Well Stimulation Materials

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Well Stimulation Materials

US Industry Study with Forecasts for 2018 & 2023

Study #3160 | June 2014 | $5300 | 335 pages

The Freedonia Group 767 Beta Drive www.freedoniagroup.com Cleveland, OH • 44143-2326 • USA Toll Free US Tel: 800.927.5900 or +1 440.684.9600 Fax: +1 440.646.0484 E-mail: [email protected] Study #3160 June 2014 Well Stimulation Materials $5300 335 Pages US Industry Study with Forecasts for 2018 & 2023

Table of Contents Base Fluid Materials...... 98 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE Polymer Gelling Agents...... 101 Guar Gum...... 103 General ...... 207 Executive Summary Other...... 104 Market Share...... 210 Acids...... 106 Proppants...... 211 Market EnvironmenT Industrial Gases...... 109 Chemicals & Gases Market Share...... 216 Surfactants...... 112 Marketing & Distribution...... 220 General ...... 4 Friction Reducers...... 114 Cooperative Agreements...... 222 Macroeconomic Environment...... 6 Crosslinking Agents...... 116 Acquisitions & Divestitures...... 225 Petroleum & Natural Gas Overview...... 10 Breakers...... 118 Research & Development...... 229 Petroleum Outlook...... 13 Other Base Fluid Materials...... 121 Pricing...... 16 Fluid Additives...... 123 Company Profiles Production...... 18 Biocides...... 126 Well Completions...... 20 Corrosion & Scale Inhibitors...... 128 Air Liquide...... 232 Natural Gas Outlook...... 22 Other Fluid Additives...... 130 Air Products and Chemicals...... 234 Pricing...... 25 Other Well Stimulation Materials...... 133 Akzo Nobel...... 236 Production...... 26 Albemarle Corporation...... 238 Well Completions...... 31 Ashland Incorporated...... 239 Producing Well Overview...... 32 REGIONS Badger Mining...... 241 Well Completion Overview...... 34 General ...... 136 Baker Hughes...... 242 Market Volatility...... 36 Producing Wells...... 140 BASF SE...... 245 Stimulation Material Pricing & Product Mix...... 39 Wells Completed...... 143 Berkshire Hathaway...... 247 Environmental & Regulatory Considerations...... 42 Well Stimulation Material Cadre Material Products...... 249 Federal ...... 42 Regional Demand...... 145 CARBO Ceramics...... 250 State & Local...... 45 Southern Region...... 147 Chevron Phillips Chemical...... 254 International Environment...... 47 Oil & Gas Well Overview...... 148 Clariant International ...... 255 Producing Wells...... 148 Dorf Ketal Chemicals India...... 257 TECHNOLOGY Wells Completed...... 150 Dow Chemical...... 258 Well Stimulation Material Demand...... 151 DuPont (EI) de Nemours...... 261 General ...... 50 Texas...... 154 Ecolab Incorporated...... 263 Well Drilling Processes...... 52 Louisiana...... 158 Economy Polymers & Chemicals...... 266 Horizontal Drilling...... 53 Arkansas...... 160 Elementis plc...... 267 Multilateral Drilling...... 55 Other...... 162 Erna Frac Sand...... 269 Well Completion Processes...... 56 Midwestern Region...... 164 Fairmount Minerals...... 270 Well Stimulation Processes...... 57 Oil & Gas Well Overview...... 165 Ferus Incorporated...... 273 Hydraulic Fracturing...... 58 Producing Wells...... 165 flexFrac Proppant Sand Suppliers...... 274 Multistage Fracturing...... 61 Wells Completed...... 167 FMC Corporation...... 275 Refracturing...... 61 Well Stimulation Material Demand...... 169 Fores Limited...... 276 Other Fracturing Techniques...... 62 North Dakota...... 172 FTS International Services...... 277 Acidizing...... 62 Oklahoma...... 174 Halliburton Company...... 279 Other Well Stimulation Technologies...... 65 Ohio...... 176 Hi-Crush Partners...... 282 Fracturing Fluids...... 66 Other...... 178 Imerys SA ...... 284 Crosslinked Gel...... 67 Eastern Region...... 180 Kemira Oyj...... 286 Linear Gel...... 69 Oil & Gas Well Overview...... 181 Kinder Morgan Energy Partners...... 287 Slickwater...... 71 Producing Wells...... 181 Koch Industries...... 290 Hybrid System...... 74 Wells Completed...... 182 Linde Group...... 292 Gas-Based Fluids...... 76 Well Stimulation Material Demand...... 184 Lonza Group...... 293 Other Fracturing Fluids...... 78 Pennsylvania...... 186 Messina Incorporated...... 294 Acidizing Fluids...... 79 West Virginia...... 188 Mineração Curimbaba...... 296 Other...... 190 Momentive Performance Materials...... 297 PRODUCTS Western Region...... 192 Nexeo Solutions...... 300 Oil & Gas Well Overview...... 192 Oxane Materials...... 301 General ...... 81 Producing Wells...... 193 Pattison Sand...... 302 Proppants...... 83 Wells Completed...... 195 PeroxyChem LLC...... 303 Sand...... 86 Well Stimulation Material Demand...... 197 PfP Industries...... 304 Coated...... 88 Colorado...... 200 Pioneer Natural Resources...... 305 Raw...... 91 Wyoming...... 202 Praxair Incorporated...... 307 Ceramic...... 93 Other...... 204 (continued on following page) Other Proppants...... 96

