Alena Jaklová: GERMAN SURNAMES IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND AND THEIR WORD-FORMATION AS- PECTS 1 Informatol. 53, 2020., 1-2
INFO-2218 UDK : 81’373.232(437.3=112.2) Primljeno / Received: 2019-18-12 Izvorni znanstveni rad / Original Scientific Paper
https://doi.org/10.32914/i.53.1-2.1
GERMAN SURNAMES IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND AND THEIR WORD-FORMATION ASPECTS
NJEMAČKA PREZIMENA NA JUŽNOJ ČEŠKOJ GRANICI I ASPEKTI NJIHOVOG JEZIČNOG FORMIRANJA
Alena Jaklová Faculty of Philosophy, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište Južne Češke, České Budějovice, Češka
Abstract Sažetak This paper deals with the German surnames used Ovaj se rad bavi njemačkim prezimenima koje by the inhabitants of the South- Bohemian border koriste stanovnici južne češke pogranične regije i region and with their specific features. The first njihovim specifičnostima. Prva od njih je veća of these is the higher frequency of such surnames učestalost takvih prezimena u regiji (preko 18% u in the region (over 18 % in South Bohemia com- Južnoj Češkoj u usporedbi s nacionalnim prosje- pared to the national average of about 13 %), the kom od oko 13%), drugi aspekt je tvorba riječi. U second aspect is their word-formation. In the pro- procesu integracije njemačkih prezimena u češki cess of integration of German surnames into the jezik pokazalo se da je sufiks koji je najčešće kori- Czech language, the ending most commonly em- šten u južnoj Češkoj -a, a slijede ga i ostali pro- ployed in South Bohemia turned out to be -a, fol- duktivni sufiksi, poput sufiksa umanjenica -ek, - lowed by other productive suffixes, such as the ík / -ik, -ka i -ko. diminutive suffixes -ek, -ík/-ik, -ka and -ko. Najproduktivniji sufiksi korišteni na nacionalnoj The most productive suffixes employed at the na- razini bili su -ek, -ík (s varijantama) i -ák. /1/ tional level were -ek, -ík (with variants) and -ák. /1/
I. INTRODUCTION and was naturally in contact with the Czech in- German surnames used by the inhabitants of habitants. the Czech Republic can be traced back to direct As a result of this long-term contact, the two contacts of ethnic Czechs with ethnic Germans, languages, Czech and German, exerted mutual spanning centuries. In South Bohemia, these influence. In Czech, this influence is reflected at contacts were made more intense by the exist- the levels of phonology, morphology, syntax, ence of the Golden Trail, the most significant and lexis /3/. The processes involved included medieval communication route, one of whose adoption of German words, loans, and calques, branches connected the towns of Passau and and resulted in the frequent occurrence of Ger- Prachatice from the early 11th century /2/. Until man surnames, place names and names for after WWII, another factor was the large Ger- landscape features. man population in the Czech border region, the Sudeten, which dated back to the 13th century
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II. OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH, in the city of České Budějovice, which, although METHODOLOGY, MATERIAL-BASED not situated in the Sudeten and never crossed CORPUS by the Golden Trail, was largely German from This paper deals with word-formation its rise in the first half of the 13th century until analyses of German surnames currently used in the early 20th century, the proportion of Ger- the South-Bohemian region. The examples ad- man surname bearers is still 18.32 %. duced come from a corpus compiled for the area explored, using archive materials and tran- III. GERMAN SURNAMES IN SOUTH BO- scripts of documents obtained from selected lo- HEMIAN BORDER AREA AND THEIR ETY- cal authorities. The area explored includes a belt MOLOGICAL AND FORD-FORMING along the border of South Bohemia delimited by ANALYSIS the towns of Volary, Netolice, and the city of The word-formation of German sur- České Budějovice. The focus on this particular names used by Czechs shows some specific fea- part of South Bohemia results from its history of tures in South Bohemia. From the word-for- German settlement and from the ancient trade mation point of view, German surnames in Bo- route, the Golden