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Étude De Contenu De La Presse Lesbienne: Lesbia Magazine, De Étude de contenu de la presse lesbienne : Lesbia Magazine, de 1982 à 2012 Jade Almeida To cite this version: Jade Almeida. Étude de contenu de la presse lesbienne : Lesbia Magazine, de 1982 à 2012. Histoire. 2015. dumas-01199375 HAL Id: dumas-01199375 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01199375 Submitted on 15 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Universite Paris I (Pantheon- Sorbonne) Jade Almeida Etude de contenu de la presse lesbienne : Lesbia Magazine de 1982 a 2012. (Histoire culturelle du contemporain) Sous la direction de Pascal Ory Jury : Monsieur Pascal Ory. Madame Julie Verlaine. Session : 2014 – 2015 1 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d'abord a remercier mon directeur de memoire, Pascal Ory, qui a accepte dès le debut que je travaille sur l'homosexualite feminine et a permis que je mène a bien ce travail commence en 2011. Merci a Julie Verlaine et Pascale Goetchel pour m'avoir donnee la methodologie ayant soutenu la realisation de ce travail. Un merci particulier a celles qui ont accepte de repondre a mon questionnaire en ligne, ainsi qu'a Michel Larrouy, Martine Laroche et Catherine Gonnard pour avoir accepte de me rencontrer. Vos reponses, confidences et anecdotes ont nourri ma reflexion. Parce qu'un tel travail de recherche ne peut se faire sans l'aide de quelques devoues, je tiens a remercier Jeanne et Quentin, dont les critiques et conseils de lectures m'ont ete très precieux durant l'annee ecoulee. Merci pour votre patience et pour la centaine de debats provoques cette annee autour de mes definitions. Un merci tout particulier a mes parents, a qui je dois d'être arrivee aussi loin. Enfin merci a ma compagne, Lise, pour toutes les heures passees a discuter de mon memoire, pour toutes les nuits de relecture, pour son soutien, ses encouragements et sa presence. Je vous dois a tous et toutes d'avoir mene ce travail a bien. 2 INTRODUCTION « Faut-il s’etonner que l’homosexualite masculine, si elle a toujours eu ses defenseurs, ses apologistes, ses detracteurs, ses persecuteurs, fut cependant discutee, dissequee, etudiee, analysee . bref cette manifestation prenait la parole, elle etait nommee et reconnue, acceptee, bafouee, condamnee… mais il en etait question… De l’homosexualite feminine ? Presque rien ! »1 Erica LANGE « Why explore the relationship between media, gender and identity ? Media and communications are a central element of modern life, whilst gender and sexuality remain at the core of how we think about our identities. With the media containing so many images of women and men, and messages about men, women and sexuality today, it is highly unlikely that these ideas would have no impact on our own sense of identity. At the same time, though, it's just as unlikely that the media has a direct and straighforward effect on its audience. […] To complicate things further, we live in changing times. »2 David GAUNTLETT 1 Erica LANGE, Les lesbiennes, Paris, Editions Garancières, 1984, 293 p. 2 « Pourquoi vouloir etudier les relations entre medias, genre et identite ? Parce que les medias et la communication representent un element central de la vie moderne, quand le genre et la sexualite restent au cœur de notre representation identitaire. Avec des medias offrant de nos jours tant d’images de femmes et d’hommes, et de messages sur les hommes, les femmes et la sexualite, il est hautement improbable de considerer que ces idees ne puissent avoir aucun impact sur la manière dont nous nous representons notre identite. De même, neanmoins, qu’il est tout aussi improbable de considerer que les medias ont un impact direct et sans detour sur leur audience. […] Pour compliquer encore plus les choses, nous vivons une periode de changements. » David GAUNTLETT, Media, Gender And Identity an introduction, Londres, Routledge, 2002, p.1 3 Erica Lange, dans son ouvrage sur les lesbiennes denonce le silence impose a l’homosexualite feminine en comparaison avec l’homosexualite masculine. À cette première citation nous avons associes les propos de David Gauntlett qui a publie un ouvrage sur l’impact que peuvent avoir les medias sur la construction identitaire, partant de l’hypothèse qu’un individu expose a tant de messages mediatiques concernant sa sexualite, ne peut echapper a l'impact significatif de cesdits messages. Ces deux citations eclairent notre motivation a realiser une etude de la presse feminine homosexuelle au travers de la revue Lesbia Magazine. Nous considerons en effet, a l’instar d’Erica Lange, que l’histoire du lesbianisme n’a ete que trop peu abordee par l’universite française. Les premières etudes historiques sur les homosexualites