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Table of Contents PRODUCTS 10 Arkansas: Well Stimulation Material Demand by Type...... 162 Company Profiles 1 Well Stimulation Material 11 Other Southern States: Well Stimulation (continued from previous page) Demand by Type...... 82 Material Demand by Type...... 164 Cht Well Stimulation Material Preferred Sands...... 309 12 Midwestern Region: Producing Wells Demand by Type, 2013...... 83 Rio Tinto Group...... 311 by Type, Formation, & State...... 167 2 Proppant Demand by Type...... 85 Roemex Limited...... 312 13 Midwestern Region: Wells Completed Cht Proppant Demand by Type, 2013...... 86 Saint-Gobain...... 313 by Type, Formation, & State...... 169 3 Sand Proppant Demand by Type...... 88 Schlumberger Limited...... 315 14 Midwestern Region: Well Stimulation 4 Coated Sand Proppant Demand...... 90 SCR-Sibelco NV...... 318 Material Demand by Type & State...... 171 5 Raw Sand Proppant Demand...... 93 Sierra Frac Sand...... 320 Cht Midwestern Region: Well Stimulation 6 Ceramic Proppant Demand...... 96 Solvay SA ...... 321 Material Demand by State, 2013...... 172 7 Other Proppant Demand...... 98 Superior Silica Sands...... 323 15 North Dakota: Well Stimulation 8 Base Fluid Material Demand by Type...... 100 Texas Silica...... 324 Material Demand by Type...... 174 Cht Base Fluid Material Demand US Silica...... 325 16 Oklahoma: Well Stimulation by Type, 2013...... 101 Weatherford International...... 327 Material Demand by Type...... 176 9 Polymer Gelling Agent Demand by Type... 102 Other Companies Mentioned in Study...... 329 17 Ohio: Well Stimulation Material 10 Guar Gum Gelling Agent Demand...... 104 Demand by Type...... 178 11 Other Polymer Gelling Agent 18 Other Midwestern States: Well Stimulation Demand by Type...... 106 Material Demand by Type...... 180 12 Acid Demand in Well Stimulation...... 108 19 Eastern Region: Producing Wells List of Tables/Charts 13 Industrial Gases Demand by Type...... 111 by Type, Formation, & State...... 182 14 Surfactant Demand in Well Stimulation... 114 20 Eastern Region: Wells Completed Executive Summary 15 Friction Reducer Demand...... 116 by Type, Formation, & State...... 184 16 Crosslinking Agent Demand...... 118 21 Eastern Region: Well Stimulation Material 1 Summary Table...... 3 17 Breaker Demand...... 121 Demand by Type & State...... 185 18 Other Base Fluid Material Cht Eastern Region: Well Stimulation Market EnvironmenT Demand by Type...... 123 Material Demand by State, 2013...... 186 19 Fluid Additive Demand by Type...... 125 22 Pennsylvania: Well Stimulation 1 Macroeconomic Indicators...... 10 Cht Fluid Additive Demand by Type, 2013..... 126 Material Demand by Type...... 188 2 Petroleum & Natural Gas 20 Biocide Demand in Well Stimulation...... 128 23 West Virginia: Well Stimulation Supply & Demand...... 