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Kati, Raportti 10.Indd ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ Kehittyvä Venäjän oikeus ɩɪɚɜɚ Tässä seminaarijulkaisussa venäläiset ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɜ asiantuntijat käsittelɟvät kehittyvää Venäjän ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ oikeutta. Aineisto pohjautuu Helsingissä ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ 11.6.2007 ja Lappeenrannassa 12.6.2007 ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɩɪɚɜɚ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɩɨ järjestettyyn Kehittyvä Venäjän oikeus - ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ, seminaariin, jossa esiintyivät: ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ 11.6.2007 ɜ ɏɟɥɫɢɧɤɢ ɢ 12.6.2007 ɜ Ʌɚɩɩɟɟɧɪɚɧɬɟ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ Helsinki 11.6.2007 ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ: Vladimir Orlov ɏɟɥɫɢɧɤɢ 11.6.2007 Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɈɪɥɨɜ A. D. Rudokvas Ʌɚɩɩɟɟɧɪɚɧɫɤɢɣɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ Pietarin valtiollinen yliopisto ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ K. V. Gnitsevich ɊɭɞɨɤɜɚɫȺ. .Ⱦ. Herzenin pedagoginen valtionyliopisto ɋɉɛȽɍ KEHITTYVÄ VENÄJÄN OIKEUS DEVELOPING RUSSIAN LAW V. V. Bajbak ȽɧɢɰɟɜɢɱɄ. ȼ. Pietarin valtiollinen yliopisto ɊȽɉɍɢɦ. Ⱥɂ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО ПРАВА V. A. Musin Ȼɚɣɛɚɤȼ. ȼ. Pietarin valtiollinen yliopisto ɋɉɛȽɍ Lappeenranta 12.6.2007 Ɇɭɫɢɧȼ. Ⱥ. ɋɉɛȽɍ Daniel Tuzov Tomskin valtiollinen yliopisto Ʌɚɩɩɟɟɧɪɚɧɬɚ 12.6.2007 A. Ju. Zezekalo ɌɭɡɨɜȾɚɧɢɷɥɶ Tomskin valtiollinen yliopisto Ɍɨɦɫɤɢɣɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ A. S. Komarov ɁɟɡɟɤɚɥɨȺ. ɘ. Venäjän ulkomaankauppa-akatemia Ɍɨɦɫɤɢɣɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ V. F. Popondopulo ɄɨɦɚɪɨɜȺ. ɋ. Pietarin valtiollinen yliopisto ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ȼɧɟɲɧɟɣ Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ Ju. B. Shubnikov Herzenin pedagoginen valtionyliopisto ɉɨɩɨɧɞɨɩɭɥɨȼ. Ɏ. ɋɉɛȽɍ Irina Troitskaja Herzenin pedagoginen valtionyliopisto ɒɭɛɧɢɤɨɜɘ. Ȼ. ɊȽɉɍɢɦ. Ⱥɂ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ LAPPEENRANNAN LAPPEENRANTA TEKNILLINEN YLIOPISTO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Ɍɪɨɢɰɤɚɹɂ. ȼ. ɊȽɉɍɢɦ. Ⱥɂ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto LAPPEENRANNAN TEKNILLINEN YLIOPISTO STUDIES IN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 10 Digipaino 2007 KAUPPATIETEELLINEN TIEDEKUNTA LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS LAPPEENRANNAN TEKNILLINEN YLIOPISTO KAUPPATIETEELLISEN TIEDEKUNNAN TUTKIMUKSIA LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY STUDIES IN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 10 KEHITTYVÄ VENÄJÄN OIKEUS DEVELOPING RUSSIAN LAW ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂəɊȺɁȼɂɌɂəɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈȽɈɉɊȺȼȺ Julkaisija: Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto Kauppatieteellinen tiedekunta PL 20, 53851 LAPPEENRANTA Vaihde: (05) 621 11 Fax: (05) 621 7299 Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston Venäjän oikeus –projekti on EU-osarahoitteinen. Projektin muita rahoittajia ovat Lappeenrannan kaupunki, Joutsenon kaupunki sekä Viipurin taloudellinen korkeakouluseura. Lappeenranta 2007 ISBN 978-952-214-451-5 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-214-452-2 (PDF) ISSN 1457-1447 KEHITTYVÄ VENÄJÄN OIKEUS DEVELOPING RUSSIAN LAW ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂəɊȺɁȼɂɌɂəɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈȽɈɉɊȺȼȺ Sisällysluettelo / Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Esipuhe… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .3 ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...4 Lappeenrannnan kaupunginjohtajan tervehdys… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5 ɉɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɦɷɪɚɝɨɪɨɞɚɅɚɩɩɟɟɧɪɚɧɬɚ… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .6 Helsinki / ɏɟɥɫɢɧɤɢ 11.6.2007 Vladimir Orlov: Russian Law Studies´ Discourse… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...7 Anton D. Rudokvas: Russian Civil Law in European Context: Past and Future… … … ...13 Konstantin V. Gnitsevich: Tradition and Passing of Property (with Regard to Sale) In Russian Civil Law… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .28 Vsevolod V. Bajbak: Assignment of Commercial Contracts… … … … … … … … … … … 37 Musin V.A.: Reforms of the Civil Law Procedure in Russia in the Context of the European Law… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .41 Lappeenranta / Ʌɚɩɩɟɟɧɪɚɧɬɚ 12.6.2007 Daniel Tuzov: Nullity and Non-existence of Legal Transaction in the Russian Civil Law… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...49 Zezekalo A. Ju.: The Stability of Business Relations and the Role of Mistake by the Formation of Contract in Russian Law… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .56 Komarov A. S.: Venäjän Kauppa- ja teollisuuskamarin yhteydessä toimivan Kansainvälisen kaupan välitystuomioistuimen toiminta… … … … … … … … … … … … ...63 ɄɨɦɚɪɨɜȺ. ɋ.: ȾɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɆɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɨɝɨɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɢɌɨɪɝɨɜɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣɩɚɥɚɬɟɊɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɎɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ… … … … … … … … … .72 Popondopulo V. F.: Avoin osakeyhtiö: Intressitasapainon turvaaminen… … … … … … ...82 ɉɨɩɨɧɞɨɩɭɥɨ ȼɎ.: Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜo: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .96 Shubnikov Ju. B.: Yrittäjyyden taloudelliset ja oikeudelliset näkökohdat Venäjällä… ..110 ɒɭɛɧɢɤɨɜɘ. Ȼ.: ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟɚɫɩɟɤɬɵɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..116 Troitskaja I. V.: Leagal Risks of Business Enterprising in Russia… … … … … ...… … ...122 3 LUKIJALLE Venäjän oikeutta tunnetaan Suomessa edelleen melko huonosti. Juridista asiantuntemuksen tarvetta ovat entisestään lisänneet maiden välisen perinteisen tavarakaupan rinnalle kehittyneet uudet yritystoiminnan muodot (esimerkiksi etablointi). Hyvää oikeudellista asiantuntemusta voidaan pitää tärkeänä kilpailutekijänä, ja yritystoiminnan kansainvälistyessä se on välttämätöntä. Sitä paitsi omat perinteiset toimintamallit saattavat osoittautua toisessa liikekulttuurissa vääriksi. Uuden toimintaympäristön oikeussäännöstön hyvä tuntemus merkitsee myös avainta yrityskulttuurin tuntemukselle. Oikeudellisissa normeissa ja käytännöissä heijastuu usein myös kyseisen maan yleisempikin kulttuuri. Venäjän oikeusjärjestelmä elää nyt voimakasta muutosvaihetta. Erityisesti yritystoimintaa koskevaa oikeudellista normistoa on uudistettu seuraamalla kehittyneiden teollisuusmaiden malleja. Venäläinen toimintaympäristö on kuitenkin erilainen, eikä läheskään aina voida olettaa, että samanlainen termi tai sääntö saisi saman merkityssisällön Venäjän oikeudessa. Harvat Venäjän oikeusoppineet tuntevat perusteellisesti muiden maiden oikeusjärjestelmiä, ja keskivertojuristi on tottunut perinteiseen oikeusdogmaattiseen ajatteluun ja seuraa yhä sitä. Silti hyvin koulutettu, kielitaitoinen ja länsimaista oikeutta tunteva nuori lakimies ei ole Venäjällä enää harvinaisuus. Yliopistoissa tehdään kiinnostavia tutkimuksia, ja oikeusvertailu on suosiossa. Venäjällä on kehittymässä toimiva oikeusjärjestelmä, jolla on