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Právnická Fakulta Masarykovy Univerzity Právnická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity Právo a právní věda Katedra občanského práva Diplomová práce Fylogeneze pojmu věc a jeho vyústění v současném soukromém právu Michal Žák 2015/2016 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma: Fylogeneze pojmu věc a jeho vyústění v současném soukromém právu zpracoval sám. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, které jsem použil k sepsání této práce, byly citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou uvedeny v seznamu použitých pramenů a literatury. V Brně dne Michal Žák -2- Touto cestou bych chtěl poděkovat prof. JUDr. Janu Hurdíkovi, DrSc. za vedení mé diplomové práce a to hlavně za rady při úvodních krocích. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat svým rodičům za podporu, které se mi dostávalo za dobu celého studia a Šárce Peinlové za cenné rady při závěrečném upravování. -3- Abstrakt Vymezení pojmu věc v právním smyslu je důležité nejen pro občanské právo. Na jeho pojetí závisí, které věci se mohou stát předmětem vlastnického práva. Obecně se můžeme setkat se dvěma přístupy. Prvním z nich je úzké pojetí, které chápe věc pouze jako hmotnou část našeho světa a v našem právním prostředí byl zástupcem toho pojetí zákon č. 40/1964 Sb., občanský zákoník. Druhé pojetí věci je naopak široké a tím můžeme rozumět, že za věci pokládá zákoník věci hmotné i nehmotné. Zákon č. 89/2012 Sb., Občanský zákoník je příkladem širokého pojetí věci. Cílem této diplomové práce je představit obě pojetí, nastínit historické pozadí z římského práva a vývoj v soukromoprávních kodexech na našem území od začátku 19. století v komparaci s kodexy okolních evropských zemí. Dále v práci popisuji změnu vybraných institutů, kterých se nejvíce dotýká změna mezi jednotlivými pojetími. Klíčová slova: Věc, Věc v právním smyslu, pojem věci, úzké pojetí věci, široké pojetí věci Abstract Definition of „a thing“in the legal sense, it is important not only for Civil law. The concept defines which things may be subjects to proprietary rights. Generally, there are two approaches how we understand concept of „a thing“. First of them is narrow conception, which sees things as tangible objects of our universe. Example of this conception in Czech legal system was Civil Code, Act. No. 40/1964 Coll. Second approach is wide which means that this conception understands things both tangible and intangible objects. An example of wide approach is Civil Code, Act. No. 89/2012. The main aim of this thesis is to introduce both concepts, to outline the historical background of Roman law and development of civil codes in our territory since the beginning of the 19th century in comparison with other European civil codes. This thesis describes changes of selected legal institutions the most affected by differences of both conceptions. Key words: „A thing“, legal concept of the term „a thing“, the term „a thing“, narrow conception of „a thing“, wide conception of „a thing“ -4- Seznam použitých zkratek ABGB Allgemeines Bürgeliches Gesetzbuch, zákon č. 948/1811 Sb.z.s. Obecný zákoník občanský OZ 1950 zákon č. 151/1950 Sb., občanský zákoník OZ 1964 zákon č. 40/1964 Sb., občanský zákoník OZ 2012 zákon č. 89/2012 Sb., občanský zákoník BGB Bürgerliches Gezetzbuch z roku 1896 (německý občanský zákoník) CC Code civil z roku 1804 (francouzský občanský zákoník) CCR Civil Code of Russia z roku 1994 (ruský občanský zákoník) Cc Codice Civile z roku 1907 (italský občanský zákoník) BW Burgerlijk Wetboek z roku 1992 (nizozemský občanský zákoník) LCC Lietuvos Respublikos civilinis kodeksas z roku 2000 (litevský občanský zákoník) CCP Código Civil z roku 1966 (portugalský občanský zákoník) CCE Spanish Civil Code z roku 1889 (španělský občanský zákoník) RSFSR Ruská sovětská federativní socialistická republika -5- Obsah Abstrakt ............................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 4 Seznam použitých zkratek................................................................................................... 5 1 Úvod ............................................................................................................................ 8 2 Užší a širší pojetí věci ................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Výhody a nevýhody jednotlivých pojetí ............................................................ 11 2.2 Srovnání evropských soukromoprávních kodexů z pohledu definice věci ....... 11 3 Věc „res“ v pojetí římského práva ............................................................................ 13 3.1 Co je věc ............................................................................................................ 13 3.2 Res sacrae a res religiosae ................................................................................ 14 3.3 Res privata a res publicae ................................................................................. 14 3.4 Věci hmotné a nehmotné ................................................................................. 15 3.5 Věci movité a nemovité .................................................................................... 16 3.6 Věci zuživatelné a nezuživatelné ....................................................................... 16 3.7 Věci speciální a genericky určené ..................................................................... 17 3.8 Věci dělitelné a nedělitelné............................................................................... 18 3.9 Věci mancipační a nemancipační ...................................................................... 18 3.10 Recepce římského práva ................................................................................... 19 4 Vývoj vybraných právních úprav 19. století .............................................................. 21 4.1 ABGB ................................................................................................................. 21 4.2 Rozdělení věci v ABGB ....................................................................................... 23 4.2.1 Elektřina .................................................................................................... 23 4.3 Ostatní dělení .................................................................................................... 24 4.4 Vládní návrh občanského zákoníku z roku 1937 ............................................... 25 5 OZ 1950 ..................................................................................................................... 26 5.1 Sovětské právo, které inspirovalo střední občanský zákoník ........................... 26 5.2 Střední zákoník .................................................................................................. 27 6 OZ 1964 ..................................................................................................................... 29 -6- 6.1 Doplňující definice pojmu věc v zákoníku mezinárodního obchodu ................ 29 6.2 Pojmové znaky věci v OZ 1964 .......................................................................... 30 6.3 Dělení věcí ......................................................................................................... 31 6.4 Součást věci ....................................................................................................... 32 6.5 Příslušenství věci ............................................................................................... 33 6.6 Negativní vymezení věci v OZ 1964 .................................................................. 35 6.7 Vlastnické právo a věc ....................................................................................... 37 7 OZ 2012 ..................................................................................................................... 39 7.1 Pojmové znaky věci v OZ 2012 a ostatních současných tuzemských kodexech 40 7.2 Pojmové znaky věci v OZ 2012 .......................................................................... 42 7.3 Člověk není věcí ................................................................................................ 43 7.4 Právní úprava zvířat .......................................................................................... 44 7.5 Dělení věci ......................................................................................................... 46 7.6 Součást věci ....................................................................................................... 47 7.6.1 Vývoj stavby od samostatné věci k součásti pozemku ............................. 48 7.6.2 Zvláštní režim staveb ................................................................................. 50 7.6.3 Právo stavby .............................................................................................. 52 7.7 Zaknihované cenné papíry ................................................................................ 53 8 Závěr.......................................................................................................................... 56 Zdroje ................................................................................................................................ 58 -7- 1 Úvod Právo provází společnost a člověka již od pradávna. Na člověka má právní úprava vliv od narození po jeho smrt. V některých situacích právo zasahuje do sféry člověka ještě před jeho narozením a dokonce také po jeho smrti. Do této množiny můžeme zasadit občanské
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