13 21 Corrosion & Scale Inhibitor Material Demand by Type...... 190 3 Petroleum Supply & Demand...... 15 Demand in Well Stimulation...... 130 24 Other Eastern States: Well Stimulation Cht US Petroleum Consumption, 2003-2013....16 22 Other Fluid Additive Demand by Type..... 132 Material Demand...... 191 Cht Crude Oil Prices, 2003-2013...... 18 23 Other Well Stimulation Material Demand 135 25 Western Region: Producing Wells 4 Petroleum Production & Producing Wells...19 by Type, Formation, & State...... 195 Cht US Petroleum Production, 2003-2013...... 20 REGIONS 26 Western Region: Completed Wells Cht Petroleum Well Completions, 2003-2013...22 by Type, Formation, & State...... 197 5 Natural Gas Supply & Demand...... 24 1 Oil & Gas Producing States by Region..... 140 27 Western Region: Well Stimulation Material Cht US Natural Gas Consumption, 2003-2013..24 2 Producing Wells by Region...... 142 Demand by Type & State...... 199 Cht Natural Gas Prices, 2003-2013...... 26 Cht Producing Wells by Region, 2013...... 143 Cht Western Region: Well Stimulation 6 Natural Gas Production & Producing Wells 28 3 Wells Completed by Region...... 144 Material Demand by State, 2013...... 200 Cht US Natural Gas Production, 2003-2013.....29 Cht Wells Completed by Region, 2013...... 145 28 Colorado: Well Stimulation Cht Natural Gas Producing States, 2013...... 30 4 Well Stimulation Material Material Demand by Type...... 202 Cht Natural Gas Well Completions, 2003-2013 32 Demand by Region...... 146 29 Wyoming: Well Stimulation 7 Producing Wells by Type & Formation...... 34 Cht Well Stimulation Material Demand Material Demand by Type...... 204 8 Well Completions by Type & Formation...... 36 by Region, 2013...... 147 30 Other Western Areas: Well Stimulation 9 Well Stimulation Material 5 Southern Region: Producing Wells Material Demand by Type...... 206 Market, 2003-2013...... 38 by Type, Formation, & State...... 149 Cht Well Stimulation Material 6 Southern Region: Wells Completed Market, 2003-2013...... 39 by Type, Formation, & State...... 151 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 10 Prices for Selected Well 7 Southern Region: Well Stimulation 1 US Well Stimulation Material Stimulation Materials...... 41 Material Demand by Type & State...... 153 Sales by Company, 2013...... 209 Cht World Well Stimulation Material Cht Southern Region: Well Stimulation Cht US Well Stimulation Material Demand, 2013...... 49 Material Demand by State, 2013...... 154 Market Share, 2013...... 210 8 Texas: Well Stimulation Material Cht Proppant Market Share, 2013...... 212 TECHNOLOGY Demand by Type...... 158 Cht Chemicals & Gases Market Share, 2013.... 217 9 Louisiana: Well Stimulation Material 2 Selected Cooperative Agreements...... 224 Cht Drilling Rigs by Type, 2003-2013...... 55 Demand by Type...... 160 3 Selected Acquisitions & Divestitures...... 227