apparaissent a partir des annees 1980 mais sont, pour leur grande majorite, realisees sous l’angle de l’homosexualite masculine (c’est le cas par exemple des travaux de Philippe Ariès3 ou encore de Jacques Girard4). Trop peu de travaux son conduits exclusivement sur les lesbiennes, hormis quelques ouvrages devenus des references dans le domaine, notamment celui de Marie-Jo Bonnet : Un Choix sans équivoque : recherches historiques sur les relations amoureuses entre les femmes du XVIe – XXe siècles5, celui de Nicole G. Albert : Saphisme et décadence dans l’art et la littérature en Europe à la fin du XIXe siècle6 ou encore les recherches de Christine Bard, dont le travail sur les garçonnes7 aborde l’homosexualite feminine. C’est dans l’optique de s’inscrire dans la continuite de ces travaux et d’enrichir nos connaissances sur l’histoire des homosexualites, que nous avons realise notre memoire sur la communaute lesbienne. Notre choix d’objet d’etude a ete motive par la longevite et la stabilite dont a fait preuve Lesbia Magazine. Lesbia debute en 1982, sous l’impulsion de Catherine Marjollet et de Christiane Jouve, et s’arrête en 2012 après trente annees de parution benevole et mensuelle (a l’exception de la periode estivale où un unique numero couvre les mois de juillet et d'aout). De par 3 Philippe ARIÈS, Georges DUBY, Amours et Sexualité en Occident, Paris, Edition du Seuil, 1991, 335p. 4 Jacques GIRARD, Le Mouvement homosexuel en France : 1945-1980, Paris, Syros, 1981, 206p. 5 Marie-Jo BONNET, Un choix sans équivoque : recherches historiques sur les relations amoureuses entre les femmes, XVIe-XXe siècle, Paris, Denoël, 1981, 293 p. 6 Nicole ALBERT, Saphisme et décadence dans le Paris fin-du-siècle, Paris, La Martinière, 2005, 361p. 7 Christine BARD, Les garçonnes : modes et fantasmes des années folles, Paris, Flammarion, 1998, 159 p. 4 sa longevite nous avons considere que Lesbia Magazine representait une source d'informations non negligeable sur l’histoire de la population lesbienne en France. Sa creation en 1982 correspond aux premières revendications distinctes des militantes lesbiennes, desireuses de se detacher des mouvements feministes et des luttes gays. Sa durabilite couvre une periode de recherche identitaire, de revendications politiques, de changements legislatifs pour les lesbiennes. À la fin des annees 1990, Lesbia Magazine devient un temoin du renouvellement generationnel au sein de la communaute et des changements que cela entraîne sur les conceptions du militantisme. Enfin, l’arrêt de la revue en 2012 conduit a une analyse des strategies de re-appropriation du discours mediatique et de l’occupation de l’espace public par une minorite sexuelle. Travailler sur Lesbia Magazine c’est aussi prendre en compte son caractère d’organe de presse unique a destination de la communaute homosexuelle. Notre revue n’a en effet souffert d’aucune concurrence stable sur le marche en près de vingt ans de publication, ce qui en fait un cas unique de discours mediatique sans contre-pouvoir. Cette caracteristique explique egalement que Lesbia Magazine ait ete considere comme une reference au sein de la communaute lesbienne et plus particulièrement pour la generation des annees 1990. Notre travail tend a souligner la place du periodique en tant que vitrine de l’histoire des lesbiennes. Publie par un groupe de femmes, pour la plupart homosexuelles, en grande majorite militantes, dans un contexte d’emergence de la lutte pour l’egalite des sexes dans la sphère publique, Lesbia offre un temoignage de la recherche de visibilite de cette communaute. Sa ligne editoriale nous renseigne sur les sujets qui ont ete les plus traites par les redactrices, ceux qui ont provoque le plus de debats parmi les lectrices, les sujets qui ont ete ignores, ceux dont le traitement a evolue avec le temps, etc. Toutefois notre recherche ne se limite pas a l’analyse de Lesbia en tant qu’observateur et relais de son temps. L’interêt que nous portons au rôle et a l’impact de Lesbia Magazine sur ses lectrices est ainsi mis en avant par la seconde citation extraite de l’ouvrage de David Gauntlett8. L’assertion donnee par l’auteur resume de manière effective, quoique succincte, le paradoxe dans lequel se situe le courant historiographique des etudes sur les medias. De tels travaux ne remontent qu’aux annees 1980. Avant cette periode, les historiens s’etaient en effet surtout penches sur l’histoire de la presse avec une approche politique et litteraire. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, fut realisee une « histoire scientifique des journaux »9 avec une instauration d’inventaires de quotidiens et periodiques menant a la realisation de synthèses sur la presse en 8 David GAUNTLETT, op.
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