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Silk Roads and West African Trade Routes.Pdf wh10te-020702-0193-0197 8/8/03 2:15 PM Page 195 CHAPTER 7 • Section 2 Entertainment in India: Bollywood Today, drama remains hugely popular in India. India has the largest movie industry in the world. About twice as many full-length feature Connect to Today films are released yearly in India as in the United States. India produces - both popular and serious films. Indian popular films, such as asoka, Entertainment in India: Bollywood are often love stories that blend music, dance, drama, and action- adventure. India’s serious films have received worldwide critical praise. The Indian movie industry is centered in In 1992, the Indian director Satyajit Ray received a lifetime- India’s largest city, Bombay (often called achievement Academy Award for making artistic films. His films brought Indian culture to a global audience. Mumbai). In a humorous blend of the names Bombay and Hollywood, it is Major Movie Producers, 2000 sometimes referred to as Bollywood. The 900 themes of popular Indian movies reflect 800 close family ties, loyalty to friends, and 700 the struggle for justice. Movies generally 600 have brave heroes, beautiful heroines, six 500 400 to eight songs, and colorful dances. 300 What aspects of ancient Indian culture produced in 2000 200 might account for the enormous popular- Number of new movies 100 0 ity of movies in India today? (Possible India United Japan Hong France States Kong Answer: the importance of drama, music, and dance that first blossomed during Source: Focus 2002: World Film Market Trends the Gupta Empire) Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine The expansion of trade spurred the advance of science. Because sailors on trading ships used the stars to help them figure their position at sea, knowledge of astronomy increased. From Greek invaders, Indians adapted Western methods of keeping time. They began to use a calendar based on the cycles of the sun rather than the moon. They also adopted a seven-day week and divided each day into hours. During the Gupta Empire (A.D. 320 to about 500), knowledge of astronomy The Spread of Indian Trade increased further. Almost 1,000 years before Columbus, Indian astronomers proved that the earth was round by observing a lunar eclipse. During the eclipse, the Critical Thinking B. Answer modern earth’s shadow fell across the face of the moon. The astronomers noted that the numerals, the zero, earth’s shadow was curved, indicating that the earth itself was round. • How would acting as a middleman and the decimal Indian mathematics was among the most advanced in the world. Modern numer- along the Silk Road have been prof- system als, the zero, and the decimal system were invented in India. Around A.D. 500, an itable for Indian traders? (Possible Indian named Aryabhata (AHR•yuh•BUHT•uh) calculated the value of pi (π) to four Answer: Middlemen wouldn’t have Drawing decimal places. He also calculated the length of the solar year as 365.3586805 the expense of acquiring, loading, or Conclusions days. This is very close to modern calculations made with an atomic clock. In moving goods, but merely had to pass What achieve- medicine, two important medical guides were compiled. They described more than ments by Indian them along from one trader to another 1,000 diseases and more than 500 medicinal plants. Hindu physicians performed mathematicians are while collecting a fee.) used today? surgery—including plastic surgery—and possibly gave injections. • In light of the information in the time The Spread of Indian Trade line on pages 186–187, why might In addition to knowledge, India has always been rich in precious resources. Spices, India’s trade with Rome have declined diamonds, sapphires, gold, pearls, and beautiful woods—including ebony, teak, after the third century A.D.? (The Roman and fragrant sandalwood—have been valuable items of exchange. Trade between Empire was in decline, culminating in India and China Establish Empires 195 its fall in 476.) DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Aryabhata’s Achievements Class Time 45 minutes Have students research the accomplishments of Aryabhata using an Task Researching Indian mathematician Aryabhata encyclopedia or scientific reference book. Suggest that they determine how Purpose To appreciate the intellectual achievements of the ancient Indians Aryabhata calculated the value of pi and the length of the solar year with and to learn about Aryabhata’s other mathematical legacies such accuracy and go beyond those achievements mentioned in the text. Ask each student to focus on one of the calculations and explain it to the Instructions Inform students that our Arabic numerals—including zero and class. Suggest that their presentations also include a statement