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Growth will be driven by high oil prices, rebounding natural gas prices, and newer technologies (e.g., horizontal drilling; high-volume, multistage fracturing) that use more materials per well.

US demand to rise 10.6% annually through 2018 US Well Stimulation Material Proppants Demand for well stimulation materials in Demand, 2018 the US is forecast to climb more than 10 ($15.2 billion) percent annually to $15.2 billion in 2018. Historically high oil prices and rebounding natural gas prices are expected to be the main factors promoting continuing growth in well completion activity. In addition, the use of newer technologies such as horizontal drilling and high- volume, multistage hydraulic fracturing Base Fluid will increase the amount of materials Materials used per well. The development of unconventional resources is expected to continue unabated, resulting in further stimulus to product demand. Proppants Other will remain the highest volume material used in well stimulation, although demand for chemicals will be boosted by sures. Gelling agents account for the fracturing fluids, which have become an emphasis on higher-value, more highest dollar sales of stimulation more prevalent over the past decade, environmentally friendly formulations. chemicals and are expected to do so has helped reduce chemical loadings over the forecast period. However, due and lowered costs, but as proppant Resin-coated sand to be to a price correction for guar gum, sales loads have grown, pure slickwater fastest growing proppant of gelling agents are projected to be fracturing techniques have become less lower in 2018 than they were in 2013. effective. In response, companies have Proppants are by far the highest volume started to use hybrid fracturing treat- product type and also account for more ments. Hybrid formulations can reduce than half of the market in dollar terms. Hybrid system to be water use and also cause less formation Although raw sand dominates the market fastest growing fluid damage than jobs using polymer gelling in terms of volume sales, value-added Concerns about the effects of hydraulic agents alone. Moving forward, hybrid coated sand and ceramic proppants fracturing on local water supplies have systems are expected to see the fastest each account for a greater share of led to calls for restrictions (if not outright growth, although the industry continues dollar demand. Resin-coated sand bans) on the practice. As a result, well to look for new formulations that reduce proppants are expected to register the stimulation material suppliers have water usage while increasing well fastest growth as proppant loads con- focused on developing green chemicals productivity. tinue to expand and operators develop that have a reduced impact on the Copyright 2014 The Freedonia Group, Inc. formations with higher closure pres- environment. The use of slickwater

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Sample Text, TABLE V-6

Table & Chart SOUTHERN REGION: WELLS COMPLETED BY TYPE, FORMATION, & STATE

Item 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023

Wells Completed 11182 22880 18750 24250 27750 By Type: products Oil 4108 8779 15040 16030 17820 Gas 7074 14101 3710 8220 9930 By Formation: Surfactants Conventional 8182 16489 11800 15600 17350 Demand for surfactants used in the stimulation of oil and gas wells Unconventional 3000 6391 6950 8650 10400 is expected to increase 9.8 percent annually to $267 million in 2018. In sample By State: volume terms, sales are expected to rise to 191 million pounds over the Texas 7440 17050 15000 18650 21000 same period. As with many other well stimulation materials, gains will table sample Louisiana 575 1230 900 1200 1600 be fueled by the increasing number of deep unconventional wells with Arkansas 150 1075 615 850 1125 long laterals, as the vast majority of these wells require significantly Other 3017 3525 2235 3550 4025 greater volumes of fracturing fluids,tex leadingt to increased use of products

like surfactants. % South 38.6 42.9 46.8 49.3 49.1 US Wells Completed 29006 53314 40100 49150 56500 Surfactants may be generally described as surface active agents used to affect the interaction between two fluids or a fluid and a solid surface. This definition encompasses a broad range of different chemicals with a similarly diverse set of oilfield applications. Surfactant chemicals can be used as cleaners, emulsifiers, foamers, lubricants, wetting agents, and viscosifiers, as well as for a variety of other specific needs. Nonionic surfactants have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their relatively low cost and reduced likelihood of reac- tion with other ionic additives such as potassium chloride. However, in certain situations anionic and cationic surfactants may be utilized.