Trail, which once crossed it. hemia are represented both by morphologically The data in the corpus are divided chronologi- simple words and morphologically complex cally into three separate parts: 1) German sur- ones. The latter include forms derived by suf- names used in the area before WWII; 2) German fixes (especially -er, -mann, -auer and various di- surnames used in the area in the 1950s; 3) Ger- minutive suffixes), and compounds. J. Ma- man surnames used in the area in the late 20th túšová /1/ points out that a large proportion of century and at present. This paper presents ex- these were not coined in the process of creating amples of German surnames from the third part a surname, but rather came to be used as sur- of the corpus obtained by analysing the docu- names in their "finished" form. As a result, Ger- ments cited in the Sources and Online Sources, man surnames are difficult to classify into dis- which are given in the final Bibliography. The tinct word-formation categories and types. In first piece of evidence of the centuries-long co- the process of integration of German surnames existence of Czech and German population in into Czech, the influence of the target language South Bohemia is the still increased frequency is marked particularly by the addition of Czech of German surnames in this region. According word-formation suffixes and endings to Ger- to J. Beneš /4/, German surnames in Bohemia man lexical bases. According to J. Matúšová amounted to 8.5% in relation to Czech ones in /1/, the word-formation integration of German the 1950s and 1960s, while in Moravia the pro- surnames into Czech most frequently em- portion was 6.7% (the proportion of the bearers ployed the suffixes -ek, -ík and -ák (along with of these surnames was not identified). Simi- their variants). Other suffixes (e.g. -áš, -át, -ský) larly, M. Knappová /5/ concludes that German were used rarely or exceptionally. The most surnames constitute about one tenth of the productive Czech word-formation device in the overall number of surnames in Bohemia. J. Ma- present corpus, which included a total of 6,237 túšová /1/, who has undertaken the most exten- German surnames presently used by Czechs in sive research, puts the proportion of surnames the four municipalities, turned out to be the of German origin among all of the surnames ending -a. This ending (a morphological suffix, used in the territory of the Czech Republic at inflectional suffix) represents a Czech mor- around 21.5%, that is, roughly a fifth. A compar- pheme performing two functions: 1) a gram- ison of the number of the separate surname matical function: a) it assigns the word to a par- bearers suggested that roughly 13% of Czechs ticular part of speech; b) expresses grammatical currently used surnames of German origin. categories, and 2) a word-forming function. However, the South-Bohemian towns explored The ending -a is typical of a large num- in this study show a higher proportion of Ger- ber of Czech common nouns (especially femi- man surname bearers: 18.96 % in Prachatice, nine nouns following the inflectional paradigm 18.52 % in Volary, and 16.37 % in Netolice. Even žena, but also masculine nouns following the
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Alena Jaklová: GERMAN SURNAMES IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND AND THEIR WORD-FORMATION AS- PECTS 3 Informatol. 53, 2020., 1-2 paradigm předseda), as well as surnames; this is Keprta - the Czech ending -a is used often true even if the base from which the sur- with a German surname used by Czechs and name originated does not have this suffix, e.g. originating from personal or first names: Buna - from the personal name Budivoj; Kasa – Gebhart + -a from the verb kasat se = hurry, get ready to take Kolafa - a surname derived by the Czech on sb, to hitch up a piece of clothing; Paťha – ending -a from German words denoting from the verb paťhat = to limp /6/. As pointed wooden utensils: Kochlöffel = a cooking spoon out by J. Beneš /4/, the ending -a is probably re- Krauz/Krauza - the surname Kraus is lated to (or rather identical with) the Greek, formed from adjectives denoting conspicuous Latin and German suffix -o, e.g. in the common appearance: MHG.: krȗs = curly, frizzy, in the noun cicer and the surname Cicero. Czech-speaking environment the surname The ending -a is used in German sur- Krauza is derived from the surname Kraus/Krauz names borne by Czechs along with lexical bases by the addition of the ending -a representing various semantic types /7/, e.g.: Krejza - a surname originating from Bejna 1) related to parts of the body: common nouns for landscape features: MHG Bein = a leg, followed by the ending -a; 2) related kreis = a circle, surrounding area, boundary, to animal nouns, more specifically insects: in MGH kreiȥ = a circle, a surrounding area, terri- Middle High German (MHG) bin, bîn = a bee, tory or region /8/ + the Czech ending -a the ending -a Other surnames were formed in a simi- Bína – 1) from nouns denoting crafts- lar way, by adding the ending -a, e.g. Hejna, men working with wood: Binder = a cooper; in Krýcha, Kursa/Kurza, Maxa, Nádera, Patera, the Czech-speaking environment the common Sebera, Šanda, Špeta, Šturma, Turyna/Turina, and suffix -(d)er was replaced by the ending -a in a Zitta, as well as many others. process known as resuffixation; 2) from the ini- Of particular interest is the surname tial part of the personal name Benedikt followed Lexa, formed from a part of the personal name by the ending -a Alexius. Referring to M. Gottschald /9/, J. Beneš Fábera - a surname formed in the period /4/ states that in names from Austrian-Bavarian of Renaissance humanism from the German dialects that end in -a and are not of Slavonic surname Schmidt/Schmitt through translation origin, the ending -a corresponds graphically to into Latin /8/; in the Czech-speaking environ- the suffix -er, as in Lexa ˂ Lexer ˂ Alexius. ment the ending -a was added to the original As far as the productivity of word- form Faber → Fábera forming devices used in the process of Czechi- Frojda - a surname derived from nouns fication of German surnames is concerned, the denoting various physical and mental features, second place belongs to diminutive suffixes, in this case from feelings and states of mind: in particularly the word-forming suffixes -ek and - MHG vröude, vreude = a merry mind, joy; in the ík/-ik. In addition to quantitative characteristics, Czech-speaking environment with the added diminutives also convey a secondary feature of ending -a expressiveness, which is largely positive, but Haberta - the Czech ending -a is added may also suggest a negative connotation, espe- to a surname originating from the complete cially irony or scorn. Names created by means form of the first name Eberhart, Habart of these suffixes may therefore originally have Hagara - a surname derived by the end- denoted people of short stature or younger peo- ing -a from the surname Haager/Hager; these ple, e.g. sons, or expressed an evaluative assess- surnames are derived by the German suffix -er ment of their bearers. These names were then from place names on territories inhabited by probably passed on to subsequent generations Germans: Haag – Bavaria, Austria, Silesia, Hag – as surnames. Austria The diminutive suffix -ek may be found Kalla - the Czech ending -a is added to in the following examples: German surnames borne by Czechs and origi- Ambrůzek - diphthongisation and a sub- nating from personal names or first names, in sequent monophthongisation of the lexical base this case from Gallus ó > uo > ů + Czech diminutive suffix -ek ˂ Ambros
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˂ in Greek Ambrosius ´ranking among the im- Hans + the German suffix -(e)l: the diminutive mortals´, ´godly´ Hansl + the Czech suffix -ik Bínek - the diminutive suffix -ek + Bína ˂ The diminutive suffixes -ík/-ik may also from nouns denoting craftsmen working with be foundin the present corpus, for example, in wood: Binder = a cooper the following surnames: Friedek - a surname originating from the Paulík - a surname originating from a hypocorism of the German first name Friedrich Czech modification of the German variant of by the addition of the Czech suffix -ek the first name Pavel - Paul + the Czech diminu- Froněk - a surname derived from the tive suffix -ík Czech modification of the German equivalent of Venclík - a surname from the Czech