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CEU eTD Collection

TOWARDS A HISTORY OF LESBIAN SADOMASOCHISM IN THE In partial PASSION, POLITICS, ANDPOLITICALLY INCORRECT SEX: Submitted tothe Submitted Main supervisor: Francisca de Haan fulfilment Second reader: Anne

of the requirements of the Department ofGenderCentral Studies, European University Women's and Gender Studies B USA 1975 Anna RobinsonAnna udapest, Hungary - Marie KorteMarie 2015

for the Erasmus Mundus Master's Degree MundusMaster'sfor in theErasmus by

- (Central European University) 1993

(Utrecht University) (Utrecht

CEU eTD Collection

TOWARDS A HISTORY OF LESBIAN SADOMASOCHISM IN THE In partial PASSION, POLITICS, ANDPOL Submitted tothe DepartmentSubmitted ofGenderCentral Studies, European University Main supervisor: Francisca de Haan (CentralEuropean University) fulfilment Second reader: Anne

Approved by of the requirements for the Erasmus MundusMaster's requirements forof the theErasmus Women's and Gender Studies Budapest, Hungary USA 1975 Anna RobinsonAnna : ______-

Marie KorteMarie University) (Utrecht 2015 by

ITICALLY INCORRECT SEX:

- 1993

______

Degree in

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and and as legal scholar scholar legal

too, and too,

f hi aaye cn e ple t te S context US the to applied be can analyses their of prominent ” Gay (1989, p.101) historian

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ven ven the United States United the

. Umm (at least in Canada) in least (at 12

had resonances had Shane Phelan’s perspec Phelan’s Shane

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n i Khan’s personal recollection suggests, the issue of lesbian SM SM lesbian of issue the suggests, recollection personal Khan’s i

(2005) . the coolingthe down oig o Power to Coming .

lyn te hr: h Wr o Sx Work Sex of Work The Whore: the Playing

(US) - in Europe and some English some and Europe in masochisme (V.S.S.M.). Furthermore, Sheila Jeffries describes describes Jeffries Sheila Furthermore, (V.S.S.M.). masochisme orpy r aoaohs (s/m) sadomasochism or nography , came also from Polish, German, and British readers. A Māori A readers. British and German, Polish, from also came , - nuclearisation of the issue in the mid the in issue the of nuclearisation – . She recalls, She . . 4) , although the sex wars were raging in the U the in raging were wars sex the although ,

was completely was Khan notes that there is less literature concerning literature less is there that notes Khan . Even so, Khan emphasises that while in academic and and academic in while that emphasises Khan so, Even . 8

tive on tive

lists lesbian SM groups in Germany, the UK and and UK the Germany, in groups SM lesbian lists

(but notend)

body (Khan 2008, p.170) 2008, (Khan starti out V.S.S.M., suggesting that they had contact contact had they that suggesting V.S.S.M., out

America “although I began my began I “although of literature of g to ng

un a

- ware at the time of any ‘war’ any of time the at ware page booklet entitled booklet page

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ing traditional gendered gendered traditional ing to late 19 late to (Jeffreys 1993, p.171) 1993, (Jeffreys rious argument andrious argument

ngcountries (2014) ” 21, p.1) (2014, (Davis 1981, p.9) 1981, (Davis undergradu e very journal, journal, very 11 . Nevertheless, Nevertheless, . 90s in a future future a in 90s What Color is is Color What .

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The Rubenstein is a university archive is housed at Duke, an elite private university in North Carolina. It It Carolina. North in university private elite an Duke, at housed is archive university a is Rubenstein The ethods and m ethods and rainl omnte wr forming were communities ernational e the ted n Canada, in

f o Agls n Suhr California Southern and Angeles Los of

rothy Al rothy ai M Rbnti Rr Bo & Manus & Book Rare Rubenstein M. David probably bec probably aterials rm aiu gorpia lctos rud America. around locations geographical various from lrey ore from sourced largely , lison’s papers recording her interest in SM, her involvement with LSM, with involvement her SM, in interest her recording papers lison’s are run entirely by volunteers, and are dedicated solely to lesbian history. The LHA is is LHA The history. lesbian to solely dedicated are and volunteers, by entirely run are na ive range of materials and has has and materials of range ive

(Rubenstein) York w

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holds sex radical writer and and writer radical sex holds ahr hn M specifically SM than rather

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(1989, p.101) (1989,

Canadian (LHA) ,

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ONE

battles were mostly fought around the issue of issue the around fought mostly were battles hs archives These (ONE) (ONE) 9 , whether for or against it, I it, against or for whether,

National Gay & Lesbian Lesbian & Gay National pcaie rsac cnes nldn the including centers research specialized Los

eir materials in advance online and register as as register and online advance in materials eir (Mazer), (Mazer), ,

rp Lbay Dk Uiest in University Duke Library, cript has a staff of highly trained professional professional trained highly of staff a has Angeles I rely I have been have West Coast Lesbian Collections) Lesbian Coast West Lesbian Sex Mafia (LSM Mafia Sex Lesbian 20, p.29) (2008, span

on extensively. At ONE, the ONE, At extensively. on US ty with stays n t and , diverse t

he he able to able n ac 21 whe 2015 March in e eba Herstory Lesbian he ue ae Lesbian Mazer June . h Rubenstein The

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In ope In Figure Figure ad h LA I LHA, the and , ning these files, I suppose I self I suppose I files, these ning I paid particular attention particular paid I 4 ) . 14

, a a , Northampton ae been have have

found a huge number of lesbian periodicals whose letters to letters whose periodicals lesbian of number huge a found - identified as a “pro a as identified

- . The LHA also holds the newsletters of Shelix of newsletters the holds also LHA The . based able to access access to able are “no barriers to access and there is no censoring of materials materials of censoring no is there and access to barriers “no are Archive (SMA) he runs in Northampton. He told me that the the that me told He Northampton. in runs he (SMA) Archive LGBT 10

archive - SM reader”. Strangely enough, when I asked Ben Ben asked I when enough, Strangely reader”. SM ie o S, s el s oe n anti on some as well as SM, on files

, open only to pro to only open , ay 14, 2015). ay14, - SM researchers SM

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Bet (now Ben) Power's Ben) (now Bet

( 1989, 1989,

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Shelix Special Collection, LHA). Collection, Special Shelix and fears of fears and

poetd bt lo acsil” This “accessible”. also but “protected” 1989

letter to Deb Edel, one of the founders founders the of one Edel, Deb to letter

Power requests that the Shelix newsletters be newsletters Shelix the that requests Power mns S pol “ people SM amongst

who might access these newsletters and for what purpose. We purpose. what for and newsletters these access might who 11

a s long as S/M women & men can find find can men & women S/M as long s ,

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“pro ofthe figures key with only I spoke as hd oe mi crepnec with correspondence email some had also I On Our Backs Our On .

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Pleasure and Danger and Pleasure (1984 the

d dd oe re itriw wt ky figures key with interviews brief some did I I .

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, doubts doubts

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, as well as in more mainstrea more in as well as , - S other M

that - have been been have that appeared in the 1980s like 1980s the in appeared that sex” movement which has no doubt shaped my own perspective; this this perspective; own my shaped doubt no has which movement sex” sadomasochism 16

icus hs en discredited been has discourse

as had also I feminists have a sense of humo ahaveof sense feminists prima , and ,

witty, bitter and caustic humo caustic and bitter witty,

amle rae a htgahr doin photographer a Creane, Carmelle 12 ry Against Sadomasochism Against , as well as secondary sources examining the the examining sources secondary as well as , physically and emotionally emotionally and physically

a cup ofa tea thansex

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are, ok s books

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a Attitude Bad sn Jdt Butler’ Judith Using ing public about their desires, standing proudly standing desires, their about public , but f or b our off (1971

of Foucault tells us that one cannot separate cannot one that us tells Foucault of o recogni to few - ae fmns pbiain hc ws ulse betw published was which publication feminist based - tries to do justice to the to justice do to tries 1980)

and . scholars

acks

n u Backs Our On . Their Their . eban Connection Lesbiain .

17 (1970 s s notion of what it makes to “do justice to someone” (formulated with regard to to regard with (formulated someone” to justice “do to makes it what of notion s

this: e

and sd from Aside have - 1993 Coming to Power to Coming

2008) researchers use direct speech “takes place in a language that is already going on, on, going already is that language a in place “takes speech direct use researchers . T .

t e edak hy eevd fe ter is bolt a that was booklet first their after received they feedback he

his history too, can be found in the archives the in found be can too, history his

xlrd n et i catr 5. chapter in depth in explored ,

, although I although , with the passion, the humo the passion, the with ,

eba Connection Lesbian rtn frosy l furiously, writing

s n ws otl lsin eiit magazine. feminist lesbian monthly was and is stories and struggles and stories at

(2001, p.630) (2001, h M the

do (Hartsock 1987; Foucault 1980b) Foucault 1987; (Hartsock mixes erotic stories, how stories, erotic mixes 13

try to avoid the vicious sarcasm vicious the avoid to try

arch on Washington. Washington. on arch SM lesbians SM outside the White House White the outside

politics, power, confession and sex and confession power, politics, . “What might it mean to do justice to someone someone to justice do to mean it might “What . esbians

utd nwegs i m tertcl section theoretical my in knowledges” tuated (1974

and Urania in Boston, in Urania and ents of this past, a question I further explore explore further I question a past, this of ents f or backs our off een een

of SM dykes in America in dykes SM of u r and the haphazard energy haphazard the and r - ) 1975 al analysis to analysis al have have , organi

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if s

d hi on SM own their ed in their in - fantasy material fantasy only 83) .

Hera ), publications, ), . Samois at least at Samois 18

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I discuss some of the possible reasons for this in the beginning of my literature review, as well as below in my in below as well as review, literature myof beginning thein this for reasons possible the of somediscuss I

t ises with no discernable order. discernable no with ises ofr o te eul ad oil fringe. social) (and sexual the on conform In writing this history, I explore the place of sexual pleasure in pleasure sexual of place the explore I history, this writing In I mypursue In doingso, rt

, lying dormant in archives and unspoken in our lesbian elders’ elders’ lesbian our in unspoken and archives in dormant lying , and l and all three

history is crucial for a fuller understanding of lesbian and feminist historyand feminist and lesbian of understanding fuller a for crucial historyis p.11) 1980b, (Foucault community building community mobili esbian sadomasochistic esbian s have made have d n cnevd f uig h 1980s the during of conceived and ed

through various anti various through I posit that strident notions of “good” and “bad” sex have been been have sex “bad” and “good” of notions strident that posit I

sometimes rather uneasysometimes bedfellows. narrative, this thesis works thesis narrative, this Clfa 94 p.11) 1994, (Califia keyresearch question

t about lesbianism, sadomasochism lesbianism, about t and ? How did How ? Califia describes his first article on lesbian SM, “A Secret “A SM, lesbian on article first his describes Califia

defining “lesbian” defining

and feminist pro feminist and ,

hc co which hopefully - SM discursive strategies, leaving those who did who those leaving strategies, discursive SM 14 rse treatmentrse hasreceived. it h Advocate The these discourses these

Thi .

l b a acrt dsrpin f many of description accurate an be uld , hs hss ae al hs mtras as materials these all takes thesis This

s tei traces thesis s discernable orde :

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identities

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, therefore, , during this time? this during and feminism, but how but feminism, and st r. ,

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pornography movement 5 rence’s SM rence’s re hsoy of history brief T . C chapter In Cha .

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1982 entury

on my research trip to several tripto in th research on my archives pter

–

in Janice Irvine’s terms, a “moral/sex panic” “moral/sex a terms, Irvine’s Janice in briefly outline my theoretical background and my methodology my and background theoretical my outline briefly have

2 “ , - the sex warsthe sex inearnest f eae sexuality female of

coa ad h Feminist the and Scholar

heavy programmes, a programmes, heavy is a detailed historical account historical detailed a is and how these earlier treatments treatments earlier these how and 3 wt scnay literature secondary with t

I explore the explore I made the brouhaha around lesbian sadom lesbian around brouhaha the made

lesbian ng contemporary and historical discourses aroundng and discourses contemporary historical five areal

M n h Ws cat f h U, hn unn t the to turning then US, the of coast West the on SM called lesbian/ called chapters.

l discussed. beginnings of SM in the public imaginary, starting with a with starting imaginary, public the in SM of beginnings

analys Ivn 2008) (Irvine nti .

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e n a in 15 Barnard at conference

not only not minist sex wars sex minist

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ba impacted debates in the 1980s. In dealing dealing In 1980s. the in debates impacted 1 . Tainted by (false) accusations of the the of accusations (false) by Tainted . , my literature review, literature my , sed on my own primary research and a and research primary own my on sed e

what what US

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, many , ant e found be cannot I place myself in myself place I 1970s American 1970s American

re n t on . In addition In . . Foucault and and Foucault .

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rom another angle angle another rom elyd o eed themselves defend to deployed r and er . 20

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hpe five chapter

the sex panic, but had solidified a solidified had but panic, sex the to pro to

ggestions for further research further for ggestions of voices on on voices of

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–

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Lesbians of colo of Lesbians of of colour colour of Coming to Power to Coming Clfa Sent 1996) Sweenet & (Califia of slavery and colonisation” and slavery of

this size and with a limited amount of time to complete it, I was unable to unable was I it, complete to time of amount limited a with and size this is 21

inevitably I could not find much in much find not could I

s rsl, pbiain o pol o clu ivle i lahr n SM and leather in involved colour of people for publication a result, a as involved in the BDSM the in involved 20, p.109) (2006, or

constrained by constrained u r are sorely missing from from missing sorely are r had their own lesbian SM communities. Furthermore, I finish IFurthermore, communities. SM lesbian own their had

and

Against Sadomasochism Against nts, silences and disjunctures are a fundamental aspect of of aspect fundamental a are disjunctures and silences nts, Bs a lat eis o drs te on that, point the address to begins least at Basu . (Reti 1993) ,

formation within my time period time my within formation

, and this remains true whether one is an advocate for for advocate an is one whether true remains this and

certain limitations, both practical and theoretical. and practical both limitations, certain

scene (as it was called by then by called was it (as scene and

I am unsure I r reflects the different ways radicalised subjects and women and subjects radicalised ways different the reflects r 17 nesig eiim Ciiun Lesbian Critiquing Feminism: Unleashing .

While there is more writing by and about about and by writing more is there While

lesbian this thesis, and indeed from the majority majority the from indeed and thesis, this .

without examining its relation to the the to relation its examining without

: T he Second Coming: A Leatherdyke Leatherdyke A Coming: Second he

SM SM are published, the sequels of sequels the published, . ) 22

regions that felt the felt that regions in the mid the in

itra Kathleen historian “No evidence” “No - leather contingent in in contingent leather (VanLammeren (VanLammeren - 1990s to 1990s visit all visit ed “as a a “as Black

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during the 1980s and early 1990s early and 1980s the during Gay and Lesbian and Gay .

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y rjc i nt dqaey theori adequately not is project my 18

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e many other publications publications other many e between the the between (Califia 1988b) (Califia . 08 Bur 04 Wis 2011) Weiss 2014; Bauer 2008; fr h ms part, most the for , While some SM lesbians were committed committed were lesbians SM some While a , we , t e, nd with more time and more creative creative more and time more with nd

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organized safety workshops (Shelix workshops safety organized Bcmn 20; emh 2011; Newmahr 2009; (Beckmann

lesbian e better addressed. better e 25 Indeed,

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the concerned , and many others others many and , . Robin Bauer’s Bauer’s Robin . SM SM s d for ed, (Bauer 2008, 2008, (Bauer

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CEU eTD Collection events LGBT takenat 28 27 m garner stance inclusive trans LSM’s remembers, Allison Dorothy as but beginning, the from women trans welcomed Mafia, Sex Lesbian and 26 grow, the possibility sotoowill for and more 5). Figure see 2015; 14 March comm, pers. (Bursh, period Metropolitan London the to Archives gathered has she everything donate will director the done sex and SM the in active women from materials a of too aware am I University. Duke to donated were papers Allison’s Dorothy yearthat same the 2010, in launched (WLHP) Project Cornell, by acquired were and Urania of restricted or out blacked remain clima such to donated be to my thesis. issue an festivals, music women’s in inclusion of question the to comes it when relevant particularly also were dykes SM at thrown accusations same the of Many thesis. my in absent notably and researched

e being a trans man and being a member(briefly)” a being and man transa being e What is particularly interesting about the photos in Volcano’s photos in Figure 5 5 Figure in photos Volcano’s in photos the about interesting particularly is What the of folders example,some For Shelix like groups, SM Some spaces. these in unwelcome been have women trans lesbian and dykes SM Both that women are beginning to reali to beginning are women that te is appreciative of the knowledge they hold, although many of the names in archives in names the of many although hold, they knowledge the of appreciative is te Some archives remain in th in remain archives Some transgender of issue The that (Bush 2014) (Bush 26

arose particularly in the early 1990s, falling just outside the period included in included period the outside just falling 1990s, early the in particularly arose Outrageous Women Outrageous official used against trans dykes, such as their complicit their as such dykes, trans against used –

I would love to pursue further the concept of being SM in public political moments. political inSM public being of the concept pursuewould further to love I

Del LaGrace Volcano is also planning to exhibit more works from this this from works more exhibit to planning also is VolcanoLaGrace Del ed controversy ed archives. It is perhaps only now that enough temporal distance exists distance temporal enough that now only perhaps is It archives.

and

Outrageous Women Outrageous

the Leather Museum and Archives Women’s Leather History Leather Women’s Archives and Museum Leather the . 27

e and men

e hands of personal collectors and are only just beginning just only are and collectors personal of hands e magazine and the the and magazine As recently As (2007, p.60) (2007, s e the importance of their records their of importance the e ouetr rjc i h UK the in project documentary (pers. c (pers. oe i te movement the in women 19

collection cannot be accessed until 2060. until 2060. accessed be cannot collection . as

Ben Power recalls how Urania Urania how recalls Power Ben - positive scene in the 1980s; once the film is film the once 1980s; the in scene positive omm, 14 May2015). omm,14 2014 the Schlesinger acquired the records the acquired Schlesinger the 2014 detailed On Our Backs Our On

study. study. 28

s h acie themselves archives the As

y with patriarchy. This is is This patriarchy. with y

and Susie Bright Susie and is that many these photos are are photos many these that is ,

o, ean under remains too, and and “ had a hard time with time hard a had th feel the political political the feel at is collecting collecting is

records records

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what I looked like and dressed like, all through the 80s and 90s,” and 90s,” 80s the through all like, Ilooked dressed like and what The archive The .

6 (Cook & Schwartz 200 Schwartz & (Cook However,

nces and spend long, uncomfortable nights in hotel beds to find them. Archival material has already already has material Archival them. find to beds hotel in nights uncomfortable long, spend and nces Ben Power at the SMA in 2014, which is also his home, standing in front of his portrait. his portrait. of in front standing his home, isalso which in 2014, SMA the at Power Ben

has no Origins and no Truth to hand out to those historians who can find the funding to travel to funding the find can who historians those to out hand to Truth no and Origins no has as

Derrida punnily points out in “ in out points punnily Derrida

2, p.1) 2, ores and prejudices of the time. For a fascinating and geographically geographically and fascinating a For time. the of prejudices and ores . 29

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worth worth . Mal d’archive Mal

saving, and who has the resources to resources the has who and saving, attempt to highlight to attempt he says. “I was into the leather scene” leather the into was “I says. ” or “Archive Fever”, the the Fever”, “Archive or ”

the inherent lack inherent the Archive Stories Archive “That’s “That’s

in in

CEU eTD Collection ethnography excellent 32 31 homes? private youintotheir welcome collect informationthey may librarians the where Cornell, LHA, or SMA the and at versus sensitivity, Duke or knowledge specific no Harvard, have say, at information of kind this accessing comfortable of founding 30 issue ofcataloguesfull ofe an many have papers Allison’s Dorothy and boutiques, toy and leather for advertisements play psychological about largely be 2015) 23, democratic be to tries it when even is, process archival the elitist how collection this acquired who university discrimination. history” records. silence camp, way the of 7 significant,Barbiesmall but thatnobody doll an including SM SM. to opposed were they because before time (some Oakland the at prestigious donate and maintain

) For excellent discussions of the queer archive, see Ann Cvetkovich AnnCvetkovich see archive, queer ofthe excellent discussions For of records the acquiring about talks in apparently also is Yale For a discussion of consumerism in the modern day BDSM community, see chapter 3 of Margot Weiss’ Weiss’ Margot of 3 chapter see community, BDSM day modern the in consumerism of discussion a For . She kept me kept She . June June Nevertheless

31 and institutional and institutional neglect ofqueerlives .

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pri ae Lsin Archives Lesbian Mazer that that vate universities are now the guardians of these records these of guardians the now are universities vate –

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Warner also states that this is the only study of its kind, and it remains true remains it and kind, its of study only the is this that states also Warner in an for White Chris See t rocketed Rihanna singer “The silence: this to exception one The i ginal theori ginal . No similar legal event occurred in the US specifically regarding SM, although issues about sexuality sexuality about issues although SM, regarding specifically US the in occurred event legal similar No . .

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in (Jay & Young 1978) Young&(Jay

cn wr i gy n lsin tde rcce te ae tr aot o th how about story same the recycles studies lesbian and gay in work ecent or simply silence silence simply or s part of a larger collection of philosophical debates about the morality, ethics or or ethics morality, the about debates philosophical of collection larger a of part s

feminist lesbian histories and Gayle Rubin, 1994; Thompson, 1991) Thompson, 1994; Rubin, Gayle s

No Turning Back: the History of Feminism and the Future of Women of Future the and Feminism of History the Back: Turning No o patriarchy to “

ou o Sadomasochism on Forum (Faderman 1991) (Faderman . .

Body Politic Body Lavender Culture Culture Lavender (Rupp 2009; Crow 2000; Rosen 2000; Freedman 2007; Baxandall 2007; Freedman 2000; Rosen 2000; Crow 2009; (Rupp s n pedx o e hsoy 19, pp.171 (1993, history her to appendix an as Cr 19; efes 1993) Jeffreys 1995; (Card

published a complaint letter to the Canadian Broadcasting association for theirfor association Broadcasting the Canadian to letter complaint a published ,

and is important for understanding the kinds of role models and models role of kinds the understandingfor important is and While it is certainly not certainly is it While wo pages wo . (Freedman 2002, p.270) 2002, (Freedman

In some of the classic histories of the feminist movement, feminist the of histories classic the of some In 39

ject that turned out to be just plain boring)”. Would the reaction be be reaction the Would boring)”. plain just be to out turned that ject

in (Whittier 1995, pp.238 1995, (Whittier

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at all

domination .

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CEU eTD Collection initial its since queried been theorisation has accuracy its although relationships, term long in sex have to ceasing lesbians the in SM with pages three only are there when b on entire focus to minor rather be to seems it and argument this of 43 Martin example, for (see, Duberman’s movement rights gay the of beginning the some by considered is It 1969. in Village 42 unwritten left narratives their that spaces the into SM fit to me allowed above study? my 1.3 Key study overdue. oflesbian iswell SM frankly Reina encyclopedia long page 263) death on at suggests even America Century context. America (2012) from solely garnered Boryczka th was crucial, butwhatwas it exactly remain understanding

Nevertheless Faderman’s claims could be true, but in my research at least I have not come across any mention any across come not have I least at research my in but true, be could claims Faderman’s Nevertheless Ston is

. period 43 ” ewall refers to an uprising of gay and transgender people at the Stonewall Inn in New York City’s West West City’s York New in Inn Stonewall the at people transgender and gay of uprising an to refers ewall

ook. The term “lesbian bed death” was coined by Pepper Schwartz and refers to the phenomenon of of phenomenon the to refers and Schwartz Pepper by coined was death” bed “lesbian term The ook. . ei, naos o hr eeet ad oeie, s e il e i catr four, chapter in see will we as sometimes, (and vehement her for infamous Lewis,

, – Considering these Considering nearly 1000 epic, the in on SM entry all isthe no mentionat than Perhaps worse even notable some are There

secondary secondary

semd itra Lil historian Esteemed ridiculous , and

(Blumstein 1983) (Blumstein

Stonewall too, includes a chapter on lesbian sadomasochism, but the information seems to be to seems information the but sadomasochism, lesbian on chapter a includes too, Using the well the Using that sees sees s

of the lesbian past lesbian the of

include moderate mention of SM, SM, of mention moderate include has a few pages on SM, sometimes from an odd perspective indeed perspective odd an from sometimes SM, on pages few a has d Girl Odd )

les (1994) anti , texts pit ht ay ebas a SM saw lesbians many that point e Coming to Power to Coming bian SM as a small hiccup in the history of sexuality of history the in hiccup small a as SM bian . ). - eba Hsois n Cultures and Histories Lesbian - M stance SM

many many

establishe

ad wlgt oes A itr o Lsin Life Lesbian of History A Lovers: Twilight and s

exceptions. For example, the example, For exceptions. instances l a Fdra’ cnncl et s n xml fo the from example an is text canonical Faderman’s ian .

A d body of work on feminist and lesbian history I mention mention I history lesbian and feminist on work of body d

ccording to them, the lesbian past lesbian the them, to ccording Zmemn 03 pp.659 2003, (Zimmerman

and

of lack, who lack, of s

Against Sadomasochism Against unclear 30

. 42

Hae 19; re 1 Green 1996; (Healey

did I did s wy f avoiding of way a as I i witn y oe te than other none by written is It . UK utilise

– has two books dedicated to dedicated books two has 661) , with no specific details specific no with ,

to . either

substantively lal, n in an Clearly,

lacked (1991, pp.260 (1991, , or in the case case the in or ,

997) n Twentieth in “ lesbian bed bed lesbian

Joanna . SM

ground - depth depth -

or it or she – - CEU eTD Collection sources theoretical and insights the my they provide dominate thesis. with. engage rigorously to able was I that argument strong a present publications and events key the of some kind its of first the as significant while BDSM, lesbian on thesis longer other many were a early as disbanded already was it fact in when SM lesbian for synecdoche a of somewhat become has Samois members, Samois as and now, and then both topic this Rubin 2000) Rubin’s and to continued have personally and as political. personal the understand to how over fighting of impact intimate the gauge me helped 1980s the during activists as experiences their about essays of collections Hollibaugh’s Amber and News Community Gay his 2006) Hunter & (Duggan climate political wider the on perspective crucial a also was wars sex the documenting essays sex/anti 1991) challenge Faderman, of toricising this period of period this toricising . Hwvr I m atos hn t c it when cautious am I However, . , writing from their specific and similar positionalites similar and specific their from writing , Phelan Gayle Rubin and Pat Califia Califia Pat and Rubin Gayle - radical feminist side feminist radical

Dev

and Echols’ work on lesbian feminism were also useful, if biased to the pro the to biased if useful, also were feminism lesbian on work Echols’ and about iations iations

do so today so do SM and feminism and SM

(

GCN and complexify and - o oh ata n dooia information ideological and factual both for atn gop spotn M ebas nationwide. lesbians SM supporting groups lasting . feminist For a feeling of the time, and an insight into queer presents presents queer into insight an and time, the of feeling a For ) during the 1980s the during ) (Echols 1989; Phelan 1989) Phelan 1989; (Echols . I consulted both of their collected essays, Califia’s Califia’s essays, collected their of both consulted I .

history, Hoffman’s memoir of her time as an editor at the at editor an as time her of memoir Hoffman’s history, are important important are

, replicates this replicates , her account her

at the time (as openly SM openly (as time the at ms o eyn to evl o ei on heavily too relying to omes 31

was invaluable was and often lone often and (Rosen 2000; Freedman 2002; Faderman 2002; Freedman 2000; (Rosen

focus on Samois (2011), and (2011), Samois on focus . Duggan and Hunter’s collection of collection Hunter’s and Duggan . As most the prolific writers on on writers prolific the most As . (2007) voices who wrote who voices

and an excellent outline of outline excellent an and

- identified lesbians) and lesbians) identified .

