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Arab Americans with Disabilities and Their Families: a Culturally Appropriate Approach for Counselors Jamal M

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Arab Americans with Disabilities and Their Families: a Culturally Appropriate Approach for Counselors Jamal M Received 07/19/13 Revised 12/09/13 Accepted 03/11/14 DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2014.00057.x application: theory to culturally competent practice Arab Americans With Disabilities and Their Families: A Culturally Appropriate Approach for Counselors Jamal M. Al Khateeb, Muna S. Al Hadidi, and Amal J. Al Khatib The authors present a brief introduction to Americans of Arab descent and a brief overview of Arab culture. Then, culturally appropriate counseling consid- erations related to family, attitudes toward disability, religion, communication, acculturation, help-seeking behaviors, and stereotypes are highlighted. In the last section, the authors provide conclusions and recommendations for culturally appropriate considerations in working with Arab Americans with disabilities and their families. Keywords: Arab Americans, minorities, disabilities, special needs, culturally appropriate counseling Los autores presentan una breve introducción sobre los americanos de origen árabe y un breve resumen de la cultura árabe. Después, se destacan consideraciones para la consejería culturalmente apropiada relacionadas con la familia, actitudes sobre discapacidad, religión, comunicación, aculturación, comportamientos de búsqueda de ayuda, y estereotipos. En la última sección, los autores proporcionan conclusiones y recomendaciones para considera- ciones culturalmente apropiadas a la hora de trabajar con americanos de origen árabe con discapacidades y sus familias. Palabras clave: americanos de origen árabe, minorías, discapacidades, necesidades especiales, consejería culturalmente apropiada stimating the number of Arab Americans with disabilities is a daunting undertaking for at least two reasons. First, the U.S. Census does not Euse an Arab American classification. Instead, people of Arab descent are classified under the “White” or “Some Other Race” category in surveys using federal standards for race and ethnicity (Hixson, Hepler, & Kim, 2011), so knowing the exact figure of Arab Americans is extremely difficult (Arab American Institute, 2012). Obviously, it is even more difficult to estimate the numbers of Arab Americans with disabilities. Second, disability prevalence is influenced by general health, the social environment, economic conditions, social mores, culture, available resources, demographic factors, and environ- Jamal M. Al Khateeb and Muna S. Al Hadidi, Counseling and Special Education Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Amal J. Al Khatib, Department of Child Education, Queen Rania College of Childhood Education, Zaraq, Jordan. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jamal M. Al Khateeb, Counseling and Special Education Department, College of Educational Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan (e-mail: [email protected]). © 2014 American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. 232 JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT • October 2014 • Vol. 42 mental factors (World Health Organization, 2011), but little information is available on these factors with regard to the Arab American population. Considering the growth of this population, it is expected that counselors and other service providers are increasingly likely to work with Arab Ameri- can students with disabilities and their parents (Brown, Guskin, & Mitchell, 2012; Donovan, 2013; Goforth, 2011; Haboush, 2007). Abudabbeh (2005) mentioned that an increasing number of Arab Americans have been seeking professional help and consultation for various problems, including learn- ing disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Yet empirical research on the prevalence of disabilities among Arab Americans is lacking (Abadeh, 2006; Al Khatib, Al Hadidi, & Al Khatib, 2014; Campbell-Wilson, 2012; Donovan, 2013). The only exception is Dallo, Al Snih, and Ajrouch’s (2009) study, which used 2000 U.S. Census data to estimate the prevalence of physical disability and self-care disability among Arab Americans. Both types of disabilities were found to be higher among foreign-born Arab Americans than among U.S.