the first name František – Franz; with the Czech modification of the German form of the first suffix -ek added name Wenzel; the group -lík is used here, in Illek - a diminutive surname from the which the consonant -l preceding the suffix -ík initial part of personal and first names: Ill ˂ is simultaneously a component of the stem in from Hild- or Hilarius + the Czech diminutive the base form suffix -ek Vincik, Vincík - 1) a surname originating Šádek - a surname originating from ab- from the personal name Vincenc; 2) a surname stract nouns, namely those denoting property originating from German place names on the and proprietary relations: MHG schade = forfei- territory of the former Prussian province of Si- ture, loss, doom, also injury; Czech diminutive lesia and Lusatia: Winzig = Wiǹsko, distr. suffix -ek Wołów; the Czech suffix -ik/-ík Šlosek - possibly a shortened form of the In addition to the diminutive suffix -ík/- surname Šlosárek, which originated from nouns ik, the morphological integration of German denoting craftsmen working with metal: from surnames into Czech may also employ the suf- Germ. Schlosser = a locksmith + the Czech di- fix -lík/-lik. This is however less productive and minutive suffix -ek in the present corpus it was only used as an al- Šteffek/Stefek - a surname from the ternative to the suffix -ík/-ik: Czech modification of the German equivalent of Mertlík – 1) from the German surname the first name Štěpán – Stefan/Stephan + the di- Mertl + the Czech diminutive suffix -ík; 2) from minutive suffix -ek; some cases are interpreted a Czech modification of the German form of the as a Czech modification of the German form, first name Martin + the Czech diminutive suffix others as Germanisation of the Czech form /4/ -lík Toušek – 1) from the surname Touš ˂ Šebelík - possibly originating from the Tausch, MHG tȗsch = jest, scorn, deception, surname Šebele, Šebelle ˂ Šebestián + the diminu- fraud, exchange; 2) from the personal names tive suffix -ík, or from the German name Sebes- Matouš, Tuchomysl; with the diminutive suffix - tian + the Czech suffix -lík ek added in a Czech-speaking environment Other diminutive suffixes used in the Another diminutive suffix, -ík/-ik, is process of adaptation of German surnames to also quite frequent in German surnames of the Czech-speaking environment include -ka Czechs living in the South-Bohemian border- and -ko. The diminutive suffix -ka yielded, for land. J. Beneš /4/ and J. Matúšová /1/ point out example, the following German names used by that in some cases the Czech diminutive suffix - Czechs: ík/-ik was added to forms already containing the Binka - a surname originating from the German diminutive suffix -(e)l, causing in fact noun denoting the inhabitants of Bohemia = der double diminutivisation, as in e.g. Bertlík, Kris- Böhme, accompanied by a dialectal vowel tlík, Manlík /1/. Cases of double diminutivisation change ö ˃ i, and an exchange of consonant clus- were also identified in the present corpus, albeit ters mk/nk + the Czech suffix -ka very occasionally: Hansalik - a surname origi- Faltka - a surname from the adopted nating from a Czech modification of the Ger- basic forms of personal and Christian names: man equivalent of the Czech first name Jan - from Valentin; with a modification resulting in
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Alena Jaklová: GERMAN SURNAMES IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND AND THEIR WORD-FORMATION AS- PECTS 5 Informatol. 53, 2020., 1-2 the Czech variant: en ˃ a, and with the added Rath /10/: 1) a surname from a part of the per- diminutive suffix -ka sonal name Ratpoto; 2) a surname from words Fatka - possibly a surname from com- denoting officials in local authorities, here from mon nouns, in particular from words express- rat = a senior official, a municipal council mem- ing kinship: originating from Vater, with the ber; 3) a surname from an adjective denoting Czech diminutive suffix -ka used instead of the physical features and colour of skin or hair: rot German suffix -er; resuffixation = red Šperka - a surnames from common Wimberský - a surname from the Ger- nouns, in particular from nouns denoting birds: man place name