(Rubin 2011b; Califia 2011b; (Rubin Nevertheless, primary Nevertheless, Both Dorothy Allison Dorothy Both s 1983, and there and 1983, s

Alex Warner’s Alex hr aii o Califia ther Public Sex Public

positively does not does r -

CEU eTD Collection See (1950). Society Mattachine moveme and 1952) in (founded Bilitis Gallo’s of Marcia Daughters as such way this in themselves 45 Weeks. Jeffrey and Wilson 44 the towards of part equality, social increased to avenue quickest time. benef politically is which of that parallels out. left be would types unruly present the in claims political their justify th into looking lesbians and gays by written tomes and wh not remains sadomasochism mainstream even of door mi of importance f placards self and newsletters first the subjectivities minoritarian include to history T 1.4 1.4

he Many of the first generations of gay and lesbian historians came from activist backgrounds, such as Elizabeth Elizabeth as such backgrounds, activist from came historians lesbian and gay of generations first the of Many y hmpie I en h frt a ad eba rgt groups rights lesbian and gay first the mean I “homophile” By .1

TheoreticalFramework Approach and “ last few decades have seen seen have decades few last 45 politicallycorrect Queering gay dominate who men ite nt When we consider the origins of the histories of sexual minorities, mostly essentialist mostly minorities, sexual of histories the of origins the consider we When n h 15s n truh ot f h 16s asmlto ws huh t b the be to thought was assimilation 1960s, the of most through and 1950s the In

ie gy n lsin itr “ae out” “came history lesbian and gay time, (2006) or paper or “ respectabl ifrn Daughters Different .

hs nw s h iea “ as time the as known those norities and their subjugated knowledges has by now a firm footing in the the in footing firm a now by has knowledges subjugated their and norities - writing

and lesbian history lesbian and - ulse bolt it aaei, and academia, into booklets published

” e homosexual from the more repugnant queer repugnant more the from homosexual e

lesbians. an almost untouched minority hist minority untouched almost an , a shift that was noted even at the time time the at even noted was that shift a , ca t icial

the sexual the institutionali

for an excellent history of the Daughters of Bilitis and the homophile homophile the and Bilitis of Daughters the of history excellent an for a te oiat rn o “ of brand dominant the o

development of social history social of development ht h floig eae hv se i a process a is seen have decades following the What

history (for e (for s d h ed

(Scott 1991; Scott 1999) Scott 1991; (Scott 32 homophile

xample, Boswell, 1980) Boswell, xample, of the 1980s the of istory, and yet, the history of of history the yet, and istory,

e past to see themselves reflected and and reflected themselves see to past e rm h pgs of pages the from wider a

” in the US in the 1950s, who identified identified who 1950s, the in US the in

ory within a minority history. minority a within ory write a ad l and gay , but , ,

some and the so the and homophile s a rs:

(Zimmerman 1980) (Zimmerman gay male sadomasochists male gay ”

. esbian” a atvss swapped activists gay

desire to promote that that promote to desire Thus (Houlbrook & Waters & (Houlbrook , it makes sense that sense makes it , 90 “ 1950s - - called widening of calledwidening rvn movement driven ,

in the 1980s for for 1980s the in

oiis f the of politics homophile lesbian lesbian . 44

It i It The that ” s

CEU eTD Collection between rupturea as Stonewall on reliesliberation pas the touching mode ofresult inour making past the of accumulation an as genealogy of definition and continuity of recognition for allows w this In blows. exchange they as time same 1970s the at even knowledge exchange actors feminist which the in ways the me to represents anecdote from manual lib women’s old an from directly garnered Dor shocked, inspired, act political a touch sexual exclusionary” community” p.40) 2007, these imagine to able being on depends present the in homosexuality” us toward progress their of inevitability the of sense (even history 'our' theorist be ofthese seena ofrespectability. continuation politics as p.145) 2006, othy Allison’s Lesbian Sex Mafia was based entirely on consciousness raising techniques techniques raising consciousness on entirely based was Mafia Sex Lesbian Allison’s othy ities sprung from a desire for “ for desire a from sprung ities n h 1970s the In as Just rs time cross Heather Love posits that posits Love Heather . It comes from a from comes It . . dsie h well the despite , . In many ways, the lesbian feminist movement’s repugnanc movement’s feminist lesbian the ways, many In .

ht a rsle i a rlnls rtr” f “ a of return” “relentless a is resulted has What (Joseph 2002) (Joseph 1950s (Love 2007, p.3) 2007, (Love t than with renouncing it renouncing with than t

”

comforted if (1999

we n 1980s and “ homophiles

know p.21) , .

and be given the imaginative ammunition imaginative the given be and desire to represent the past so that people in the present can present the in people that so past the represent to desire Indeed, - we shouldn’t shouldn’t we on ah exposing paths worn lsin eiit were feminists lesbian , . . Modern que Modern .

queer historians and critics are too emotionally invested emotionally too are critics and historians queer ” For me though, though, me For

were emotionally invested in their public image, public their in invested emotionally were

partial que Carolyn Dinshaw suggests that her study of medieval medieval of study her that suggests Dinshaw Carolyn er , and trying to move to trying and ,

, affective connection, for community, for even a even for community, for connection, affective , prese id of kinds 33 be), be), ay my conception of hi of conception my ay ers are their future, and thus “ thus and future, their are ers dis

nt nt continuities, rather than the erotic/affective the than rather continuities, approaching “ approaching “ (Foucault 1980a, p.139) the period of period the writing –

progress;

of their place in the in place their of t s “ as it figures reaching out to [them]” to out reaching figures

y n large and by

itr i ad il las e a be always will and is history osraie discip conservative, fo

uh oe ie Foucault’s like more much figures from the past with a with past the from figures r ‘ ward twilight lovers twilight celebratory discourse discourse celebratory story is non is story .

The discourse of gay of discourse The to es concerned less e with SM can also can SM with e (1994) dream of a future. a of dream history of modern of history .

[ their] existence their] . This small small This . ’ , shame andshame , - iig and lining linear, but linear,

(Love queer queer with

be be of in

CEU eTD Collection becomespre the evidence of in p.101) actors” historical silenced previously of voices audible render to history social of pr the “represented it that in concept foundational a was time one at experience noted, has Canning as that, fact that despite is This narratives. historical existing into experiences emphasised. static a as S recog a as sadomasochist lesbian 1988) D’Emilio 1989; identity sexual stable a representing as instead but acts, single theori famously century. twentieth 2.1) in discussed Freud, Sigmund and Ellis, Havelock sexologists the to back traced be can sexuality of history the of field the history. lesbian andgay about writing for field playing the transformed work Foucault’s 1.4 pornography work) and sex it replaced shadows tudying sexual perverts without critical reflection on the power of language entrenches them entrenches language of power the on reflection critical without perverts tudyingsexual .2 creating

Foucault and and historyFoucault the . This . ”

n the and

(Koksi & Tilchen 1994, p.263) 1994, Tilchen & (Koksi naturally occurring group rather than a discursive construction, as Foucault has has Foucault as construction, discursive a than rather group occurring naturally n reveals t s o eog t mrl isr acut o taiinly marginalised traditionally of accounts insert merely to enough not is It trlsd aeois f ifrne Ta i, xeine f ifrne itself difference of experience is, That difference. of categories aturalised s ed by Michel Foucault, in which sexual sexual which in Foucault, Michel by ed ru ad unified and proud hs poess ee at f rfaig f hnig bu sexuality, about thinking of reframing a of part were processes These

the existence and oppression of homosexuals and others but it also aids also it but others and homosexuals of oppression and existence the . hs s cuil nih fr y hss s tak h eegne of emergence the track I as thesis my for insight crucial a is This

have been - existing categoriesdifferenceexisting of of sexuality

ial sxa (u nt las a I xli) category. explain) I as always, not (but sexual nisable and part of shame and of liberation. shame shadows,part notdyke

‘ the development of understandings of sadomasochism sadomasochism of understandingsof development the dyke

n psychoanalysts and

. ’ Domin 34

‘ woman ation and submission (and butch (and submission and ation

- acts were not simply considered as as considered simply not were acts

dniid woman identified okn aon te un f the of turn the around working (Scott

Rcad o Kraft von (Richard Fual 18b Halperin 1980b; (Foucault 1991, p.777) ’

sisterhood .

- - Ebbing, Ebbing, f

emme,

(2006, (2006, omise omise Both Both tha t CEU eTD Collection 47 womenbyalready SM to (pp.86 Zoftig 46 discourses, and powers pleasures an internalisedor and submission, repression was whetherthis revealingtruth, inner an sex players in the had investment the debatesreveal fa racism, inner an reflect desires her opponent, her groups” recog the deserves struggle Samois span, time thesis’ my during that wrote never himself Foucault Although “the was homosexual nowa species,” he wr context the in me for out sticks always lines famous Foucault’s of in experience of diversity the as models, choice free to way”

See “Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women” Women” for ATheory Power: on “Foucault See of age the from fantasies SM having describes often Califia example, For os h sekn, h pstos n vepit fo wih hy pa, the speak, they which from viewpoints things thatare said and positions ab speak to people prompt which the institutions speaking, the does who discover to about, spoken is it that fact the for accountto but it; designate to uses its whether denies or permissions, importance its or asserts one prohibitions formulates one whether sex, to no or yes says one whether determine to not is instance), first the in least (at then issue, central The again and again returns thesis This was a secr indef and insidious their was it because actions his all of root the at him: in present everywhere w that nothing hom like SM, Yet could wri could (1979, p.2) (1979, - 96) and Sophie Schumuckler (pp.97 Schumuckler Sophie and 96) initely active principle; written immodestly on his face and body because it it because body and face his on immodestly written principle; active initely et that always gaveet itselfaway that always te, “ te, . The lesbian sadomasochist lesbian The .

involved involved w ent into his total composition composition total his into ent e believe that sadomasochists are an oppressed sexual minority. Our Our minority. sexual oppressed an are sadomasochists that believe e osexuality, is self is osexuality, (Foucault 1980b,p.11) (Foucault

iin n spot f te sxa mnrte ad oppressed and minorities sexual other of support and nition (Samois 1981; Zoftig 1981; Schmuckler 1982) Schmuckler Zoftig1981; (Samois1981;

(1980, p.11)

lesbian sadomasochist sadomasochist lesbian

about lesbian SM lesbian about - (Hartsock 1987) (Hartsock 100) describe their forays into the scene later on, introduced introduced on, later scene the into forays their describe 100) , implicitly and explicitly and implicitly , i - te conceptuali a 35 . s n aggressive masculine dominance. Foucault explain , effects, or whether one refines the words one one words the refines one whether or effects,

is also marked by her sex her by marked also is (Foucault 1980b,p.43) (Foucault .

s out it and which store and dist and store which and it out was cism, violence and patriarchy. and violence cism,

s . ed in various ways various in ed

unaffected by his sexuality. It was was It sexuality. his by unaffected

(or women in general) in women (or “ a nw n identity an now was Coming to Power to Coming s , two two

. of sadomasochism. of (Wechsler 1981) (Wechsler

to Foucault’s notion of notion Foucault’s to .

uality: according to according uality: ,

from “born this this “born from

shows. ,

47 ”

while I 1979 In .

ribute the ribute I suggest I The SM SM The 46 Since Sarah Sarah

One

CEU eTD Collection practices. other and discursive withspecific interact knowledge and power discourse, which colle the Foucault, about talking for 48 that about information our of terms in violence or drugtakingdeviance, sexual say, of episode ways” stereotypical highly “a ef snowball a with panics moral creating moral threat extraordinarysocial “ sociologi action political into values moral a words, of other terms In community. in of thought be can SM over crises The 1 histories ofpsychology and some, for and homosexuality, sadomasochism. both of pathologisation the question to began disorders wh in ways 1993) Kennedy 1989; Halperin 2000; Duggan context temporal and political geographical, grounded firmly sexuality of versions offering proliferated, subjects lesbian panic along the way disc Foucauldian In folk devil folk .4

Taking Stuart Hall’s definition, I use “discourse” to mean “a group of statements which provide a language language a provide which statements of group “a mean to “discourse” use I definition, Hall’s Stuart Taking .3 Sex panics ourse” panic In the wake of Foucault and social history, social constructivist histories of gay and and gay of histories constructivist social history, social and Foucault of wake the In st Stanley Cohen’s 1964 theori 1964 Cohen’s Stanley st

” through violent and dramatic actions and letters to the editor, constituting a sex a constituting editor, the to letters and actions dramatic and violent through

” c a udrtnig f Foucauld of understanding an ich can be understood as understood be can

Hrt 09 p.5) 2009, (Herdt –

ction of statements that work together can be named a “discursive formation” “discursive a named be can together work that statements of ction i.e. a way of representing representing of way a i.e. em te, hs hss xlrs h wy i wih eba S i “u into “put is SM lesbian which in ways the explores thesis this then, terms

This thesis, then, sits sits then, thesis, This

(Foucault 1980b, p.11; Irvine(Foucault2008) 1980b,p.11; ”

(Krinsky 2013, p.5) 2013, (Krinsky the history

“ h pltcl oet f sex, of moment political the (c .

ited ” “ Cohen

deviant individ deviant Ivn 08 p.235) 2008, (Irvine – n rnk 21, p.4) 2013, Krinsky in right

of a particular kind of knowledge about a topic” topic” a about knowledge of kind particular a fect, representing the actors and actions concerned in concerned actions and actors the representing fect,

s US mhszs h importan the emphasizes of ation

on the intersection of the history of sexuality, the the sexuality, of history the of intersection the on 36 feminism DEii 18; ru 20; isa 1999; Dinshaw 2002; Traub 1988; (D’Emilio . .

a booiis mat eiiin o sexual of definitions impact biopolitics ian

A sex panic is then a then is panic sex A In addition, critical studies questioning the the questioning studies critical addition, In uals or groups seen as embodying a new or or new a embodying as seen groups or uals “ moral panics and folk and panics moral

. . 48

The term The

“ e panic sex ” .

He explains, “we react to an an to react “we explains, He or “ ce the “s

ex panic ex “ ” of the mass media in in media mass the of transmogrification form or subspecies of of subspeciesor form ihn h feminist the within

devils”

(2006, p.165) (2006, in their social, social, their in ”

oe f comes - (1972)

the way in in way the rom . For . .

of of A CEU eTD Collection history. exploring this preserving to and mewhocommitted are and helped have who orientations sexual p.xiii) simi a challenge to wish I token, same the By publish. and write to time take lesbians these that responses and challenges smart the of because anti is directly This confusion. and rethinking ofthinking, myjourney own on been have I and challenged and sadomasochism lesbian about feelings own my that found have I past, the from figures these and material this with time more and more spent 2011a) Rubin 2006; Hunter 49 (1997) Haraway from know We position. specific their from knowledge specific a produces actor intellectual each which in knowledges”, “situated of notion (1988) Haraway’s Donna scholar p.24) (1987, “moralit and narrativising, processof inevitable profession empirical, feminism. wave third and texts theory queer certain as past, the of feminists lesbian of activism earnest the of fun pro is politics queer of position the from (which side “right” the with Iover which in history awrite not I must activismpositive sex and queer in involved past community lesbian “lost” a of notion utopian or activism social of kind a 1.4 explain helpproportion representati can panic moral a of concept the thesis, my in show will I As ampli deviance”(deviance targeted the suppressing c devils” “folk on focus intense The of type that for level d our toleranceand behaviour our is), it typical (how phenomenon of class particular

edn acut o te eid rm “pro from period the of accounts Reading .4

. In doing this research I have b have I research this doing In . How to How

This thesi This that the concept of the “modest witness”, the researcher (or historian!) whose whose historian!) (or researcher the witness”, “modest the of concept the that . This .

write queerwrite history? feminist lar, generational attack that young people don’t know the history anymore anymore history the know don’t people young that attack generational lar, s is s is very much in line with the epistemology espoused by espoused epistemology the with line in much very is irect experience irect Ide, s itra Hye Wie eid u, rtn hsoy s an is history writing us, reminds White Hayden historian as Indeed, . underlined by a desire to write and complexify the queer past as part of of part as past queer the complexify and write to desire a by underlined on inthe cultural duringon imaginary the1980s

it is easy to see the other s other the see to easy is it , to celebrate the triumphs and the shame, and to trouble an idealistic idealistic an trouble to and shame, the and triumphs the celebrate to ,

een in contact with people of all ages, from all generations, genders and and genders generations, all from ages, all of people with contact in een - porn feminism have become complicated, my initial initial my complicated, become have feminism porn –

- n n at ha fact in an which in a segregated urban society is often nil” often is society urban segregated a in which e” epe novd n h sex the in involved people sex”

37 ide as almost comically misguided. comically almost as ide y or a moralizing impulse” will be present too presentbe will impulse” moralizinga yor

fi ve cation, Young (1971) and Cohen (1972) Cohen and (1971) Young cation,

the effect of “intensifying instead of of instead “intensifying of effect the

. itr i a itrrttv, o an not interpretative, an is History

a cncos ht s some as that conscious am I

s o omnnwdy in nowadays common so is

wars (Herdt2009, p.5) - SM) and lazily make make lazily and SM) (for example, Duggan & & Duggan example, (for

But feminist science feminist

in fact, as I have I as fact, in SM (Rosen 2000, 2000, (Rosen assumptions assumptions s u of out ’s - . identify identify

(

ibid one ) . . CEU eTD Collection claimingwithout tobewriting histories these rewriting and writing just is voice My arguments. side’s both of validity the eva and people, with spoken archives, the approached I as both positionality own my of conscious being was methodology my of part key A dangerous. is invisible, is subjectivity the

history of lesbian SM in the US. in SM history oflesbian 38

luated luated CEU eTD Collection interchangeably. wavefeminism second 51 verybeginning. thefrom flawed it how show to rather but thinking of model medical a perpetuate to not hopefully information, this include do I desires. these pathologising further avoid to be might it assume I choice, this explain not does she While SM. 50 chapter). anti the and feminism lesbian movement, liberation women’s the of histories wider the into place homosexuality. of pathologisation the challenging were activists gay that time same very the at beyond, and early this persistenceof the “sadomasochist”. and “lesbian” both of notions shaped have which thought of strands diverse the l identifying about anxieties which in climate social and pp.212 early1980s the in values feminist to SM by posted threat imagined the givesto menace” “leather the to 1960s, late the in movement women’s the in th charts chapter This

In her dissertation on lesbian SM, Alex Warner does not include any informat any include not does Warner Alex SM, lesbian on dissertation her In Some notes on terminology: I use women’s liberation movement, women’s movement, women’s lib, and and lib, women’s movement, women’s movement, liberation women’s use I terminology: on notes Some - ongah mvmn, hc ld o h “e wr” epand t egh n h next the in length at (explained wars” “sex the to led which movement, pornography – eody uig rmr ad second and primary using Secondly, 3) 51 .

I dwell on controve on I dwell I wish to map out the context outthe context I map wishto Historical Context and the Emergence of Lesbian SM 50

First e move from the “lavender menace” “lavender the from move e ,

I elucidate the history of sadomasochism as a sexu a as sadomasochism of history the elucidate I

twentieth

rsies and conflicts in order to indicate that SM was not the firstthe not was SM that indicate orderto in conflicts and rsies

- century model of sadism and masochism into the 1970s the masochism into and sadism of centurymodel Chapter 2 of the SM debates and describe thepolitical,and debatescu SM describe the r rsac, atmt o ev lsin SM’s lesbian weave to attempt I research, ary 39

sin M ee is epesd through expressed first were SM esbian

–

Betty Freidan’s term for lesbians for term Freidan’s Betty ion about the medical history of of history medical the about ion –

the term Gayle Rubin Rubin Gayle term the al disorder. I note I disorder. al (Echols 1989, (Echols

ltural ltural

is is CEU eTD Collection language) SM of study insider ofsadomasochism” study scholarly not but sympathetic their Kraft von Richard of (in “memory the to it dedicate Murrell Thomas and Murray Thomas people. 55 review literature my in outlined texts psychological recent also See 1. chapter (2008), Khan see present, the to century knowledg so the that justice evident German the entered had who li offenders unbelievably, and, system), (predominantly patients his from coming evidence anecdotal large 54 pp.241 pursue (see to line interesting an be would this further; expand not W. does but ones, George sadomasochist her psychoanalyst to desires homosexual quote does She schema. this into fits desire, and practice 9 chapter especially book Terry’s Jennifer 53 Activism Enke’s Anne or, example for liberation, black Valk’s Anne See absent. are SM to relating 52 sexual transform helped sex of science the argues, famously so Foucault as but applied, were labels medical homosexuality including desires, pathologi and taxonomise to working began Krafft like originsboth ofwhich their have in masoc and others) on pain causing words two of combination a does. homosexuality as just mores, social normative with infused history concept a and term, a as Sadomasochism 2.1 Sadomasochi one crucial scarcely engaged with. a but movement, feminist the of unity the to challenge

Scholars tend to see this as a bad thing b thing bad a as this see to tend Scholars Krafft that too see We (i homosexuality of account excellent an For movement, the of disunity the discuss to historian first the not certainly am I - scale study to write so authoritatively on sadism and masochism. Instead he based his findings largely on on largely findings his based he Instead masochism. and sadism on authoritatively so write to study scale (for example, Langdridge, 2007) Langdridge, example, (for (2007) e. For a very detailed account of sadomasochism in sexology and psychology from the turn of the 19 the of turn the from psychology and sexology in sadomasochism of account detailed very a For e. - Ebing .

- - 2). called authority on the subject was not speaking from a place of detailed or “objective” “objective” or detailed of place a from speaking not was subject the on authority called (1999)

act sm’s h (1885

n mrcn beso: cec, eiie ad ooeult i Mdr Society Modern in Homosexuality and Medicine, Science, Obsession: American An s into sexual sexual into s - Ebing had questionable methods of acquiring his “expertise”. He did not ca not did He “expertise”. his acquiring of methods questionable had Ebing 52 . Terry does not mention in detail how sadomasochism, another pathologised sexual sexual pathologised another sadomasochism, how detail in mention not does Terry . )

istory terary figures created by Sacher by created figures terary , and later Havelock Ellis Havelock later and ,

coined by coined

(Murray 1989, dedication) 1989, (Murray

identities, Bad 1998) (Bland 19th hism (enjoyment of (enjoyment hism ut it is not necessarily a discourse used to actively pathologies SM pathologies actively to used discourse a necessarily not is it ut Radical Sisters Radical Finding the Movement: Sexuality, Contested Space, and Feminist Feminist and Space, Contested Sexuality, Movement: the Finding

ncluding lesbianism) and medicalisation/sexology/pathology see medicalisation/sexology/pathology and lesbianism) ncluding Richard von von Richard century - Ebing, Havelock Ellis and Sigmund Freu Sigmund and Ellis Havelock Ebing, ,

and a ‘d a and

and this the this and 40 s e various “perverted” sexual behaviours and and behaviours sexual “perverted” various e

Europe . 55

(2008), which looks at second wave feminism and and feminism wave second at looks which (2008),

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54 (Bauer 2014, p.6) 2014, (Bauer

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in sin” a as classified even not 58 - Ebing, masochism is essentially an inherently female trait and sadism a male one that occurs in in occurs that one male a sadism and trait female inherently an essentially is masochism Ebing,

the middle of the of middle the . 56 Epistemology of the Closet the of Epistemology - asis on one type of perversion over another. Masturbation, really, seemed more likely to found found to likely more seemed really, Masturbation, another. over perversion of type one on asis Ebing coined both the terms sadism and masochism in his in masochism and sadism terms the both coined Ebing

Sexologists

f aim n mscim cl masochism and sadism of (Pomerleau 2014, p.2 2014, (Pomerleau Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), an an (DSM), Manual Statistical and Diagnostic Association Psychiatric ethinking his theories numerous times numerous theories his ethinking - pornography feminist Susan Brownmiller claimed that “hardly by accident, accident, by “hardly that claimed Brownmiller Susan feminist pornography en n Bonnie and Vern

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20 s (1938) to ad institutionali and ation th

century, sadism (but not masochism) was included in the the in included was masochism) not (but sadism century,

(1990) (Ellis quoted in Khan, 2008, 51) p. 2008, Khan, in quoted (Ellis

. However, should this exceed “mild” pain, it becomes no longer a longer no becomes it pain, “mild” exceed this should However, . (1977, p.210) (1977, (1975, p.292) (1975, . 03) (Krafft

, mapping neatly onto feminist theories of male male of theories feminist onto neatly mapping , 41

al rfet h gne nrs f h tm in time the of norms gender the reflect early animalistic excess of urges urges of excess animalistic Bullough - 1997) Ebing .

57 .

Furthermore, sadomasochism desires are desires sadomasochism Furthermore,

erms. It has been codified by those who see in in see who those by codified been has It erms. hs understand These (Khan 2008, p.41) 2008, (Khan

— , s in this time period we can see there was no was there see can we period time this in to o pyhar in psychiatry of ation history their in

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II in 1968 (although now it it now (although 1968 in II M it received little attentionreceived little it asochism is seen largely seen is asochism (Khan 2008, p.41) 2008, (Khan . Sexologist Havelock Ellis, Ellis, Havelock Sexologist . - ns f h inherent the of ings sexuality: “the sadist and and sadist “the sexuality: resting question that is is that question resting f eul attitudes sexual of

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Part of this is also likely because of Freud’s indirect legacy on the definition of a fetish: for the fetishist, the the fetishist, the for fetish: a of definition the on legacy indirect Freud’s of because likely also is this of Part co a is “Paraphilia” For a detailed account of the sexological, psychoanalytic as well as changes to the DSM, please consult consult please DSM, the to changes as well as psychoanalytic sexological, the of account detailed a For lished norm of norm lished ‘ h DSM The relational distance relational . . Vicarious Kin Vicarious 61

(Khan 2014) (Khan

t self ay ait ad aohss ol sml nt eons tesle o their or themselves recognise not simply would masochists and sadists Many transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism and “other sexual sexual “other and masochism sadism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, transvestism, - reflexive enough to acknowledge any of that, ofcourse. of any acknowledge enough to reflexive

- — - ndition that involves “abnormal sexual desires, typically involving extreme or dangerous dangerous or extreme involving typically desires, sexual “abnormal involves that ndition III (1980), by contrast, includes pages and and pages includes contrast, by (1980), III normative desires normative

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ks ‘ or volition and consent on the part of someone engaged in a paraphilia is, for modern for is, paraphilia a in engaged someone of part the on consent and volition or perversion,

(Khan 2014) (Khan .

’ 60

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Khan points out that there are in fact no definitions provided in provided definitions no fact in are there that out points Khan

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behavior in question and and question in behavior . Both in leaving the disorder the leaving in Both . , Beckmann writes 59

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the the this this - , CEU eTD Collection 64 social, too disorders, in impairment or fu distress of areas significant important other “clinically or occupational caused desires the when only but psychopathologies me 63 the during challenged and constructed 1980s. was identity SM lesbian which in ways the in origins its have certainly community of sense newfound bec has radicalization of process the but people, fetish and S/M leather, to new is fairly change social or reform legal for agenda an with people of group unified a be might we that notion “the that Cali Patrick liberation. gay like movement a of need in White cons 62 the majority opinion: Backs suggest eloquently so Rich Adrienne feminist lesbian as itself, lesbianism like much lifestyles, master/slave 24/7 to bites a like more perhaps is SM fact in when isolate, and identify to easier p.5) (2014, “vanilla” are who those and SM” “into are who those fluidity the obscures sexuality “normal’ from distinct as created been has consensual and violenceremainundistinguished SM from each other Although, and profession, medical

“Roles” during this time period refers to “butch” and “femme”. “butch” to refers and period time this during “Roles” SM and individuals SM from lobbying to thanks thesis, my by covered period the after 1994, In this of example one are 1990 in Britain in trials Spanner ntal health workers, the DSM the workers, health ntal ensual SM were charged with assault and imprisoned or fined. For all the details of this case, see Chris Chris see case, this of details the all For fined. or imprisoned and assault with charged were SM ensual

(2006)

in 1985 illustrates that at least some understood this, although it does not seem to be be to seem not does it although this, understood some least at that illustrates 1985 in Partner. (“Personals friend/Life for Looking lovers, nature/film/animal veget inclined, spiritually aware, politically mobile, Upwardly in style, ambition, brains, with 30+ Fem L.A. Attractive, Bright, as However, Califia notes, “vanilla heterosexuality is still the psychiatric gold standard,” and standard,” gold psychiatric the still is heterosexuality “vanilla notes, Califia . Around this time we can see a growing understanding of SM people as united by their desires and and desires theirby united as people SM of understanding growing a see wecan time thisAround . Te iue f h lsin aoaohs is sadomasochist lesbian the of figure The . (Khan2014) arians, cooks, and Dildo aficionados Dildo and cooks, arians, ,” 1985, emphasis mine) emphasis ,” 1985, scholar .

are s –

IV altered the entries on sadism and masochism: they were still considered considered still were they masochism: and sadism on entries the altered IV (1980) Robin Bauer points out, the way in which “perverse” sexuality sexuality “perverse” which in way the out, points Bauer Robin if indeed it existed existed it indeed if vulnerable to repressive measure repressive to vulnerable

. One personal ad from ad personal One . nctioning”, the standard applied to most sexual and gender identity identity gender and sexual most to applied standard the nctioning”, –

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CEU eTD Collection sur her around U own her cross of frequency the notes and them”, harming are minors with sex have who adults all “not as such things written foc too Rubin and harassment FBI, government the by harassment against petition their supported Man only she American that clarified North the NAMBLA, support to believed were p some disease, by questioned also of been has this category even but the in uncontroversially mostly and firmly remains example, for Paedophilia, challenged. 66 makeup whole of one’s part small one characteristic, 65 institutional its or experiences, its content, its determine not do they But sexuality. human terms nicely: Rubin summarizes Puotinen paraphilia and deviation sexual as status its but and pathologised been homosexuality,has sadomasochism h “ remained personali has sadomasochist the of figure the outlines, deftly so Terry Jennifer as activists lesbian and gay by debunked being were homosexuality Itlabel.with her of dislike smoke comfortably sits do ellipsis, specifically, suggestive SM mention by followed defined), (not bondage” “mild in interest An omosexuality

xmls f non of Examples Certain e on the issue of children and teenager’s capacity to consent. consent. to capacity teenager’s and ofchildren issue the on e - generational sex amongst gay men gay amongst sex generational .

