku Crabbea velutina S. Moore (ACANTHACEAE) ibadza Cassia abbreviata Oliv. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ibagalala Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (POACEAE) ibangadzi Physalis peruviana L. (SOLONACEAE) ibangwe (itugusungu) Bidens magnifolia Sherrf. (COMPOSITAE) ibeleje Adenia rumicifolia Engl. (PASSIFLORACEAE) ibiliti idung’hu (isaji idzelu) Cassia abbreviata Oliv (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ibongoya Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax (EUPHORBIACEAE ibubu Lantana camara L. (VERBENACEAE) ibulwe Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg (MORACEAE) 128 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004 ibungo Saba comorensis (Bojer ex A. DC.) Pichon (APOCYNACEAE) ichenja Citrus nobilis Lour. (RUTACEAE) ichenje Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W. Wight (MIMOSOIDEAE) ichenje Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Smith (MIMOSOIDEAE) icherejembe idala (ikodzi) Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach. & Thonn.) Milne-Redh. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) icherejembe ikodzi (idala) Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach. & Thonn.) Milne-Redh. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) icherejembe ilume fatraea (Poir.) DC. (COMBRETACEAE) ichikichi Indigofera emarginella Steud. ex A. Rich. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ichimbila mkwe Cyperus articulatus L. (CYPERACEAE) ichimbila mkwe mkulu Indigofera hirsuta L. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ichungwachungwa Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock (CELASTRACEAE) idabadzi Leucas holstii Gürke (LAMIACEAE) idagodago Kyllinga elata Steudel (CYPERACEAE) idaha Piper capense L.f. (PIPERACEAE) idaka Crinum kirkii Baker (AMARYLLDACEAE) idalansi Colocasia antiquorum Schott & Endl. (ARACEAE) idenje Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. (POACEAE) iderege* > ibeleje Adenia rumicifolia Engl. (PASSIFLORACEAE) idete Phragmites mauritianus Kunth (POACEAE) idimudimu Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. (CELASTRACEAE) iduha Tephrosia vogelii Hook f. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) idungurudza Cussonia spicata Thunb. (ARALIACEAE idzabidzabi Glycine wightii Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Verdc. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) idzadzawi Albizia versicolor Welw. ex. Oliver (MIMOSOIDEAE) idzadzawi (isungu) Cassia alata L. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) idzambalawe Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. (MYRTACEAE) idzamvu mpira Manihot esculenta Crantz (EUPHORBIACEAE) idzanga Premna hildebrandtii Guerke (VERBENACEAE) idzejeledzi Agelanthus sansibarensis (Engl.) Polhill & Wiens (LORANTHACEAE) idzibili Canna indica L. (CANNACEAE) idzilalonda Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.) Kuntze (COMPOSITAE) idzingalwanda Tectaria gemmifera (Fée) Alston (DRYOPTERIDACEAE) idzoba Acacia robusta Burch. (MIMOSOIDEAE) idzwedu Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees (POACEAE) ifeda Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana (MELASTOMATACEAE) ifeda ilume Ludwigia jussiaeoides Desr. (ONAGRACEAE) ifenesi Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (MORACEAE) ifenh’e Amaranthus hybridus L. (AMARANTHACEAE) ifenh’e lya chidzungu (lidung’hu) Amaranthus hybridus L. (AMARANTHACEAE) Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 129 ifililila Byrsocarpus orientalis (Baill.) Baker (CONNARACEAE) ifudza Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. (CECROPIACEAE) ifudzifudzi ilume Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. (ASCLEPIADACEAE) ifulila mbwewe Sida acuta Burm. f. (MALVACEAE) ifulofulo Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Tirnengadum (RUBIACEAE) ifumbasi Ocimum suave Willd. (LAMIACEAE) ifumbauchi Leonotis mollissima Gürke (LABIATAE) ifungandedzi Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop (LILIACEAE) ifungandedzi Panicum laticomum Nees (POACEAE) ifung’ho cornifolia (Baker) Planch. (VITACEAE) ifuso Senecio sp. (ASTERACEAE) ifuso lya kumuholo Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench (ASTERACEAE) ifutafuta Sesamum indicum L. (PEDALIACEAE) igagawi Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (POACEAE) igandaganda Mitragyna rubrostipulata (K. Schum.) Havil. (RUBIACEAE) igodi lya wadzungu Tectona grandis L. f. (VERBENACEAE) igovu (mnepa) myrtifolia (M.A.Lawson) Engl.