Winterberg, i.e. Vimperk in Spatz = a sparrow, the MHG form Sperk /4/ + the Czech, situated close to the town of Prachatice; Czech diminutive suffix -ka with the Czech suffix -ský added. Word-for- The suffix -ko may be identified in the mation also includes the creation of feminine following surnames: forms of surnames. While masculine and femi- Andraschko - a surname from the name nine surnames display no difference in German, Andres (an older form) or Andreas (a newer in Czech, the feminine forms are derived from form) formed by analogy to the Czech diminu- masculine ones, which is a feature peculiar to tive Ondráček/Ondrášek ˂ from the Czech Chris- the grammatical system of Czech that has de- tian name Ondřej, with the Czech diminutive veloped along with the surnames /11/. Male suffix -ko German surnames mostly end in consonants, Valko - a surname from common nouns, which is why their feminine variants are usu- here from nouns denoting different birds: Falke ally formed by adding the suffix -ová in the = a falcon + the Czech diminutive suffix -ko Czech-speaking environment. A relatively productive word-for- The present corpus compiled on the ba- mation suffix turned out to be -ský in the present sis of lists of voters in the 2016 election, contain- corpus, along with its variants -cký, -ovský. The ing both the male and female forms, includes suffix -ský was particularly popular in the pro- feminine surnames derived exclusively by the cess of translating German surnames into Czech suffix -ová, e.g. Attendorn – Attendornová, Berger in the period after May 1945, which was marked – Bergerová, Böhm – Böhmová, Eibl – Eiblová, Eich- by Czechification supported by the Czechoslo- ler – Eichlerová, Fischer – Fischerová, Friedrich – vak government /1/. It is currently used espe- Friedrichová, Fürbach – Fürbachová, Geier – Gei- cially in names derived from anthroponyms erová, Pöschl – Pöschlová, etc. and toponyms, e.g.: Some irregularity may arise in feminine Friedecký - a surname from the adapted forms derived from masculine surnames by the form of a Christian name of German origin Frie- suffixes -er and -el, e.g. Raušer, Ritter, Sitter, drich + the Czech suffix -cký Šnelcer; Antel, Apfel, Schlegel, Štancel. In this pro- Hanzlovský - a surname from the Czech cess (and in masculine surnames also when modification of the German equivalent of the they are inflected – in oblique cases) the vowel Christian name Jan: Johann, Hans + the Czech -e- preceding the consonants -r and -l is usually suffix -(ov)ský only retained in names of foreigners, while in Štambachský – a surname derived by the surnames of strictly Czech origin it is omitted. Czech suffix -ský from the place name Steinbach However, the general rule is that the form of in Bavaria, Austria and Silesia both the masculine and feminine surnames is Štamberský – a surname from German determined by what has been recorded in the names of Czech settlements: Štamberk near registers of births and marriages, by the family Brandýs nad Labem, near Vlašim, and also from traditions and by pronunciation: If the vowel - the place name Steinberg near Nové Město na e- is retained in pronunciation, it is also retained Moravě, and near Ústí nad Labem, with the in oblique cases and in the feminine counter- Czech suffix -ský added parts of masculine surnames: Berger – both Ber- Rathovský – a surname derived by gra and Bergera, Bergrová and Bergerová; Antel – means of -ovský, the extended variant of the Antla and Antela, Antlová and Antelová /12/. Czech word-forming suffix -ský, from the name
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IV. CONCLUSION /7/ Unless stated otherwise, the interpretation of se- German surnames used by Czechs be- mantic types is based on J. Beneš, 1/1998. came morphologically integrated into the /8/ Duden: Lexikon der Familiennamen. Herkunft und Czech language by adopting Czech word-for- Bedeutung von 20 000 Nachnamen: R. and V. Kolheim (2008): Mannheim – Leipzig – Wien – mation suffixes. This, however, does not apply Zürich: Dudenverlag. to all German surnames. Some of them are used /9/ Gottschald, M. (2006): Deutsch Námenkunde. Mit in Czech in their original form (though usually einer Einführung in die Familienkunde von Rudolf phonologically and orthographically modified), Schützeichel. 