The body, the brain, th brain, the body, The hs itr i sgiiat s t lutae hw sadomasochism how illustrates it as significant is history This continuum of moments these Despite ly all sexual disorders as outlined in the various versions of the DSM have not been rethought or or rethought been not have DSM the of versions various the in outlined as disorders sexual all ly y r s sbutrl identity subcultural a as or ty - (2007, p.123) (2007, un n hs su, eivn hr ale spot o ae en av, n to rsig f h men the of trusting too and naïve, been have to support earlier her believing issue, this on turn has been been has has - eia mdl in models medical avoided intimate querying. intimate avoided (Califia 1983b, p.599; Rubin 2011b, p 2011b, Rubin p.599; 1983b, (Califia . This has been a dividing line for many who support sexual freedom but who are not so not so are who but freedom sexual manysupport who for line dividing . hasa been This reconceived in numerous ways that work outside a medical model medical a outside work that ways numerous in reconceived u sml etos rciese noswtot niett or identity an without enjoys she practise a mentions simply but

e genitalia and the capacity for language are all necessary for for necessary all are language for capacity the and genitalia e ld sen hmsxaiy as homosexuality seeing clude (2011b, p.113) (2011b, “ Sexuality is not comprehensible in purely biological biological purely in comprehensible not is Sexuality ro medicalised, sometimes literally on the same page same the on literally sometimes medicalised, - SM advocates, and Gayle Rubin and Pat Califia infamously infamously Califia Pat and Rubin Gayle and advocates, SM (see for an outline Ginzberg 1992) Ginzberg an for outline (see ” - 44 style thinking, even as pathologised theories of theories pathologised as even thinking, style . However, . 65 Bur 04 p5 Try 1999) Terry p.5; 2014, (Bauer

rs andanimals. loveof a nt hlegd ni te 1990s the until challenged not was p.112

o Lv Ascain atog Clfa has Califia although Association, Love Boy Bad Attitude Bad –

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like like . 66 ,

CEU eTD Collection movement. the US up made that offeminisms types ofthe different exploration Diffe of ca Eruption broad feminists this socialist under feminists, that radical understanding feminists, full cultural with marker, temporal a as here them use 69 68 apparent as God husband, the to submissive completely is wife the which in Discipline, of Domestic form Christian as sexist know highly interaction a is intersect moral sadomasochism and and religion norms where sphere religious recent but One sexuality. 90s, of and climate 80s 1970s, the during SM on overtly comment 67 itself. movement women’s inter of period a wars, sex feminist the of beginning the mark to many by considered event an City. York New in College Barnard diaryconferenceof the for prepared circlewas de (non least to (SM) most from acts sexual hierarchi forinfamous been outline, I will as times, at has movement feminist The 2 Sweenet 1996,p.xv) rea impact to biopower institutional through Non epistemological. ra moral overwhelmingly is acts sexual modern to ascribes significance culture Western the illustrates, debates later) see will we as also, pornography and an excess of significance” forms” .2

While there are critiques of the usefulness the metaphor of “waves” to describe feminist movements, I will will I movements, feminist describe to “waves” of metaphor the usefulness the of critiques are there While controll powers state of concept Foucault’s not did bodies religious know, I as far As religion. the is much engage not do I which with institution One -

emphasising the importance of others (sexual desire and sex in general). Rubin’s charmed Rubin’s general). in sex and desire (sexual others of importance the emphasising The USfeministThe m - feminist conflict within thesecond f feminist conflict wave the within of But first I wish to go back a few years to the beginning of the “second wave” of the the of wave” “second the of beginning the to years few a back go to wish I first But butch/femme, dildos, importantly (and SM and wars sex the to reference as However, (Puotinen 2011) (Puotinen ly intended lyintended tos o M hogot h pro ti tei cvr ad beyond and covers thesis this period the throughout SM to ctions rence” (pp.203 rence” .

- coital, “immature” forms of sexuality are demonised in these terms terms these in demonised are sexuality of forms “immature” coital, (Anon n.d.) (Anon ovement 1970s . 67

(1984) Rubin is certainly right to note that “ that note to right certainly is Rubin - 243) and “The Ascendance of Cultural Feminism” (pp.243 Feminism” Cultural of Ascendance “The and 243)

h oiis n ntr o te eod ae ae en well been have wave second the of nature and origins The

(Foucault 1980b) (Foucault . .

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. 68

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lesbian lovemaking) patriarchal, and and patriarchal, lovemaking) lesbian pathological pathological . See especially Echols’ chapters “The “The chapters Echols’ especially See . - pornography feminists, it was was it feminists, pornography se xual acts are burdened with burdened are acts xual

ther than ontological or or ontological than ther Feminist ConferenceatFeminist origins origins eoiain hr falls there tegorisation ipce te wider the impacted s - 369) for an in depth depth in an for 369) have s 69 ing certa ing Clfa & (Califia continued

in in - ,

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This story is widely told elsewher told widely is story This Beauvoir’s de Simone that suggest however, Thompson, and Stansell Snitow, book, her opens which timeline, useful extremely her including history, Rosen’s Ruth

Lesbian Lesbian f ention of SM. of ention ertul, the Regretfully, mass critical feminist of sort some which at moment exact the pinpoint to tricky is It The Feminine MystiqueFeminine The Sio e a. 93 p.25) 1983, al. et (Snitow is did not occur outside the noxious influence of the Republican and religious Right either, and and either, Right religious and Republican the of influence noxious the outside occur not did is eminism (Whittier 1995, p.2) 1995, (Whittier

Women (NOW) was founded, with local chapters forming all over the US. Over the the Over US. the over all forming chapters local with founded, was (NOW) Women

in the in

US –

distrust of sexual liberation” sexual of distrust

women’s movement itself was not immune to the rampant rampant the to immune not was itself movement women’s Ruth Rosen calls it the “dawn of discontent” discontent” of “dawn the it calls Rosen Ruth US e (Freedman 2002; Rosen 2000) Rosen 2002; (Freedman .

1970s in 1963 with the beginning of a consciousness raisingat(or consciousness theawithbeginning of 1963 in (2000) - asn gop wr fre, raiain ad esetr were newsletters and organisations formed, were groups raising Nevertheless . ( - r life as housewives, part of a longer movement that movement longer a of part housewives, as life r , although as I lament in my literature review, one will not find find not will one review, literature my in lament I as although , ibid. 1980s Aeadr 06 Dga & utr 06 p.18) 2006, Hunter & Duggan 2006; (Alexander

directly or indirectlyor by directly esbian teachers in California schools (1978), the failure of of failure the (1978), schools California in teachers esbian , pp.xii 46

was more attuned to the erotic, and they criticise the the criticise they and erotic, the to attuned more was -

abortion measures and claims of a postfeminist era as as era postfeminist a of claims and measures abortion t came out of the New Left and Civil Rights Left andRights New Civil outofthe t came -

gay campaigns (for example, “Save Our Children” Children” Our “Save example, (for campaigns gay – (Snitow et al. 1983, p.26) 1983, al. et (Snitow xiii) ,

some credit the publication of Betty Betty of publication the credit some . , but to give a short overview: In 1966, the 1966, In overview: short a give to but , 72

ed women’s shelters were established, established, were shelters women’s ed

will not go into great detail great into go not will fearing the repercussions of repercussions the fearing The Second Second The .

is a good place to start start to place good a is ( 2000, p.3) 2000, e (99 but (1949, Sex 70 . 71

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ew York in 1970, wearing tee shirts emblazoned with “Lavender Menace”, they read their read they Menace”, “Lavender with emblazoned shirts tee wearing 1970, in York ew Indeed, Indeed, Karla Jay, a member who was there, describes the event evocatively and captures some of its play and and play its of some captures and evocatively event the describes there, was who member a Jay, Karla I n 1970 t 1970 n and and job atNOW e had on another one. More laughter. The audience was on our side” wasside” our on audience laughter. The More one. another on had e - p.316) 1988, (D’Emilio as some back some as Identified Woman Identified

an he group who would later name themselves the Radicalesbians published Radicalesbians the themselves name later would who group he d

nevertheless

in protest (Rosen 2000, p.xxiii; Davis 1991, p.264; Echols 1989, p.214) 1989, Echols p.264; 1991, Davis p.xxiii; 2000, (Rosen - and -

forward in the pages of pages the in forward

an actan (Echols pp.212 1989,

left NOW. . of the movement condemned it by accusing all feminists all accusing by it condemned movement the of

that - rea href a a well a was herself Friedan (Gottlieb & Kessler 1980) Kessler & (Gottlieb e fmnss the feminists; sex . ters! I'm tired of being in the closet because of the women's women's the of because closet the in being of tired I'm ters! While the next NOW national conference in 1971 1971 in conference national NOW next the While Rosen notes was one of the first “asserting the right right “assertingthe first the of onewas notes Rosen - pornography movement was felt; “Where are all the militant militant the all are “Where felt; was movement pornography - 74 called “lesbian purges” occurred in which known which in occurred purges” “lesbian called

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can be found in found be can – (1980) -

at i love is easts free, and non and free, coc that choice a (Dobkin 2000) (Dobkin ”

udr the (under (q . One of of One . uoted in in uoted - - ) CEU eTD Collection ofsex. p forms heteropatriarchal undermine to to potential the has indeed SM it, about thinking wayof this In submission?” enough asks, secure she man”, the we from sexuality our “Are over power withdrawn have we that “Now sexuality. of form focused love making but fucking, not of way another was SM Ruth, for that extrapolate lesbian a within women for possible only “is SM lesbian that clear was first She the of one fact in in article an was in masochism her Ruth about pseudonym) Lipschutz Barbara the with not However, name, own her in need (writing open be don’t to feminists lesbians that title her in “fucking” 77 (non her repressed Newton, Esther like others, and altogether, sex having stopped women Some of not accused often were expressions sexual their desires, sexual their by defined were lesbians as feminist lesbian but sexually inclined heterosexually cou who women distressing and alienating caring, and soft gentle, snow”, as “pure as femininity essentialising process de the But culture. sta a was together women two furthermore subject were lesbians women of basis the words, other t with individuals perverted sick, as solely defined been To bethey freeargue, free ofpatriarchy, hadways from tobe one altogether. men and men’s women.” exploiting terrorizing for and intended) male instrument (pun Danger and 231 pp. 1991, Faderman,

In this formulation one can easily see how sadomasochism has no place as lov as place no has sadomasochism how see easily can one formulation this In - M tpig eie t “osiniul t hv te eaiain sx eadd by demanded sex ‘egalitarian’ the have to “conscientiously to desires topping SM)

beingreal a without man’s involvement. sex butch s/m, into weren’t they as long (as lesbians of exaltation The past,the had,in lesbians as feminists, interventionlesbian fromimportant an was This Pl having sex rest to laid had we to often too all out turned sexuality the as metaphoricalviolence) or literal of formsother exus (Vance 1984) (Vance

(Ruth 1975) (Ruth

(Gardiner 1985, p.15) (Gardiner 1985, - sexualisation and political lesbianism went too far for many. In the the In many. for far too went lesbianism political and sexualisation . Both these articles appeared in 1975; so this does not indicate a change in views. views. in change a indicate not does this so 1975; in appeared articles these Both . –

lay with it, to explore amongst ourselves parameters’ of dominance and and dominance of parameters’ ourselves amongst explore to it, with lay in 2)

– lesbians’ d o o dd o wn t me tee tnad, r h were who or standards, these meet to want not did or not ld

. ed Bad Attitude Bad

77 the belief that whatever lesbians did do in bed, it wasn’t really wasn’t it bed, in do did lesbians whatever that belief the

aig o gatd a Lna ade’ rve of review Gardner’s Linda as granted, for Taking to male objectification and sexualisation like all women, and women, all like sexualisation and objectification male to

definition was their their was definition .

ple in heterosexual male pornography and popular popular and pornography male heterosexual in ple put

rest on a new version of the slur that we thought we that slur the of version new a on rest 50 s

it, that “ that it,

- y inclined politically. At the same time time same the At politically. inclined y

the real function of sex was to be the be to was sex of function real the - he wrong kinds of sexual urges. In urges. sexual of kinds wrong he feminist context.” Rathe context.” feminist “abnormal” “abnormal” practitioners – emaking; how it could be the be could it how emaking;

non

(Gardine - eie Furthermore, desire. orgasm and penetration and orgasm

of a truly feminist feminist truly a of - em oe, or roles, femme r, perhaps we can can we perhaps r, r 1985,p.15) r Pleasure - .

CEU eTD Collection in male perspective” left predominantly be a to appears on focussing to slant feminist radical a with reporting news national of authors the values.” 78 the breaking (feminist) camel’s back. straws the of one was it anything if but contention, of bone a certainly was per feminists liberal and socialist and cultural and radical between conflict Barnard, at evident so made Sex” “Thinking seminal her in hierarchies sexual certainly was Rubin identified. chapter; next “anti “male as first women and women as identify not did i oppression face women which aalso each had woman that but first, women and women just not were women that idea the with grappling words, to come later would that issues theoryas lo desires one’s follow to freedom as sees she sexuality”truly“afeminist of formsmany becauseso that Lindacomplained Gardiner much without feminism

Echols defines cultural feminists as those who envisioned “bui envisioned who those as feminists cultural defines Echols - feminist” (1989, p.272) (1989, This will soon enough sound glaringly familiar when we come to critics of SM in the in SM of critics to come we when familiar glaringly sound enough soon will This we conflicts, see can we Already ng as celibacy thepracticewas New Woman’s Survival Sourcebook Sourcebook Survival Woman’s New vaded the decade before, and not simply on issues of sexuality. Sadomasochism sexuality. of issues on simply not and before, decade the vaded although this time it would be would it time this although (1989, p.281; see(1989, also p.309) p.281; Freccero 1990, . This type This . race,

success”

of feminism is also known as “radical” or “essentialist”. For example, in 1975, in example, For “essentialist”. or “radical” as known also is feminism of

class

n the world. However, world. the n xcl o pit n dniyn ad rtcsn a ytm of system a criticising and identifying in point on exactly be , sexual orientation, and so on which orientation, andsoon , sexual (Newton & Walton 1989, p.243) 1989, Walton & (Newton know ll before the so the before ll ” n

(1985, p.15) (1985, (Grimstad & Rennie 1975, p.139) & Rennie1975, (Grimstad accused accused s intersectionality as 51 editors accusing SM feminists of being male being of feminists SM accusing editors –

ee odme, lsins cud e the be could “lesbianism condemned, were

(1984) f or backs our off - identified” “dupes of the male left” and left” male the of “dupes identified” cultural feminists accused women who womenaccused feminists cultural

- lding a women’s culture guided by ‘female’ ‘female’ by guided culture women’s a lding called sex called .

, forming the basis of the conflict conflict the of basis the forming , .

tra 78

movement factionalism, from what from factionalism, movement f sic[n] t epai from emphasis its “switch[ing] of Cesa 1991) (Crenshaw - wars, often cent often wars, . Bad Attitude Bad influence .

the ways in in ways the

contributor r – ed around ed

n other in –

what - CEU eTD Collection different.’ taste still they but protein mouthis superbaroque” your in be but anywhere usually food Putting both may is hamburger and ‘Steak food that out with points it, do sex you how Comparing matter baroque. inherently are flavors classicis a when except baroque, and middlebrow tastes, Tongues, pizza. and chips lis 79 food, clothing, lighting, participants, of number location, time, appropriate the listing Rubin’s, to dissimilar not list a has even Willis half satirical her In between). in bits murky with always (although polarised been has sex which in ways the out point to first the not was she cited, often and breaking ground was article her While appearing in prep Hierarchy”, Sex “The names hand a in demonisation of forms these illustrated literally Rubin Gayle unspeakable” or disgusting as others and normal as sexualities legitima “The 2.4

I wish I had space to include this entire article, but instead I will simply quote from my favourite item on the the on item favourite my from quote simply will I instead but article, entire this include to space had I wish I t, food: “Eating in bed is baroque, although artichoke hearts and sour cream are more classical than potato potato than classical more are cream sour and hearts artichoke although baroque, is bed in “Eating food: t,

Hierarchising sex from perspective a feminist xrm i prorpi ad ial osee … Tu te ai aim of axiom basic the Thus […] you obscene […]” for good finally and wholesome is form any in sex consensual and that is baroque establishment pornographic is puritanica extreme finally and sentimental an is to taken extreme mentality classical The for masculine. sensation stereotypically and a on sake, focused sensation's on anonymous, amoral, focused deliberate, conscious, abandoned, experimental, spontaneous, f stereotypically and mysterious, person, particular moral, emotional, serious, profound,romantic,is sex baroque.Classicalandclassical sex, of kinds two Thereare that it do should everyone that and it, do way” to way best one is ideas there tenacious that most is of sex Oneabout standard. all single a of to property conform to the supposed a is is sexuality without Variation ethics variation. sexual pluralistic sexual a benign develop of to concept difficult is It rabble. sexual the of adversity the and privileged sexually the of being well rationalized They chauvinism. ethnocentrism, racism, of systems ideological do as way, same the much value sexual of hierarchies these All

article in the inthe article Danger and Pleasure (Rubin 1984,pp.152 ig oe o eoin ntrlzs eul irrhe, salsig some establishing hierarchies, sexual naturalizes emotions of power ting (Willis 1979a) (Willis Village Voice

ared for the Barnard Conference in 1982 in Conference Barnard the for ared – (seeand figures 12) 11 4) . t, quarreling with the baroque idea that getting off is getting off no off getting is off getting that idea baroque the with quarreling t,

, Ellen Willis writes: , EllenWillis 79

rg, ui, ongah, e mnas devices manuals, sex pornography, music, drugs, – religious, psychiatric, and popular and psychiatric, religious, 52 eminine. Baroque sex is pop, playful, funny, funny, playful, pop, is sex Baroque eminine.

(Willis1979a)

l; the baroque mentality taken to an an to taken mentality baroque the l;

(Vance 1984)

, suggests Irvine suggests , .

- drawn graphic she she graphic drawn (Love 2011) (Love — ie . . Yet . . . life. and religious and

(

2008, p.3) 2008, function in function , later later , . CEU eTD Collection “homo Remove perverse.interactionaredeemed sexual of forms non sex, public toys, sex difference, non age homosexual, monogamy, circle: charmed the outside falls that SM just not is it conception, her Danger hand Figure feminismand nationalsexism, characters andfor classical styles. baroque vibrator contraceptives, including baroque, is technology (“All - drawn version above above version drawn

10 (Rubin 2011b, p.151) (Rubin 2011b, Rubin first presents us with the “Charmed Circle vs. the Outer Limit Outer the vs. Circle “Charmed the with us presents first Rubin

“The Sex Hierarchy: The Charmed Circle vs. the Outer Limits” in both its incarnations, the the incarnations, its both in Limits” Outer the vs. Circle Charmed The Hierarchy: Sex “The rm ui’ cneec hn ot n te n blw from below one the and out hand conference Rubin’s from .

- procreative, promiscuous and other other and promiscuous procreative, sexual” from the condemnedthe from sexual” s, and air conditioning”), conditioning”), air and s,

s”. We see that in in that see We s”. laue and Pleasure

- CEU eTD Collection practices 80 mightBaroque. very term it, where just sex, out” “way abnormal, “bad”, of category the in clearly very is sadomasochism conception, “Bad”sex. into finally and contest” Danger hand Figure within true largely community as well. is values of system this see can we and acts

The gay male community, on the other hand, has at least a longer history of public sex and other non other and sex public of history longer a least at has hand, other the on community, malegay The - rw vrin bv fo Rbns ofrne ad u ad h oe eo from below one the and out hand conference Rubin’s from above version drawn

11 (Rubin 2011b, p.153) 2011b, (Rubin Second, she illustrates “the Struggle Over Where to Draw the Line”. In this this In Line”. the Draw to Where Over Struggle “the illustrates she Second, (See Chauncey, 1994, for example)for 1994, Chauncey, (See

“The Sex Hierarchy: The Struggle over Where to Draw the Line” in both its incarnati its both in Line” the Draw to Where over Struggle The Hierarchy: Sex “The the sexologists and psychiatrists put it a hundred years earlier. Or as Willis as Or earlier. years hundred a it put psychiatrists and sexologists the 80

. We can see it move from “Good” sex, “Good” from move it see can We .

past “The Line” into “major areas of areas “major into Line” “The past

etr of sectors

laue and Pleasure h lesbian the -

charmed charmed ons, the ons, CEU eTD Collection WAVPM of member founding a i formed was (WAVPM) Media the media i images sexist was focus Their afterwards. soon forming chapters local with Angeles Los in 1976 in founded was sadomasochism, against also and pornography against voice lesbian sadomasochists loudest critics. p.465; as, position their characterises con common, The 2.5

Figure Figure The beginnings of beginnings The anti anti (Russell 1993, p.271) 1993, (Russell see also Dworkin 1981 and and 1981 Dworkin also see Women Against Violence Against Women (WAVAW), who would become a key key a become would who (WAVAW), Women Against Violence Against Women - pornography and and pornography 12

Anti ltn voec, e, eeoeult ad patriarchy: and heterosexuality men, violence, flating - pornography feminists demonstrating, exact date and location unknown, probably probably unknown, location and date exact feminists demonstrating, pornography California, late 1970s/early 1980s (Bettye Lane C Lane (Bettye 1980s late 1970s/early California, - lesbian separatist feminists have some (il)logical arguments in in arguments (il)logical some have feminists separatist lesbian pornography feminismpornography . A similar group, Women Against Violence in Pornography and Pornography in Violence Against Women group, similar A . “in a patriarchy, all sex with men is pornographic” pornographic” is men with sex all patriarchy, a “in –

and one of the editors of editors the of one and n San Francisco the same year. same the Francisco San n Griffin 198 Griffin

1) . Like separatists, they were also some of of some also were they separatists, Like .

Against Sadomasochism Against ollection Sociologist , LHA , rtr le Willis Ellen writer ).

Diana Russ Diana

( – 1

wrote wrote 979b, 979b, n the the n

ell, CEU eTD Collection down” shut to it seeks that speech very the restages and reproduces invariably Speech ahem, this, discussion” continue to care you’d if me find can you where know all you slideshow, WAP the of presentation conference: Barnard to letter a in sentence closing Califia’s example, For arousing. found manyhometown, that images of my in felt ever I that circles feminist in community.” it class working about talked have I when mor clubs night been in always dancer “I’ve a 1982: been in movement feminist the of parts of classism implicit on the commented Hollibaugh Amber question. in women the to favours no doing were they feminists, “good” by p.7) 2006, Hunter & (Duggan 83 McElroy1995. 2013; al. et Penley 2011. Strub 1989; Downs 2011a; 82 violence is dangerous” and ofsexuality linking constant that the believe We pleasure. stimul sexual for degraded or killed, tortured, raped, bound, To being women (3) of portrayals all to etc.; end an put bookstores, pornographic shows,’ ‘live for permits out give who politicians movies, pornographic newspapers covers, record responsible on images violent those devise who confront those theaters, To (2) images; these of med other and pornography 81 based(WAP), go who inNew York would ontospearheadat ( thebattleBarnard another branch but red light districts. practice. the rape theory; ca sexism, and women argu and pornography on research sexist agenda liberation women’s the on pornography of issue the include to push a was founding group’s the that

For other considerations of the anti the of considerations other For follows: as goals their outlines Russell WAP’s Times Square Tours were particularly infamous amongst feminists and garnered much critique critique much garnered and feminists amongst infamous particularly were Tours Square Times WAP’s , but I suggest it holds for images for holds it suggest I but , WAVP 18b p.597) (1983b, M inspired the founding of a similar group on the east coast in 1978,originally in coasteast the on group foundingsimilar athe of inspired M

83 Bt s og s gt rae wt mr rset n n dl bosoe hn d a a at do I than bookstore adult an in respect more with treated get I as long as “But (Russell 1993, pp.7 1993, (Russell

what

using rape, assault and murder. and assault rape, using ia violence to women, and to increase understanding of the destructive consequences consequences destructive the of understanding increase to and women, to violence ia . Judith Butler has theorised this phenomenon with words in her book book her in words with phenomenon this theorised has Butler Judith . (1989, pp.403 (1989, quicklygroup an became independent ” . In displayin In . 82

Their methods were “shocking” slideshows and feminist tours of tours feminist and slideshows “shocking” were methods Their

For feminist views on pornography, both historical and contemporary, see see contemporary, and historical both pornography, on views feminist For

- pornography movement, see movement, pornography

“ too: “Language that is compelled to repeat what it seeks to constrain constrain to seeks it what repeat to compelled is that “Language too: (1) To educate woman and men about the woman the about men and woman educate To (1) – g women working in the sex industry as a horror show to be viewed be to show horror a as industry sex the in working women g 4) –

The slideshows too were often mocked for acting as a collection collection a as acting for mocked often were too slideshows The 8) . Their goal was to challenge what they saw as the the as saw they what challenge to was goal Their . ta prorpy rtczs ilne against violence eroticizes pornography that e — 56 for example, the owners of pornographic stores and and stores pornographic of owners the example, for

Their motto was, motto Their Lederer

that give a lot of space to advertising advertising to space of lot a give that ,

1980; Brownmiller 1999; Bronstein Bronstein 1999; Brownmiller 1980; Women AgainstWomen Porno (19 97) .

(1993, p.24) (1993, “Pornography is the is “Pornography off our back our off e ashamed of having having of ashamed e - hatred expressed in in expressed hatred see see .

3.2). s Excitable Excitable

graphy graphy after the after ation or or ation

CEU eTD Collection violence” overt not feature thatdid images explicit sexually included which pornography, on focus bro a from transitioned “movement the howtracks Bronstein pornography. and violence equated WAP while pornography, and media about concerns with group” 84 lesbi for sadomasochism supported who feminists feminists, d skeptics” “feminist towards variation practise. insexual whotended WAVPM, liberal remediesand tobeless inlegal more essentialist, lessinterested as themselves difference tactical and political the outlining Pornography

Figure Figure WAVAW focused less on pornography and more on violent images in the media; WAVPM was a “ a was WAVPM media; the in images violent on more and pornography on less focused WAVAW Francisco) in 1977. Her sign reads, “Pornography Is a Lie about Women”. The woman’s behind her behind woman’s Women”.The Lieabout Is a “Pornography reads, sign Her in 1977. Francisco) While While from cues myI take However, 13

Kathleen Barry and companion picketing the Ultra Room, an SM an Room, Ultra the picketing andcompanion Barry Kathleen

Russell “sister organizations” “sister reads, “Who Says Pain Pain Says “Who reads, erts h misleading the rewrites d o agree not id

tried to downplay critique, in describing in critique, downplay to tried

with this premise, premise, this with Is Erotic?” in IsErotic?” 84 . WAP was much more extreme than either WAVAW WAVAW either than extreme more much was WAP .

media scholar Carolynscholar media ,

ad concern with sexually violent images in popular media to a to media popular in images violent with sexually concern ad ooihc iw f anti of view monolithic 57 s reference to SM toSM reference

between these groups even as they saw saw they as even groups these between nldn “ fw cdmc, socialist academics, few “a including

ans, among others”, underplayed others”, among ans, Bronstein (Bronstein 2011b)

that in the 1980s, 1980s, the in that - - themed live sex show (San (San sex show live themed ongah feminism, pornography ,

whose work work whose .

(2011b) just just Battl bridge bridge some .

ing or

CEU eTD Collection the on Women in involved ofSM critique WAVAW’s discuss meeting to became she that 1983 by direction WAVAW’s 85 essay, 1979 the activist images campaign sexual on but women against violence of instances real on “not focusing but centr crisis rape and shelters women’s battered as such initiatives feminist of out coming Desire of Powers imagery” sexual of explicit idea very the at shocked also were we racism; or misogyny pornography’s at disgust beyond “ how observes S 1981; Heresies, 1988; F.A.C.T., 1982; Rubin, was feminists many for answer The Hollibaugh asked, activi the 1982, in conference Barnard the at address closing her In sawSome itawhite co the fact the anti that

oeie hs tak vncm rm within: from came even attacks these Sometimes Others made connections between right wing politics and anti andwing politics betweenconnections right Others made the deviance? In and well? sickness sexual as of definitions crumble new (Hollibaugh 1989,p.402) creating would we oppression are pornography, our other many out, all of it wipe facing to managed issue aspects we major if that the believe we is Do time? pornography this that at women believe truly feminists, as we, Do 3) — or pants or dresses that wore people not or and whether than us to abuse, meaningful more much was horrible utter, such with treated being were girls young a and Asia women South in trade sex the about do we could what out figure to was impactful and interesting and real more much was what know, that you us, understand for So it. understood we as women of abuse sexual to abuse, and objectification know, you and, it on off get to (laughs), pornography at look know, you to, happy perfectly were We .

you know, and what kind of magazines people got off on off got people magazines of kind what and know, you “ Feminism ‘ od wmn ae las en nesd t mt Or ecin et far went reaction Our smut. at incensed been always have women Good’ , published in 198 in published , cniee t eoe violence” evoke to considered s

- pornography movement was in fact attackedpornography highly in movement was n cern, Mrls, n Pornography and Moralism, , (1989, p.402) (1989,

4, the editors critique the anti the critique editors the 4,

a resounding “no” “no” resounding a (Bronstein 2011a, p.287) 2011a, (Bronstein .

a founding member of WAVAW was so frustrated about about frustrated so was WAVAW of member founding a 58

there was a real difference between the the between difference real a was there io, 93 Vne 1984) Vance, 1983; nitow, Sio e a. 93 p.38) 1983, al. et (Snitow

”

18, rgnly ulse in published originally (1983, d te prs f h wrd where world the of parts other nd icuig nls, olbuh & Hollibaugh, English, (including .