& Diels (COMBRETACEAE) igravelia Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. (PROTEACEAE) igudumi Holarrhena febrifuga Klotzsch (APOCYNACEAE ) igugu Panicum maximum Jacq. (POACEAE) igugu Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (POACEAE) iguhu Uapaca nitida Muell. Arg. (EUPHORBIACEAE) iguluka Maesa lanceolata Forssk. (MYRSINACEAE) igunga Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (POACEAE) ihamvu Indigofera rhynchocarpa Welw. ex Baker (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ihani Brachystegia bussei Harms (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ihembahemba Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (POACEAE) ihembahemba Rhus natalensis Benth. (ANACARDIACEAE) ihimbajini Kalanchoe glaberrima Volk. (CRASSULACEAE) ihingo Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ihodza Crassocephalum bojeri (DC.) Robyns (ASTERACEAE) ihole Colocasia antiquorum Schott & Endl. (ARACEAE) ihole idung’hu Colocasia antiquorum Schott & Endl. (ARACEAE) ihongola ndziko Ochna holstii Engl. (OCHNACEAE) ihumbahumba Cassia abbreviata Oliv. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ihungamkulu Hoslundia opposita Vahl (LAMIACEAE) ijendzi (lyamwiko) Ageratum conyzoides L. (ASTERACEAE) ijimbi Colocasia antiquorum Schott & Endl. (ARACEAE) ikadza Indigofera hirsuta L. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikadza Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich. (MYRICACEAE) 130 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004 ikadza Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (ASTERACEAE) ikalati Dalbergia nitidula Welw. ex Baker (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikaligwendela Tetracera litoralis Gilg (DILLENIACEAE) ikalivumbula Cassia sp. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ikambakamba Ipomoea sp. (CONVOLVULACEAE) ikambakamba Macrotyloma maranguense (Taub.) Verdc. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikambakamba idodo Vigna unguiculata (Linn.)Walp. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikamwakamwa crassipes K. Schum. (RUBIACEAE) ikangadzi Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC. (MELIACEAE) ikangaga (isinga) Cyperus exaltatus Retz (CYPERACEAE) ikavukavu (iwelewele) Bersama abyssinica Fresen. (MELIANTHACEAE) ikavukavu (iwelewele) Psychotria riparia (K. Schum. & K. Krause) E.M.A. Petit (RUBIACEAE) ikobelengwa Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf. (APOCYNACEAE ) ikoga Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg (LOGANIACEAE) ikoga Vitex doniana Sweet (VERBENACEAE) ikolondzi Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax (DIOSCOREACEAE) ikomph’we Dioscorea alata L. (DIOSCOREACEAE) ikumh’e Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl. (ARALIACEAE) ikunguga Indigofera rhynchocarpa Welw. ex Baker (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikuti Cocos nucifera L. (ARECACEAE) ikuyu Ficus sur Forssk. (MORACEAE) ikuyump’humba Ficus vallis-choudae Delile (MORACEAE) ikuyump’humba (chilukwili) Ficus sur Forrsk. (MORACEAE) ikwaju Brachystegia boehmii Taub. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ikwambekwambe discoidea (Baill.) G.L. Webster (EUPHORBIACEAE) ikwangwasale Smilax anceps Willd. (SMILACACEAE) ikwedzele Dalbergia lactea Vatke (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikweme Cyphostemma sp. (VITACEAE) ikweme Pleiotaxis pulcherrima Steetz (COMPOSITAE) ilamang’honda Combretum fragans Schott & Endl. (COMBRETACEAE) ilimbili (ikodza) Musa (cultivar) (MUSACEAE) ilopolwa Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims (ACANTHACEAE) ilosela Hibiscus sp. (MALVACEAE) ilundu Dombeya cincinnata K. Schum. (STERCULACEAE) ilundu Dombeya shupangae K. Schum. (STERCULACEAE) imanga Dalbergia nitidula Welw. ex Baker (PAPILIONOIDEAE) imbilinji Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. (MIMOSOIDEAE) imeho lya mulungu Rhynchosia hirta (Andrews) Meikle & Verdc. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) imemena Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. (BIGNONIACEAE) Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 131 imetameta Hyptis suaveolensis (L.) Poit. (LAMIACEAE) imetameta Ocimum basilicum L. (LAMIACEAE) imogola (inyongamp’hembe) Steganotaenia araliacea (Hochst.) Hiern (APIACEAE) imp’hemvya Setaria sagittifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Walp. (POACEAE) imp’hoka (itembembele) Ipomoea sp. (CONVOLVULACEAE) imwikomwiko Polygonum senegalense Meissn.f. () inamata Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) inamata lya njano Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. (FLACOURTIACEAE) indzwendzwe Coix lacryma-jobi L. (POACEAE) ing’ongo Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (ANACARDIACEAE) inguluchila Polypodium (Microsorium) punctatum (L.) Copel (POLYPODIACEAE) inguonguo Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg (LOGANIACEAE) inung’hanung’ha Ocimum suave Willd. (LAMIACEAE) inung’hanung’ha Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less (ASTERACEAE) inung’hanung’ha Felicia grantii (Oliv.) Grau (ASTERACEAE) inwánwa Rubus pinnatus Willd. (ROSACEAE) inyakatwanga Bidens schimperi Sch. Bip. (COMPOSITAE) inyang’hali Brillantaisia sp. (ACANTHACEAE inyang’holo Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho (MORACEAE) inyatoma Euphorbia hirta L. (EUPHORBIACEAE) inyongamp’hembe (imogola) Steganotaenia araliacea (Hochst.) Hiern (APIACEAE) inyovi Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf (POACEAE) inyovi Panicum maximum Jacq. (POACEAE) ipambwe Bidens magnifolia Sherrf (ASTERACEAE) ipela Psidium guajava L. (MYRTACEAE) ipembedza Brachystegia microphylla Harms (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ipete idodo Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ipete ikulu Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ipinji Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. (MIMOSOIDEAE) ipisi Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ipulule Achyranthes aspera L. (AMARANTHACEAE) isada Vangueria madagascariensis J.F. Gmel. (RUBIACEAE) isadásada Holarrhena febrifuga Klotzsch (APOCYNACEAE ) isaje Heteromorpha trifoliata (H.L. Wendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh. (APIACEAE) isajesaje idala laburnifolia L. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) isajesaje ikulu Blumea aurita (L. f.) DC. (ASTERACEAE) isajesaje ilume Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) isaji idzelu (ibiliti) Cassia abbreviata Oliv. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) isakamph’ondo lya muhulo Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) O. Kuntze (ASTERACEAE) 132 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004 isakamph’ondo mlima Vernonia sp. (ASTERACEAE) isakulang’hwale Sesbania sesbans (L.)Merrill. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) isala Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (PALMAE) isamvya Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. (COMBRETACEAE) isanang’huku Polygala kilimandjarica Chodat (POLYGALACEAE) isangasi Dioscorea dumentorum (Kunth) Pax. (DIOSCOREACEAE) isang’hwe Annona senegalensis Pers. (ANNONACEAE) isanje Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (POACEAE) isanze Panicum maximum Jacq. (POACEAE) isapala Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell (SAPINDACEAE) isasa Ficus exasperata Vahl (MORACEAE) isasu abyssinicus Jacq. (POLYGONACEAE) isedelela Cedrela odorata L. (MELIACEAE) isele Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A. Rich. (OXALIDACEAE) isele Dracaena usambarensis Eng. (LILIACEAE) isembe Pteris catoptera Kunze (ADIANTACEAE) isese Faurea rochetiana (A. Rich.) Chiov. ex Pic. Serm. (PROTEACEAE) ishelisheli Artocarpus communis J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (MORACEAE) isikio Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. & A. Rich.) Walp. (MENISPERMACEAE) isilu Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. (POLYPODIACEAE) isimbi Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach (EUPHORBIACEAE isinde Eleusine indica (L.) Gaert. (POACEAE) isinga (ikangaga) Cyperus exaltatus Retz (CYPERACEAE) isoli Themeda triandra Forssk. (POACEAE) isolo Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax. var. glabra (Pax.) Brenan (EUPHORBIACEAE) isongo Habenaria gonatosiphon Summarhayes (ORCHIDACEAE) isopolo Sparmannia ricinocarpa (Eckl. Zeyl.) Kuntze (TILIACEAE) isopolo Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K. Schum. (STERCULIACEAE) isoso Hibiscus shirensis Sprague (MALVACEAE) isowa lukolo Cassytha filiformis L. (OLEACEAE) isoyo Momordica boivinii Baill. (CUCURBITACEAE) isugusugu Combretum fragans Schott & Endl. (COMBRETACEAE) isukumwiru Trichilia emetica Vahl. (MELIACEAE) isulupi Sorindeia madagascariensis Thouars ex DC. (ANACARDIACEAE) isunga Launaea cornuta (Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern) C. Jeffrey (ASTERACEAE) isupa Bidens pilosa L. (ASTERACEAE) isusu Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex O. Krauss (MYRTACEAE) isuwe Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich. (MYRICACEAE) isuyo Sida cordifolia L. (MALVACEAE) iswaguswagu Hibiscus palmatus Forssk. (MALVACEAE) iswawi Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. (TILIACEAE) Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 133 iswawi ikulu Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik. (MALVACEAE) itagata Psorospermum febrifugum Spach (CLUSIACEAE) italawanda Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague (BIGNONIACEAE) itamba Ficus thonningii Blume (MORACEAE) itandawala Lycopodium clavatum L. (LYCOPODIACEAE) itandu Maesa lanceolata Forssk. (MYRSINACEAE) itembembele (imp’hoka ) Ipomoea sp. (CONVOLVULACEAE) itiliwadza Pentas bussei K. Krause (RUBIACEAE) itiliwadza Pentas parvifolia Hiern (RUBIACEAE) itogo ikodzi (idala) Landolphia kirkii Dyer (APOCYNACEAE ) itogo ilume Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don (APOCYNACEAE ) itogolo Ectadiopsis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schult. (ASCLEPIADACEAE ) itogotogo Ochna afzelii R. Br. ex Oliv. (OCHNACEAE) itongatonga Strychnos spinosa Lam. (LOGANIACEAE) itongatonga ng’hwakwa Gardenia jovis-tonantis (Welw.) Hiern. (RUBIACEAE) itopetope Annona senegalensis Pers. (ANNONACEAE) itotoka Monechma debile (Forssk.) Nees (ACANTHACEAE) itugusungu Vernonia amygdalina Delile (ASTERACEAE) itugusungu (ibangwe) Bidens magnifolia Sherrf. (COMPOSITAE) itugusungu lya muhulo Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (ASTERACEAE) itugusungu lya muhulo Vernonia subuligera O. Hoffm (ASTERACEAE) itugutu Vernonia subuligera O.Hoffm. (ASTERACEAE) ituletule Solanum incanum Ruiz & Pav. (SOLONACEAE) itumbu lya ng’huku Sabicea orientalis Wernham (RUBIACEAE) itundadamu Ehretia sp. (BORAGINACEAE) itunu Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir (CLUSIACEAE) iwangadzimu Hoslundia opposita Vahl (LAMIACEAE) iwangadzimu Vitex strickeri Vatke & Hildebrandt (VERBENACEAE) iwangangoma Flacourtia indica (Burm) f. Merr. (FLACOURTIACEAE) iwelewele (ikavukavu) Bersama abyssinica Fresen. (MELIANTHACEAE) iwelewele (ikavukavu) Psychotria riparia (K. Schum. & K. Krause) E.M.A. Petit (RUBIACEAE) iwohelo Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) M.B. Moss ex Stapf & C.E. Hubb. (POACEAE) ivumba Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. (COMBRETACEAE) iwuwa Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims (VERBENACEAE) iwuwa idung’hu Plectranthus sp. (LAMIACEAE) iwuwa idung’hu lili na lunh’omvu Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. (EUPHORBIACEAE) iyambadanda Pterocarpus angolensis DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) iyejeha Kigelia aethiopum (Fenzl) Dandy (BIGNONIACEAE) iyembe Mangifera indica L. (ANACARDIACEAE) iyombo Brachystegia spp. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 134 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004 iyombo Brachystegia spp. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) iyombwe* > iyombo Brachystegia spp. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) iyowe glumaceus (Vahl)DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) iyuwa Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. (APOCYNACEAE ) jimakutwi (limakutwi) Gunnera perpensa L. (HALORAGACEAE) lidza Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol. (EUPHORBIACEAE) lidza Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. (EUPHORBIACEAE) linh’i Cyperus articulatus L. (CYPERACEAE) lufungulo Aerva lanata Juss. (AMARANTHACEAE) lum’hetam’heta Oxalis corniculata L. (OXALIDACEAE) lum’hetam’heta Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (AMARANTHACEAE) lum’hetam’heta* > im’hetam’heta Hyptis suaveolensis (L.) Poit. (LAMIACEAE) lunh’ogotela Olea sp. (OLEACEAE) lusina Albizia sp. (MIMOSOIDEAE) lwenjele Bidens sp. (ASTERACEAE) lwenjele Hibiscus surattensis L. (MALVACEAE) lwenya Cissus rubiginosa (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. (VITACEAE) lwenya Hyptis suaveolensis (L.) Poit. (LAMIACEAE) mbudu Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst (POACEAE) mh’anje Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) mh’udza Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (CUCURBITACEAE) mwedza Cassia kirkii Oliv. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) mwedza Polygala kilimandjarica Chodat (POLYGALACEAE) mweledza Elephantopus scaber L. (ASTERACEAE) ng’halu Phragmites mauritianus Kunth (POACEAE) ng’hosa ng’hulu Plumbago zeylanica L. (PLUMBAGINACEAE) nh’ocha Panicum trichocladum Hack. ex K. Schum. (POACEAE) nh’osa Ageratum conyzoides L. (ASTERACEAE) nyimh’wa Solanum incanum L. (SOLONACEAE) sowa lukolo Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (COMPOSITAE) ufeda* > ifeda Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana (MELASTOMATACEAE) ufungulo* > lufungulo Aerva lanata Juss. (AMARANTHACEAE) isadásada Pavetta schumanniana F. Hoffm. ex K. Schum. (RUBIACEAE) usongo* > isongo Habenaria gonatosiphon Summarhayes (ORCHIDACEAE)

The following plant names are still problematic mainly with regard to the botanical identification, hence the question marks.

