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Lessons Learned from Community Forestry in Africa and Their Relevance for Redd+ Forest Carbon, Markets and Communities (Fcmc) Program

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Lessons Learned from Community Forestry in Africa and Their Relevance for Redd+ Forest Carbon, Markets and Communities (Fcmc) Program LESSONS LEARNED FROM COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR REDD+ FOREST CARBON, MARKETS AND COMMUNITIES (FCMC) PROGRAM NOVEMBER 2013 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by FCMC. This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development by Tetra Tech, through a Task Order under the Prosperity, Livelihoods, and Conserving Ecosystems (PLACE) Indefinite Quantity Contract Core Task Order (USAID Contract No. EPP-I-00-06-00008-00, Order Number AID-OAA-TO-11-00022). This report was prepared by: Tetra Tech 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 USA Telephone: (802) 658-3890 Email: [email protected] www.tetratechintdev.com Forest Carbon, Markets and Communities Program (FCMC) 1611 North Kent Street, Suite 805 Arlington, VA 22209 Tel: (703) 592-6388 Scott Hajost, Chief of Party Email: [email protected] Ian Deshmukh, Senior Technical Advisor/Manager Email: [email protected] Olaf Zerbock, USAID Contracting Officer’s Representative Email: [email protected] For more information regarding this study, contact: Paula J. Williams, FCMC Social and Environmental Soundness Task Lead Email: [email protected] This report is one of four reports on “Lessons Learned from Community Forestry and Their Relevance for REDD+.” The series comprises three regional reviews on this topic, prepared for Latin America (by Janis Alcorn), Africa (by Tom Blomley) and Asia (by Robert Fisher). The global synthesis of the three regional reviews was prepared by Roy Hagen. Paula J. Williams has managed and served as the overall editor for the three regional reviews and a global synthesis. All four reports have been reviewed and edited by FCMC. Photo credit – Villagers carrying wood, Uganda, Tom Blomley Please cite this publication as: Blomley, Tom. 2013. Lessons Learned from Community Forestry in Africa and Their Relevance for REDD+. USAID-supported Forest Carbon, Markets and Communities (FCMC) Program. Washington, DC, USA. LESSONS LEARNED FROM COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR REDD+ ii LESSONS LEARNED FROM COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR REDD++ FOREST CARBON, MARKETS AND COMMUNITIES (FCMC) PROGRAM NOVEMBER 2013 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. LESSONS LEARNED FROM COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR REDD+ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. IV ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. VIII KEY FINDINGS ON COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN AFRICA ..................................................................... VIII RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REDD+ ............................................................................................................ IX 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE COMMUNITY FORESTRY REVIEW ...................................................................... 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY USED AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ......................................................... 2 2.0 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................ 3 3.0 KEY LESSONS LEARNED RELEVANT TO REDD+ .............................................. 8 3.1 EMPOWERMENT OF COMMUNITIES ................................................................................................ 8 3.1.1 Community Tenure and the State’s Role in Community Empowerment ................. 8 3.1.2 Conclusions and Implications for REDD+....................................................................... 11 3.2 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE ................................................................... 11 3.2.1 Stakeholder Engagement and Governance at the Community-level ........................ 11 3.2.2 Gender Issues and Women’s Participation ..................................................................... 13 3.2.3 Governance and Stakeholders at Different Levels ........................................................ 14 3.2.4 Conclusions and Implications for REDD+....................................................................... 15 3.3 BENEFITS AND INCENTIVES FOR COMMUNITY INVESTMENT IN COMMUNITY FORESTRY ..... 16 3.3.1 Forest Management Benefits, Incentives and Costs...................................................... 16 3.3.2 Benefit Distribution and Capture ...................................................................................... 18 3.3.3 Conclusions and Implications for REDD+....................................................................... 19 3.4 CAPACITY BUILDING ......................................................................................................................20 3.4.1 Importance of Capacity Building at the Community-Level ......................................... 20 3.4.2 Capacity Building of Community Forestry Support Institutions ................................ 21 3.4.3 Arenas of Successful Local Capacity Building ................................................................. 21 3.4.4 Conclusions and Implications for REDD+....................................................................... 22 3.5 SCALING UP COMMUNITY FORESTRY INITIATIVES ..................................................................... 22 3.5.1 Experiences from National Community Forestry Initiatives ...................................... 22 3.5.2 Conclusions and Implications for REDD+....................................................................... 24 3.6 SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY .............................................................................. 24 3.6.1 Environmental Sustainability ................................................................................................24 3.6.2 Financial Sustainability ...........................................................................................................25 3.6.3 Socioeconomic Sustainability .............................................................................................. 25 3.6.4 Conclusions and Implications for REDD+....................................................................... 26 4.0 EMERGING REDD+ AND COMMUNITY FORESTRY ISSUES .......................... 27 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................. 29 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................29 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................29 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 31 LESSONS LEARNED FROM COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR REDD+ iv ACRONYMS CAF Chantier d’Aménagement Forestier [Forest Management Project Site, Burkina Faso] CBFM Community Based Forest Management CBFP Congo Basin Forest Partnership CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CFA Community Forest Association CREMA Community Resource Management Agreement DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations) FIP Forest Investment Program FMC Forest Management Committee [Guinea] FSC Forest Stewardship Council GFA Guinean francs ha Hectares ICA Indigenous Conserved Areas IPs Indigenous Peoples IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JFM Joint Forest Management LFI Liberia Forest Initiative LRCFP Land Rights and Community Forestry Program [USAID program in Liberia] MCDI Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative MOMA Monitoring Matters NGO Non-governmental Organization NIFCI Norway’s International Forest and Climate Initiative OFAC Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Central [Observatory of Forests of Central Africa] PAGE Promoting Agriculture, Governance, and Environment [USAID program in Sierra Leone] PFM Participatory Forest Management PROSPER People, Rules, and Organizations Supporting the Protection of Ecosystem Resources [USAID program in Liberia] LESSONS LEARNED FROM COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR REDD+ v REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SIDA Swedish International Development Agency (now known as Sida, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency) VFC Village Forest Committee UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development LESSONS LEARNED FROM COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR REDD+ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great number of people kindly helped with information, report and articles used in compiling this review. They include Liz Alden Wily, Ben Irwin, Kees Voigt, Michael Richards, Edith Kabasiime, Thorsten Treue, Jens Friis Lund, Neil Burgess, Mike Nurse, Fred Nelson, Harry Jonas, Finn Danielsen, Eunice Mahoro, Maj Manczak, Karen
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