- pornography movement for movement pornography eul rne ad ald o a for called and Fringe, Sexual -

pornography actions. pornography (Vasquez 2015, pp.62 2015, (Vasquez st and writer Amber Amber writer and st (Russell 1993,p.8)

tuge against struggle Eln Willis’ Ellen . . Hollibaugh Hollibaugh . The

e . In 85 s, –

CEU eTD Collection 1988) &McKinnon (Dworkin decad the of rest the during out fought was legality their and states other in up taken were later but 1983, in Minnesota anti Dworkin’s Andrea Hunter, Censorship 87 Pro Movement Women’s 86 (Strub 2010) h actually laws obscenity to recourse and anti which in ways the about article her in outlines Strub Whitney as founded, similaritie patriarchy with cahoots unconscious in tide”,cultural the with moving anti anti Right’s the to familiar hauntingly arguments the how outlines deftly Willis Silence Women Posessing Men Pornography: SM. Village

A collective concer collective A ned te em “pro term the Indeed, - pornography feminists who are being influenced by the Right and are “ are and Right the by influenced arebeing who feminists pornography e. See Russo for an outline of these measures measures these of outline an for Russo See e. 86 . She ask aoe ac ad n Snitow Ann and Vance Carole

pornography? not abortion, not be should feminists from outrage women on all an attack launched has right far the when now, just that predicted have would Who

Voice n 91 h rvee to e anti key two reviewed she 1981 In

Task Force (F.A.C.T.) was founded in response in 1985 (including members Lisa Duggan, Nan Nan Duggan, Lisa members (including 1985 in response in founded was (F.A.C.T.) Force Task bten ih wn ad anti and wing right between s .

coe ad oebr 1979 November and October s , ned with the right wing impacts of anti of impacts wing right the with ned

- - porn ordinances, including preparing an amicus brief against it The first was in in was first The it against brief amicus an preparing including ordinances, porn - sex feminism” is thought to come from Willis’ 1981 piece piece 1981 Willis’ from come to thought is feminism” sex Sex?” Sex?” (Willis 1981)(Willis . ’

s basic civil rights, the issue eliciting the most passionate public public passionate most the eliciting issue the rights, civil basic s (Willis2005)

rather than the pro the ratherthan ad ee od n pbi voices public and loud were and ) .

. -

feminist discourse. She suggests that perhaps it is the is it perhaps that suggests She discourse. feminist (1981) (Willis 1981) (Willis

of the anti the of s h as - ongah discourse pornography ) 59 (1987)

and Susan Griffin’s Susan and s n o te is f first the of one is le eal cnosi o lsin eroticis lesbian of censorship enable elped

- sex ones who are who ones sex - - o Dokn n MKno i ter w words own their in McKinnon and Dworkin or , ongah txs Ade Dworkin’s Andrea texts, pornography pornography actions known as the the as known actions pornography - pornography . 87

These feminists’ concern feminists’ These ’ pro -

family against Catherine McKinnon and and McKinnon Catherine against

feminists s

mns pee criticising pieces eminist (1981) (1981) so often accusedbeing oftenof so

und u t b well be to out turned ’

fundamental Ls Hrzn: s the Is Horizons: “Lust

are unconsciously areunconsciously Pornography and Pornography sometimes sound sometimes - porn feminism porn Feminist Anti Feminist s

about the about ism, but ism, - out m - CEU eTD Collection of definition Dworkin’s appal and shock to theirslideshows in and outcontext of McKinnon expre us, sexual of variant every out reminds virtually condemned acting was Warner worker As SM sex or included it. actor pornography porn representing a like or much politics, violence bad patriarchal out acting its in analogous became SM 88 feminism lesbian and feminism SM for specificities the untangle will I but experience. struggle, the in was up SM separate; bound entirely not inextricably are two The wars. sex the about writings in space the of

Pornography became homologous with violence because it was considered a product of the masculine subject masculinethe of product a considered was it because violence with homologous became Pornography Figure Figure It was was It anti these is It 88 14

October 20, 1979, a march organi a 1979, 20, October represented a group entitled “Lesbians Against Pornography” Pornography” “LesbiansAgainst entitled group a represented within this climate of anti of climate this within - pornog 21, p.197) (2011,

raphy rather than specifically anti specifically than rather raphy

who had their own criteria for inclusion and notions of how how of notions and inclusion for criteria own their had who ad s ui pit ot te anti the out, points Rubin as and ; - pornography feminism (with roots in second wave second in roots (with feminism pornography ssion as anti as ssion s (Rubin 1984, p.301) 1984, (Rubin ed by Women Against Pornography (WAP). They They (WAP). Pornography Against Women by ed 60

- feminist” and have frequently used SM images images SM used frequently have and feminist”

- SM debates debates SM - pornography feminists “have “have feminists pornography (AP 1979) (AP that that .

take up most most up take

; CEU eTD Collection (andSM t anti 100% a be to he subsequent debates)he chapterIemerged, discussin subsequentas will - patriarchal feminist) patriarchal ,

as well as right wing politics, that the issue o issue the that politics, wing right as well as 61

3 .

f lesbian f CEU eTD Collection

Figure Figure symbol takes the woman’s sign (taken from the women’s movement) and the handcuffs from the SM SM from the handcuffs the and movement) women’s from (taken the sign woman’s the takes symbol 15 world and brings them together to r to together them brings and world

A denim vest with Samois' logo logo Samois' denimA with vest

Lesbian Sadomasochism inPublic –

wearing one’s wearing epresent feminist sadomasochism ( feministsadomasochism epresent Chapter 62

3 “off limits” “off

sexual desires on one’s back. T back. one’s on desires sexual

Rubin, 2004, p. 3) 2004, Rubin, .

heir

CEU eTD Collection needed. histories are oral and research archival thorough More cities. 90 as well as withperiod. Archive, the deal that sources secondary consulting Lesbian and Gay ONE the and Archives, Lesbian Mazer June Archives, Herstory Lesbian clippin magazine and newspaper and Papers Allison Dorothy the from from events of timeline a to dedicated p.15) is book Duggan’s and Hunter of chapter entire an and yet”, ended not have and feminism of wave first the in began sexuality of politics the about “arguments 89 feminists thatdisagreedwith anti movement feminist the Conference of history the in events explosive most the onwards 1975 chart about sex ple The public. in pleasures unconventional their desires limits” “off with Those fe e to daring women’s celebrating as breath same the in also, but sex, of control “feminist” and “fundamentalist” of convergence noted already the see sado Pat a as activist, herself identified One Califia, limits. off unthinkably were consensus, feminist the to according that, for prepared p.61) 1982, al. et (Ehrenreich accused being without sexuality their of varieties the exploring on insisted women magazine, this in as well as journals feminist 1982, In

Like the rest of my thesis, unfortunately it largely ig largely it unfortunately thesis, my of rest the Like of out appear not did 1980s the of wars sex The minists .

This chapter is based on a combination of both my own archival research with primary sources, especially sources, primary with research archival myown both combinationof a on isbased chapter This h sirns f nset eba S peec i pbi lf o life public in presence SM lesbian nascent a of stirrings the n hs chapter this In

American feminist magazine feminist American are shocked by Califia’s “off limits” desires as a sadomasochist a as desires limits” “off Califia’s by shocked are even in a feminist context even context inafeminist ,

the disclosure… that some women were actually acting out the kind of fantasies of kind the out acting actually were women some that disclosure… the ih particular with , and parallels on the opposite coast opposite the on parallels and , ,

atmt o ipit w hsoia moments. historical two pinpoint to attempt I

teto t the to attention

. However, the However, have have - pornography crusaders. - are masochist…” masochist…” faced censure and lasting personal impact by claiming by impact personal lasting and censure faced –

Ms all too by f by

nowhere. Indeed, as sex war scholar Nan Hunter points out, out, points Hunter Nan scholar war sex as Indeed, nowhere. re undamentalists or feminists or undamentalists ported on the “Sex Crisis” (not yet a war): “i war): a yet (not Crisis” “Sex the on ported

63 as M was SM ways Ms visible. nores SM organising happening outside major, coastal major, outside happening organising SM nores

asures and the dangers of speaking openly openly speaking of dangers the and asures . writers 90 (Ehrenreich et al. 1982) al. et (Ehrenreich

Secondly, I write at length about one of one about length at write I Secondly,

go on to confess, “ confess, to on go gs from the sadomasochism files at the the at files sadomasochism the from gs xpress their own eroticism, these these eroticism, own their xpress mobili s ed to attack and smear smear and attack to ed te et coast West the n 89 , –

First,

the of 96 onwards 1966

. Not only do we do only Not . (see being perverse being f ew of us were us of ew 1982 vr briefly very I Figure Barnard

(2006, (2006, from 15 ) n ” . CEU eTD Collection wars. sex the as known phenomenon historical the specificto only refer I way.So thisin described not is and wasnot it rather but wars; sex the of “beginning” the is claiming 94 west co the on groupsbegan these 93 make to afterthought an like her for distinction west/east coast the bit a all reads it indeed and topic, this on Rubin Gayle with conversations thanks as 1977 as early Francisco wars”, “sex the of beginning the p.xxii) signalled 1989, conference Barnard the coast, East the on feminists many the in writes Vance events. other to blinded relatively would be they unsurprising 92 were” fought we it ways the someof although a in, pulled p.61) 2005, conversation.” white on white a really was conference Barnard the felt, I mean, I thing. women’s white personal a on not but wars, level sex the in Carme embroiled being remembered debate. she Francisco, US San in northeastern Building Women’s white a as it of thought feminist Chicana eplored. fully more be could topic the that medium this through is it histories; washinde intobut deeper 91 for environment hostile a was seventies sadomasochisti early and sixties the of movement women’s lar were SM feminist of possibility star a played SM which wars” “sex feminist the as known become has what mean I “it” By Icounted,could say. not of lack the because or untouched, largely it whether or events, and other classic overshadowed feminist a such became conference the of out came that volume the because Conference all an It’s 3.1.1 emergence3.1 The SM asacontested lesbian notion of

d nt ih o li, oee, ht h tee a n cnlc aot e ad eult b sexuality and sex about conflict no was there the that however, claim, to wish not do I anti of scholar a Bronstein, delved have to liked have would I that general in wars sex the and conference Barnard the of aspect One As I explain below, the Barnard conference was such an intense experience for its participants that it is is it that participants its for experience intense an such was conference Barnard the below, explain I As (Vasquez 2015, p.62) 2015, (Vasquez SM and the origins the and SM ofthe sex wars . Allison disagrees but says that “But at the same time, she’s right about how she got played and and played got she how about right she’s time, same the at “But that says but disagrees Allison . nd that was really hard to confront and see that, in fact….The sex wars is not just a white issue, issue, white a just not is wars sex fact….The in that, see and confront to hard really was that nd - too

oig ny n font () ht i f “in that (!) footnote a in only noting Mridl 19; crd 2008; McBride 1997; (Martindale - common narrative to hear that the sex wars began with Ne with began wars sex the that hear to narrative common c women” c red by lack of material was its racial politics. The following statements come from oral fromoral come statements following The politics. wasracial its material of lack by red - 9”, directing us to Califia’s historical chapter in chapter historical usCalifia’s to directing 9”, . Moraga told Kelly Anderson in an oral history that “honestly, I feel like it was a a was it like feel I “honestly, that history oral an in Anderson Kelly told Moraga . 92 - ig role. ring

pornography feminism, also makes this claim claim this makes also feminism, pornography (Califia 1982, p.243) 1982, (Califia

Nevertheless, I wish to claim here: it all began on the West coast.all beganon here:I claim Nevertheless,wish to it

ast

(Bronstein 2011b) (Bronstein (Vance 1989, p.xxxvii) 1989, (Vance

gely respectful and inquisitive, and respectful gely 94

Ide tee a a ie hn icsin aot the about discussions when time a was there “Indeed (Allison 2007, p.51) (Allison2007,

attention to SM means its early skirmishes are not are skirmishes early its means SM to attention

i act, the opening salvos of the sex wars occurred in San San in occurred wars sex the of salvos opening the act, 64 s because the archival material has remained remained has material archival the because s .

but this was a honeymoon period that did not did that period honeymoona was this but

Vsuz ged atog a te ietr f the of director the as although agreed, Vasquez n egsn t l 1984) al. et Ferguson .

Coming to Power to Coming – ” says Warner, says ”

it’s clearer in this case because because case this in clearer it’s Pleasure and Dang and Pleasure

of the 1980s the of . 91 w York’s Barnard Barnard York’s w

hte ti is this Whether

(Califia 1982) (Califia efore what I am am I what efore Cherríe

even if “the “the if even

er which in which

(Moraga (Moraga

that “for “for that Moraga Moraga (Vance (Vance . She . 93

CEU eTD Collection 98 97 person in Ruth 3.2). was(see come to what farbelow controversyare shun to enough “high disgusted at come or did disapproving it although later, was it as write to time enough outraged be not mightthis people while that at suggesting Ruth to cost” personal hot red so not was issue the that suggesting editor audience” women real were as sadomasochists confronting histories” not were movement the first in the for “women because Ruth time, for intense so was confession of moment this 1981!), in movement the historicising masochism and feminism her of declaration public a S&M)”, 96 pre analysisof and timeline down broken a included not have I space of reasons for so and detailed is timeline this of account 95 yearsBarnard two later S/M About Lie a is Forum “This with emblazoned signs with event the picketed They 1980. in Berkeley of California, University the at forum WAVPM a against back struck lesbians SM groups, violence contradict each other two are sadomasochist and lesbian how t Tide Lesbian in SM and feminism lesbianism, f and lesbian last hemselves,

Ca women and Heterosexual and SM feminism, around texts published publications Various This was article by Barbara Ruth (aka Barbara Lipschutz aka Drivenwoman),“Cathexis (on the nature of of nature the (on Drivenwoman),“Cathexis aka Lipschutz Barbara (aka Ruth Barbara by article was This lifia (1982, p.259) explains these happenings in much more detail than I have space for here. for space than have detail I more much happeningsexplainsin these p.259) (1982, lifia Wre 21, p.4) 2011, (Warner cin apnd n h sres too. streets the on happened Action - (Califia 1982, p.244) 1982, (Califia

one of their own was expressing these desires desires these expressing was own their of one - and seek out or out seekand 1982 writings on and expressions of lesbian SM oflesbian expressions writings and on 1982 eminist topic began to gain traction gain to began topic eminist . 96 - sisters

hs iiiiy help visibility This .

who were being vulnerable, describing our sexuality to a sceptical and hostile hostile and sceptical a to sexuality our describing vulnerable, being were who ’s SM groups had existed before, however, such as Cardea in San Francisco. in San Cardea suchas however, before, existed groupshad ’s SM … . 95

. As Warner points out, its publ its out, points Warner As . ”

h ya 17 ses o e h ya we sdmscim s a as sadomasochism when year the be to seems 1975 year The

establish (Califia 1982, p.259) 1982, (Califia

Hera

their own specifically lesbian SM groups. SM lesbian specifically own their d tes eons ad ae M eie within desires SM name and recognise others ed , erne fr large a for reprinted netie iette wih oeie se to seen sometimes which identities intertwined

65 fe sm skirmis some After

with the publication of publication the with . (Califia 1982, p.244) 1982, (Califia 98

Clfa 92 p.244) 1982, (Califia A foreshadowing of what was to come to was what of foreshadowing A ication in neither led to a barrage of letters to the the to letters of barrage a to led neither in ication (See Califia 1982) Califia (See (1975)

ebaim n h lt 17s Pt Califia’s Pat 1970s. late the in lesbianism . According to Califia (who was already already was (who Califia to According . r ieay iue o pyharc case psychiatric or figures literary

uine w yas ae in later years two audience e wt poet b anti by protests with hes . “We [lesbian sadomasochists] sadomasochists] [lesbian “We . .

. At any rate the levels of of levels the rate any At .

the first article about article first the letters, they could be be could they letters, 97

We see heresee We

at -

CEU eTD Collection City) the on SM c 3.1.2 Lesbian East unknown (probably early to to mid early (probably unknown Figure Figure g

roup for women of any sexual orientation or identity in identity LosAngeles or sexual orientation any of women for roup hosted a discussion on “Censorship, Po “Censorship, on discussion a hosted On 16

An example of the kind of public events that were organised by feminists to discuss SM. SM. discuss feminists to by organised were that public kindevents the of An exampleof October 16, 1981, 16, October - the support a (WOSF), Fringe Sexual Women the by On sponsored 1980s), oast Lesbian Herstory Archives (a Archives Herstory Lesbian

66 rnography, and Sexuality” with “speakers from “speakers with Sexuality” and rnography,

l esbian archive in New York York New in archive esbian (ONE sadomasochism file) sadomasochism (ONE Date Date .

CEU eTD Collection 103 102 on presenting slideshows, theireducational in porn mainstream of examples shocking most and worst the using instead it, with engaging not was movement feminist the in a politics Left being 101 and taboos, Right of breaking role the about as movement. well questions as asking context of were out symbols participants taking outlaw”, event “sexual the in how describes Committee feminist SM the 100 of faces the become had two these both. or movement, because was it if or them, knew who others to relevance femini SM two were these because is this if unsure 99 have none ofit l to opposition official follow to wanted they (Here work inspirational as committee Barnard the of lists reading the Figure at the conference alater. only months few reactions intense the expected have not would organisers conference the that understandable pp.3 1981a, fe SM, in involved lesbians the attended women” of members who the 21) Box Papers, feminists” SM and pornography against women

Interestingly, the minutes note that Califia and Rubin, “due to a change of plans” would not be present. I am am I present. be not would plans” of change a to “due Rubin, and Califia that note minutes the Interestingly,

Also included on NOW’s blacklist was NOW’sblacklist on included Also See F n Sio, rne Duhy Ete Nwo, n Crl ac atne. I attended. Vance Carol and Newton, Esther Doughty, Frances Snitow, Ann ir eminist pornography was already being made at this time (i.e. by Betty Dodson), yet the anti the yet Dodson), Betty by (i.e. time this at made being already was pornography eminist

minutes. minutes. is olcie 1981) Collective sies The Heretics The n h sm ya, h H the year, same the In 17

) , including Pat Califia’s “Feminism and Sadomasochism”, and the issue the and Sadomasochism”, and “Feminism Califia’s Pat including , – 4, Allison Papers, Box 21) Box Papers, Allison 4, had had n h nx pann meig the meeting, planning next the In (Wright 2006, p.220) (Wright 2006, .

, a documentary about about documentary a , 99

attended the The sin M te liae in that sign ultimate the SM, esbian 1982 Barnard Conference Barnard 1982 discussion .

102 iit ongahr ad others and pornographers minist

uneventful uneventful e, ny n ya erir n 90 NW had NOW 1980, in earlier year one only Yet, rse cletv pbihd hi invtv sx issue sex innovative their published collective eresies pederasty, pornography, and public sex sex public and pornography, pederasty, Heresies ly one kind of pornography to represent the entire genre. theentire represent to ofpornography kind one ly . “oe cnend bu voec ad pornography and violence about concerned “women , 103

. With such an event going off without a hitch, it i it hitch, a without off going event an such With .

and diverse , for more on its impact moreitson impact for , sts involved in the Planning Committee and thus it was of of was it thus and Committee Planning the in involved sts 67

Planning Committee Planning anr Pann C Planning Barnard Kiza & ac 18, ., Allison p.1, 1981, Vance & (Kritzman pane

l h fmns etbihet would establishment feminist the . 100 ”

(Braderman 2009) (Braderman They a variety “wide that note 101

Jne rtmn Vance & Kritzman (Janie (Wright 2006, p.220) 2006, (Wright n their minutes the Planning Planning the minutes their n

included the details the included mite heard ommittee .

elrd its declared -

pornography pornography . was

from (see

on in s ,

CEU eTD Collection (“ Sexuality” of Politics 1982, 24, April on But 3.2 T Figure he “BarnardConference”, 1982 17

The contents page of Heresies’ Heresies’ of page Thecontents Barnard’s ninth annual Scholar and Feminist conference, “Towards a “Towards conference, Feminist and Scholar annual ninth Barnard’s T e Barnard he Sex Issue Sex C

neec” or onference”,

shows shows 68

a diversity of of top diversity

as Dorothy Allison and her friends friends her and Allison Dorothy as ics .

CEU eTD Collection “anti some that pro example, for agreed, “anti themselves them called even some of many t because to refused but degrading, implications, and violence was the pornography and name the resented feminists Pleasu 104 moral panic sexuality pleasure the both account into take to attempting were thinkers 21) Box Papers, Allison lacking” been has response feminist the and sexuality of theory comprehensive a proposed has wing right “the minutes, meeting anti planning their but attack, under seriously were mo gaining decades were feminists pornography past the of gains feminist the where environment political a in perspective feminist a from sexuality foregrounding at attempt an add, would I but of outbreak official the “marked It respects. unexpected Scandal” Sex “Barnard the it, called

ac wie i get eal n h rvsd nrdcin of introduction revised the in detail great in writes Vance - sex movement differed from the anti the from differed movement sex - feminist”. feminist”. re, More Danger: A Decade after the Barnard Sexuality Conference” to emphasise how many “pro many how emphasise to Conference” Sexuality Barnard the after Decade A Danger: More re, bt ht mre ws hgl satd iw f th of view slanted highly a was emerged what but ,

(Vance 1984, p.1) 1984, (Vance

on the East coast at least (see 3.1) 3.1) (see least at coast East the on . In contrast to the caricatured viewpoints attributed to them, these them, to attributed viewpoints caricatured the to contrast In .

. anti 104

- - pornography feminists) pornography porn folks: they always were open to debate, refused to declare anyone declare refusedto debate, to open were always they folks: porn t f h mda ptih. h ognsr woe in wrote organisers The spotlight. media the of st 19, p.102) (1994, 69

ake the stand of anti of stand the ake (1997, p.5) (1997, laue n Danger and Pleasure (1989, p.xxiii (1989,

) (Janie Kritzman & Van & Kritzman (Janie

the sex wars”, claims claims wars”, sex the ie u t is ae n certain in name its to up lived e conference and a bona fide fide bona a and conference e . The Barnard conference was was conference Barnard The . ) - . Furthermore, the tactics by the the by tactics the Furthermore, . pornography activists. She says says She activists. pornography and h dne o female of danger the wih h cls “More calls she which , ce 1981, p.3, p.3, 1981, ce Martindale - sex” sex” – - ,

CEU eTD Collection p.20) and “feminists Yor New as well as Columbia, and Barnard from graduatestudents and faculty of consisting Figure Figure I . h conference The 18 vttos ee et to sent were nvitations

Some images from the the Some from images Dubois’ don Dubois’ intellectuals”,

ation, Jewish Women’s Jewish ation, a organi was 1982 conference diary diary conference 1982 assembled through an open call for organizers for call open an through assembled

iial a ag ad suel dvre group: diverse assumedly and large a similarly s d y coa Crl Vance Carol scholar by ed

Archive Archive 70

cover, cover, (Jewish Women’s Archive n.d.) Archive Women’s (Jewish

intr o letter and excerpt pp.10 excerpt and letter o n a lnig committee planning a and Rbn 2011a, (Rubin .

the entire entire the - 11 (Ellen

k CEU eTD Collection pict plus collaged p.68), Gossett’s (likeHattie ads personal and diaryentries (see (p.73) numbers phone collect to section specific a conferen the during notes own one’s for space including as well as 40) speakers, the from pictures with lists reading descriptions, (p.4 Committee 106 (see excluded deliberating 105 participants, ( yourself documented organi activists working on sexuality. faculty Barnard

The Diary included the invitational letter (p.1), handwritten notes (pp.9,25,41,71 notes handwritten (p.1), letter invitational the included Diary The epaie hs ee eas anti because here this emphasize I Figure Figure s ing the conference from September 1981 September from conference the ing The planning committee (which doubled as a study group on sexuality) spent months spent sexuality) on group study a as doubled (which committee planning The DIY 19

Joan Nestle, Deborah Edel and group, “Gathering at LHA/Joan Nestle LHA/Joan at “Gathering group, Edel and Deborah Nestle, Joan acting in weekend of the Barnard Conference” Barnard the of weekend - ) 4, observa 34),

l , conference diary, designed by Meryl Altman Meryl by designed diary, conference etters and minutes and etters

previous organizers of the Scholar and Scholar the of organizers previous

as a as Figure Figure

record of the planning process and the eventrecord planning ofprocess andthe the itself. in ad adrte nts otd bu (n lptc kse!, workshop kisses!), lipstick (and about dotted notes handwritten and tions

105 and and

- Figure

e ciis f h cneec wud li ta ter v their that claim would conference the of critics sex (see Figure Figure 23 ).

(Morgan Grenwald Collection, LH Collection, Grenwald (Morgan Figure 20

106 - April 1982 (see 1982 April

) (pp.44 . They intended to publish a sort of sort a publish to intended They . 18

). Information was conveyed in the form of of form the in conveyed was Information ). - Feminist conference, academics and academics conference, Feminist 46), the conference’s concept paper (pp.38 paper concept conference’s the 46), ce (pp. 43, 48, 49, 54 49, 48, 43, (pp. ce

that would be distributed to all to distributed be would that ures, all in black and white. and black in ures,all Figure - 2), minutes of the Planning Planning the of minutes 2), 19 106 ’ s apartment the the s apartment

- )

5, 60 5, A) , a process a , .

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Dorothy Allison's copy of a page from the minutesfromo page the of a copy Allison's Dorothy .

She was a member of the planning meeting but only attended a few few meetings. a attended meetingonly but planning the a of memberShe was “ Diary of a Confere a of Diary ven before the conference started it had to be be to had it started conference the before ven 72

nce on Sexualit on nce

f the January 12, 1982 meeting (Allison (Allison 1982 meeting 12, January the f y” (see y” Figure Figure 21 ) as it was was it as )

CEU eTD Collection too. this event commemorate to documentary 109 pp.431 1989, (Vance 108 here. include Archive to a diary the about specifically article and Love’s Heather from both contents its access to able was I copy! a 107 exciting, butscary” how idea no had I but controversial the to surprise theme this of impact who university a Even sexuality. women’s and sex about discourses mainstream the subverted that conference conference’s the in Women incarnation thirtieth on Research for Center Barnard the of director current the work” of body important this to connection College's the removing thus document, the of off taken name Barnard's have to dollars of thousands paid effectively College the “offensive deemed were within pictures some and invitation the on letterhead their contained it because diary panic movement, it in conference the supported come. to was what of omen an reprinted, - conference

aosns 20) peh s a re was is speech (2005) Jakobsen’s in epilogue Vance’s had went to I archives the of none movement, feminist the for document important an such being this Despite

a scanned version is now available online (https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/34477856/diary online available now is version scanned a - on - sexuality Center for Research on Women on Research for Center ked – ran 439) ”, before agreeing to reprint it without a trace of Barnard. “I Barnard. of trace a without it reprint to agreeing before ”, (Haimowitz 2005) (Haimowitz (Jakobsen 2005) (Jakobsen Ple

less than 24 hours before the conference the before hours 24 than less a feminist conference for almos for conference feminist a - . dark

because of of because sr ad Danger and asure - matter

- rhvs, ls ue high used I plus archives), lcig n hry er o te ofrne; amwt (05 md a made (2005) Haimowitz conferences; the of years thirty on flecting ln pann sae aetd y h anti the by alerted stage, planning long s anti . 108

controversial it would turn out to be [….] it was very was it [….] be to out turn would it controversial . - 109

pornography groups’ extremist rhetoric. This was a a was This rhetoric. extremist groups’ pornography

outlines all the details before, during and after the conference conference the after and during before, details the all outlines Such was the anxiety caused by this this causedbyanxiety the was Such

107 73

h Brad olg amnsrto wo had who administration College Barnard The ’s director, Jane Gould: Jane director, ’s

t ten years was made to panic about the the about panic to made was years ten t

- quality scans from the Jewish Women’s Women’s Jewish the from scans quality and attempted to confiscate the the confiscate to attempted “I though “I ground n other words, other n - t pornography

it would be would it , -

observ breaking (2011) - of es - ,

CEU eTD Collection wi entrance the at met were everyone implicitly, draw attention draw implicitly, everyone Figure Figure Faye Ginsberg and Jane Gould. Note how DuBois credits the planning committee with helping her helping with committee credits planning the DuBois how Note Gould. GinsbergJane and Faye overcome her fears of speaking about sex in public, but both she and Friedlander specifically, and and specifically, Friedlander sheand both but sex inpublic, about speaking of fears her overcome h daa i nt n wt te ir’ cnicto ad ern. ofrne goers Conference reprint. and confiscation diary’s the with end not did drama The 21

Page 25 of the diary, with contributions from Ellen DuBois, Kate Kate Ellen DuBois, from contributions with diary, of 25the Page Also note the slight dig at Betty Friedan’s homophobia from Friedlander. from homophobia Friedan’s Betty at dig slight the note Also h iktn anti picketing th to the anxiety of speaking freely about sexual pleasure in that climate. climate. in that sexual pleasure about speaking freely of anxiety the to 74 - ongah fmnss rm oe Against Women from feminists pornography

Ellis, Judith Friedlander, Ellis, Friedlander, Judith

CEU eTD Collection understated. cannot be t badly so them about speak to but needed desires, “incorrect” felt they knewwho women some of thedesperation 1994) times conservative such collection, her in is in Terror” Private Silence, “Public aftermath, pervert the of chronicle amazing Allison’s sexual a labelled be to act was she organisation feminist 112 important and waywith discredit pro in some involved being stigma”of “courtesy to opinions personal i tactics Dirty 1983). (Willis with own associated her used writers leaflet misrep anti an actually is 111 p.594) 1983b, point this by years for inactive been supposedly had Feminists Radical pa York New the and the individuals), read not did WAVAW based California 110 violent moment lives (victims’?) a this called (see “anti promoting was conference the claiming and participants conference correct) always not (and alleged 2005) (Haimowitz th and feminists, not “ pain, obvious rememberswith “Against and side one Sadomasoch Against Sexuality Feminists), Radical York New and Women, Against Violence Against Women name, in least at (and Pornography, hey would call a near stranger. It is examples like these which show that the importance of this public discourse discourse public this of importance the that showwhich these examples like is It stranger. near a call would hey

The impact for the five women named was huge huge was named women five the for impact The liberating”, is pornography “contend[ing] of leaflet thein accused Girls, Nice More No example, one give To Califia suggests it was actually all the brainchild of Dorchen Leidhodt and Elizabeth Dworn of WAP. WAP. of Dworn Elizabeth and Leidhodt Dorchen of brainchild the all actually was it suggests Califia Figure Figure .

resented as their only founder), Ellen Willis, was a vocal opponent of anti of opponent vocal was a Ellen Willis, founder), only as their resented Allison recounts numerous late night confessional phone calls from women she barely knew; it illustrates illustrates it knew; barely she women from calls phone confessional night late numerous Allisonrecounts A as dsrbtd 2 distributed also WAP .