? chidenjedenje Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. (POACEAE) ? chisakamph’ondo > isakamph’ondo 110) Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob. (ASTERACEAE) ? ilela lya mp’hoka Jatropha culcas L. (EUPHORBIACEAE Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 135

? imonomh’wani Jatropha curcas L. (EUPHORBIACEAE) ? isagalala > ibagalana Guizotia scabra (Vis.)Chiov. (COMPOSITAE) ? isakamph’ondo Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob. (ASTERACEAE) ? isúnguti Cajanus cajan (L.)Millsp. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ? italula Acacia polyacantha Willd. (MIMOSOIDEAE) ? italula Caesalpinia trothae Harms (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ? lugandaganda Eriosema psoraloides (Lam.) G. Don (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ? lyamwiko (ijendzi) Ageratum conyzoides L. (ASTERACEAE) ? mhaka Solanum incanum L. (SOLONACEAE) ? mwedza Helichrysum sp. (COMPOSITAE) ? nh’ologa Commelina africana L. (COMMELINACEAE)

For the following Vivunda plant names no botanical identification could be made so far: ichejefu, ifudzifudzi idala, ing’holo, inguluchila, iwijiwiji

APPENDIX 2 — BOTANICAL INDEX

Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik. (MALVACEAE) iswawi ikulu Acacia polyacantha Willd. (MIMOSOIDEAE) ?italula Acacia robusta Burch. (MIMOSOIDEAE) idzoba Achyranthes aspera L. (AMARANTHACEAE) ipulule Adenia rumicifolia Engl. (PASSIFLORACEAE) ibeleje, also iderege Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (AMARANTHACEAE) lufungulo, lum’hetam’heta Aframomum mala (K. Schum.) K. Schum. (ZINGIBERACEAE) chikalati Agelanthus sansibarensis (Engl.) Polhill & Wiens (LORANTHACEAE) idzejeledzi Ageratum conyzoides L. (ASTERACEAE) ijendzi (lyamwiko) Agrostis gracilifolia C.E.Hubbard (ASTERACEAE) chilukwili Albizia sp. (MIMOSOIDEAE) lusina Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W. Wight (MIMOSOIDEAE) ichenje Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Smith (MIMOSOIDEAE) ichenje Albizia versicolor Welw. ex. Oliver (MIMOSOIDEAE) idzadzawi Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl)DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) iyowe Amaranthus hybridus L. (AMARANTHACEAE) ifenh’e, ifenh’e lya chidzungu (lidung’hu) Annona senegalensis Pers. (ANNONACEAE) isang’hwe, itopetope Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg (LOGANIACEAE) ikoga, inguonguo Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. (FLACOURTIACEAE) inamata lya njano Artocarpus communis J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (MORACEAE) ishelisheli Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (MORACEAE) ifenesi 136 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004

Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop (LILIACEAE) ifungandedzi Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. (POACEAE) idenje, ?chidenjedenje Bersama abyssinica Fresen. (MELIANTHACEAE) ikavukavu, iwelewele Bidens magnifolia Sherrf. (COMPOSITAE) ibangwe, ipambwe, itugusungu Bidens pilosa L. (ASTERACEAE) isupa Bidens schimperi Sch. Bip. (COMPOSITAE) inyakatwanga Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A. Rich. (OXALIDACEAE) isele Blumea aurita (L. f.) DC. (ASTERACEAE) isajesaje ikulu Brachystegia spp. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) iyombo, iyombwe* Brachystegia boehmii Taub. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ikwaju Brachystegia bussei Harms (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ihani Brachystegia microphylla Harms (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ipembedza Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol. (EUPHORBIACEAE) lidza Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. (EUPHORBIACEAE) lidza Brillantaisia sp. (ACANTHACEAE inyang’hali Byrsocarpus orientalis (Baill.) Baker (CONNARACEAE) ifililila Caesalpinia trothae Harms (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ?italula Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) mh’anje, ?isúnguti Canna indica L. (CANNACEAE) idzibili Cassia sp. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ikalivumbula Cassia abbreviata Oliv. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) ibadza, ibiliti idung’hu, idzadzawi (isungu), ihumbahumba, isaji idzelu Cassia kirkii Oliv. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) mwedza Cassytha filiformis L. (OLEACEAE) isowa lukolo Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Tirnengadum (RUBIACEAE) ifulofulo Cedrela odorata L. (MELIACEAE) isedelela Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. (VITACEAE) ifung’ho Cissus rubiginosa (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. (VITACEAE) lwenya Citrus nobilis Lour. (RUTACEAE) ichenja Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach (EUPHORBIACEAE isimbi Cocos nucifera L. (ARECACEAE) ikuti Coix lacryma-jobi L. (POACEAE) indzwendzwe Colocasia antiquorum Schott & Endl. (ARACEAE) Idalansi, ihole idung’hu, ijimbi Combretum fragans Schott & Endl. (COMBRETACEAE) ilamang’honda, isugusugu Commelina africana L. (COMMELINACEAE) ?nh’ologa Costus sarmentosus Bojer (ZINGIBERACEAE) chikalati chilume Crabbea velutina S. Moore (ACANTHACEAE) chitumbaku Crassocephalum bojeri (DC.) Robyns (ASTERACEAE) ihodza Crinum kirkii Baker (AMARYLLDACEAE) idaka Crotalaria laburnifolia L. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) isajesaje idala Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 137

Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) isajesaje ilume Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (CUCURBITACEAE) mh’udza Cussonia spicata Thunb. (ARALIACEAE idungurudza Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst (POACEAE) mbudu Cyperus articulatus L. (CYPERACEAE) ichimbila mkwe, linh’i Cyperus exaltatus Retz (CYPERACEAE) ikangaga, isinga Cyperus rotundus L. (CYPERACEAE) chidago Cyphostemma sp. (VITACEAE) ikweme Dalbergia lactea Vatke (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikwedzele Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ihingo Dalbergia nitidula Welw. ex Baker (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikalati, imanga Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) inamata Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.) Kuntze (COMPOSITAE) idzilalonda Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. (MIMOSOIDEAE) ipinji Dioscorea alata L. (DIOSCOREACEAE) ikomph’we Dioscorea dumentorum (Kunth) Pax. (DIOSCOREACEAE) isangasi Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax (DIOSCOREACEAE) ikolondzi Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll. Arg.) Pichon (APOCYNACEAE) chitogotogo Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana (MELASTOMATACEAE) ifeda, also ufeda Dombeya cincinnata K. Schum. (STERCULACEAE) ilundu Dombeya shupangae K. Schum. (STERCULACEAE) ilundu Dracaena usambarensis Eng. (LILIACEAE) isele Ectadiopsis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schult. (ASCLEPIADACEAE ) itogolo, also chitogolo Ehretia sp. (BORAGINACEAE) itundadamu Elephantopus scaber L. (ASTERACEAE) mweledza Eleusine indica (L.) Gaert. (POACEAE) isinde Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. (MIMOSOIDEAE) chisakasaka, imbilinji Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. (EQUISETACEAE) chidenjedenje Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees (POACEAE) idzwedu Eriosema psoraloides (Lam.) G. Don (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ?lugandaganda Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ipisi Euphorbia hirta L. (EUPHORBIACEAE) inyatoma Faurea rochetiana (A. Rich.) Chiov. ex Pic. Serm. (PROTEACEAE) isese Felicia grantii (Oliv.) Grau (ASTERACEAE) inung’hanung’ha Ficus exasperata Vahl (MORACEAE) isasa Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho (MORACEAE) inyang’holo Ficus sur Forssk. (MORACEAE) Ikuyu, ikuyump’humba (chilukwili) Ficus thonningii Blume (MORACEAE) itamba Ficus vallis-choudae Delile (MORACEAE) ikuyump’humba Flacourtia indica (Burm) f. Merr. (FLACOURTIACEAE) iwangangoma Gardenia jovis-tonantis (Welw.) Hiern. (RUBIACEAE) itongatonga ng’hwakwa 138 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004

Glycine wightii Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Verdc. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) idzabidzabi Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl. (ARALIACEAE) ikumh’e Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. (PROTEACEAE) igravelia Guizotia scabra (Vis.)Chiov. (COMPOSITAE) ?isagalala > ibagalana Gunnera perpensa L. (HALORAGACEAE) jimakutwi (limakutwi) Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. (ASCLEPIADACEAE) ifudzifudzi ilume Habenaria gonatosiphon Summarhayes (ORCHIDACEAE) isongo, also usongo Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir (CLUSIACEAE) itunu Helichrysum sp. (COMPOSITAE) ?mwedza Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench (ASTERACEAE) ifuso lya kumuholo Heteromorpha trifoliata (H.L. Wendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh. (APIACEAE) isaje