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59-68, 2011 Issn 1816-9112 59 Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 6(2): 59-68, 2011 ISSN 1816-9112 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Seasonal patterns of food and length-weight relationship of three species of the family Gerreidae in the Alvarado lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico. 1Jonathan Franco López, 2Luis G. Abarca Arenas, 1Héctor Barrera Escorcia, 1Carlos M. Bedia Sanchez y, 3Verónica Rivera Felix. 1Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM. Av. Los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México CP. 54080. 2Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Veracruzana. Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n Col. Industrial Ánimas C.P.91190 Apartado Postal 294 Xalapa, Veracruz, México. 3Laboratorio de Zoología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM. Av. Los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México CP. 54080. ABSTRACT Estuaries and coastal lagoons in tropical latitudes are highly productive sustaining a rich fauna and a high fish biomass. The aim of the present work was to analyze the food partitioning and the pattern of length weight relationship of three fish species of the Gerreidae family (Diapterus auratus, Diapterus rhombeus and Eucinostomus melanopterus) by sampling the Alvarado lagoon system in Mexico from July 2008 to May 2010. Salinity and dissolved oxygen were higher in the dry season, when low volumes of fresh water drained into the lagoons. D. rhombeus was the most abundant species It showed isometric growth in the windy season, but growth was negatively allometric in the wet and dry seasons. D. auratus was second in abundance, with isometric growth in the rainy season and a negatively allometric growth in the dry and windy seasons. E. melanopterus had an isometric growth in the rainy and windy season and negatively allometric growth in the dry season. All species fed on benthic organisms including tanaids, isopods, amphipods, other crustaceans and some mollusks. A multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that the food niche separation between species was related to differences in the number of food items and the season, which determined the environmental conditions. Differential growth rates between species could be another factor helping to better partition the food between the three species. Key words: Coastal lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico, condition factor, Diapterus auratus, Diapterus rhombeus, Eucinostomus melanopterus, Alvarado Introduction Estuarine ecosystems are recognized as breeding and feeding areas for resident and transient species of fishes, providing high abundance and diversity of food resources and protection against predation by other fishes (Paterson and Whitfield 2000). The multiple subsystems existing in the ecosystems favors the presence of large fish populations throughout the year along their margins. (Sasekumar et al. 1992; Chaves and Bouchereau 2000; Spach et al. 2004; Carbajal et al. 2009). The presence of populations of fishes in the early stages of recruitment in estuarine environments, has been widely documented, referring in particular to species whose early ontogenetic stages have entered the estuary after spawning has taken place earlier in the marine zone adjacent to the estuary , as is the case of families like Siaenidae, Clupeidae, Sparidae, Bothidae, and Elopidae (Norcross 1991; Warlen and Burke 1990; Carbajal et al. 2009; Vendel and Chaves 2006) The geographic location and accessibility of the adjacent marine system are factors determining the composition of fish species that occur in an estuarine system (Perez et al. 2007; Mariani, 2001; Elliot and Dewailly, 1995; Bouchereau et al. 2008). The succession of species throughout the year at these sites suggests a sequential use of subsystems and their production levels, which is reflected in a variation of the biomass levels in different seasons (Lara and Yañez-Arancibia 1999, Franco et al. 2011). The Alvarado lagoon system in Veracruz, Mexico, is located in the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico, 63 km southeast of the port of Veracruz, between 18° 46 ' - 18° 42'N and 95° 34' - 95° 58'W.This system consists of 3 lagoons with a total length of 27 km and a surface of 6,200 ha (Moran et al. 2005). Many of the fish species located in these lagoons, are present as juvenile stages and pre-adults of species typical of adjacent marine environment (Franco et al. 1996, Zarza et al. 2006, Carbajal et al. 2009; Arceo et al. 2004). Their Corresponding Author: Jonathan Franco López, Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM. Av. Los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México CP. 54080. E-mail: [email protected] 60 Res. J. Fish & Hydrobiol., 6(2): 59-68, 2011 ecological role is important for the functioning of this system because they are elements that transfer matter between habitats and adjacent ecosystems, and from which human communities obtain an economic income and food resources throughout the year (Moreno et al. 2002; Ortíz and Mendez 1999). The success of