about how the decimal system—came to Europe via the Arabs, who adopted them that calculation was made and how it has held up or been overturned by from the Indians. The mathematician Aryabhata used these numerals to modern mathematics. perform extremely sophisticated calculations more than 1,500 years ago. Teacher’s Edition 195 wh10te-020702-0193-0197 8/15/03 4:06 PM Page 196 CHAPTER 7 • Section 2 Asian Trade Routes, A.D. 400 40°N To Rome Caspian e Sea H .) Merv g R E n T a ° E u ow i ° H l g l 40 e r Y 80 ( i s E Antioch R Ecbatana ° . Herat History from Visuals E Ch'ang-an (Xi’an) Luoyang 120 Tyre u Ctesiphon PERSIA p Taxila h r Gaza at es Charax g R . Persepolis an Interpreting the Map R i Alexandria J .) s ng R u G a e d a h tz Aelana Persian n n C g Have students examine the map and Harmozia I g an CHINA Gulf es (Y R. the key. Ask them to make a chart of ARABIA Pattala Pataliputra EGYPT Omana Nanhai the products produced by India and its Barbaricum GUPTA EMPIRE Tropic (Guangzhou) of Cancer trading partners. Where were spices pro- Barygaza R duced? (China, Arabia, and Aksum) What e d S countries along the trade routes did not e a Trade route Adulis produce any of the trade products listed? Products traded KINGDOM Arabian Bay of Cloth (Persia, Central and Southeast Asia) OF Cane Sea Grains AKSUM Bengal Extension Ask students to use an Sopatma Ivory Muziris Oc Eo Metal encyclopedia or atlas to research 0 500 Miles Takkola Precious stones Silk 0 India’s main imports and exports and 1,000 Kilometers Slaves Spices its primary trading partners today. Timber (Main import—Petroleum—also fertilizer, Tortoise shell industrial machinery, and gems; GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps 0° Equator 1. Movement Since people usually trade for goods they do not make themselves, which Exports—Chemicals, cotton textiles, products were most likely to travel from Gupta India to Arabia? gems and jewelry; Main trading 2. Movement How far did trade goods travel to get from Luoyang in China to Alexandria partner—United States—also Germany, in Egypt? Japan, and the United Kingdom.) India and regions as distant as Africa and Sumeria began more than 4,000 years SKILLBUILDER Answers ago. Trade expanded even after the Mauryan Empire ended around 185 B.C. 1. Movement grains, silk, timber Overland Trade, East and West Groups who invaded India after Mauryan rule 2. Movement more than 5,000 miles ended helped to expand India’s trade to new regions. For example, Central Asian nomads told Indians about a vast network of caravan routes known as Silk Roads. C. Possible These routes were called the Silk Roads because traders used them to bring silk Answer Trade from China to western Asia and then on to Rome. routes carried people and new Once Indians learned of the Silk Roads, they realized that they could make great ideas along with profits by acting as middlemen. Middlemen are go-betweens in business transac- resources to other tions. For example, Indian traders would buy Chinese goods and sell them to civilizations. traders traveling to Rome. To aid their role as middlemen, Indians built trading sta- tions along the Silk Roads. They were located at oases, which are fertile spots in Hypothesizing desert areas. How might the Asian trade Sea Trade, East and West Sea trade also increased. Traders used coastal routes routes have spread around the rim of the Arabian Sea and up the Persian Gulf to bring goods from Indian sciences India to Rome. In addition, traders from southern India would sail to Southeast and math to other Asia to collect spices. They brought the spices back to India and sold them to civilizations? merchants from Rome. Archaeologists have found hoards of Roman gold coins in southern India. Records show that some Romans were upset about the amount of gold their countrymen spent on Indian luxuries. They believed that to foster a healthy economy, a state must collect gold rather than spend it. 196 Chapter 7 Name Date CHAPTER 7 GUIDED READING Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS Section 2 A. Analyzing Issues As you read about the ways that Indian culture changed and expanded between about 200 B.C. and A.D. 300, fill out the chart by writing notes in the appropriate spaces. Changes in Religious Thought 1. Note how Buddhism changed and identify Identifying Supporting Details two effects of this change. 2. Note how Hinduism changed and identify Class Time 25 minutes beginnings or ends of paragraphs. Ask them to point out two effects of this change. Task Identifying and charting supporting details each of these subheads and to look for additional main Expansion of Culture 3. Note at least two examples of the ideas. Instruct students to look for supporting details that flowering of literature and performing arts.
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