-born Arab Americans. By applying the data on the total number of persons with disabilities in the United States to Arab Americans, we roughly estimated the number of Arab Americans of all ages having disabilities to be around 336,600, with approximately 23,400 of Arab American school-age children expected to have a disability. The number of Arab Americans with disabilities in the top 10 states with the largest Arab American communities are shown in Table 1. These numbers are based on the following data: (a) the number of Arab Americans (1.8 million), as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau (2011); (b) the prevalence of disability among the U.S. population (18.7%, with 5.2% among school-age children), as reported by Brault (2011, 2012); (c) the num- TABLE 1 Rough Estimate of the Number of Arab Americans of All Ages and Arab American School-Age Children With Disabilities in the United States Rough Estimate of the Number of Arab Total Arab American Americans With Disabilities State Population All Ages School Age All states 1,800,000 336,600 23,400 California 272,485 50,955 3,542 Michigan 191,607 35,831 2,491 New York 149,627 27,980 1,945 Florida 100,627 18,817 1,308 Texas 91,568 17,123 1,190 New Jersey 85,956 16,074 1,118 Illinois 85,465 15,982 1,111 Ohio 65,813 12,307 856 Massachusetts 65,150 12,183 847 Pennsylvania 60,870 11,383 791 Other states 630,832 117,965 8,201 Note. From Arab American Institute (2012), Brault (2011, 2012), Frisby and Reynolds (2005), Goforth (2011), and U.S. Census Bureau (2011). JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT • October 2014 • Vol. 42 233 ber of Arab American school-age children (450,000, representing 25% of the Arab American population), as reported by Frisby and Reynolds (2005) and Goforth (2011); and (d) the distribution of Arab Americans in the United States (Arab American Institute, 2012). However, if the number reported by the Arab American Institute (2012) and most other estimates (i.e., 3.5 million Arab Americans) are used, the numbers of Arab Americans with a disability might be almost double those given above (Al Khatib et al., 2014). arab americans: an introduction Arab immigration to the United States occurred in three distinct waves (Abra- ham, n.d.; Arab American National Museum, 2010; Derose, 2009; Nobles & Sciarra, 2000). The first wave of Arab immigration occurred in the late 1880s and continued until the mid-1920s. Motivated by the dream of providing bet- ter lives for themselves and their families, a large number of Arabs during this period came to the United States from what was known as Greater Syria (present-day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel). By 1924, ap- proximately 200,000 Arabs were living in the United States, and the majority of those immigrants were Christian. These early groups of Arab immigrants identified with their country of origin or religion, and many of them settled in cities such as New York, Boston, Pittsburgh, and Detroit, where they often faced economic and political difficulties. Because of the decline in the United States’ economic growth during World War I, Arab immigration started to slow down around 1917. The second wave of Arab immigration (1940s–1960s), which occurred in the post–World War II period, included significantly more diverse groups from Arabic-speaking countries. These immigrants tended to be more educated and were both Christian and Muslim. During this period, three other major groups of Arabs arrived in the United States: Yemenis; Palestinians, who were allowed to come to the United States following the creation of the State of Israel; and Arab students, many of whom ended up staying in the United States. During this period, the “Arab American” identity started to emerge. The third wave (1970s–present) is the most diverse in terms of country of origin, religion, and socioeconomic status. This wave is also distinguished by its high percentage of war refugees, such as those from Palestine, Iraq, Leba- non, Sudan, and Somalia. More recently, immigrants from the Arab Maghreb (the Arab North African countries of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) have begun to arrive in the United States. The employment rate among Arab Americans is similar to the national average. They work in all sectors of society, but they are more likely to be self-employed or to work in managerial, professional, sales, or administra- tive fields. Median income for Arab American households is higher than the national median income (Arab American Institute, 2012). Arab Americans are also highly educated: 85% of Arab Americans over age 25 have at least a 234 JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT • October 2014 • Vol. 42 high school diploma, 45% of Arab Americans hold at least a bachelor’s de- gree, and 18% hold a postgraduate degree (Arab American Institute, 2012). Representing more than 20 different countries and ethnicities, Arab Ameri- cans are considerably heterogeneous in their cultural adaptation. Pertinent literature commonly points to intragroup differences that exist among native-born, assimilated, and recently immigrated Arab Americans in terms of second-culture acquisition and cultural identity (Boulos, 2011; Erickson & Al-Timimi, 2001; Hakim-Larson, Kamoo, Nassar-McMillan, & Porcerelli, 2007). The literature also documents considerable differences in family relations, education, language ability, economic status, and cultural identities among Arab Americans based on their religion (Christian or Muslim),
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