22 aig n saig a shaming and naming - , ” inthe conference’s history abortion group with no official view on pornography. One of their founders (who is also also is (who founders their of One pornography. on view official no with group abortion

Figure (Abelove et al. 1982, p.26) 1982, al. et (Abelove .

at we were betrayers. We were the enemies of our own movement” movement” own our of enemies the were We betrayers. were we at 23 S/M” on the other (see (see other the on S/M” 110 ) ( )

ne te anr f nwy omd Caiin o a Feminist a for “Coalition formed newly a of banner the under

Vance 1989, p.xxi) 1989, Vance ism”, wearing tee shirts reading “For Feminist Sexuality” on Sexuality” Feminist “For reading shirts tee wearing ism”, h - aving to cross a picket line of women who said that we were were we that said who women of line picket across to aving ae efes hneot “h lalt) ht eald the detailed that leaflet”) “the (henceforth leaflets page 111

ndeed, and a classic sex panic example, as Janice Irvine explains, a a explains, Irvine Janice as example, panic sex classic a and ndeed,

sexu “McCarthyite act” that seriously impacted its targets’ targets’ its impacted seriously that act” “McCarthyite mphlet before signing it (nor agree to naming and shaming shaming and naming to agree (nor it signing before mphlet l proclivities al –

(Haimowitz 2005) (Haimowitz .

112 personally, professionally academically academically professionally personally, 75

Hester Eisenstein, a speaker, speaker, a Eisenstein, Hester - sex politics (Irvine 2008, p.20). 2008, (Irvine politics sex . In a open p open a In . iue 2, 4 25). 24, 23, Figures

Vne 99 pxi Vne 1983) Vance p.xxi; 1989, (Vance

and

oiia sympathies political rotest letter rotest .

- pornography feminism, and the the and feminism, pornography

- feminist sexuality”, feminist , me Hollibaugh Amber

over 300 scholars scholars 300 over has –

it wa it call

Skin Skin f certain of s a serious serious a s . Dorothy Dorothy . ed (Allison (Allison (Califia (Califia

it “a it CEU eTD Collection

Figure Figure 22

WAP's infamous leafl infamous WAP's et distributed at Barnard in 1982 (Allison Papers, Box 21). Papers, (Allison in1982 Barnard distributed at et 76

CEU eTD Collection t thought (or This leaflet took particular care to smear conference presenters who were involved in involved were who presenters conference smear to care particular took leaflet This o be involved in) pro in) involved be o Figure Figure 23

The second page of WAP's leaflet (Allison Papers, Box 21). Box Papers, (Allison leaflet WAP's of page The second - pornography or SM activities. Most notably for my study, study, my for notably Most activities. SM or pornography 77

CEU eTD Collection p.26) activist and organiser conference nevert were name) by mentioned Rubin, Gayle both Figure Figure .

ees o lal ietfal “ht o nmn te ws qal dmgn” as damaging”, equally was them naming not “that identifiable clearly so heless 24

WA P protester outside Barnard. We can see a pile of extra tee shirts on the table table the shirts on tee extra pileof a see can We outside Barnard. protester P LSM anyone took one took anyone

(and thus Dorothy Allison, its founder, although she herself she although founder, its Allison, Dorothy thus (and attacked

rne Duhy rt to wrote Doughty Frances

(Morgan Gwenwald Collection, LHA). Collection, Gwenwald (Morgan Pt aii ad me Hliag wr no were Hollibaugh Amber and Califia Pat . 78

f or backs our off

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hy 1982, ghty I wonder if if Iwonder t is not not is but ,

CEU eTD Collection

Figure Figure Figure Figure 25

WAP ambushing B ambushing WAP 26 rela

Wearing one’s convictions on one’s back (Morgan Gwenwald Collection, LHA) Collection, Gwenwald back (Morgan one’s on convictions one’s Wearing tively small group of picketers small of group tively arnard’s gates on both sides.pictures From the both on gates arnard’s

(Morgan Gwenwald Collection, LHA). Gwenwald Collection, (Morgan 79

at least it looks it likea least at

CEU eTD Collection SM alone let pornography, 21) Box around p.1, Allison Papers, 1981c, & Kritzman Vance centred not and of diverse were issue framing this after Sex posed she #12 questions influential the from came list reading recommended the and topic”, appropriate and timely particularly a is sexuality community, feminist the curre the of light “in stating, sexuality of theme conference’s the introduced 114 theD 113 Feminist Lesbian group, feminist one least at to conference the describing leaflet, the beyond perplexing. is evil perceived other some than conference the p.260) to unrelated but time, same the at NYC in happening party her larger,argument. complex of only is part so, SM one explici dealing conference the at presentation sole the was Sex” “Thinking misplaced. were work sex and pornography roles, butch/femme sadomasochism, be to it imagined they p.xx). (1989, sado issues: three to devoted 1984], in p.xx) more much and taboo to psychoanalysis to abortion to image body from themes, and Danger cent taking SM with

Although it is certainly true that in the conference’s first planning meeting on September 16, 1981 Vance 1981 16, September on meeting planning first conference’s the in that true certainly is it Although ou turned It iary, they did not want to their name associated with the conference.with the associated theirname want to not did they iary, . 113 .

n atclr A’ coc t hglgt M n hi speciall their on SM highlight to choice WAP’s particular In picket the and leaflet the Both , point ,

She observed, “the leaflet gave birth to a phantom conference [a phase she als she phase [a conference phantom a to birth gave leaflet “the observed, She t

to be the only conference publication that had not been affiliated with Barnard/Columbia as like like as Barnard/Columbia with affiliated been not had that publication conference only the be to Rubin suggests that the protesters were “outraged by the conference, or conference, the by “outraged were protesters the that suggests Rubin s

out how the panels and sessions represented a diverse rage of polit of rage diverse a represented sessions and panels the how out re

tg bfr i ee bgn Crl Vance Carol began. even it before stage ”

21, . 1 epai mine) emphasis 21, p. (2011,

framed the conference in a certain, misleading way, way, misleading certain, a in conference the framed - aohs, ongah, n butch and pornography, masochism, Heresies 80 . Califia reported that WAP’s lies extended well well extended lies WAP’s that reported Califia

(See (See

Figure There was, however, a women’s SM SM women’s however,There a was,

. 17 nt controversy about pornography in in pornography about controversy nt isl, A’ ciius of critiques WAP’s Firstly, )

Hrse Cletv 1981) Collective (Heresies ,

rtn in writing pitd hrs rather shirts printed y tly with SM. Even SM. with tly - em roles” femme laue and Pleasure Wis n.d., (Weiss 114 ical view ical

Rubin’s o used o (1984, (Janie (Janie what what the , s

CEU eTD Collection justified. completely is claim that Willis’ clear makes programme the at looking so, but even pro other and SM of supportive 117 values?” from apart discussed 21) Box Allison p.3, Papers, 1981, Vance be ever sexuality Can space? free’ ‘value a have to possible it “is an other”, each about information of range narrow very our on based actual is women’s theory Present of experiences. variety the about more know to need “we stated, they meeting, another In 21). Box Papers, O from Minutes Vance, Carol and Kritzman conference(Janie anti and Right New 116 you of course don’t” No, half? thehear second even f the by repelled so are who folks to that explain to try and I’m Nazi’, but a sadist not a ‘I’m again, over and over and over repeat to feel one makes it idiotic how know you Do tired. C frankly, but respond, and to prudes chance a way the acting keep us offer generously to but good and well very all moralists is “It published): being up end not and did which title (a act” moralists prudes aren’t who Pornography Against Women tho to in response folks another “yet called she comments which piece, these published includes the Califia alongside editor issue). managing same the the to of directly 589 page on is response and apology editors’ (the chose express to victims the for space to offer to have but choice will no had print they that state, the by sanctioned longer no are suffice” floggings public Since bullwhip. a with preferably li smell leaflet the in forth set 115 other issues. pressing feminist centr speakfeminist event at a be not should opinions such expressed ever has who woman any that but heard, be “ writes, Thus committee member, sadomasochis “conferenceLiberation, on a as

It is without a doubt true, however, that the Planni the that however, true, doubt a without is It Furtherm language and tone her with fire the to fuel adds perhaps also Califia ali ,

W (1983b, p.594) (1983b, s n 91 ‘aoaohs’ a bcm a uz od I i tce ot js about just onto tacked is It that hear word. we This, feared. buzz or hated anything a become has ‘sadomasochism’ 1981, in leaflet’s The wide crowded, a 1983,p.593) (Willis in others than emphasis or time more no issues of rare a views unorthodox with feminists give to particular in and subjects controversial these of discussion include to want did char butch and s/m, leaflet’s pornography, promoting the that attest can I ed SM far more than it would have been otherwise, one topic amongst a crowd of crowd a amongst topic one otherwise, been have would it than more far SM ed a Ps cin a bsd oe n esnl tak, n ls o subs on less and attacks, personal on more based was action AP’s pparently, the writers of the leaflet believe not only that certain opinions should not should opinions certain that only not believe leaflet the of writers the pparently, ore, the notes of the Planning Committee indicate their commitment to addressing women in the the in women addressing to commitment their indicate Committee Planning the of notes the ore, - pornography feminism feminism pornography . At any rate, the editors of editors the rate, any At .

also comments their on misleadingalso writing, tactics

nlmaoy speech inflammatory on any subject ke day ke - sex issues, whether they practiced them themselves (such as Dorothy Allison), Dorothy as (such themselves them practiced they whether issues, sex .

116

laire, I have responded and responded to these assholes in WAP and I’m I’m and WAP in assholes these to responded and responded have I laire, Davis writeshow,

- old semen/cuntjuice and should be summarily and publically corrected, corrected, publically and summarily be should and semen/cuntjuice old .

–

WAP and their tactics are even mentioned by name by mentioned even are tactics their and WAP ” (Willis 1983,p.594) (Willis Feminist Studies Feminist (Califia 1983a, p.1, Allison Papers, Box 4) Box Allison p.1, Papers, 1983a, (Califia acterization of the conference as a vehicle for for vehicle a as conference the of acterization

81 m” ng Committee was made up of many who were openly openly were who many of up made was Committee ng and its its and

- opportunity to be heard, but we gave this set this gave we but heard, be to opportunity

femme roles is false and indeed absurd. We We absurd. indeed and false is roles femme

(Califia 1983b,p.594) ctober 28, 1981 Planning Meeting, pp.3 1981 Planning Meeting, 28, ctober

there have been sadomasochistic eras in eras sadomasochistic been have there

responses

were so regretful for publishing the leaflet leaflet the publishing for regretful so were their own views in whatever manner they manner whatever in views own their – irst half of the sentence that they never never they that sentence the of half irst

. 117 was she trying to shock? “The ‘facts’ ‘facts’ “The shock? to trying she was

culy publici actually

. 115

Willis

- ranging agenda ranging .

tance. , a planning (Kritzman & (Kritzman d also asked asked also d - invited to invited

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Willis se CEU eTD Collection down conversations more thancreate them. us how here see we Thus shaming. public risk or norms feminism’s of type certain a with line in fall to had one but norms, cultural heteronormative (Ibid) treat same the to subject be will and desire or thought unacceptable some harbor may host a such in freely sex about speak a and conference a for Ironic letters page of supporters’ a attention roll” “a would c The nti - Vne 99 p.434) 1989, (Vance pornographe . Another arbiter of judgement was added to the mix mix the to added was judgement of arbiter Another . entrality attributed to SM SM to attributed entrality not p.26) almost to shrunk has sexuality lesbian or women’s of aspects other any of discussion time, same the At disappear. topics other all and listening stop butch of pornographyor SM of mention In sexuality. about talking of bounds the shrink and inflate to both them warp which mentalities sadomasochistic have beyond hope people some that or history, be centred be d urg a behavio as outrage nd

open letter termed it termed letter open .

o ff our b r’s counterpart to the New Right’s unholy trinity of sex, drugs, and rock ‘n’ ‘n’ rock drugs,and sex, of unholy trinity Right’s New the to counterpart r’s

(Davis 1981, p.8) (Davis 1981,

around what SM, pornography SM, what around acks

epcal i te otx o fmns) n part in feminism) of context the in (especially . It indicates that WAP believed that SM would attract the most most the attract would SM that believed WAP that indicates It . , the result ofleafleting, theresult was and picketing - ile world. ile femme, balloons out to obscure all other discussion discussion obscureother to all out balloonsfemme,

hn ot rbby h WP knew WAP the probably most when (Abelove et al. 1982, p.26) 1982, al. et (Abelove u r - out concerned exactly with trying to find a way to talk to way a find to trying with exactly concerned out rl “eod h fmns pale feminist the “beyond truly .

eading the leaflet the eading 82

, and butch and ,

ing SM as a scare tactic works to shut shut to works tactic scare a as SM ing . ,

As Doughty point Doughty As Doughty - femme, what Vance calls Vance what femme, – nothing

o only not ”

as , felt “fear, that I too too I that “fear, felt that flation because any any because flation icular, but also of of also but icular,

(Doughty 1982, 1982, (Doughty the the conference conference the

s were conference conference

out in the in out –

people, ment the

the re ”

CEU eTD Collection ii) like publications” “hostile in perpetuated andexacerbated This , as well as more sympath more as well as , “ Figure Figure noy trinity unholy 27

Page 66 of the Conference Diary, the page for Gayle Rubin's talk fortalk Rubin's Gayle page the Diary, Conference of 66the Page ”

view etic ones like ones etic

of the conference conference the of

national gay newspaper gay national 83

–

M p SM,

off our backs our off r, n butch and orn,

Gay Community News Community Gay

(Vance 1989, pp.xxi 1989, (Vance “ Thinking Sex Thinking - femme femme ” – .

was was

and – CEU eTD Collection 121 chooses” as she body sexual her use womanto every an origin in ethnic color, outlaws sexual named are women class, age, preference, sexual active of questions on based sexually enormously vary support penalties the that all but society, active authoritarian that the believe We to society. committed of group circles coalitionist all in a perverts are We sex. incorrect" "politically of aspect some involve which fantasies enjoy or advocate, practice, who lesbians, particularly women, for group support 120 21). Box AllisonPapers, to sent 119 ofthe day voices risingfeminist 118 Sex. year (LSM), Mafia Sex Lesbian the aftermath, the In Lesbian 3.3 The S themselves asoffeminism” ‘the’ voice anti the and multifaceted, and remembers conference, unacceptable. was practice feminist what (and feminism polari The stifle debate about sexuality. by major publiciz[i and “exacerbate[ing] the

“Speakouts” were common feminist events where women gathered to share their views. sharetheir to womengathered where feminist events werecommon “Speakouts” respo a of lieu in printed 1981, from words own their In Stu Feminist of members by signed was letter This Th nearly three hundred people denouncing the actions of WAP and company as trying to trying as company and WAP of actions the denouncing people hundred three nearly The Village Voic Village The 121 s a a e Yr City York New a was is y write by

off our backs our off academic

anti sexual butch controversial as with such identifiedpractices, or individuals and views stigmatize to out was effect singled feminist The the beyond pale. which and unacceptable morally distributed as name by attacked was were belonged, leaflet T participants. coalition individual some a misrepresented conference, the At I dwell here f here Idwell s - ation seen here (implicit or explicit us a us explicit or (implicit here seen ation pornography movement ad ciit ooh Allison Dorothy activist and r , and political activity. We are committed to the empowerment of the individual the of empowerment the to committed are We activity. political and ,

journal journal ,

who published it in 1982 (Letter from Vance to the Editor of Editor the to Vance from (Letter 1982 in it published who ex and the Mafia

e. or a while because I see this event as crucial in the formation of a publica of formation the in crucial as event this seeI because while a or i s “beyond the feminist pale”), was a clear standpoint that this kind of kind this that standpoint clear a was pale”), feminist the “beyond s 118 ,

“ Feminist Studies Feminist Carla Freccero credits Freccero Carla f - rom this poi this rom based publication with a section that printed opinions, including many of the the of many including opinions, printed that section a with publication based (Willis 2005) (Willis

119

ng] deep rifts among feminists” among rifts deep ng] Part of read it - pornography forces were no longer able to represent represent to able longer no were forces pornography (Abelove et al. 1983, p.179) (Abeloveet al.1983, “ . Speak

nt on, feminist approaches to sexuality were complex complex were sexuality to approaches feminist on, nt (Jewish Women’s(Jewish Archive n.d.) le DuBois, Ellen - entered the fray the entered em rls sadomasochi roles, femme (Lesbian Sex Mafia 1983, p.601) Mafia 1983, Sex (Lesbian ognsd Seku o Pltcly Incorrect Politically on Speakout a organised , s o 84 dies’ editorial board and conference organisers, and also also and organisers, conference and board editorial dies’ : ut ut Politicallyon IncorrectSex

visibility and accessibility of these debates these of accessibility and visibility 120

nd them), the fight to police the bounds of of bounds the police to fight the them), nd a s t te efe: Te eba Sx ai i a is Mafia Sex Lesbian “The leaflet: the to nse

lesbian SM group SM lesbian

an an they which to groups the and hey, . They published They . a aei and cademic

(Freccero 1990, p.310) 1990, (Freccero .

off our backs our off m o ciiim f the of criticism or sm, . . founded the previous the founded

rsne a the at presenter a petition signed petition a ”

, June 14, 1982, 14, June , - the right of of right the

of radical radical of . Even .

as CEU eTD Collection 1995) la years ten than more heterosexuality female to regards with questions correc ‘political of forms other right” and correctness’, ‘political sexual between 126 pp.138 in published was panel this from Dimen Muriel by text A Allison. Dorothy as well 125 the Unlike itself. conference leather. the of physically) and Allison Speakout the temporally, at outfits, professional wore speakers (literally, the where conference bounds the outside just and sensitive venture to enough curious or brave those just than audience different) (and larger much a reaching conference, the with association its by legitimised event, major 124 in response activists SM some for 123 new nothing was this 1983b) that indicate below, detailed as Coast, 122 line?” they asked sexual correct politically a is What correct? politically is Who correct. politically feels one No correct. politically not are they think women heterosexual correct; politically not are they members the that (see Sexuality” Incorrect Politically Correct, the of pages the publications in only on lived but form, book in published not were proceedings the conference the as controversial equally was time the at and overshadowed somewhat is Speakout the attention, per in themselves defend to forced were women and occurred SM about debate public a which pro and SM lesbian vocaland

It was clear that this was a particularly sticky topic; in another meeting, they wondered about the “links “links the about wondered they meeting, another in topic; sticky particularly a was this that clear was It as Quintanales Mirtha LHA), the of (founder Nestle Joan Dimen, Muriel anthropologist featured panel The p several are There describi once, it mentions only Warner thesis, entire her in example, For run Samois’ and letter exhausted utterly Califia’s Although son to oneson to another (Janie Kritzman & Vance 1981c, p.2, Allison Papers, Box 21) Box Papers, Allison p.2, 1981c, Vance & Kritzman (Janie .

- . 48)

First there was an official afternoon workshop at the conference entitled “Politically entitled conference the at workshop afternoon official an was there First W .

hile the Barnard Conference itself and the picketing has received a lot of scholarly scholarly of lot a received has picketing the and itself Conference Barnard the hile Feminist Studies Feminist that

reported

(Kritzman &(Kritzman Papers,Allison Box21) Vance 1981,p.3, of the conference the of as Fran Moira’s report show report Moira’s Fran as ossible reasons for this. this. for reasons ossible

as SM dykesSM as

(2011, p.151) (2011,

on it.

sex community; one of the first moments first the of one community; sex 124

. . 122

Plannin

It was possibly the first time a lesbian SM group was organising a organising was group SM lesbian a time first the possibly was It

to a normal LSM meeting. Nevertheless, the topic was still still was topic the Nevertheless, meeting. LSM normal a to g C g 85 Figure Figure s ommittee ommittee

(1982) - ins with anti with ins 28

. 123 . Jane Gaines begins to try to answer these these answer to try to begins Gaines Jane . ) had .

125 Unlike the main conference itself, conference main the Unlike ter, and they still remain murky remain still they and ter,

hs su a etnn one pertinent a was issue This grappled with. “Lesbians think think “Lesbians with. grappled - por ns’ oh n h lf ad the and left the on both tness’ g ht t cl i pitd s her as printed is call its that ng nography feminists on the West West the on feminists nography Pleasure and Danger and Pleasure Rubin were decked out in in out decked were Rubin – . 126

Clfa 93; Califia 1983a; (Califia in NYC at least at NYC in

(Gaines (Gaines

(1989 (1989 –

in CEU eTD Collection

speakers include: Muriel Dimen, Muriel include: speakers Figure Figure 28

The “Politically Correct, Politically Incorrect Sexuality” Incorrect Politically Correct, The“Politically (moderator) (Morgan Gwenwald C Gwenwald (Morgan (moderator)

Joan Nestle, Dorothy Allison, Mirtha N. Quinta N. Allison, Mirtha Dorothy Nestle, Joan 86

ollection

panel. panel. , LHA) , From left to right pictured pictured right to Fromleft .

neles and Jan Boney Boney Jan neles and

CEU eTD Collection Dodson, Jewelle Gomez, Amber Hollibaugh, Barbara Kerr, Cherrie Moraga, Joan Nestle, Mirtha N. N. Mirtha Nestle, Joan Moraga, Cherrie Kerr, Barbara Hollibaugh, Betty Amber Davis, Quint Madeline Gomez, Califia, Pat Cain, Jewelle Judith Butler, Dodson, Judith) as professionally known (now Judy Allison, 127 S event extra the conference, official the to addition In on. head correctness political Incorrect peakout read peakout

Figure Figure It featured some presenters and folks associated with the with associated folks and presenters some featured It anales, Glenda Reye, Lynn Reynolds and others. and Reynolds Lynn Reye, Glenda anales, hl sm aodd t other it, avoided some While 29 we decide? Implicit judgments. The relations between our politics an politics our between Therelations Implicit judgments. decide? we .

Talk about what is now c/ic [correct/incorrect] c/ic is now what Talkabout

Allison's notes in the early sta early inthe Allison'snotes the next day next the s

(also published (also ,

April 25 April

description”(Allison Papers, Box 21) Box Papers, description”(Allison

in , Feminist Studies Feminist

1982 in New York’ New in 1982 ges of the conference workshop. workshop. conference of the ges lesbian

feminists conference, and others who not, including Dorothy Dorothy including not, who others and conference, , also when and how this has changed. Howe do do Howe changed. thishas how and when also , ) , “Talking about sex in any public way is way public any in sex about “Talking ,

s East village East s

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. addressed the issues that the conference was was conference the that issues the addressed

SM dyke SM . Firstly “ Firstly .

s pro s ai 18, pp.601 1983, Mafia How are you a sexual outlaw? sexual a you are How ‘ right udly wore their leather to the to leather their wore udly

’ (Moira 1982 (Moira

” correct sexual practice, sexual correct

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CEU eTD Collection

Figure Figure sure to mention this, plus the fact she was wearing pants underneath underneath pants wearing shewas fact the mention plus this, to sure 30 Allison, and Jewelle Gomez Jewelle and Allison,

Clockwise from top left, Gayle Rubin in leather chaps ( chaps Rubin in leather Gayle left, fromtop Clockwise

(Morgan Gwenwald Collection, Lesbian Herstory Archives). Lesbian Herstory Collection, Gwenwald (Morgan 89

Fran Moira in her coverage for coverage in her Moira Fran (1982) ),

Joan Nestle, Dorothy Dorothy Nestle, Joan

makes

CEU eTD Collection sudyou’re when present this of out falls to able barely was always I because just that part the is this and perverts, discussion” themselves knew they and perverts real were they them killed who know I women two least “at rejection societal of results tragic sometimes the of 128 conference and its di my In 1994) nigh at late her call would desires me” fire should they why and pervert sex a was I why of details the all him tell to boss my called them). separate commentary speakout.LSM onthe This everyone. with sex have non other outlawing outlawing and judgmental is who group me?” with live you Can you. with sex have backs minorities a the to feminism mainstream of elitism moral the turn symbolically to attempt ingenious an as served incorrectness of use public highly “this suggests Gaines Jane only the In speakout? this of impact the was what So

Nor, in fact, do I wish to lose sight of the impact of these discussions more broadly. Allison also reminds us us reminds also Allison broadly. more discussions these of impact the of sight lose to wish I do fact, in Nor, Alsn 07 p.62) 2007, (Allison , . The secondary wave

Icnlv ihyuwocl yusle ulw,bt antarewt you with agree cannot I but outlaws, yourselves call who you with live can “I committee accepted the of lot a did who Vance, rea work, Carol or mine, of friends are who Hunter, making, career long serious of some got area they where subtle that in hit got hit got who wave, secondary the in But I scussion, I do not want to lose sight of the seriousness of the impact of this academic academic this of impact the of seriousness the of sight lose to want not Ido scussion, suggest that it goes fur goes it that suggest ” (Allison 2007, p.57) 2007, (Allison

( 1 995, p.387) 995,

ooh Alsn remembers Allison Dorothy (Allison 2007, p.56) (Allison 2007, lly took a lot of damage in terms of jobs, tenure, getting their publications their getting tenure, jobs, of terms in damage of lot a took lly aftermath. denly a public pervert” pervert” public a denly . Se ecie hw eru fmnss ih non with feminists fearful how describes She .

Describing it at the time, Fran Moira stated dramatically in dramatically stated Moira Fran time, the at it Describing . She also describes how she “I lost of lot of friends, for my reasons and theirs, theirs, and reasons my for friends, of lot of lost “I she how describes also She . —

t ook longer to manifest but wasook longer but oncareers. tomanifest also damaging 128

Even people who were trying to be present present be to trying were who people Even

ther, both on the personal and political levels (if one can even can one (if levels political and personal the on both ther, mt rhetoric empty

t, looking for approval and to share their shame their share to and approval for looking t, .

(Allison 2007, p.53) (Allison2007, - term damage. So people like Lisa Duggan and Nan and Duggan Lisa like people So damage. term , 90 (1982) “I mean, it really was the case that someone someone that case the was really it mean, “I

s h ms spitctd at f Moira’s of part sophisticated most the is . Moira .

secondary

positions th positions - outlaws, as well as wanting to to wanting as well as outlaws, — commentary I cou I commentary

and it’s hard for people to be to people for hard it’s and e sex outlaws as the as outlaws sex e - d oiial correct politically vantage of erotic erotic of vantage selves because because selves (Allison ld find, find, ld

off our off –

or or

CEU eTD Collection 131 oft 130 time. that at feminism of understanding public’s the shaped that how and academy, feminist the of outside discourses 129 b andbutch SM on based was conference the impression the creating workshops, 18 the of three m ignored but conference, the covering culture” lesbian towards well and popular because rest the versus sadomasochists 1982) was conference the that notion the entrenching read its illustrating Politic Body The Barnard to and Speakout the length at discuss to press feminist panic. moral ensuing the engender pr lesbian and gay m 3.4 Feminist ack

Allison kept many clippings about the conference (Allison Papers, Box 21). Box Papers, (Allison theconference about many kept clippings Allison Politic Body The usd te cp o m suy a te mat ht h cneec hd i had, conference the that impact the was study my of scope the Outside he most important and well read inAmerica. North read well and most important he

s ’s reporting of t of reporting ’s , “Feminists split on ‘correct’ sex”, sex”, ‘correct’ on split “Feminists , - . femme. 131 ht s vn oe rsrtn, vn reading even frustrating, more even is What the backs], forced been has sexuality sad really is What the when end not did battle The not only only not

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gayandpress press theleft

wide Big M Big edia post coverage and

was a Canadian gay monthly magazine published between 1971 to 1987 and like and 1987 to 1971 between published magazine monthly gay Canadian a was a iprat aain a newspaper gay Canadian important an , - was ess covered both events, both covered ess ed eiit ei suc truhu te 90, spe 1970s, the throughout source media feminist read

resonance as well as its resonance outside of academia. of outside resonance its as well as resonance it is worth is it he issue in their in issue he a

m it

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about this whole mess is that a large chunk of chunk large a that is mess whole this about Gnbr 21b p., 106) pp.2, 2013b, (Ginsburg

Feminist Studies “leading lesbian newspaper” newspaper” lesbian “leading

, or ,

looking at the at looking

out of the feminist press. You won't find it find won't You press. feminist the of out ,

Sinister Wisdom Sinister or with even an attempt at neu at attempt an even with or 129

decade overview in 1985 in overview decade

(Rubin 1982a)

ui lamented Rubin ost of the content, focusing only on the on only focusing content, the of ost - Barnard conference but they they but Barnard but in their in but

: 91

off our backs our off

only describe the WAP’s picketing, WAP’s the describe only conference and conference .