Hibiscus sp. (MALVACEAE) ilosela Hibiscus palmatus Forssk. (MALVACEAE) iswaguswagu Hibiscus shirensis Sprague (MALVACEAE) isoso Hibiscus surattensis L. (MALVACEAE) lwenjele Holarrhena febrifuga Klotzsch (APOCYNACEAE ) igudumi, isadásada Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don (APOCYNACEAE ) itogo ilume Hoslundia opposita Vahl (LAMIACEAE) ihungamkulu, iwangadzimu Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf (POACEAE) inyovi Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf (POACEAE) chimh’undi Hyptis suaveolensis (L.) Poit. (LAMIACEAE) imetameta, also lum’hetam’heta, lwenya Indigofera emarginella Steud. ex A. Rich. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ichikichi Indigofera hirsuta L. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ichimbila mkwe mkulu, ikadza Indigofera rhynchocarpa Welw. ex Baker (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ihamvu, ikunguga Ipomoea sp. (CONVOLVULACEAE) chidzabidzabi, ikambakamba, imp’hoka, itembembele Jatropha culcas L. (EUPHORBIACEAE ?ilela lya mp’hoka, imonomh’wani Kalanchoe glaberrima Volk. (CRASSULACEAE) ihimbajini Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC. (MELIACEAE) ikangadzi Kigelia aethiopum (Fenzl) Dandy (BIGNONIACEAE) iyejeha Kyllinga elata Steudel (CYPERACEAE) idagodago Landolphia kirkii Dyer (APOCYNACEAE ) itogo ikodzi (idala) Lantana camara L. (VERBENACEAE) ibubu Launaea cornuta (Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern) C. Jeffrey (ASTERACEAE) isunga Leonotis mollissima Gürke (LABIATAE) ifumbauchi Leucas holstii Gürke (LAMIACEAE) idabadzi Ludwigia jussiaeoides Desr. (ONAGRACEAE) ifeda ilume Lycopodium clavatum L. (LYCOPODIACEAE) itandawala Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax (EUPHORBIACEAE ibongoya Macrotyloma maranguense (Taub.) Verdc. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikambakamba Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 139

Maesa lanceolata Forssk. (MYRSINACEAE) iguluka, itandu Mangifera indica L. (ANACARDIACEAE) iyembe Manihot esculenta Crantz (EUPHORBIACEAE) idzamvu mpira Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L. Webster (EUPHORBIACEAE) ikwambekwambe Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. (BIGNONIACEAE) imemena Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague (BIGNONIACEAE) italawanda Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. (CELASTRACEAE) idimudimu Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock (CELASTRACEAE) ichungwachungwa Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) O. Kuntze (ASTERACEAE) isakamph’ondo lya muhulo Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob. (ASTERACEAE) isakamph’ondo, also isakamph’ondo Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg (MORACEAE) ibulwe Mitragyna rubrostipulata (K. Schum.) Havil. (RUBIACEAE) igandaganda Momordica boivinii Baill. (CUCURBITACEAE) isoyo Monechma debile (Forssk.) Nees (ACANTHACEAE) itotoka Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ipete idodo, ipete ikulu Musa (cultivar) sp. (MUSACEAE) ilimbili (ikodza) Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. (CECROPIACEAE) ifudza Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich. (MYRICACEAE) ikadza, isuwe Ochna afzelii R. Br. ex Oliv. (OCHNACEAE) itogotogo Ochna holstii Engl. (OCHNACEAE) ihongola ndziko Ocimum basilicum L. (LAMIACEAE) imetameta Ocimum suave Willd. (LAMIACEAE) ifumbasi, inung’hanung’ha Olea sp. (OLEACEAE) lunh’ogotela Oxalis corniculata L. (OXALIDACEAE) chinonile, lum’hetam’heta Panicum laticomum Nees (POACEAE) ifungandedzi Panicum maximum Jacq. (POACEAE) igugu, inyovi, isanze Panicum trichocladum Hack. ex K. Schum. (POACEAE) nh’ocha Pavetta crassipes K. Schum. (RUBIACEAE) ikamwakamwa Pavetta schumanniana F. Hoffm. ex K. Schum. (RUBIACEAE) isadásada Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. (EUPHORBIACEAE) iwuwa idung’hu lili na lunh’omvu Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (POACEAE) ibagalala, igagawi, igugu, igunga, ihembahemba, isanje Pentas bussei K. Krause (RUBIACEAE) itiliwadza Pentas parvifolia Hiern (RUBIACEAE) itiliwadza Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (PALMAE) isala Phragmites mauritianus Kunth (POACEAE) idete, ng’halu Physalis peruviana L. (SOLONACEAE) ibangadzi Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach. & Thonn.) Milne-Redh. (CAESALPINIOIDEAE) icherejembe idala (ikodzi) 140 Africa & Asia, No 4, 2004