One application of surfactants in the oil and gas industry is their usage in viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluids, which to date have seen their greatest success in natural gas wells. These fluids boast increased viscosity and elasticity, allowing for the transport of small proppant loads without the viscosity requirements of more conventional fluids. VES formulations require limited chemical loadings outside of CHART VI-3 surfactants. The absence of polymers in most of these fluids also means less formation damage from polymer residue. However, VES fracturing CHEMICALS & GASES MARKET SHARE, 2013 fluids are temperature and pressure-sensitive, meaning their application ($4.1 billion) in many of the deep, high pressure unconventional wells that are driving US oil and gas demand is limited. Additionally, VES formulations are

M a rke t O th e rs sample L e a d e rs 4.9% Ash lan d 7 1 .2 % 2 8 .8 %chart 4.9% D o w

3.7% BASF

3.1% Eco lab

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Sample Profile, TABLE IV-2

Table & Forecast PROPPANT DEMAND BY TYPE (million dollars)

Item 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023

Wells Completed 29006 53314 40100 49150 56500 000 lbs proppants/well 100 364 1580 1995 2635 000$ proppants/well 7 24 131 195 319

Proppant Demand (mil lb) 2893 19412 62620 98150 148900 $/lb 0.066 0.066sa mple0.080 0.097 0.121

Proppant Demand 190 1279tab 5020le 9560 18030 Sand Proppants 79 738 3265 6385 12275 Ceramic Proppants 102 492 1500 2715 4825 COMPANY PROFILES Other Proppants 9 49 255 460 930

% proppants 41.9 56.9 54.6 62.9 66.4 Fores Limited Well Stimulation Material Demand 454 2246 9200 15210 27150 21 Frunze Street 620142 Ekaterinburg Russia 7-343-257-75-77 http://www.foresltd.com Annual Sales: $175 millionsample (estimated) Employment: more than 2,000 (estimated) profile Key Products: ceramic proppants STUDY Fores is a privately held manufacturer of ceramic proppants for use in the oil and gas industries. The Company also operates a chemi- COVERAGE cal division to provide consulting services and supply pilot and custom formulated products. Well Stimulation Materials is a Freedonia study that presents The Company participates in the US well stimulation materials historical data (2003, 2008, 2013) industry through the manufacture of ceramic proppants to boost hy- drocarbon production and recovery rates in oil and gas well fracturing plus forecasts for 2018 and 2023 applications. These proppants have a magnesium silicate composition. for sales by type in current US Fores’ ceramic proppants for the North American market comprise dollars, as well as by region and by FORES MGLIGHT and FORESRCP MGLIGHT offerings. FORES MGLIGHT intermediate-strength ceramic proppants are made in mesh producing state in the US. The sizes of 20/40 and 30/50. The Company’s FORESRCP MGLIGHT study also examines key market resin-coated ceramic proppant is available in a 20/40 mesh size. Manu- facturing activities for Fores are carried out in Russia. The Company environment factors, evaluates serves the North American market via transload facilities in the US and company market share and profiles Canada. US transload sites are in Culbertson and Sidney, Montana; 56 competitors in the US industry. Berthold, Underwood, and Minot, North Dakota; Weatherford, Okla- homa; and Odessa, Houston, San Angelo, La Porte, and Alice, Texas.

