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For Fish Fauna in an Amazonian Mangrove Estuary Importance of Mangroves for Fish. Bases for the conservation and sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems in North Brazil Tommaso Giarrizzo Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry) University of Bremen Bremen June, 2007 Universität Bremen Superisor: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Saint-Paul (University Bremen, ZMT) Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Victoria Isaac (Universidade Federal do Pará - Brazil) CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................V ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................. VIII SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................X OUTLINE OF PUBLICATIONS...................................................................................... XIV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................XVII CHAPTER I - THESIS OVERVIEW 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................2 Global overview.................................................................................................................2 Regional overview.............................................................................................................2 Fish and fisheries in intertidal mangrove areas.............................................................3 Objectives ..........................................................................................................................5 STUDY AREA .......................................................................................................................8 METHODS OVERVIEW.....................................................................................................10 Sampling method ............................................................................................................10 Laboratory and data analysis ........................................................................................12 Spatial and temporal change in fish fauna (Chapter II - V).............................................12 Feeding ecology (Chapter VI; VII)...................................................................................12 Biological information (Chapter V; VIII; IX)...................................................................12 Autotrophic sources for consumers (Chapter X) ..............................................................13 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY .....................................................................13 Inter-creek variability in fish habitat use in a medium spatial scale .........................13 Large-scale comparison of the intertidal mangrove fish fauna..................................14 Temporal variation in the occurrence of juveniles fishes ...........................................15 Feeding ecology of two important fish species .............................................................15 Basic biological information ..........................................................................................16 Autotrophic sources for consumers...............................................................................17 CONCLUDING REMARKS, MANAGEMENTS IMPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................18 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................20 CHAPTER II - SPATIAL DIFFERENCES AND SEASONAL CYCLICITY IN THE INTERTIDAL FISH FAUNA FROM FOUR MANGROVE CREEKS IN A SALINITY ZONE OF THE CURUÇÁ ESTUARY, NORTH BRAZIL........................................................................................................27 I CHAPTER III - LARGE-SCALE GRADIENTS IN THE INTERTIDAL FISH FAUNA OF THE WORLD’S LONGEST MANGROVE AREA..................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER IV - TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN RECRUITMENT OF SELECTED TROPICAL FISH TO THE MANGROVE CREEKS: IMPLICATION FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN NORTH BRAZIL ........................................................................................................................ 55 CHAPTER V - GROWTH, CONDITION FACTOR AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILES ANCHOVIA CLUPEOIDES (ENGRAULIDAE) IN INTERTIDAL MANGROVE CREEKS OF NORTHERN BRAZIL ............................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER VI - ONTOGENETIC AND SEASONAL SHIFTS IN THE DIET OF PEMECOU SEA CATFISH SCIADES HERZBERGII (SILURIFORMES: ARIIDAE) FROM A MACROTIDAL MANGROVE CREEK IN THE CURUÇÁ ESTUARY (NORTH BRAZIL) .......................................... 85 CHAPTER VII - FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE DOG SNAPPER LUTJANUS JOCU (BLOCH & SHNEIDER, 1801) (LUTJANIDAE), IN INTERTIDAL MANGROVE CREEKS IN CURUÇÁ ESTUARY (NORTHERN BRAZIL).............................................................................. 107 CHAPTER VIII - WEIGHT-LENGTH RELATIONSHIP FOR INTERTIDAL FISH FAUNA IN A MANGROVE ESTUARY IN NORTHERN BRAZIL ....................................................................... 125 CHAPTER IX - ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL FOOD CONSUMPTION/BIOMASS RATIO (Q/B) FOR FISH FAUNA IN AN AMAZONIAN MANGROVE ESTUARY .................................................. 135 CHAPTER X - AUTOTROPHIC SOURCES FOR AN AMAZONIAN MANGROVE FOOD WEB: EVIDENCES AND UNCERTAINTIES FROM STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ................................... 147 II LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER II - SPATIAL DIFFERENCES AND SEASONAL CYCLICITY IN THE INTERTIDAL FISH FAUNA FROM FOUR MANGROVE CREEKS IN A SALINITY ZONE OF THE CURUÇÁ ESTUARY, NORTH BRAZIL Table 1. Summary of landscape features of the four 1st order intertidal mangrove creeks in the Curuçá estuary, Pará, north Brazil, at neap tides. The presence of different creek features is described subjectively using: blank = absence, + = low, ++ = medium, +++ = high........................................................................................................31 Table 2. Rank by biomass (Rk), mean biomass (BM, g ha-1), mean density (D, fish ha-1) of all fish species collected with a fyke net from four intertidal 1st order mangrove creeks at diurnal neap tides between September 2003 and July 2004 in the Curuçá estuary, Pará, north Brazil. Ecological guild (EG) according to McHugh (1967): truly estuarine resident species (TE), marine occasional visitors (MO), marine species (M), and own stomach inspections: B: benthophage, H: herbivorous, I: ichthyophage, B/I: benthophage-ichthyophage, Z: zooplanktivorous, L: lepidophage. Mean total length (TL) (cm) and the size range is given for each species. ............................................................................................................................35 Table 3. Summary of results of two-factor analysis of variance (site and season) and Kruskal-Wallis tests for 6 fish assemblage variables and 10 fish species collected in four 1st order intertidal mangrove creeks in the Curuçá estuary, Pará, north Brazil, using a fyke net. The experimentwise error was set to 0.05 using the Bonferroni approach. Significant critical values (F-values in case of ANOVA; H in case of Kruskal-Wallis test) are indicated by an asterisk. W: wet season; D: dry season. d.f.: degrees of freedom. In multiple post-hoc comparisons (Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) method) significantly different pairs are indicated by the same font style. .....................................................................................37 CHAPTER III - LARGE-SCALE GRADIENTS IN THE INTERTIDAL FISH FAUNA OF THE WORLD’S LONGEST MANGROVE AREA Table 1. Comparison of the five intertidal creek fish surveys from the mangrove coast of the north Brazilian states Pará (PA) and Maranhão (MA). .............................................49 CHAPTER VI - ONTOGENETIC AND SEASONAL SHIFTS IN THE DIET OF PEMECOU SEA CATFISH SCIADES HERZBERGII (SILURIFORMES: ARIIDAE) FROM A MACROTIDAL MANGROVE CREEK IN THE CURUÇÁ ESTUARY (NORTH BRAZIL) Table 1. Frequency of occurrence (F), numerical abundance (N), gravimetric composition (W) and Index of Relative Importance (IRI) of the stomach contents of 226 pemecou sea catfish. The fish were collected bimonthly between September 2003 and July 2004 in a macrotidal creek of the Curuçá estuary. Abbreviations for major categories of food items are shown in brackets.......................95 CHAPTER VII - FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE DOG SNAPPER LUTJANUS JOCU (BLOCH & SHNEIDER, 1801) (LUTJANIDAE), IN INTERTIDAL MANGROVE CREEKS IN CURUÇÁ ESTUARY (NORTHERN BRAZIL) Table 1. Frequency of occurrence (F), numerical abundance (N), gravimetric composition (W) and Index of Relative Importance (IRI) of the stomach contents of 88 juvenile dog snapper collected bimonthly between September 2003 and July III 2004 in four macrotidal creeks of the Curuçá estuary. Abbreviations for major categories of food items are shown in brackets. ........................................................... 113 CHAPTER VIII - WEIGHT-LENGTH RELATIONSHIP FOR INTERTIDAL FISH FAUNA IN A MANGROVE ESTUARY IN NORTHERN BRAZIL Table
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