Piper capense L.f. (PIPERACEAE) idaha Plectranthus sp. (LAMIACEAE) iwuwa idung’hu Pleiotaxis pulcherrima Steetz (COMPOSITAE) ikweme Plumbago zeylanica L. (PLUMBAGINACEAE) ng’hosa ng’hulu Polygala kilimandjarica Chodat (POLYGALACEAE) isanang’huku, mwedza Polygonum senegalense Meissn.f. (POLYGONACEAE) imwikomwiko Polypodium (Microsorium) punctatum (L.) Copel (POLYPODIACEAE) inguluchila Premna hildebrandtii Guerke (VERBENACEAE) idzanga Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax. var. glabra (Pax.) Brenan (EUPHORBIACEAE) isolo Psidium guajava L. (MYRTACEAE) ipela Psorospermum febrifugum Spach (CLUSIACEAE) itagata Psychotria riparia (K. Schum. & K. Krause) E.M.A. Petit (RUBIACEAE) ikavukavu, iwelewele Pteleopsis myrtifolia (M.A.Lawson) Engl.& Diels (COMBRETACEAE) igovu (mnepa) Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. (POLYPODIACEAE) isilu Pteris catoptera Kunze (ADIANTACEAE) isembe Pterocarpus angolensis DC. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) iyambadanda Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf. (APOCYNACEAE ) ikobelengwa Rhus natalensis Benth. (ANACARDIACEAE) ihembahemba Rhynchosia hirta (Andrews) Meikle & Verdc. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) imeho lya mulungu Rubus pinnatus Willd. (ROSACEAE) inwánwa Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. (POLYGONACEAE) isasu Saba comorensis (Bojer ex A. DC.) Pichon (APOCYNACEAE) ibungo Sabicea orientalis Wernham (RUBIACEAE) itumbu lya ng’huku Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (ANACARDIACEAE) ing’ongo Senecio sp. (ASTERACEAE) ifuso Sesamum indicum L. (PEDALIACEAE) ifutafuta Sesbania sesbans (L.)Merrill. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) isakulang’hwale Setaria sagittifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Walp. (POACEAE) imp’hemvya Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) M.B. Moss ex Stapf & C.E. Hubb. (POACEAE) iwohelo Sida acuta Burm. f. (MALVACEAE) ifulila mbwewe Sida cordifolia L. (MALVACEAE) isuyo Smilax anceps Willd. (SMILACACEAE) ikwangwasale Solanum incanum Ruiz & Pav. (SOLONACEAE) nyimh’wa, ituletule, ?mhaka Sorindeia madagascariensis Thouars ex DC. (ANACARDIACEAE) isulupi Sparmannia ricinocarpa (Eckl. Zeyl.) Kuntze (TILIACEAE) isopolo Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc. (RUBIACEAE) chimkwakwatu Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims (VERBENACEAE) iwuwa Steganotaenia araliacea (Hochst.) Hiern (APIACEAE) imogola, inyongamp’hembe Legère, Maganga & Mkwan’hembo · Vidunda people and their plant names 141

Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. & A. Rich.) Walp. (MENISPERMACEAE) isikio Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K. Schum. (STERCULIACEAE) isopolo Strychnos spinosa Lam. (LOGANIACEAE) itongatonga Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (ASTERACEAE) ikadza Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex O. Krauss (MYRTACEAE) isusu Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. (MYRTACEAE) idzambalawe Tectaria gemmifera (Fée) Alston (DRYOPTERIDACEAE) idzingalwanda Tectona grandis L. f. (VERBENACEAE) igodi lya wadzungu Tephrosia vogelii Hook f. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) iduha Terminalia fatraea (Poir.) DC. (COMBRETACEAE) icherejembe ilume Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. (COMBRETACEAE) isamvya, ivumba Tetracera litoralis Gilg (DILLENIACEAE) ikaligwendela Themeda triandra Forssk. (POACEAE) isoli Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. (APOCYNACEAE ) iyuwa Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims (ACANTHACEAE) ilopolwa Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (ASTERACEAE) itugusungu lya muhulo Trichilia emetica Vahl. (MELIACEAE) isukumwiru Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. (BORAGINACEAE) chimkwakwatu Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. (TILIACEAE) iswawi Uapaca nitida Muell. Arg. (EUPHORBIACEAE) iguhu Vangueria madagascariensis J.F. Gmel. (RUBIACEAE) isada Vernonia sp. (ASTERACEAE) isakamph’ondo mlima Vernonia amygdalina Delile (ASTERACEAE) chidzogolo, itugusungu Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less (ASTERACEAE) inung’hanung’ha Vernonia subuligera O. Hoffm (ASTERACEAE) itugusungu lya muhulo, itugutu Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp. (PAPILIONOIDEAE) ikambakamba idodo, sowa lukolo Vitex doniana Sweet (VERBENACEAE) ikoga Vitex strickeri Vatke & Hildebrandt (VERBENACEAE) iwangadzimu Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell (SAPINDACEAE) isapala