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(Douglas biased also included several pages pages several included also

trality, the issues raised by raised issues the trality, LSM S LSM f anyone, in bringing feminist feminist bringing in anyone, f

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1984 feminist opinion on opinion feminist peak

130 “by far the most most the far “by iial geared cifically

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out di out Their headline Their , was was , S , they helped helped they , .9) oob peakout and peakout . After all After .

d. Some Some d. GNC in detail in [off our our [off f our off further further (A , one one , non CEU eTD Collection by enacted the became turn in which incorr themes conference the paint she not only So does p.9). (1985, contributions” valuable making each while issues other or these over disagree can feminists that denying and history movement 132 ( Th thusplaced illegible: outofcontext, res the somewhat to angry, letter defeated somewhat and frustrated a in Califia, attendants. conference 800 original the of that bringi misinformation!), Studies Feminist “picketedconference” the for leaflet, perverse the by defended day the of issues main supposed the of one as pornography replace to out jumps Heterosexuality this? with begin to Where yearsthree later report conference onthe butch critici responses detailed and long the

Feminist Studies, Feminist

Even more outrageously, outrageously, more Even y apologi ey - femme, with examples, in depth and reas and depth in examples, with femme, os h rt o ulcto) aet ta oh h eiin n h efe were leaflet the and petition the both that laments publication), for wrote she ponse Rbn, le [ils o Abr Hliag] ae oe ad n ht id of kind that in and done, have [Hollibaugh] Amber e or work [Willis] of Ellen kind [Rubin], what idea no have will sexuality of aspects other and porn over debates the following been not have who readers your A roles and sadomasochism butch heterosexuality, anti defended Speakers heterosexuality. of critique feminist the by espoused that oob nvironment, mud sticks thebestnvironment, sticks mud aei journal cademic oob

example, is completely ignored with ignored completely is example, reported that most speak most that reported ’s biased reporting.’s biased s d n pbihd epne fo te five the from responses published and ed

(Douglas 1985,p.9) (Douglas

erne te efe i is niey icuig h oiia nms and names original the (including entirety its in leaflet the reprinted Notes and Letters, and Notes oo b

reporters expressed distance from sadomasochism and butch femme roles, while not not while roles, femme butch and sadomasochism from distance expressed reporters actual

ng these accusations and a wide a and accusations these ng Douglas goes on to add that “ that add to on goes Douglas (“by far the most controversial(“by con the far most

(Ibid., p.9) eiit Studies Feminist

ofit, u se lo bcrs h pltcl censor political the obscures also she but conflicts,

. Feminist Studies Feminist

(Ibid., p.9). - ? ongah mvmn te by the movement pornography . ers supported a politics of sexuality that differed from from differed that sexuality of politics a supported ers

132 9( s 3

(Califia 1983a, Allison Papers,(CalifiaAllison Box4) 1983a, n ter oeae s nary rvlgn S and SM privileging unfairly as coverage their ing ), 1983, pp.589 1983, et n se frhr Aogie hs petition this Alongside further. step one went

92 onable argumentation, how does how argumentation, onable

the neutral standalone st standalone neutral the

oob editor (private correspondence separate to separate correspondence (private editor ectly, depicting (yet again) their their again) (yet ectly,depicting

was critical of some speakers’ presentation of of presentation speakers’ some of critical was

, - 602) but the damage was done, and done, was damage the but 602) national audience much bigger than than bigger much audience national . yef Drty Alsn, Gayle [Allison], Dorothy myself,

ference ference The utter inappropriateness of the of inappropriateness utter The named named oob victims two issues later later issues two victims - hn omn lesbian common then

covered - atement that WAP that atement hp n censure and ship perceived perceived .

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CEU eTD Collection in common things have to itself that group considers a rather 133 a theaudience series to ofquestions Pleasure”, and Passion in Hope Radical (4.4). pro and lesbians SM against taken actions more depth in explain I 4 chapter but SM, lesbian doesn’t to refers Irvine politics level high cultural has emotion public because authority circles, in run or flawed factually are SM against topic the make to trying literally was attended, who those intimidating in and conference the disrupt to trying In hierarchy. sexual perceived their of bottom the at sexualities embodied who women the at disgust and dis in actions syste regulatory this reinforce and enforce sexuality of conventions Affective hierar term). famous Anderson’s Benedict borrow (to sorts of community imagined an subculture, feminist lesbian politically Irvine’s with anacademic however journal, unintentionally. legitimi and verified claims noxious their nationwide, was debate the

Anderson defines an imagined community as one that is n is that one as community imagined an defines Anderson

chies, establishing some sexualities as normal and others as disgusting or unspeakable. unspeakable. or disgusting as others and normal as sexualities some establishing chies,

n e coig drs o address closing her In full a of example typical a is here see we What ; hyperboles are loud and result in reactionaryinresult andaction politicalloud hyperbolesare ; intervention into theories of sex panics (in other words, thinking thinking words, other (in panics sex of theories into intervention )

is the imp the is crediting the conference the crediting 133

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— which I pose againIwhich here: pose

and the subsequent uncritical reporting uncritical subsequent the and n atclr sxa sae sim, er disgust fear, stigma, shame, sexual particular, in unspeakable. writer, femme and activist Amber Hollibaugh Amber activist and femme writer, eiiaig oe o eoin ntrlzs sexual naturalizes emotions of power legitimating m and are therefore political therefore are and m

e ivle hr; egn i nt omn on comment not did Reagan here; involved get 93

T (Anderson 1991) (Anderson hese debate hese

ot based on personal, face to face relationships but but relationships face to face personal, on based ot

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- blown sex panic (see 1.4.3). 1.4.3). (see panic sex blown

s were a main issue within the within issue main a were .

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CEU eTD Collection focus onthepublications. second: w be to waiting are like Wicked Outcasts, The Samois, Shelix, communities feminist alternate 1998, p.120) lesbian correct of restrictions ideological the and bondage S/M of restrictions literal the between choice “The image: visual phrasing Gonda’s Caroline scholar while Indeed, practice the rape practise” the is lesbianism theory, the is “feminism can we 1980s, early the in beginnings wars’ sex the to 1970s the From Bad Attitude Bad olbuh ecie a describes Hollibaugh model of properfeminist sex? own their we if with to belong longer no can we that movement political a experiment to need and creatingwe confusedAre power? areinto hot; is gayporn male think passion; of ideastentative are faces; lovers’ their swamp dykes; talk sweat, than to like faggots costumes; penetration, like dildoes, love more feel s/m; consensual practise men; with fucking who like women; femme or butch of lovers the are out; find to intend but like they what gently come don’t who women the all are Who .

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On Our Backs Our On to something like patriarchy is the theory, sadomasochism is the practise? the is sadomasochism theory, the is patriarchy like something to ritten, and this thesis begins begins thesis this and ritten, - , for example, for , feminist sex must often have seemed unappealing” unappealing” seemed have often must sex feminist true litany of outsiders. outsiders. of litany true

and

Outrageous Women Outrageous (Hollibaugh 1989,p.403) W omen 94 such as such ,

to and Briar Rose, Briar and is binary and simplifying, she create she simplifying, and binary is address their stories their address

(chapter 2) (chapter

SM support groups lik groups support SM

. While histories of all these groups these all of histories While . n o’ at o o’ nw yet know don’t to; want don’t and h ase i te wr forming were they is answer The

. to dirty, see expressions of need of expressions see dirty,

and their own publications, own their and “pornography is the theory; theory; the is “pornography

don’t feel our desires fit a a fit desires our feel don’t . I . n my next chapter next my n

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Katherine Davis, introduction to Katherine Davis, introduction Lisa Duggan, “Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Popular Culture” Popular and Dissent Sexual Wars: “Sex Duggan, Lisa Barbara Ruth, – 10) This c This - identified

hapter focuses on the side of the sex wars that wars sex the of side the on focuses hapter Feminist

“Cathexis” in “Cathexis” — butch

Discourses - fem dykes and Samois activists were cut off from the normalizing normalizing the from off cut were activists Samois and dykes fem ible for practically every ill and inequity, large and small, that the that small, and large inequity, and ill every practically for ible

Hera Coming toPowerComing , 1975

Critiquing SM Chapter 4 (Ruth 1975) 95

(Davis 1981

Duggan calls Duggan 1980s America

, p.8) (Duggan & Hunter 2006, Hunter & (Duggan os arae i not is marriage… mous

was “no party and party “no was

s] attacked s] d CEU eTD Collection when moment cultural and political a in emerged it as when from1982, very different looked feminism do, to space the have not do I which analysis, own its 135 period. this during in particular Francisco San and London between 134 intimate their both in disparities power end to striving are who “women to dedicated is It Analysis, and plurality postmodern a struggle threat the as broadly understood be can anxieties these that “feminist”. and “lesbian” defining over anxiety an as issue underlying the identify historical a in identity antiwhichthe in ways considerthe anti some outline as such ones, common most Hera publications lesbian/feminist letter and articles and books, published handful), a are there which (of texts academic both time, the from publications feminist few a only on focus to this sadomasochism. and in lesbianism feminism, between analysis relationship controversial my for basis the provide research, archival my through above. Duggan asnotes sex, lesbian “bad” decryingforms period time this during written and shouted uttered, were SM about comments of abundance UK. the in also but US, the in mostly 1990s, early to 1970s late the

Unleashing Feminism: Critiquing Sadomasochism in the Gay 90s Gay the in Sadomasochism Critiquing Feminism: Unleashing Althoug Al anr f ies ciius ee ae hr I etit yef o drsig the addressing to myself restrict I here made, were critiques diverse of manner All . It makes sense to begin with the book the with begin to sense makes It s of power, knowledge and discourse, knowledge s ofpower,

h my thesis is based in the American context, Rose Bush (2015) emphasises the cultural exchange exchange cultural the emphasises (2015) Bush Rose context, American the in based is thesis my h the first (another was released in 1993) feminist book dedicated to critiquingSM. to dedicated book feminist 1993) in released was (another first the - SM actions, such as targeting bookstores that stocked SM materials. I materials. SM stocked that bookstores targeting as such actions, SM

oet hn setait oin o sseho wr crumbling. were sisterhood of notions essentialist when moment

SM’s Lesbian Connection Lesbian

“obvious” repli “obvious” - SM discourse acts as an attempted consolidator of lesbianof consolidatorattempted an asacts discourse SM

Against Sadomasochism Against 96 posed Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Radical A Sadomasochism: Against

, cation of patriarchal oppression. I oppression. patriarchal of cation Lesbian Tide Lesbian

to aunified politic lesbian feminist

(Reti 1993) (Reti These documents, obtained largely largely obtained documents, These

was published. t te dtr n mainstream, in editor the to s , On Our Backs Our On . This book certainly deserves deserves certainly book This . 134

n overwhelm An chapter of the the of chapter I have chosen have I , Plexus

I contend I go on to on go s .

will will and and ing 135 I

CEU eTD Collection power to coming in whaton agree to went through collective voices of range the in seen be can diversity agai battle 138 a compare life personal to taste bad pub or write terribly actually not did she Samois; in involvement and positions political her on based tastes in it find I senses. 137 their to feminists the and Holocaust. warfarewith sadomasochism SM these bring to fight whofeminists “good” those as well as them, overcome to fight to them for calling desires, sadomasochistic sufferin pt.Dedication) “For (1944): freedom, Front” the from human “Letters Rukeyser’s Muriel every from quote a is Star Leigh Susan and Linden Ruth 136 against salvoes the both chapter, this opening quotes the from see we as and already outlined movement” the in discussion lesbians feminist between sex S/M and violence dildos, pornography, against women, and butch about debates themselves), dykes SM the not critics, (by with equated unfairly often and from, inextricable are sadomasochism of discussions reason, excluded. are them, eroticising from pleasure get and do or practises, controversial large” at world the properly her for attacked herself Rubin rather membership inSamois but standpoint, intellectual an from critiqued the and Sex” Rubin’s “Thinking not, articles, famous than often more Indeed, political”. is personal “the of mantra wave second the from perhaps stemming and dedication, this in clearly seen notion a life, political one’s in dedication personal and intimate The sexual, one’s that idea the up takes above lesbians. SM not Certainly editors? volume’s this of eyes the in women, large” at world the in and relationships

I want to stress that not all SM lesbians conceive of their their of conceive lesbians SM all not that stress to want I Rubin’s on based were attacks these point: important another makes Duggan Robin from second, The Russell. E.H. Diana and Pagano R. Darlene editors from two, of first the is This In the introdu the In feminism practice women some that idea the on relies further dedication The ,

i.e. by “striving to end power disparities in both their intimate relationships and in in and relationships intimate their both in disparities power end to “striving by i.e. (Duggan 2011, p.146) 2011, (Duggan I ed hs s ddcto t fmnss struggl feminists to dedication a as this read I . wie tes h ete d nt e pwr iprte i S o other or SM in disparities power see not do either who others while , ction to ction (Duggan 2011, p.146) - femme “roleplaying”.

g to be free, Daring to live for the impossible” impossible” the for live to Daring free, be to g .

(1981, p.7) (1981,

Power to Coming was appropriate to withinto publish was appropriate . The veracity of this claim is questionable; as I have Ihave as questionable; is claim this of veracity The .

Lne e a. 92 Dedication) 1982, al. et (Linden “Traffic in Women”, for example, have not been been not have example, for Women”, in “Traffic ae en n o te ot vie tpc of topics avoided most the of one been have . 97 137

, Katherine Davis writes that “S/M fantasies “S/M that writes Davis Katherine ,

desires or erotise power in the same way. This This way. same the in power erotise or desires

Smi 1981) (Samois ing with their internalised, patriarchal, patriarchal, internalised, their with ing (Davis 1981, pt.11 1981, (Davis life reflects one’s convictions one’s reflects life assumed

n te nenl ofit the conflict internal the and (Linden et al. 1982, 1982, al. et (Linden .

136 sexual practices and and practices sexual –

12) h ae such are Who . lish about her about lish

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CEU eTD Collection of publication the of well. as because an effect had maythis have papers, feminist various in published it into back pushed were on to needed they everything said already had they feel like they Did review. a write to publication anti an like rather seems which 141 say. to writehesitate publish, and I moreto inclined are people more open that ifit reflects represe this Whether 140 it. pro the of enga not does book the of half almost that is however, clear, makes also it What scale. “hysterical” 1975 (between 1982’s in essays 25 of out eleven Furthermore, Sadomasochism 3). Against chapter (see it accompanied that backlash feminist the of dire papers no containing collection 139 correctness: wr words” our repeating say, our had had We issue. the of tired were we crowd, s&m that complaint the with begins released, rev A practices. Sadomasochism SM lesbian of issue contentious the discussing of sick pseudonyms thepublic favour indicates v Sadomasochism important three of publication the p.11) terribl so was idea the 1980, in Samois of heard first she when how, describes who Sturgis, Susanna writer, letter lesbian one by illustrated is discourse public in topic the of newness The however. everyone, reach not did These 1970s. Wes the on least at begun, already had discussions careful as well as SM

It is interesting to note that they do not review Samois’ volum Samois’ review not do they that note to interesting is It pro Earlier anthology Samois’ tr a nt niey ik f h tpc tef bt h crua dbts bu is political its about debates circular the but itself, topic the of sick entirely not was iter .

But already by the mid the by already But mid the by Nevertheless - SM material published in in published material SM Against Sadomasochism Sadomasochism Against -

SM writers published in local magazines had not, by contrast, used pseudonyms for the most part. part. most the for pseudonyms used contrast, by not, had magazines local in writerspublished SM - 1980), making it clear that the discussion discussion the that clear it making 1980), cud e e sm ohr esetvs n eba sdmscim besides sadomasochism lesbian on perspectives other some see we “could

in radical lesbian publication publication lesbian radical in nts a sea change in the intensity of public attitudes between the late 1970s and the 1980s, or 1980s, the and 1970s late the between attitudes public of intensity the in change sea a nts sd hi ra nms hl hl in half while names real their used Coming to Power to Coming

ctly about SM (like the conference itself), was deeply bound up with the issue because because issue the with up bound deeply was itself), conference the (like SM about ctly ee erns rm lehr, n o t of and elsewhere, from reprints were (Douglas 1984, p.25) 1984, (Douglas - SM bias. It is also curious is why it took them so long after after long so them took it why is curious also is It bias. SM

Coming to Power to Coming 18) ad hn n 94 came 1984 in then and (1982), - 1980s, lesbians and feminists, it seems, were already rather already were seems, it feminists, and lesbians 1980s, - 80s the topic was certainly not avoided, sparked in part by part in sparked avoided, not certainly was topic the 80s

(first printed 1981, reprinted 1982), Robin Ruth Linden et al’s edited edited al’s et Linden Ruth Robin 1982), reprinted 1981, printed (first (Davis 1981, p.12) (Davis 1981, , “far from being eager to get in another kick at the the at kick another in get to eager being from “far , olumes. . 141

98 in 1981, even as the book was conceived as a response to to response a as conceived was book the as even 1981, in

Another frustrated Another

f or backs our off was 139 e she thought it was a joke a was it thought she e laue n Danger and Pleasure

already taking place, but on a smaller, and less less and smaller, a on but place, taking already ht l o te uhr in authors the of all That hese, seven were first published much earlier earlier much published first were seven hese,

e, e, Coming to Power to Coming . 140 oig o Power to Coming laue n Danger and Pleasure

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and didn't want to keep on on keep to want didn't and

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(1981), alongside this, this, alongside (1981),

t coast, in the late late the in coast, t Coming to Power to Coming iew of of iew , which although although which ,

(Sturgis 1986, 1986, (Sturgis wrote under under wrote the topic, but topic, the ge with any any with ge Against Against Against

letter ’s CEU eTD Collection slanderous with mixes leaflet. infamous the journalismin discourse academic 3), chapter (see illustrated conference Barnard the as Furthermore, to letter her in sarcastic and casual is the to responses philosophical u highly book the academic example, Hoagland’s For both. of in review used arguments and language similar very 142 and merge. 2015). May, 14 comm, pers. to letters the (especially newsletters feminist of pages the on and pleasure,continued ofsexuality. todominate discussions lesbian, good a as counted what over inception rather were debates stagnant. 5), chapter see different, were magazines sex (radical publications be discus I as because, waiting, be still would now, is she correct?” politically it’s not or whether ncommon to see a letter writer references a quote using a footnote as if writing in an academic journal. Califia Califia journal. academic an in writing if as footnote a using quote a references writer letter a see to ncommon

Letters to the editor quote scholars, and scholars bringing in bringing scholars and scholars, quote editor the to Letters Where were these debates happening? In person, in academic journals, at conferences, conferences, academicat journals,In in person,happening? debates these were Where

Concerns that had been plaguing the second wave feminist movement since its its since movement feminist wave second the plaguing been had that Concerns 142

Academic discourse, public speech and letters to the editor mix mix editor the to letters and speech public discourse, Academic

Feminist Studies Feminist Lesbian Ethics Ethics Lesbian (Anon 1986a, p.11) 1986a, (Anon 99 , not employing an academic tone at all at tone academic an employing not , in in

a proper feminist, the right kind of sex and sex of kind right the feminist, proper a f or backs our off

their personal and political experiences, with with experiences, political and personal their

low, at least in mainstream lesbian lesbian mainstream in least at low, . This frustrated lesbian, wherever lesbian, frustrated This

18, 53 p2) I ws lo not also was It p.26). (5)3, (1989,

the editor section) (Power, (Power, section) editor the (Califia 1983b) (Califia . CEU eTD Collection wimmin” most in root firm a taken has that growth cancerous (“a everywhere both – anti feminist in recur that issues key the consider I section SM? sadomasochism? lesbian with wrong What’s 4.1

Area feminist magazine magazine feminist Area Figure Figure Sensuality for Women Only, Only, Women for Sensuality all of which stem from the problematic nature of consent. of nature problematic the from stem which of all was an extract from an anthology called from extract an anthology an was Struggles over defining SM, defining consent SM, defining Struggles over defining

This i This 31

"S/M: Is It Oppression?" Is Oppression?" It "S/M: tself is a contested front of competing and contradicting knowledges, but in this this in but knowledges, contradicting and competing of front contested a is tself Plexus published later that year year that published later , March 1979, p.6 by Janet by Schrim p.6 1979, March , -

getting down to the main question in monthly San Francisco Francisco monthlySan mainthe to in question down getting A Woman’s Touch: An Anthology of Lesbian Lesbian Erot of An Touch:Anthology AWoman’s Coming to Power to Coming 100 To answer this first we need to answer, what is is what answer, to need we first this answer To

(Cedar & Nelly 1979) (Cedar

- SM feminist writing of the period period the of writing feminist SM (1979)

S adomasochism is i is adomasochism

[Allison Papers, Box 20]. This 20]. Box Papers, [Allison . Schrim also contributed to to contributed Schrim . also icism and and icism magined as magined ( Walker Bay Bay

- CEU eTD Collection p.248) 143 are dykes SM Jeffreys, for excuse.satisfication” Nevertheless, an as sexual “elusive for quest the only with behaviour despicable in engaging lesbians vanilla a otherwis an experience Germany Nazi and SM of comparison yesno”really she but means s “she that, notion patriarchal the very the question actually inversed Inconsent critiquesLisa SM formulation, Duggan’s ofin consenting toSM. Others “harm”. as counts what on either consensus no determination” feminism defines Reimoldt Joanna Consent”, consent of versions However, unconsensua deploredmovement feminist the in found I that examples All terms. feminist in definition SM’s of part key a is consensual Furthermore, p.148) Crawford n

The SM dykes themselves do this too. Califia notes that only 17 were at Samo at were 17 only that notes Califia too. this do themselves dykes SM The optional sexual activity; SM dykes are not separated from “vanilla” lesbians but are rather rather are but lesbians “vanilla” from separated not are dykes SM activity; sexual optional , while Rubin recounts 40 being there 40 while recounts Rubin, . 143 M s oeie conceived sometimes is SM Harris p.148) 1977, interests it if tha experience M you and S scenes the yourself denying in for and reason exist sound no rough does is rare there is playing what However, with stations… experimental Nazi eroticism to resemblance equating at recoil women as slavery, like feels what male as of well centuries escape to hard fighting are women because int are lesbians many not that impression distinct our It’s

92 p.150) 1982, — hr ae udmna, ehp ircnial dfeecs ewe peopl between differences irreconcilable perhaps fundamental, are there and if your partner willingly consents. But you do need to be careful be to need do you But consents. willingly partner your if and –

as along as nobody is harmed in the process the in harmed is nobody as along as . In her contribution to contribution her In . - imposed myths of martyrdom and women’s liking to be beaten up. Most up. beaten be to liking women’s and martyrdom of myths imposed e elusive sexual satisfaction” sexual elusive e , n nowhere and ), .

(Duggan & Hunter 2006, p.7) (Duggan& 2006, Hunter

ays no but she really means yes” by arguing that “she says says “she that arguing by yes” means really she but no ays

(Wechsler 1981, n.p.) 1981, (Wechsler f s oey sxa practice. sexual a solely as of (as in this mild critique by Sisley & Harris 1977, 1977, Harris & Sisley by critique mild this in (as

calls calls Coming to Power to Coming 101

s te eif n h rgt f oe t self to women of right the in belief “the as

S M

(Jeffreys 1993, p.33) 1993, (Jeffreys a .

l SM, labelling it violence and abuse. abuse. and violence it labelling SM, l “ rcie hc alw lsin to lesbians allows which practice .

, “S/M, Feminism, and Issues of Issues and Feminism, “S/M, , (1982, p.80) (1982, o sadomasochism o is’ first meeting meeting first is’ not a sexual “species” on sexual not a

hia Jeffreys Sheila .

. However, there is there However, . In this way, this In possibility (Califia 198 (Califia — (Sisley & (Sisley t bear a a bear t probably

in her her in SM is SM

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CEU eTD Collection wit chest and arms ofgender’ difference girlfriend’s her of skin the pierces slowly strap a with him penetrates 145 about all waswhat SM understand women to manywayfor the only been 144 (but 1990 writingin academics’ feminist British two Adler, Karen Lewis and Reina articleby is actually littl display critiques many note recently (2005) Barker sex” SM about talked one “no described, C Gay and Lesbian London the at meet to groups SM allow to not or whether discussing In roles. switch who those as well as diversity role and gender the neglecting submissive, female and dominant male a of terms them acts the describe not do and “bottom”, ever named. here isFoucault’s apply. standards other sexual the of realm the in exists SM because but good, feel person the made it if even condoned be not would self of “form addictions and fears inner our address should Walker Vivienne writer really, but women”, [sadomasochistic] badge own. their

Safety manuals, discussion groups and sex pos sex and groups discussion manuals, Safety hy rt, “We write, They Yet

. , in critical discussions of SM, the specific sexual practices involved are seldom, if seldom, are involved practices specificsexual the SM, of discussions critical in , 145 At other times, it is related to a lack of holistic care of the self: “We beat and and beat “We self: the of care holistic of lack a to related is it times, other At 144

- This lack of specificity and first hand knowledge is particularly evident in an in evident particularly is knowledge hand first and specificity of lack This injury”

Terms are vague, such as simply “power”, “submission”, “domination”, “top”,“domination”, “submission”, “power”, simply as are vague,such Terms

(Ritchie & Barker, 2005) & Barker, (Ritchie species. r nt la hw see hr a oa bas e byred ih co ad then and crop a with boyfriend her beats woman a where scene a how clear not are - Jfry 19, p.35) 1993, (Jeffreys on dildo reproduces ‘the hierarchical ordering of gender’ nor how a scene where she she where scene a how nor gender’ of ordering hierarchical ‘the reproduces dildo on

ne i te al 18s fr xml, M advocates SM example, for 1980s, early the in enter .

itive magazines (along with some erotica) might actually have have actually might erotica) some with (along magazines itive Here, SM is a reflection of a flawed inner b inner flawed a of reflection a is SM Here, I ohr otxs se rus sc behaviour such argues, she contexts, other In . 102 Adl & ’ulvn 96 p.44) 1986, O’Sullivan & (Ardill (1982, p. 150) p. (1982, evs ad yais r epand oey in solely explained are dynamics and selves,

h medical needles ‘eroticises the crude power power crude the ‘eroticises needles medical h

kolde f ht eiit s/m feminist what of knowledge e . Or even as a mixture of both, a both, of mixture a as even Or . (Califia 1988b) (Califia - Crawford suggests, we we suggests, Crawford .

Rthe and Ritchie . eing , CEU eTD Collection standpoint. but article, this published have not should “Dis publish anti another had Lewis although since, has s/m concerning Adler nothing Furthermore, published interests. research stated their in it note or before topic this on anything published had 146 dominant heterosexual of internalization the from part in resulting se “I structures. patriarchal repeating and reflecting relations, power heterosexual of embodiment an is of SM (ibid). perpetuation culture” masochistic and and sadistic patriarchal outcome an is lesbians between/among activity “Sadomasochistic Patriarchy” the to Bound Lesbians Keeps “S/M critique, de the with anddiscussions periods learning werebetween. and few far no practices, off SM be of can specificity critique worthwhile and diversity the addressing Without agreement). an into entering people the of nature the on based is else, everything like consent, of nature the “wor it how about confusion up clear might this consent practicing those to talked not have they Secondly, erotica. from sex lesbian) matter about generalisations make to think even not would One life”. a stories” “sm from SM of knowledge their gaining be to seem authors non bottom the abusing essentially is top the description, this In consider the of following explanation theroleconsent: bottom’s of the imagi the on 1994) in published only

In terms of Lewis and Adler’s credentials to speak with such authority on SM, neit SM, on authority such with speak to Adler’scredentials and Lewis Interms of - Graceful Images: Della Grace and Lesbian Sado Lesbian and Grace Della Images: Graceful ed in the same year on Della Grace’s collection of photographs photographs of collection Grace’s Della on year same the in ed So back to my original question: what question: myoriginal to back So wonders one and stories sm how itworks real in life from absent strangely is no this But power. of balance the return and activity stop will that word code the using by no saying 'bottom' the of cons of code sm's of structure The 'no.' bottom/masochist's Bu

s isl i feld y n un an by fuelled is itself sm t - nfcto o te eba sbet I short In subject? lesbian the of unification

(Lewis & Adler, 1994, p. 439) (Lewis & 1994, p. Adler, rd Yt ihu oe frm, hs srs f essential of sorts these forums, open without Yet ered.

the question “who speaks, and from where”, is vita from a feminist feminist a from vita is where”, from and speaks, “who question the ned realities of SM they seem to dream up. Let us us Let up. dream to seem they SM of realities ned 103 - is Masochism” Masochism”

cnwegd fantasy acknowledged wrong with lesbian SM? Why is it associated it Whyis SM? lesbian with wrong

ks in real life” real in ks

, to borrow a punny title of an SM SM an of title punny a borrow to , (Lewis 1994) (Lewis

qoe i Rbn 2011 Rubin, in (quoted Love Bites Love - .

