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Owen Lattimore the Political Geography of Asia

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Owen Lattimore the Political Geography of Asia Durham E-Theses Owen Lattimore the Political geography of Asia Cotton, James Stephen How to cite: Cotton, James Stephen (1987) Owen Lattimore the Political geography of Asia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6712/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk OF ASIA JAMBS STEPHEN COTTOI A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Oriental Studies, University of Durham. Easter term, 1987 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be pubHshed without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 15 -i^R rm James Stephen Cotton Owen Lattimore and the Political Geography of Asia Master of Arts, Oriental Studies University of Durham, 1987 ABSTRACT: Owen Lattimore's earliest interest was in trade and colonisation in the frontier regions of China. This interest led him to work on the history and contemporary condition of the nomadic frontier peoples, especially the Mongols, Lattimore rejecting the environmental determinism of Ellsworth Huntington and Arnold Toynbee in favour of a depiction of pastoral nomadism which stressed the role in its evolution of choice and invention within geographical parameters. Under the influence of the ideas of Oswald Spengler, and concerned vdth the difficult predicament of the Mongols, Lattiraore became convinced of the inability of either Mongol or Chinese civilisation to survive without fundamental social renovation. In his historical work on nomadic-Chinese interactions he stre.ssed the lack of integration between these peoples, relying largely upon the ideas of Karl Vittfogel for his account of the cyclic nature of the history of traditional China. During the Second World War Lattimore's appointment as adviser to Chiang Kai-shek led him to contemplate both the likely course of reform in China, and the future role of the United States in Asia. Disillusioned with Chiang by 1947, Lattimore grew increasingly critical of US failure to adjust policy to recognise the rise of nationalism in Asia and the emergence there and elsevi^here of a "Third World" of nations outside the tv/o ideological blocks. After the ordeal imposed upon him as a result of Senator McCarthy's charges that he had been a Soviet spy, Lattimore returned to work on the history of world frontiers, and on China and Mongolia. He now regarded the communists as having carried through the revolutionary changes in China that the Kuomintang had evaded; from 1962 he came to identify the national aspirations of the Mongol people with the Mongolian People's Republic, the policies of which could no longer be understood as those of a Soviet "satellite". Throughout his career his attachment to the Mongols has been the chief influence on his work. Preface Although the scholarly preference now is to employ the plnyin system of transliteration in reference to Chinese place and personal names, as many of Lattimore's work's are quoted using the earlier Wade-Giles system (sometimes with modifications) or local names then in currency these have been used throughout this text. However the plnyin equivalent has been added in parenthesis the first time a particular place or name occurs, and if the place is now known by a different name it is that name which is appended - thus, Kansu (Gansu); Ku Ch'eng-tze (Qitai), In the case of Mongol names, for the same reason the earlier transliteration system i-s generally employed (thus: Sukebator) except in cases where the most common usage encountered has been an alternative or later system (thus: Natsagdorj). Alternative transliterations are similarly appended, though in the case of mediaeval names there has been no systematic attempt to employ the most rigorous scholarly orthography (thus, Chinggis Khan rather than "Cinggis Qan"). Page i Owen Lattimore and Asia Introduction 1 1 A frontier perspective 4 2 Frontier society and Mongol nationalism 20 3 Inner Asian Frontiers 44 4 Geopolitics and Foreign Policy 67 5 Opinions on trial 91 6 Chinese and World Frontiers 124 7 Mongol civilisation, past and present 148 Conclusions 185 Bibliography 194 **** In-ti-ociuo-b±on As a historical figure Owen Lattimore is best known for the part he played, albeit unwillingly, in the brief but prominent national career of Senator Joseph McCarthy in American politics. The involvement of Lattimore and State Department China specialists including John S. Service, John Carter Vincent, and 0. Edmund Clubb in the rise of this unsavoury and opportunistic politician could well be considered as one of the great puzzles of modern American politics. McCarthy's charges prompted a search for those spies and traitors who had allegedly manipulated American policy so as to deliver China to the communists. Though careers were ruined (an,d the course of much subsequent US policy in Asia transformed as a result) none such could be found, and the focus of inquiry shifted to the academic community. It was now asserted that pro-communist values had been insinuated into the policy debate in the 1940s by communists and their sympathisers posing as scholarly commentators. Once again Lattimore became a key figure, this time as an influential member of the Institute of Pacific Relations and former editor of its journal. Pacific Affairs. This major episode in American political history has received detailed scholarly treatment. Even at the time the extensive documentation made available as much as media and public attention generated many studies and commentaries, Lattimore himself offering an expose of McCarthy's methods in Ordeal by Slander. Materials obtained more recently with the new accessibility of US government records (including Lattimore's heretofore confidential FBI file) have facilitated a reexamination of past interpretations. As an attempt to present the first full intellectual biography of Owen Lattimore this study includes a consideration of this phase of his life.(l) It is apparent that it had a major impact, not merely on Lattimore's academic and public career, but also on his thinking. The approach taken, however, will be to regard this episode as a less than fully enlightening phase in a long process of intellectual evolution, much of which is only intelligible with reference to biographical and intellectual developments in the 1930s. Although Lattimore was repeatedly cross-examined by members of two Senate committees Owen Lattimore and Asia yxTrnw ^^^^ Introduction as to his views and commitments in these years and later, his interrogators were preoccupied by the likely impact of his answers on contemporary political debate. Few had any real knowledge of China let alone Mongolia, whereas it will be argued here that by about 1934 or 1935 Lattimore had developed an emotional and intellectual identification with Mongol nationalism which has remained a dominant influence on all his subsequent activity. Indeed, it would not be too far fetched to compare his commitment to the Mongols with that of T.E. Lawrence to the Arabs. This commitment has been both a strength and a weakness in his work since it has afforded him insights into the world view of and pressures upon a poorly understood people while it has also provided him with an often inappropriate yardstick by which to judge other peoples and situations. It is necessary, therefore, to begin the story in the late 1920s and to follow carefully Lattimore's various attempts to organise and comprehend his experiences as he travelled in a period of change and upheaval in the frontier regions of China. Having tentatively identified these organising ideas this identification can be tested by tracing their influence in his subsequent work, from his writings on foreign policy in the 1940s to his later and more diverse work on topics ranging from Mongol civilisation to the role of frontiers in world history. It will be shown that at different times Lattimore has been an influential figure and something of an intellectual pioneer. As this study aims to be both critical as well as historical some assessment will be offered on the coherence of his ideas and on the extent to which he has made a lasting contribution to scholarship. In the long term Lattimore's greatest achievement is likely to be seen as the central hypotheses of his great synthesising historical geography of the Chinese periphery. Inner Asian Frontiers of China. But the vocabulary of modern politics will be long indebted to Lattimore since he seems to have been the first to use the term "satellite" to connote a political and ideological dependent state, and one of the first to refer in the post-war world to the emergence of a "Third World" of nations. Page 2 Owen Lattimore and Asia Introduction TOTES: Introduction (1) For a brief outline of Lattimore's biography, see: John G, Hangin and Urgunge Onon, "Professor Owen Lattimore - A Biographical Sketch", The Mongolia Society. Occasional Papers 8(1972), 7-9. Lattimore himself offers some autobiographical remarks in: "Preface", Studies in Frontier History.
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