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The Freedonia Group, Inc. 767 Beta Drive • Cleveland, OH • 44143-2326 • USA • Web site: www.freedoniagroup.com Tel US: 800.927.5900 or +1 440.684.9600 • Fax: +1 440.646.0484 • e-mail: [email protected]

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Other Studies About The Freedonia Group World Industrial Silica Sand The Freedonia Group, Inc., is a leading international industry market research com- Global demand for industrial silica sand is forecast pany that provides its clients with information and analysis needed to make informed to advance 5.5 percent annually to 291 million metric strategic decisions for their businesses. Studies help clients identify business oppor- tons in 2018, with a value of $12.5 billion. The Asia/ Pacific region will remain the largest market, while tunities, develop strategies, make investment decisions and evaluate opportunities North America will grow the fastest. Glass will remain and threats. Freedonia research is designed to deliver unbiased views and reliable the leading outlet, while the hydraulic fracturing seg- outlooks to assist clients in making the right decisions. Freedonia capitalizes on ment grows the fastest. This study analyzes the 223 million metric ton world silica sand industry, with fore- the resources of its proprietary in-house research team of experienced economists, casts for 2018 and 2023 by market, world region, and professional analysts, industry researchers and editorial groups. Freedonia covers for 19 countries. The study also evaluates company market share and profiles industry participants. a diverse group of industries throughout the United States, China and other world #3237...... December 2014...... $6200 markets. Industries analyzed by Freedonia include:

World Catalysts Automotive & Other Transport • Chemicals • Construction & Building Products • Con- World demand for catalysts will grow 4.8 percent per sumer Goods • Energy & Petroleum • Industrial Components • Health Care & Life year to $20.6 billion in 2018. Growth will be led by a rebound in the chemical and polymer industries, Sciences • Machinery & Equipment • Metals, Minerals & Glass • Packaging • Plastics most notably in developed economies hit hard by the & Other Polymers • Security • Services • Textiles & Nonwovens • Water Treatment recession. The fastest advances, however, will occur in developing areas such as the Asia/Pacific and Africa/Mideast regions. This study analyzes the $16.3 Click here to learn more about Freedonia billion world catalyst industry, with forecasts for 2018 and 2023 by material, type, market, world region, and for 18 countries. The study also evaluates company market share and profiles industry players. Freedonia Custom Research #3217...... December 2014...... $6500 Freedonia Custom Research delivers the same high quality, thorough and unbiased Shale Gas & Tight Oil: assessment of an industry or market as an industry study. Since the research initia- Products & Services tive is based upon a company’s specific needs, companies harness Freedonia’s US demand for shale gas and tight oil products and research capabilities and resources to answer unique questions. When you leverage services is forecast to rise 3.5 percent annually to $98 billion in 2017. Stimulation materials will be the results of a Freedonia Custom Research engagement, you are able to obtain the fastest growing products, while completion and important answers to specific questions and issues associated with: mergers and production will pace the services sector. The Permian basin will remain the largest play, while the Eagle acquisitions, new product launches/development, geographic expansion, entry into Ford Shale will grow the fastest. This study analyzes new markets, strategic business planning, and investment and funding decisions. the $82.2 billion US shale gas and tight oil product and service industry, with forecasts for 2017 and 2022 by product, service, US region and play. The Freedonia Custom Research is ideal for companies seeking to make a strategic dif- study also evaluates company market share and ference in the status quo and focus on future business growth. Working side by side profiles industry players. #3112...... February 2014...... $5200 with clients, Freedonia’s team is able to define a research project that is custom- tailored to answer specific questions and provide the basis from which a company World Well Stimulation Materials can make informed business decisions. World demand for well stimulation materials will grow more than 12 percent per year to over 65 million met- Click here to learn more about Custom Research ric tons in 2017, valued at $23 billion. Both proppants and chemicals will grow at similar annual rates. The US will remain the dominant market while demand in Canada, China, Russia and other countries will grow at a faster pace. This study analyzes the 36.8 million metric ton world well stimulation material industry, with forecasts for 2017 and 2022 by type, country and world region. The study also evaluates company market share, and profiles industry players. #3080...... December 2013...... $6300

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Page 8 The Freedonia Group, Inc. 767 Beta Drive • Cleveland, OH • 44143-2326 • USA • Web site: www.freedoniagroup.com Tel US: 800.927.5900 or +1 440.684.9600 • Fax: +1 440.646.0484 • e-mail: [email protected]