6, durchgesehene und bibliogra- but without Czech suffixes, e.g. Amort, Baier, phisch aktualisierte Auflage. Berlin-New Bauer, Cajs, Eder, Fišer, Fux, Hoch, Klein, Majer, York: Walter de Gruyter. Pop, Schön, Šulc, Tišler, Vágner, Vinš, Wald, Zoch, /10/ Another etymology of the surname and many others. In South Bohemia, German Rathouský/Rathauský suggests derivation from the surnames integrated by means of derivation common noun Rathaus by means of the suffix - ský, where -s is simultaneously a component of usually end in -a, with the diminutive suffixes - the stem of the base and of the added suffix -ský. ek, -ík/-ik, -ka, -ko also being productive. On the /11/ Knappová, M. (2008): Naše a cizí příjmení v other hand, the Czech suffix –ský, along with its současné češtině. 2nd ed. Liberec: AZ KORT. variants -cký and –ovský, is less frequent. Femi- /12/ Svobodová, D. (2010): Ženské podoby nečeských nine forms derived from German masculine příjmení. In: J. David, J. M. Čornejová and M. surnames became fully integrated into Czech Harvalík (eds.), Mnohotvárnost a specifičnost ono- by adopting the Czech word-formation suffix - mastiky. IV. česká onomastická konference. 15-17 Sep- ová. tember 2019, Ostrava. Proceedings. Praha: FF Os- German surnames used in the South- travské univerzity v Ostravě, Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR, p. 454-462. Bohemian borderland show some specific fea- tures. As suggested by this study, they are used by more inhabitants than in the rest of the coun- try and they display a number of unique word- Literature formation strategies. 1. Četnost jmen a příjmení. Přehled příjmení a lokalit. České Budějovice. Ministerstvo vnitra České republiky [online]. [cit. 2017-07-10]. Avail- Notes able at: http://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/cetnost-jmen-a- /1/ Matúšová, J. (2015): Německá vlastní jména v češtině. prijmeni-722752.aspx Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny 2. Městský úřad Netolice, Volby do Evropského /2/ The traffic on the Golden Trail came to an end in parlamentu 2004, Organizace technického zab- the early 18th century. ezpečení voleb, SOkA Prachatice, unprocessed /3/ Newerkla, S. M. (2007): Areály jazykového archive resources. kontaktu ve střední Evropě a německo-český 3. Pleskalová, Jana. Vývoj vlastních jmen osobních mikroareál ve východním Rakousku. Slovo a v českých zemích v letech 1000-2010. Brno: Host - slovesnost, 68, p. 271-286. Masaryk University Brno, 2011. /4/ Beneš, J. (1/1998, 2/1998): Německá příjmení u Čechů 4. Records of the electoral roll and its appendix for I, II. Indices processed by Marie Nováková. Ústí the regional election, the town of Prachatice, 7 Oc- nad Labem: J. E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad tober 2016 to 8 October 2016. Labem. 5. Records of the electoral roll for the municipal /5/ Knappová, M. (2009): K evidenci příjmení v Česku election in the town of Volary 20 October 2006 to v r. 2007. In: M. Harvalík, E. Minářová and J. M. 21 October 2006. Tušková (eds.), Teoretické a komunikační aspekty 6. Schwarz, Ernst. Deutsche Namenforschung I. proprií. Prof. Rudolfu Šrámkovi k životnímu jubileu. Ruf- und Familiennamen. Göttingen: Brno: Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1949. p. 133-141. 7. Schwarz, Ernst. Jazyk německý na území ČSR. In: /6/ Moldanová, D. (2015): Naše příjmení. Praha: Československá vlastivěda. Díl III. Jazyk. Praha: Agentura Pankrác. „Sfinx“- B. Janda, 1934.
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Alena Jaklová: GERMAN SURNAMES IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND AND THEIR WORD-FORMATION AS- PECTS 7 Informatol. 53, 2020., 1-2 8. Schwarz, Ernst. Sudetendeutsche Familiennamen 9. Schwarz, Ernst. Sudetendeutsche Familiennamen aus vorhussitischer Zeit (Ostmitteleuropa in Ver- des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts. München: Robert gangenheit und Gegenwart 3). Lerche, 1973. Köln: Böhlau, 1957. 10. Schwarz, Ernst. Sudetendeutsche Sprachräume. Handbuch der sudetendeutschen Kulturge- schichte. 2. Band. München: Robert Lerche, 1962.
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