(although more measured) s/m piece piece s/m measured) more (although – all -

ent rests on the possibility the on rests ent consensually (436 consensually or rather, or -

submissive role playing” playing” role submissive heterosexual (or for that that for (or heterosexual .

146 This is not to say that they they that say to not is This (1991) under the great title great the under (1991) her of these two academics two academics ofherthese – e sadomasochism as as sadomasochism e the fantasy of the the of fantasy the

nd erotica, not “real not erotica, nd

can

work (since (since work p 123) p. , - 7). The The 7). – .

CEU eTD Collection 147 t to able be would anti many is This p.148) movement feminist the of climate” “warm the in necessary longer security” of form “previous (inanyexplicitly casewas doubt) explain She goes there onto w she and her for good were They them. to used was She life. her of day every them worn had she all, After adamant. suitability. was “Sadie their about concerns lover’s her despite and weather, warm the despite socks who hero, eponymous the about story a is Massey”, essays. Sadomasochism anti of feature another. recurrentwas trivialization one were generality excessive and vagueness If asanti itto4.2 Sock me: patronising legitimacy/illegitimacy) relied u its yetof nothing say(to critique this but domination, patriarchal of structures power the with forces. patriarchal by coercion (unconscious) is p.122 Contra a as “Sadomasochism Russell, (Diana

And these are just the ones I found. There could be many more out there. out there. many more be could There found. ones I the just these And are - 3.). . In. Sarah chapter, Lucia thenext Hoaglandasks, 147 (Hoagland 1982,p.153) m you,is to mismatch the out pointingbeyond good,then is English of understanding your and fine is vision your if But means. ‘match’ word the what understand you see to check can I and blindness color for eyes your test can theydo that seecannot and socks of pair a youon have If not just a matter of amusement; of matter a just not

The majority of Vivienne Walker Vivienne of majority The - The choice to engage in such behaviours is not, is behaviours such in engage to choice The SM writers have approached the topic. It is so obvious, that the only way one one way only the that obvious, so is It topic. the approached have writers SM

was the abundance of sock analogies sock of abundance the was hink differently is through some sort of blindness, or cognitive lack, and and lack, cognitive or blindness, of sort some through is differently hink The first thing that jumped out jumped that thing first The

rvddb h prsie u familiar but oppressive, the by provided

pon agenerality certain vagueness or account inits ofSM. - SM strategy I think indicates the patronising attitude with which with attitude patronising the indicates think I as good for them” for good as - Crawford’s contribution, “The Saga of Sadie O. Sadie of Saga “The contribution, Crawford’s 104 -

eiit ciiy, utd n ui 2011, Rubin in quoted Activity”, feminist Anti

continues to wear thick, grey, woollen grey, thick, wear to continues -

M icus sw M s continuous as SM saw discourse SM –

two extended ones in two separate separate two in ones extended two therefore, a feminist one because it it because one feminist a therefore, upon my first reading of of reading first my upon (Walker that the wool socks represent a socksrepresent thewool that

eaningfulpossible?dialogue not match, what can I say? I I say? can whatmatch, not (Walker - Crawford 1982, p.147) 1982, Crawford ,

patri - archy, Crawford 1982, 1982, Crawford - M writing, SM hti no is that Against Against

CEU eTD Collection ahlg vrin f aoaohs: aial a om f oiia false political of form a basically sadomasochism: psychopathology! of seems version This best. knowing pathology male white the with belittled, were women 149 morea solely not represented being SM see can we way, this In paradigm. (cited male the to relation any have roles these sever are leaders workshop and thespeakers femme behav submissive dominant heterosexual classic 1993) Goodloe 2011; Nilson Noble; and imitation mere a being of accused are too couples such, as patriarchy, reinforcing butch SM, Like femme. 148 also the but questioned, desires sexual their are only Not thinkers. logical as and feminists as both developed less as them establish to works sadomasochists addressing of way condescending sock woollen those replace and sadomasochism, for desires off shake can one feminist, liberated truly a is one morning” next the jog and rise to drowsy too us makes that many too drink one “the is Sadomasochism self on so and badly eating burnout, from care alcohol, self good taking drugs, not work), sugar, caffeine, cigarettes, (to addiction including with”, struggled have unimportant? i makes that analogy an choose why something, criticize to want really you others. than feet colder have convincing hardly are analogies sock norms. the to work and try not do they mismatched; are socks their that mind not do and see feminists SM analogy, this In impossible. assumed is dialogue” “meaningful thus

Such patronisation is recognisable from racist and sexist discourse, where the “othered” people of colour and colour of people “othered” the where discourse, sexist and racist from recognisable is patronisation Such This was not an argument argument an not was This - destructive, s destructive,

n aiir, 2008) Basiliere, in mode of interaction of mode is in fact a version of sm of version a fact in is Walker ir intelligence. –

hol

ding us back from our true potential ( potential true our from back us ding Crawford further gives examples of possible “wool socks” that “some of us of “some that socks” “wool possible of examples gives further Crawford he writes, and are learned behaviour to deal with oppression ( oppression with deal to behaviour learned are and writes, he wt sm sme snas patcl n he, suspect). I heel, no (practical, sandals summer some with s - . Both SM and butch/femme are argued to uphold the heterosexual and patriarchal patriarchal and heterosexual the uphold to argued are butch/femme and SM Both . femme roles were controversial as they were accused by some of reflecting and and reflecting of some by accused were they as controversial were roles femme 149 .

oey elyd gis sadomasochists. against deployed solely . The leaflet circulated by WAP at the Barnard conference claims: “also among “also claims: conference Barnard the at WAP by circulated leaflet The .

The counter The –

- and “assumed to involve two women locked in a drama that reworks reworks that drama a in locked women two involve to “assumed and female sex roles that are the psychological foundation of patriarchy” patriarchy” of foundation psychological the are that roles sex female

staying in poor re poor in staying al women who champion butch champion who women al - (1982, pp.148 (1982,

iour” iour” nobody is harmed when socks mismatch, and some some and mismatch, socks when harmed is nobody - intuitive character of the analogy is confusing: if confusing: is analogy the of character intuitive 105 (Blackman and Perry 1990, 71) 1990, Perry and (Blackman

– ibid.) lationships, not taking time to recover to time taking not lationships, 9)

as a sexual act, or even a sexual identity, but but identity, sexual a even or act, sexual a as . These forms of “slow suicide” are suicide” “slow of forms These . . Following her argument, then, if if then, argument, her Following .

h sm agmn hls o butch for holds argument same The to be the echo, then, of the medical medical the of then, echo, the be to - femme sex roles, while denying that that while denying sexroles, femme

of heterosexuality heterosexuality of - consciousness rather than than rather consciousness . In this formulation, butch butch formulation, this In . t

seem trivial and trivial seem ibid., p.149) ibid.,

But these But (see Carter Carter (see 148

This - .

CEU eTD Collection conference” the at smpeople’ 150 ma SM including those and SM discussing publications both of proliferation the SM. about debate substantive of lack the to contributed also institutions Feminist 4.3 Feminist SM bookstores and knowing not still while tactics smears professional and personal on focussing but debate, substantive questioned. intelligence their have to them Their credentials. intellectual and activist your discredit to also but dykes, SM solidaritywith in claimed be could that stance political strategic a be that whether desires different have who those with solidarity certain feeling it because sadomasochist of root germinal the is self the eve of dimension sexual the that in sexuality on discourse “pro the of that opinion seen A pro these with and thinkers questioning writers/activists professional s I described in the case of the Barnard in 1982 in Barnard the of case the in described I s

Doughty describes how “a woman handing out the fliers told a mutual acquaintance that I had been ‘with been had I that acquaintance mutual a told fliers the out handing woman “a how describes Doughty rything about rything

cavorting with (or just walking near to) known SM lesbians to be to lesbians SM known to) near walking just (or with cavorting osdrn ta mn o te ods vie o te pro the on voices loudest the of many that Considering on any topic any on

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agnily once to connected tangentially intelligence the body and mind. However it differs from that of the homosexual or the or homosexual the of that from differs it However mind. and body the discredited.

(1982, p.26) (1982, exist

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106 cdma lk Wli, lio, Holl Allison, Willis, (like academia

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situated yet , but can r can but ,

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and and disgraced and your and disgraced on ( and foun and etc.

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CEU eTD Collection p.21) 2006, & Hunter (Duggan hostile. were bookstores all up Northampton. in Lunaria 151 agreewith the store owners. freed of name the in material SM including although where, to situation want a don’t have “we we Here was censor”. reply The them. to offensive so was it if all at book the stocked The abusive’”. it’s ‘because smugly, responded other the and words, no offered and me on back her “turned texts women against violence section Sexuality” “Lesbian the bookstore to volume the moved girlfriend her and writer ( “wimmin” against violence and incest rape, Circle Full bookshop, feminist local “’our’” how complain to writes Albuquerque from reader One pages. letter these throughout level international and national a on out played being conflicts local see can we Furthermore, freedom principles and expression ofnon of of discourses the on drawing letter, clear but polite a wrote IL, Springfield, in Bookstore 2004) Power to Coming immoral. deemed they materials stock would bookshop local one’s that guarantee no was

On Our Backs Our On OOB om of expression, its content is misconstrued. The misconstrued. is content its expression, of om . , because the local gay bookstore would not sell it as it contained penetration penetration contained it as it sell not would bookstore gay local the because ,

n SM tf big od n y oktr ta spot aia rgt ad non and rights p.3) animal supports receiving that discontinue I’ll now bookstore for think I my So violence. in sold being stuff S&M and to right your support I Though i SM of place The , but when they retu they when but , .

y questioned the owners’ rights to impose their opinion, and asked why they they why asked and opinion, their impose to rights owners’ the questioned y was not stocked in the Toronto Women’s Bookstore, for Bookstore, Women’s Toronto the in stocked not was

was even burned outside a women’s bookstore in London in 1993 in London in bookstore women’s a outside burnedeven was

One reader wrote to wroteto reader One Samois held their first public forum in San Francisco’s Old Wives Tales bookstore bookstore Tales Wives Old Francisco’s San in forum public first their held Samois .

n bookstores was disputed. disputed. was bookstores n

She claims

rned a few days later it was back in original position original in back was it later days few a rned . When asked to justify this placement, one of the owners owners the of one placement, this justify to asked When .

Bookstore, shelved shelved Bookstore, On Our Backs Our On publish, I just don’t feel comfortable with the leather leather the with comfortable feel don’t just I publish, that by putting thebookinviolenc that by putting - violence and animalviolence andrights: 107 Les

that she was driving to hours to another city to pick to city another to hours to driving was shethat in Connection bian

Coming to Power to Coming Betty Granda, the manager of The The of manager the Granda, Betty

Albuquerque On Our Backs Our On example, or by feminist bookstore bookstore feminist by or example, , 1985,(8)

letter writer does n does writer letter

(Blevens 1989, p.7) 1989, (Blevens

in the section with section the in e section, it is it e section,

(Granda 1989, 1989, (Granda 2,

p.10).

alongside (Chenier

of the the of . Not . The The 151 ot

CEU eTD Collection withanti assholes” wing “right by town of out run was magazine) 152 Feb Womonfy considered reader tothe correctpath. themselves. for best is what do and scene, SM next the or cigarette, next the for desire their ignore must they smoker, a Like not. or it realise they whether them, for bad is that something do SMers Walker like risks, Connection of both titled book a carry “We Ladykillers end: the at analogy the was letter their about me to interesting Most values. personal their expressing were opinion they bookstore these feminist a as “force rather but others”, to trying not were they that stated who owners, bookshop the thewith what inside booksthemselves. is politic the about view. questions raising Barnard, at of point their understand to attempting Categorization not and conversation the from dykes This Albuquerque lesbian Albuquerque This

One reader wrote in to to in wrote reader One r uary 1989 Shelix Newsletter Shelix 1989 uary - Compared to the events in Northampton, however, categorization problem categorization however, Northampton, in events the to Compared from defence a including issue, next the in responses of flurry a received letter This Deviant the in issues Lesbian and gay about Psychology Section book a a to placing similar book, bookstore a on straight label negative a putting are You censorship. psychological a us pornography feminist ones. feminist pornography manipulation of the mind of wimmin who walk into your store. This is an is This store. your into walk who wimmin of mind the of manipulation e ok (hlx esetr Arl 99 Alsn aes Bx 23). Box Papers, Allison 1989, April newsletter, (Shelix Books re

believe that smoking is harmful and damaging…. Yet one of us smokes” us of one Yet damaging…. and harmful is smoking that believe

1985 ,

relatively mild. mild. relatively which strongly condemns smoking. It is also shelved in th in shelved also is It smoking. condemns strongly which ee arnsn discour patronising Here

(violenceor sexuality?) /86 - Crawford 8( , OOB 3

)

p.10) ,

asks what is gained by the femini the by gained is what asks and described how their “progressive” bookstore (their usual stocklist for the the for stocklist usual (their bookstore “progressive” their how described and (Ibid.)

h efrs f anti of efforts The also

B eutn smoking equating By . . does above, does (Shelix collection, LHA), collection, (Shelix

ses mix with benign or kind censorship, guiding the the guiding censorship, kind or benign with mix ses here acts as as here acts

108 s of framing, and avoiding direct engagement direct avoiding and framing, of s – (R.T. 1989, p.3) 1989, (R.T.

- pla SM and on eiit su dw Northampton’s down shut feminists porn a kind of censorship, not unlike how did unlike it a kindofcensorship,not

–

n dito wt poe health proven with addiction an Ben . Again, right win right Again, . y, the shop owners suggest that that suggest owners shop the y, st movement in cutting off SM SM off cutting in movement st Power accuses Womonfyre Womonfyre accuses Power e abuse section since since section abuse e g tactics align scarily scarily align tactics g s could be could s 152

( Les

n the In act of of act on s bian CEU eTD Collection promotin articlesor content Naziincluding to it likening by publications lesbian in content SM excluding defends too, Hoagland, Sarah fascistanti past. One denounce instead decade certain assigning as counts what of over occur also definition of battles practices; certain technique to specificities temporal shaming affective an through is done is this way further temporal For 4.4 the definition of “good” “bad”) (and sex. condemnI sexuality.In thissection, SM vagueness, and polarization trivialization, IThus far, chapter, in this range considereddiscursive have the strategies of 4.4 cens L tell to arrive homes” their at and store AgainstPorno Feminists attack down shut being of sin eiit hoy n practice and theory feminist esbian .1 “Old

Defining good and Defining bad lesbian eba fmnss n h pro o m suy “od sx a dfnd pre defined was sex “good” study, my of period the in feminists lesbian SM. to orship and theopposition s on one of the owners. owners. the of one on s - approaching’ Nazis’ ‘real the of threat 1986,50) O’Sullivan, the notice to failed have would Berlin was SM that Remember prpit. Thus appropriate.

terms. - fashioned” sexsexualtemporalitiesfashioned” and

them -

part of the political climate of the day. People acclimatized to SM brutality SM to acclimatized People day. the of climate political the of part Both “sides” perpetuated dis perpetuated “sides” Both

M s imy eogn i te araca, pre patriarchal, the in belonging firmly as SM “ you sell pornography”, waving pornography”, sell you -

SM tractSM LLGC that circulatedthe to implores readers y anti by graphy lsin eiit rjc cags that charges reject feminists lesbian ,

(Ibid.) . - e ad pro and sex

’s threats of boycott and “shocking levels of harassment in the harassmentin “shockingof andlevels boycott of threats’s

. sell to continued had Womonfyre a significant part of the ‘decadent’ social scene in 1930s 1930s in scene social ‘decadent’ the of part significant a The bookstore The

sex

a fre to forced was

consider what wasconsider reall – - g a return to slavery or white and male supremacy:male and slavery white or to return ga

esrhp activists censorship employedanti by 109 courses of defining “good” and “bad” sex. One sex. “bad” and “good” defining of courses

experienced thefts, and anti and thefts, experienced

around

duiae ewe te poiin to opposition the between adjudicate

copies of copies - SM lesbian feminist writers to lesbianfeminist SM

y these at debates: stake in using dirty tactics, personal personal tactics, dirty using they - liberatory past, even the the even past, liberatory

n u Backs Our On

ar On Our Backs Our On old e

–

- - including fashioned, and and fashioned, porn fem porn - eminently in in eminently Adl & (Ardill

despite despite (Ibid.) inists inists .

CEU eTD Collection Adler and Lewis judge be might dykes 153 SM most While 2015). 7, without May it, (pers.comm, behaviors” of sexual all other question to wanted we defini and basic from preconceptions, lies, outright not if misleading was gender & sex about told been we'd everything felt we people queer as ourselves discovering expl Hoffman Amy feminist SM) not (but m the questioning women thinking forward modern, sex. have some had who feminists lesbian ‘vanilla’ only not was It 4.4 SM. jettisoning and renouncing entails patriarchy against progress formulation, this In available. a simile car motor Aside fantasies oninterviews not (based,again, warrantsand still also censorship corrective 4.3) (see f a and lesbian a be to publish” to wish might anyone everything and anything publish and print to exist not do publications Feminist “Lesbian

Indeed, considering the general lack of specific information available about SM, perhaps it is not too fair to fair too not is it perhaps SM, about available information specific of lack general the considering Indeed, .2

When SM dykes SM When attack from ih n nls rieain f his bak ete, lvr ad ai imagery, 1994, p.435) lon Nazi as fantasy any and have may slavery one that seems leather, black chains, of car,it motor earlythe of the days in As flimsywhite frocks. diaphanous harnessesand reiteration endless an with diversion sexual of avenues multifarious exploreto it allow imaginationto the of freeingup supposed fantasies.The sm lesbian uniformityof bythe struckrepeatedly been have literature,we erotic of reading Inour SM of uniformity supposed the about complaint unnecessary rather a in Furthermore,

They too draw define “good” sex in temporal terms, positioning themselves as the the as themselves positioning terms, temporal in sex “good” define draw too They them working from the mistaken assumption that all SM involves leather, involves SM all that assumption mistaken the from working them gain places SM in a time when there were no other (read: better) options options better) (read: other no were there when time a in SM places gain too .

eminist eminist

harshly in this mistake. this harshly in

–

(Hoagland 1982, p.154) 1982, (Hoagland such a declaration is not enough to prevent oppressive action oppressive prevent to enough not is declaration a such tions of sex and gender to gender and sex of tions but on erotica), Lewisbut onerotica),andnote: Adler

ains that “as part of the process of coming out & out coming of process the of part “as that ains 110

appears to have devised very little variety, little very devised have to appears . orals that they have been given. been have they that orals

g as it's black leather leather black it's as g

. Even, she adds, if the author claims author the if adds, she Even, . thing to say about the correct way to way correct the about say to thing intergenerational (Lewis & Adler, Adler, & (Lewis

sex, SM, and SM, sex,

Pro 153 -

sex sex the , CEU eTD Collection ofmanyplaced strugglesdefining lesbian intheover sexuality. context and other lesbianism p.12) ga is who and straight the about lesbians sam the paragraph, next very the in Yet, seeenlightenly lesbian somentioned.” s/m She goes [sic] on, in woman, Another p.45). Again, reply the editor’s thevariance highlights sexuality: oflesbian women bisexual about complains lesbian a issue, same dildoe a using fuck lesbians why reasons few a try let’s leg, our pulling not you’re “Assuming cutting: is reply Bright) (Susie editor’s The “outrageousand SM oversexed align. all not do answers their norms, sexual of variety a questioning . While SM was undeniably targeted and vehemently attacked frequently, it must be be must it frequently, attacked vehemently and targeted undeniably was SM While . ( sex? ‘politically Lesbian label ‘correct’ the of is 1986, arbiter me the galls is What Who lepers. sex’. not incorrect are sex variant choose who us everything, try should everyone that suggesting not am I ( differentl onhow fosteringunderstanding the hopes of it’s Whether buttons. bi’s, or dildoes women, push fat s/m, will that issue every in something usually is There [….] or pure 100% of notions our to upsetting or incorrect Bac Our On life whole market baffling is to us this but two), for (fisting penetration into heavily We’re man? woman a to weari woman a erotic with they are why be dick, a wanted could they If woman. this how out equipped figure as can’t themselves We ‘portraying’ penises. women with with deal the what’s it? get don’t We , stating it makes them unattractive to women as well as men, as well as women to unattractive them makes it stating , Ibid., androgyny p.45). 8 ( 4 ) , p.12).

s proe s o noe lsin eult, o atr o politically how matter no sexuality, lesbian uncover to is purpose ks’ Lesbian Connection Lesbian

trend . N wne s mn lsin ae oey, h concludes she lonely”, are lesbians many so wonder “No y.

reaching (Daralee and Nanc

dykesfrom ask Coast”, the East the straight world so that it becomes it that so world straight the On Our Backs Our On

this time, writes how she was “struck breathless to breathless “struck was she how writes time, this e author complains about androgynously dressed dressed androgynously about complains author e 111

[sic]

y p.5) 1989, …” ( …”

intends to keep pushing those limits in limits those pushing keep to intends

advertising in the personals (ibid, p.5; (ibid, personals the in advertising On Our Backs Our On

y sexually express ourselves we .

‘real’ we like to think we are we think to like we ‘real’

but I am saying that those of those that saying am I but , as well as complaining as well as 1989, 5(3) 1989, eba Connection Lesbian

ng a dildo and not a not and dildo a ng unclear as to who is who to as unclear w self Two

- p.5). In the In p.5). - identified - like dildo dildo like identified

(Ibid.,

- , CEU eTD Collection one. abusive unconsensual anfor synonym as a S/M relationship using 154 society” this in women barrages that imagery sexual the to response conditioned “a from come sadomasochism from sensations pleasurable explai to dedicated article battered sheltersintheUS” women’s in arrive to starting are relationships S/M injurious from escaped have who “lesbians that claimed even Jeffreys Sheila feminist Radical SM. in involvement their regret senses, their the present the in if even come they when will, dykes overcome, SM that and joy, and be pleasure experiencing is sadomasochist can than desire a is SM that expectation the not should experience author’s the of validity the and true, be could this SM, of critiques most Like lesbian relationship: SM in writer letter One ways. their of errors the realised since have but time, the at it enjoyed even critiques were survival, of stories L blindness. of moment or indiscretion, timeline a on sexuality SM place or to Nazism tended with debauchery, Weimar comparisons from refraining while SM, of critics moderate more Even 4. 4

She does not give any sources any give not does She Sojourner .3

In In Furthermore, i Furthermore, sadomas ( collection,LHA).1988, p.5,Shelix relationship of type among that in exert can person advocated ones that the intimidation choice is free It and consent of love. pretence The vulnerability. another’s with of abuse towards an tendency to inherent leads do power of imbalance an to of involvement sadomasochism’s that nothing me shows has experience, self of externalization my in relationship… Sadomasochism, lesbian recent a in endured I abuse the of part a was Sadomasochism SM recovery/SMSM gonewrong

be questioned, but the transferability could and should be. Furthermore, it creates creates it Furthermore, be. should and could transferability the but questioned, be a eiit ora bsd i based journal feminist a , n “Is Sadomasochism Feminist? A Critique of the Samois Position”, an Position”, Samois the of Critique A Feminist? Sadomasochism “Is n

ning why Samois is not and can not be feminist, argues that any any that argues feminist, be not can and not is Samois why ning

for this claim and I have not come across it elsewhere. It appears that she is is she that appears It elsewhere. it across come not have I and claim this for -

ha tred poured on to another woman’s body… My experience My body… woman’s another to on poured tred from women who claimed to have once been into SM, and and SM, into been once have to claimed who women from (1993, p.34)

ess common ess n Massachusetts, describes the abuse endured in a a in endured abuse the describes Massachusetts, n

112 Ncos t l 18, p.137) 1982, al. et (Nichols

. 154 ,

but powerf but

ochists does not account for the the for account not does ochists

ul because of the framing as as framing the of because –

s kn o youthful of kind a as . Sojourner

In this model, model, this In , June June ,

to CEU eTD Collection ( language her for inspiration as theory) Yoruba Nigerian of offshoot (an Lucumi religion ( energy” blood, i.e. p.152. substances, vital 1982, of flow the blocks or stops else someone or we When 157 consciousof. be to strive I framework, theoretical my in mentioned I as desire, a and fulfill, never can history a that desire a present, liberated more a in placed be pre 1950s a into please” well 156 damn I way any experiences those p.30) of fear & pain the transform & release to right rapist/br 155 in 1995, mine] and clotting, destructive, is that behavior “promotes (Walker simila our hear and see to us for impossible, not if difficult, it made It has us. divided has ‘politically correct’ of position the for rivalry “this acknowledges, she feminists”, themselves call who wimmin among differences essential are there “Although Walker is this of example clear One SM. about patronising or absolutist something utter breath, same the in but, discussion, reasoned co is It 4. sty them. enjoy or them eroticise don’t but desires, the criticise liberation inner own, one’s exploring and compulsory, is desires these repressing SM, towards agency or interiority femini 5

Walker agential about critiques the placing gesture, temporal a perform too, I that this rereading upon noticed only I n woe “ wrote, One le

Finding amiddleFinding ground? .

anti (Walker t bad te fmnss ruaie, rgl, uoaos f aracy ih no with patriarchy of automatons fragile, traumatized, feminists other brand sts utalizer/male Borrowing rhetorical devices from Cold War anticommunists, antiporners defined all defined antiporners anticommunists, War Cold from devices rhetorical Borrowing expe we discussion, for closed or sidelined either had activists antiporn believed we which questions up open to out set naïvely we As mn o e wies aet h plrsto te su hs asd n te ak of lack the and caused has issue the polarisation the lament writers see to mmon - -

Crawford 1982, p.149) 1982, Crawford - Crawford includes a footnote to define “clotting”, which I in I which “clotting”, define to footnote a includes Crawford

gay advice. patriarchal oppression with other feminists can help. In other words: analyse and analyse words: other In help. can feminists other with oppression patriarchal

hs lo lutae hr oitc siiul iw f h bd. n nte font se ae the names she footnote another In body. the of view spiritual holistic, her illustrates also This - - emancipatory past. Rather than rephrase, I want to leave it here as an example example an as here it leave to want I rephrase, than Rather past. emancipatory Crawford 1982, p.149) 1982, Crawford I am tired of being accused by hysterical dykes who beat up their lovers of being a a being of lovers their up beat who dykes hysterical by accused being of tired am I - identified oppressor of battered womyn. battered of oppressor identified , an assessment that infuriated some SM dykes SM some infuriated that assessment an , 156

. The next paragraph goes on to claim that sadomasochism that claim to on goes paragraph next The . . 157

Similarly, from the from Similarly, 113 - rwod in Crawford

was a battered womyn for years & claim the the claim & years for womyn battered a was

eiiey anti definitely td dbt, u nt n assault. an not but debate, a cted How e How gis Sadomasochism Against clude here for completeness: “Clotting completeness: for here clude

“other side”, Lisa Duggan wrote Duggan Lisa side”, “other rities, or to learn from them” them” from learn to or rities, erily . 155

Even if one is inclinedis one if Even reminiscent of reminiscent - feminist ibid ).