this group of species in the littoral environments has been related with the high levels of secondary production of submerged vegetation subsystems that, besides providing food, provide protection and shelter against predators (Minello et al. 2003), allowing some species present reach high abundances compared with those of their predators (Wyda et al. 2002). One of the groups of fishes that are characteristic of this lagoon system, are the species of the family Gerreidae, located most of the time in different subsystems within the lagoon system, but in the adult stage migrate to the adjacent marine area where they form part of the demersal fish fauna (Abarca et al. 2004; Abarca et al. 2007). The climate the southeastern region of the Gulf of Mexico, where the lagoon of Alvarado system is located, has three identifiable seasons: rainy (from June to September), windy (from October to February) and dry (from March to early June) (Moran et al. 2005). The main objective of the investigation was to analyze the seasonal behavior of length-weight relationships and diet of the species Diapterus rhombeus, D. auratus and Eucinostomus melanopterus and its relation to environmental characteristics in the Alvarado lagoon system. , Veracruz. Material and Methods Temperature (°C), depth (cm), transparency (cm), salinity ( °/oo) and dissolved oxygen (mg/l) were measured at15 sampling stations distributed in the lagoon system of Alvarado, in the rainy, windy and dry seasons from July 2008 to May 2010 (Figure 1). Fig. 1: Lagoon system of Alvarado, Veracruz (Mexico) showing the location of the 15 sampling stations located at the three most important lagoons. Fishes were captured with a beach seine of 50 m length, 2.5 m height and a mesh of 2.5 cm. Individuals were preserved with a 10% formaldehyde injection in the abdominal cavity to stop the digestive process. Fish were stored in plastic bags and transferred to the laboratory of Ecology of FES-Iztacala for analysis. In the laboratory, the fish were identified using taxonomic keys and specialized bibliography (Hoese and Moore, 1998; Fischer, 1978; Bedia and Franco, 2008). Fish length (L) was measured with a ruler to the nearest 0.1 mm, and weight (W) with a semi-analytical balance to the nearest 0.01 g. The data were used to determine the weight- length relation, for each species, using the relationship W = aLb (Pauly, 1984). Student's t-test was used to test whether the estimated slope (b) values were significantly different from that expected for theoretical isometric growth (H0: b=3) using a critical value of p<0.05 (Sokal and Rohlf, 1996), for each species in each season. Fulton´s condition factor was calculated K= 100 W / Lb (Wootton, 1999), for the three species in each season. Stomach contents were analyzed for 30 % of the total catch of each species in each sample. The alimentary items were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. An analysis among species per season and an analysis of dissimilarity of the diet of each species including all seasons was performed (Zar, 1996), from which a multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) was performed to compare the diets of three species in the system. A Mantel analysis was used to compare both the correlation matrix between seasonal species such as those between seasons by species, for this, the diet matrix was transformed using square root transformation and 61 Res. J. Fish & Hydrobiol., 6(2): 59-68, 2011 then Pearson´s correlation coefficient was calculated. The null hypothesis to be tested is no correlation between the respective correlation matrix to compare the values matched by species and season. To determine the degree of feeding specialization, the trophic niche breadth was calculated with the Levins 2 index (B = 1 / Σ pj ) and the standardized index BA = (B-1)/(n - 1) for each species and season. The results of this index vary between 0 to 1, where the values close to 0 indicate feeding on few prey types. Results and Discussion The physicochemical results showed variations related to climatic periods. The highest average depth was recorded in the rainy season with 75.9 cm and the lowest in the dry season (65 cm). Temperature was highest in the rainy season with an average of 30 ° C, with lowest values in the windy season with an average of 24 ° C. The mean temperature was 28.5 ° C in the dry season. The highest recorded salinity was in the dry season with a mean of 17 ppt, while the lowest was recorded in the rainy season with 1.2 ppt. Figure 2 . ) cm ( th th p De Saiininity (ppt) Saiininity (ppt) Transparency (cm) (cm) Transparency (C) Temperature (mg/1) Oxygen Dissolved Fig. 2: Physical and chemical mean values for the sampling period between July 2008 and May 2010 in the lagoon system of Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico. Biological: A total of 2947 individuals of the three species were captured, of which 1210 were Diapterus rhombeus, with a biomass of 8032.7 g, for Diapterus auratus, a total of 1540 fishes with a biomass of 13 215.2 g and for Eucinostomus melanopterus, 197 organisms were captured with a biomass of 1100.5 g (Table 1).
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