Walker of the desire to to desire the of [emphasis ” (Juicy 1982, 1982, (Juicy -

Crawford Crawford

(1982). 1950s pre , - - -

CEU eTD Collection don’t we if to belong longer no can we that movement political a creating we “Are chapter: enact. p.53) 2007, (Allison as redefined suddenly was incest and deviance sexual about written ever had I that Everything pornographer. a was I pornographers, the for shill their in redefined “ Barnard, after that remarks article p.92) 1981, (Atkinson in included speech feminist” a not are you then wrong, is pornography that agree not do you If decision. a make and line the draw “pro a on discussion “feminist”. and “lesbian” of limits the also but sand, the in marked being sex bad and good boundaries the were only Not 4. practicessexual be t sexual a are:does interestingmorequestions the triviallyright; muchaswrong so not depending”)is ve (some position way” “middle debate productive preventing situation, the of kind This 6

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Lesbian Tide Lesbian [anti (re) reated inhistorical terms, asreated progressiveretrogressive? or - . Rso 1987, (Russo sex”

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position, that “you’re either a feminist or you are not. You have to to have You not. are you or feminist a either “you’re that position, Scholar Ann Russo Ann Scholar all of a sudden, everything I have done for 20 years has been has years 20 for done have I everything sudden, a of all

“SM: the boundaries of feminism” of boundaries the “SM:

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114 oh n h ps ad n h present the in and past the in both -

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CEU eTD Collection feelings, women’s liberating not if practice oppression? from consciousness, women’s this was What feminism. wave second early of part key a raising, 158 (in a absence critiqueFoucault) ofwomen’s in of goal the with best as saw they each way the in movement feminist the actors strengthening different by exacted practice, sexual lesbian and identity was pro anti an for room no is there dichotomy, this Within 2015). 1, June comm, "anti not were people “anti implication, by was, who feminist movement. pro Conversely, feminist lesbian the in inclusion and visibility definition, of power the about persona the of morality the about really not were debates these that indicate statements extreme Such liberation. women’s of opposite the as positioned is SM society. in oppression women’s fightto actions in involved activist feminist a also is who pro a for room epistemological stance oppression” from Lesbians and p.63) 1992, the from escape to sadism of imagine” contra most the “about is Samois that to contributor and of editor an Russell, sex?” feminist proper of model a fit desires our feel

Indeed, this argument is in conflict with some basic second wave principles of, for example, for of, principles wave second basic some with conflict in is argument this Indeed,

rather than a desire. rather than a desire. anti the Within - ht e e hr i a udmna btl t cnrl h dsore bu lesbian about discourse the control to battle fundamental a is here see we What sex, as I as sex, explai (Russell . This, she argues, “can be contrasted with the goal of actually liberating woman woman liberating actually of goal the with contrasted be “can argues, she This, . - e eiit,i lbligtesle n hs a,cetdaohrkn of kind another created way, this in themselves labelling in feminists, sex

1982, p.172) 1982, - sex" (I hope) (I sex" n further inchapter 5. - M oiin o ciis ie usl ad ae tee s no is there Saxe, and Russell like critics of positions SM

feelings . Lorena Leigh Saxe notes how in how notes Saxe Leigh Lorena . (ibid. - eiit eteey oiia, non political, extremely feminist,

– ).

they were against what they saw as exploitation” (pers. exploitation” as saw they what against were they -

158 feminist, anti feminist, of female powerlessness” is a common theme common a is powerlessness” female of - sex” Against Sadomasochism Against

These quotes seem to suggest that SM is a is SM that suggest to seem quotes These 115

. But, as Amy Hoffman explains, “the anti “the explains, Hoffman Amy as But, . ,

- political and bourgeois stance that I can I that stance bourgeois and political

(Holli ag 18, p.403) 1989, baugh l practice of SM, but instead but SM, of practice l , has gone as far as to state to as far as gone has , . Coming to Power to Coming

As Nancy Hartsock stated Hartsock Nancy As - orei sadomas bourgeois - porn feminist who feminist porn

consciousness consciousness Daa H. Diana . , the “use the , political ochist ( - Saxe Saxe porn

CEU eTD Collection questioned was presence faction’s SM the Theyrecount define” to power the and definitions over struggle a “it's agree Sullivan and Ardill stolen” being was feminism their if as felt feminists] [lesbian they [….] feminism is fact, in what, and feminism defines fact, in who, for struggle “a are force. purposes” political expanding and urgent of direction the in and usage prior a from queered twisted, redeployed, “it socially, and politically use best its to put be to queer for possibility the for allows difference –

and, I would add, not threatened by it. For Judith Butler at least, this notion of space for for space of notion this least, at Butler Judith For it. by threatened not add, would I and,

will have to remain that which is, in the present, never fully owned, but always and only only and always but owned, fully never present, the in is, which that remain to have will

For Dorothy Allison, founder of the Lesbian Sex Mafia, the sex wars and SM debat SM and wars sex the Mafia, Sex Lesbian the of founder Allison, Dorothy For and themselves, for speak an understandingworld todifference sensitive ofthe that is themselves, name defin in can participate groups marginalized hitherto which in situation a creating by difference of understanding our develop to need we that after a meeting at the LLGC all were invited to the lesbian the to were invited LLGCall the meetingata after that ( 1993, p.19) 1993, ing the terms of interaction, a situation in which we can construct can we which in situation a interaction, of terms the ing . Thus identity (and perverseness) can exist as an amorphous an as exist can perverseness) (and identity Thus .

y h gop ebas gis Sadomasochism Against Lesbians group the by 116

Alsn 07 p.9 55) pp.49, 2007, (Allison (Hartsock 1987, p.158) (Hartsock 1987, - only lounge, but onlylounge, (1986 34) (1986 .

es . .

CEU eTD Collection at deserves which another is lengthSM study. book least a and Fest Mich of relationship The 2015). 14, May comm. pers. Power, (Ben well a held Samois In 1979 Fest”). “Mich as (known Festival Music Womyn’s Michigan the with again up come has inclusion physical is this that and sex relationships, promiscuous committed more term, have long lesbians less and SM that assumption the is there again and Again meeting). feminist any bar leather Catacombs – no” saying business no had racial a of sort that there’s This so. think don’t I what? know you really like, It’s woman. white a by around led being on collar a with woman people some that feelings the bathrooms” or Samois leashes, on that around other explained each lead they not “could not pressed, could members when that writes Califia behaviour. “offensive” no including conditions, “wo less are lesbians b space their opened past the in had Building Women’s the that meet” noting Menace”, could Lavender “The think in I incident this Samois, describes not also Rubin or Gayle whether about building the at discussions hard deep, face to history of case the in “And who women. emul of people sort a as sadomasochism sawfor some unsafe it for made sadomasochism embraced space who there the in women of having that felt safety people Samois, the compromised there meet to request Samois’ 159 greyactivities), area feel ‘norm’. they SM can inrelation an definethemselves to only so even (not behaviour SM of kind any practice not do who those even that concern, this raise Adler and Lewis piece, short same the in Again, feminists. mainstream of control wron inherently are that spanking) as (such acts specific not is it that suggesting SM; as counts what also but feminism, as counts what over solely not is definitions over battle the Thus, Describing lesbiancollection erotic a of and l (LASM)

Samois’ meetings were political and social; play parties happened elsewhere, in people’s homes and and homes people’s in elsewhere, happened parties play social; and political were meetings Samois’

A similar event happened at the Women’s Building in San Francisco (Vasquez does not ment not does (Vasquez Francisco San in Building Women’s the at happened event similar A — esbian sadomasochists fallesbian outsidethedefinition sadomasochists of feminist. o “un or g (Vasquez 2 (Vasquez cnt o hr. n cud g into go I could And there. go can’t I we were unable to find appropriate terms to describe the community of les of community the describe to terms appropriate find to unable were we article, this writing when than, us to clearer been have hardly could sm of impact The Adler 1994, p.438). exa for sm, as constructed discursively become have athat acts neutral part, as redefining in by stage centre is, to claim This sm’s of defusion sm. by on turned being about anxiety an prompt otherwise might stories 12 of out (5 as construed be sm could which acts contain not is or is what of boundaries the blurring successfully By . 159

“By this point feminism and lesbianism were claimed as LASM's own” (p.46) own” LASM's as claimed were lesbianism and feminism point this “By (1982, p.277) (1982, - eiit, u te cn eoe o hog dsusv cntutos from constructions discursive through so become can they but feminist”, 015, pp.45 015, e” hn e ad non and men than men” ( Califia 1982, p.265) 1982, Califia

- attended workshop, but in later years their right to be there was questione was there be to right their years later in but workshop, attended

(2015, pp.141 (2015, difference? I don’t know. But intellectually and politically, I felt that the collective collective the that felt I politically, and intellectually But know. don’t I difference? oth to men’s and non and men’s to oth . Vasquez recalls, “even though I completely and totally related to and understood understood and to related totally and completely I though “even recalls, Vasquez . – — 6) and I shared some of those feelings those of some shared I and

. “Gayle Rubin was treated as a pariah”, she remembers, “and we actually had had actually we “and remembers, she pariah”, a as treated was Rubin “Gayle .

ation of slavery”, said Carmen Vasquez the director of the centre in an oral oral an in centre the of director the Vasquez Carmen said slavery”, of ation – 2)

. This incident too shows the ignorance of many about SM practices practices SM manyabout of ignorance shows the too incident . This (although I suppose some sex in the bathrooms might occur, like at like occur, might bathrooms the in sex some suppose I (although — - a feminists. Finally, the Building allowed them in, but only on on only but in, them allowed Building the Finally, feminists. , Lewis, Adler write, and you know, could I engage in sadomasochism, particularly if if particularly sadomasochism, in engage I could know, you - feminist organisations organisations feminist 117 mple, anal penetration and fisting (Lewis and and (Lewis fisting and penetration anal mple,

sin), the text allows the reader to enjoy what what enjoy to reader the allows text the sin),

a reason to criticise them. The issue of space and and space of issue The them. criticise to reason a

whip each other, or have sex in the hallways hallways the in sex have or other, each whip — of walking into a bar and bar a into walking of (1982b, pp.212 (1982b,

– 3) , suggesting that SM SM suggestingthat ,

seeing a black a seeing ion the date). date). the ion (ibid., p.62) (ibid., bians who bians d, Samois Samois d,

- called at the at , . CEU eTD Collection as such behaviours, sex same binary. homo/hetero the neat not fitwho into do “like that” people inverts, hustlers, in wolves, engaged men which under identities and labels various the recognise his in who, (1994) copy be 161 her 160 of point 1982, in Conference Barnard the after Speakout the At play? SM in swastikas of use the or racism, of discussions about What sidelined. are issues important is“eroticThus it boundaries” whichchallenged,politics. notjust are being further, suggesting that, of editors diver too and list, to numerous too identities of range whole a and daddies, dominants, sadists, mistresses, are others tops, as themselves to refer community SM the in some while “tops” of solely speak they can How completely? (and discourse the control to power the have really minority above, discussed work Hall’s with resonates certainly This SM. of harm (perceived) the downplay dykes SM suggest, they discourse, the controlling By

This is reminiscent of the ways in whi in ways the of reminiscent is This relevant particularly seems context Palestinian the in “terrorists” vs. fighters” “freedom of discussion His e (Hall 2006, p.167) 2006, (Hall - pasted from the present onto the past, before important interventions by scholars like George Chauncey Chauncey George like scholars by interventions important before past, the onto present the from pasted lesbian s/m has never been critically examined in any sensitive and realistic way, way, simply realistic who feminists other and to and practitioners sensitive feminist its any to useful be in could which examined critically been never has s/m lesbian about remains discussion the If p.41) them in stake own our and boundaries erotic of problem general and profound more the with rather but all, at much very issues those with do to have deeper deflected for and [….] disguised concerns have on work to chosen have we issues the perhaps and ‘sadists’ than rather ‘bottoms’ and and Adle ‘tops’ (Lewis practice and discourse sm by in inherent violence actual the belies inhabited ‘masochists,’ lifestyle new hip ter ‘anti equally were nomenclatures alternatives only negative the ‘vanilla,’ term sm derogatory the with Unhappy sm. of referents themselves were which terms on relying without sm in engage not do what conversation minology within the debate about violent sex, like sm's presentation of itself as a as itself of presentation sm's like sex, violent about debate the within minology oe o Desire of Power .

Gay New York New Gay r 1994, p.435). .

example, the debates about lesbianism and sadomasochism do not do sadomasochism and lesbianism about debates the example, s

don’t , taught us that we could accurately speak accurately could we that us taught , uhd h qeto o srgls vr eiig eiim even feminism defining over struggles of question the pushed

happen when battles ragehappenconversations fail: when and battles ch some spoke about “gay” identity as a monolithic identity that could could that identity monolithic a as identity “gay” about spoke some ch - i’ r ‘non or sin’

who can own the term “feminist”, however, many many however, “feminist”, term the own can who 118 e o e ersne sml a “top”? as simply represented be to se

- sm.’ The pervasive dominance of sm sm of dominance pervasive The sm.’

160 thus knowledge) around SM so so SM around knowledge) thus

n yt cn marginalised a can yet, and just of “homosexuals”, but had to to had but “homosexuals”, of just Cherríe (Snitow et al. 1983, 1983, al. et (Snitow

Moraga raised the raised Moraga

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The CEU eTD Collection pictures to space respectful depth in mostly SM and explore safe a provided but SM, of critiques of free entirely not pro which their build to attempted in ways the explore I chapter, next the In positions. own their promote to order in SM misrepresent seen, have we as critiques, the of Many discourse. perv that, discourse lesbian mainstream a by identity (and public assigned be can acts certain how of example profound a display butch/femme and s/m of portrayals these fact, on predicated necessarily not are entanglements definition.While identity of of power and the about anxieties postmodern wider, illuminate critiqued been have practices these which in pr being of ways specific accused The play. power of enactments their been in oppression patriarchal of embodiments have butch/femme and s/m both that posit I against women. states, Rubin anti of name the in women against perpetuated been has physical) sometimes and TheseI inmy need section, still questions,asexploring limitation today. outlined their own, generated by a dominant system of sexual politics that treated them very very them badly treated that politics sexual of system dominant of a by apotheosis generated own, the their as me strike didn’t they frankly patr and ‘deviants,’ sex at looked I critiqu these of overview an What andmeans a in racist/sexist violent culture sexual their to right a want

and inpolitics. iarchy. On the contrary, they seemed like people with a whole set of problems of problems of set whole a with people like seemed they contrary, the On iarchy. (Butler & Rubin 1994, p.78) &(Butler 1994, Rubin –

own feminist communities, including publications whose pages were pages whose publications including communities, feminist own not just talking about it as a concept, but showing it, in stories, in in stories, in it, showing but concept, a as it about talking just not

desire, and at the same time, understand what that desire desire that what understand time, same the at and desire, . es of SM shows is that violence (emotional, social social (emotional, violence that is shows SM of es

ersely, considers itself oppressed by the minority minority the by oppressed itself considers ersely, 119

(qtd. inFreccero 1990, 312

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as a sham was becoming embarrassing obvious as the seconds dragged dragged seconds the as obvious embarrassing becoming was sham a as ything that sounded like that asafe word?’ ything you,’ she said. ‘The cuffs it is.’ I wiggled around a little, reluctant to reluctant little, a around wiggled I is.’ it cuffs ‘The said. she you,’ 121

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CEU eTD Collection 162 ero lesbian a what about expectations subverts and stories, erotic heterosexual traditional, lampoons both she so, doing In realistic?). gone (or wrong gone somehow fantasies hot describes she humour, bad a attitude. have women these feminists, some of eyes the In ATTITUDE. BAD ATTITUDE BAD ATTITUDE BAD row: a in times three page the of top the across runs title magazine’s incredibly am I story a from extract an with sadomasochism, feminist to) sympathetic least at (or of supporters - myI finished putting clothes arm on,andwe strolled ‘Sure, probably close buthurry up.They around5:00.’ ‘I’ll take just alright?’ aquick shower, ‘Not I looked my around for pants. fixed.’ them get and store leather that to down them take could we bet ‘I helpfully. said she ‘Listen,’ I disappointed.‘Yeah,’ said, girls.’ ‘Onlymy for the best ‘ them orsomething.’ K got I if wonder I stuck. be to seem do really ‘They had. she than success more no with lock, the in around key the worked I look.’ a take me ‘Let her. told I fine,’ work they ‘Usually bad,’Too sheones.’ ‘theylooklike said, they good were AmyH

Hoffman, 1985, p 1985, Hoffman,

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- Y in Y CEU eTD Collection College Smith dissertation, Honours 165 pp.50 (ibid. ofits downfall piecing and together records pp.51 2012, (Campbell beliefs Samois’ of member’s other eflect not does turn in which Califia, by enacted feminism positive sex Coast West US of brand particular a to discussions slants This heavy! Samois very 1988a) Califia 1981; Samois 1979; (Samois elsewhere) 164 so. or words bythousand a 163 lesbian to threatening be could they how imagine to back, looking me, for hard is it below), like centrefolds at looking or Hoffman’s, the on bookstores feminist some form animportantthefree part sexualitymagazines of espouse. these lot a been have may America. in magazines sex lesbian first Attitude Bad chapter this in stage centre takes what but pro her of length the twice pleasures ofSM. a context this erotic consider in might stories We magazine). sex lesbian a in belongs too this (and sex for time K got I if ear”) ( lover one’s with in behind checking the reality fantasy, the shows Hoffman sweet. and hilarious, of short nothing is outcome outlet fantasy for stories

For a more detailed description of both these magazines in their early years, see Kayla Ginsburg’s wonderful wonderful Ginsburg’s Kayla see years, early their in magazines these both of description detailed more a For anti the to pages more devoting of guilty am I that shows count page my at look quick A hn oue hr nlss oey n aii’ pro Califia’s on solely analysis her focuses Khan , the mundane technical difficulties of sex ( sex of difficulties technical mundane the , These lesbian sex magazines, as well as SM dykes’ publications, were refused by by refused were publications, dykes’ SM as well as magazines, sex lesbian These tha notes Khan Ummni scholar Legal , a mainstream gay publication publication gay mainstream a , - Y in them or something’”) or them in Y - heavy (Rubin and Califia were both Samois members, and even lovers even and members, Samois both were Califia and (Rubin heavy (2013b) , which, although different in size, location and content, both have the title of the of title the have both content, and location size, in different although which, ,

On Our Backs with a Bad A Bad a with Backs Our On . –

3, 60) 3, longer, as discussions in the letters pages and portrayals of SM desires SM of portrayals and pages letters the in discussions as longer,

– atvs i ad f themselves: of and in activism s . See Campbell’s work for an excellent (an excellent an for work Campbell’s See .

- they do not have to represent reality, and in fact when they do, the do, they when fact in and reality, represent to have not do they SM section SM

Clfa 91 Clfa 1979) Califia 1981; (Califia

or theoretic academic articles articles academic theoretic or and also, the fact that sometim that fact the also, and rud o big prsie Raig tre like stories Reading oppressive. being of grounds (Khan 2008, p.168) 2008, (Khan 164 ttitude: The History of the First Lesbian Sex Magazines Sex Lesbian First the of History The ttitude: , are lesbian sex magazines like magazines sex lesbian are ,

If Khan Khan If n u Back Our On “’You’re OK, aren’t you?’ she whispered in my in whispered she you?’ aren’t OK, “’You’re 123 t her analysis of the anti the of analysis her t - - 61). 61). M et frt ulse in published first text, SM

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considered them, her pro her them, considered in fact, Samois disintegrated over infighting infighting over disintegrated Samois fact, in s Bldge o te esn (see Season” the of “Bulldagger ’s . 163

S lsin’ w bos n erotica and books own lesbians’ SM , hy hw ahr hn el the tell than rather show they (Rubin 1984) (Rubin

d unorthodox) look at Samois’ own Samois’ at look unorthodox) d What Khan does not consider, not does Khan What 165 es, it’s just not the right the not just it’s es, - SM literature is at least least at is literature SM

for a time), but also Califia Califia also but time), a for

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from and the CEU eTD Collection 21). I am interested in exploring this more. Robin Bauer (2008) published a study looking at this in in this at looking study a published (2008) Bauer Robin more. this exploring in BD queer contemporary interested am I 21). Box Papers, Allison (p.2, with trouble had have might players SM some even that fantasies particular, in scenes 166 inherently as SM of damaging. readings rejects that perspective the from SM lesbian symbols. of trajectory Nazi of use the as such examples, extreme most patr uphold or feminists

h WP aplt t anr i 18, o eape nms ai n Jw ad bla and Jew, and Nazi names example, for 1982, in Barnard at pamphlet WAP The

SM people in the US and Western Europe. Western in the US and people SM iarchal values, but I also keep in mind that its critics usually cited the cited usually critics its that mind in keep also I but values, iarchal

124

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CEU eTD Collection 2015). 7, May (Pers.Comm, controversial to topics open be to continued and before SM texts about are pieces opinion and pages editor the to letters divers the in reactions the thus and desires, to sexual catered friendly, different SM many extremely while magazines, sex lesbian The here. them on focus to choosing not am I Franciscso), San 167 Backs ‘anti “Some recalls, Hoffman Amy as fact, In papers. LGBT national established, more other, of levels distribution the had magazines happen!)” comm.May (Hoffman, pers. 1,2015). support of issue an into of issue first “the how me told Hoffman Amy feet. its on the of issue first The movement: feminist the within controversies to response in and political highly were magazines These desires, lesbian fantasies, bodies, lesbian lust, lesbian put and scene literary lesbian the onto burst ofexplicit expressions Desire of Powers time, to time from organised inc “politically was that sexuality lesbian about speaking to hostile openly was media feminist mainstream of much displays, 3) chapter (see conference Barnard the of coverage media the as wars, sex the of midst the In

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box “Yes!Ibox partexciting want of be sexuality to the(1984, debate!” n.p.) e and do not all come from an inherently “pro inherently an from come all not do and e

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kinks and dislikes (like Andrea (like dislikes and kinks a Attitud Bad Cathexis: a Journal for S/M Lesbians S/M for Journal a Cathexis: Gay Community News Community Gay

(1983), there was no consistent, dedicated and accessible forum for for forum accessible and dedicated consistent, no was there (1983), , even if it opened it if even , , feminist, lesbian sexuality. - e minded publications existed: existed: publications minded

s oeo cptls & at f ‘ilo dla pr industry’ porn dollar ‘billion a of part & capitalist somehow as

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was larger and national) wasand national) larger yn Eaa n Db Snal te dtr ad ulses of publishers and editors the Sundahl, Debi and Elana Myrna of years long already the to add oppressionsexual of women only can women by enjoyed is regarding that judgment technique moral any or Uptightness partner. your and you to good feel which all enjoying for recommendation our reiterate to wish we possibility… viable a as explored be should enjoyment woman’s to adds and safe is that Anything the not were folks these innovation, philosophical their about exaggerate I lest And filling “entertainment for the adventurous lesbian”, declared 1984 the “YEAR OF THE OF “YEAR the 1984 declared lesbian”, adventurous the for “entertainment azine format where art, advertisements, personal ads and letters to the editor can editor the to letters and ads personal advertisements, art, where format azine - judgmental and inclusive sex manual of sorts. However, it is largely different different largely is it However, sorts. of manual sex inclusive and judgmental

the letter pagesandthe letter others react toread for to.

ian sexual pleasure over politics. Almost ten years earlier, in 1975, the 1975, in earlier, years ten Almost politics. over pleasure sexual ian t (and are thus missing from some archives and hard to get a hold of) of) hold a get to hard and archives some from missing thus are (and t (Elana & Sundahl 1984) Sundahl & (Elana Bad Attitude Bad

(Ginsburg 2013b, p.12) (Nomadic Sisters 1976, p.31) (Nomadic 1976, Sisters

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The advertisements in Theadvertisements uch connections were crucial as mainstream feminists publications refused to take SM to refused publications mainstream feminists as crucial were uch connections (Butler & 1994,pp.74 Rubin Bad Attitude, Attitude, Bad anism (Kulp 1985, p.16) 1985, (Kulp 1984 (1(3), p.23), show how pro how show p.23), (1(3), 1984

(see 2.2;2.3) 131

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etters, Though, as chapter 4 (especially 4.3) exemplifies, there is often a tension between these two motives. motives. two these between tension a often is there exemplifies, 4.3) (especially 4 chapter as Though, (Hoffman 2007, p.116) 2007, (Hoffman this means I’m meansthis closet again, outofthe p.5). doesn’t (Linda, it! PacificGrove,CA, lesbian a world see to give damn I’d What whole erotica! loves who the in dyke only the was I thought I for! waiting been I’ve what just And, Fun! Stimulating! Erotic! Wonderful! outrageous! is publication new Your personally were magazines these to contributors and of editors the of some While in writer letter one as later, years Three The discursive proliferation around SM within lesbian feminism, in part because it it because part in feminism, lesbian within SM around proliferation discursive The On Our Backs, r excitement: - heavy, because it was for lesbians, and because of her girlfriend at the time (Patton, (Patton, time the at girlfriend her of because and lesbians, for was it because heavy,

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Figure Figure Doing more intensive oral histories or more detailed studies of SM groups would have allowed me to focus focus to me allowed have would groups SM of studies detailed more or histories oral intensive more Doing What one of Margot Weiss’ recent ethnographic studies illustrates is that the status of this move that I I that move this of status the that is illustrates studies ethnographic recent Weiss’ Margot of one What asserting its alliance with the by then defunct group, as well as a commitment to diversity in sexual in sexual diversity commitment to a as well as group, defunct then by the with alliance its asserting 37

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A poster for “Fire and Power”, May 7, 1989. Shelix describes the event in their newsletter in newsletter in their event the Shelix describes 7, 1989. May Power”, and for“Fire poster A - e, pro sex, - / speakea S/M - mes ae” Sei nwlte, a 1989, May newsletter, (Shelix area” Amherst 138

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Queer theorist Sara Ahmed has written extensively on the concept of the feminist killjoy and has and killjoy feminist the of concept the on extensively written has Ahmed Sara theorist Queer . Furthermore, in being an attacked minority within a minority, they were able to establish to able were theyminority, a within minority attacked an being in Furthermore, . h sds eoe ipiid s rig o ie “alak reig ad lifestyle card” greeting “Hallmark a live to trying as simplified become sides The wom any that and “kinky”, “feminist remotely that anything disagrees brainwashed women”, is to against opposed “violence is but nothingsexuality” is and pornography sexuality that pornography, over insist debates the viewing help anti feminist can’t freedom I girl, bad a As S ome SM dykes defending their practices not by using ‘vanilla;’ in a derogatory term derogatory a in ‘vanilla;’ using by not practices their defending dykes SM ome (Ahmed n.d.) (Ahmed - - construction as outcasts and outlaws against feminist repression and societal societal and repression feminist against outlaws and outcasts as construction mind number .

These examples support legal scholar Khan’s assertion of SM lesbians as lesbians SM of assertion Khan’s scholar legal support examples These ed people, and approach those who opposed them together, including including together, them opposed who those approach and people, ed

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Review of Review thing that’s been published on feminist theory/practice in a long, long time” long (p.32). long, in a theory/practice feminist on published been that’s thing . Yet, they remind us, women and sexual minorities have historically struggled to to struggled historically have minorities sexual and women us, remind they Yet, . ad for for ad Coming to Power to Coming Coming to Power Coming Final Thoughts and Conclusions Coming toterms power?with , in The Body Politic Body The ). The reviewer Sue Golding calls calls SueGolding The reviewer ). 147

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Bronstein chose not to do oral histories at all: “I found that the bitter conflicts of the 1980s had made women made had 1980s the of conflicts bitter the that found “I all: at histories oral do to not chose Bronstein inte particularly am I Here Photo files, Del LaGrace Volcano folders). The location is unknown, but it could be somewhere like somewhere be could it but isunknown, The location folders). Volcano LaGrace Del files, Photo 181 “Bully for you for going public with wha with public going for you for “Bully 43

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182

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Pat Califia congratulated Dorothy Allison on going “public with what those bitches” bitches” those what with “public going Allison on Dorothy congratulated Califia Pat –

“did to Amber [Hollibau Amber to “did , December 7 December , - 20, 1981 1981 20, published as “Lesbian Politics in the ‘80s: Erotic Blasphemy”, Blasphemy”, Erotic ‘80s: the in Politics “Lesbian as published gh]!!” in a 1981 letter from Califia to Allison, with comments with Allison, to fromletter Califia 1981 in a gh]!!” (Allison Papers, Box 5; Author, Personal Photo Personal Author, 5; Box Papers, (Allison March, 2015). March, 155

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u r , CEU eTD Collection T. Atkinson, &Ardill, S. S.,1986.Upsetting O’Sullivan, an applecart: and lesbian difference, desire LedAP, 1979. women bydemonstratea drummer, Anon, 1986b.SubscriptionAdverstisement. Anon, 1985.Personals. Letters.Anon, 1986a. Anon, 1982.Feminists sp DomesticAnon, Christian Discpline. Availableat: B.,Anderson, 1991. L.,IfAlptraum, personal the pol 2015.is D.,1994.Public Allison, Silence, PrivateIn Terror. D.,2007.DorothyAllison, interviewed by Allison Kelly Anderso Alexander,Interviewed D., Alexander 2006.Dolores byKelly Anderson. Aldrich, 2006. R., Ahmed, feministkilljoys. S., at: Available http://feministkilljoys.com March [Accessed 13, Abelove et al.,1982.post AbeloveL et and al.,1983.Notes 2015]. Radical Feminist Analysis sadomasochism. http://www.christiandomesticdiscipline.com/home.html [Accessed 2015]. May 18, nationalism political http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/11/sexual Guardian Literature History Project SmithCollege SmithCollection, Sophia Oral HistoryProject Smith SmithCollection, Sophia College

- - G., 1981. Why I’mG., 1981.WhyLiberation.In Against S/M spanking . Available at: . Ithaca,. FirebrandBooks. NY: , London Newand York: Verso. Gay andculture life Imagined communities :Imagined ontheandspread of origin reflections Feminist Review Lesbian Connection Lesbian - fifty On Our Backs lit on“correct”lit sex. - conference petition. - shades . San Franciso, Frog CA: pp. 90 inthe Well, etters. - of , 2(1), p.47. , 2(1), - , (23), pp.31 Bibliography : a world history : aworld grey. Feminist Studies Feminist itical, is it ever OK to want a spanking? everitical, it is OK aspanking? towant , 8(4), p.11. On Our BacksOn Our 158 The Body Politic

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