ja tulee olemaan monia yhtymäkohtia omaan oikeuteemme. Samalla se kuitenkin säilyttää erikoispiirteensä, jotka seuraavat paitsi geopoliittisista ja taloudellisista myös yhteiskunnallisista ja kulttuuritekijöistä. Kesäkuussa 2007 järjestetty seminaari "Kehittyvä Venäjän oikeus" oli ensimmäinen ja hyvin onnistunut yritys kuvata Venäjän oikeuden kehitystä kokonaisvaltaisesti, tuoda esiin sitä koskevia metodologisia, historiallisia ja vertailevia näkökulmia. Painopiste oli yritystoiminnan kannalta keskeisimmissä instituutioissa, kuten sopimuksessa, osakeyhtiössä, riidanratkaisussa ja oikeudellisissa riskeissä. Käsillä oleva kirja koostuu seminaarissa pidetyistä esitelmistä. Seminaarin onnistuminen olisi ollut mahdotonta ilman hyvää yhteistyötä Helsingin yliopiston Kansainvälisen talousoikeuden instituutin (KATTI) ja Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston (LUT) Venäjän oikeus -projektin sekä Venäjän ulkomaankaupppa-akatemian, Pietarin valtiollisen yliopiston oikeustieteellisen tiedekunnan, Tomskin yliopiston oikeustieteellisen instituutin ja Pietarin Herzenin pedagogisen yliopiston oikeustieteellisen tiedekunnan välillä. Erityisen tärkeää oli Lappeenrannan kaupungin osallistuminen seminaarin järjestelyihin sekä rahoitukseen EU-osarahoitteisen Venäjän oikeus -projektin puitteissa; projektin rahoittajia ovat myös Joutsenon kaupunki ja Viipurin taloudellinen korkeakouluseura. Kiitämme niiden päättäjiä ja erityisesti kaupunginjohtaja Seppo Miettistä. Edellä mainittujen tahojen lisäksi kiitämme Suomen Venäjän suurlähetystön Pietarin-konsulaattia ja erityisesti konsuli Simo Pietiläistä. Seuraava Venäjän oikeuden kehitystä käsittelevä seminaari on tarkoitus järjestää vuoden 2008 kesäkuussa. Johtaja Pia Letto-Vanamo Kansainvälisen talousoikeuden instituutti Professori Matti Niemi Professori Vladimir Orlov Venäjän oikeus -projektin johtaja Venäjän oikeus Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto Kehittyvä Venäjän oikeus 4 ɄɑɂɌȺɌȿɅɘ ɁɧɚɧɢɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɩɪɚɜɚɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɛɵɬɶɜɟɫɶɦɚɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɜɎɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɡɧɚɧɢɹɯɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɜɹɡɢɫɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɧɚɪɹɞɭɫɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɧɨɜɵɟɮɨɪɦɵɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɢɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ. ɏɨɪɨɲɢɟɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɨɠɧɨɨɬɧɟɫɬɢɤ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɩɪɢɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɨɧɢ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ. Ʉɬɨɦɭɠɟɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɟɜɫɜɨɟɣɫɪɟɞɟɦɨɞɟɥɢɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɧɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɜɞɪɭɝɨɣɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ. ɏɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯɧɨɪɦɧɨɜɨɣɫɪɟɞɵɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɦɨɠɟɬɬɚɤɠɟɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɨɦɤɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸɟɟɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ȼɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯɧɨɪɦɚɯɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣɫɬɪɚɧɵɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɨɛɵɱɧɨɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɟɟɨɛɳɚɹɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɜɫɬɚɞɢɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɯɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɫɥɟɞɭɹɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹɫɪɟɞɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢ ɜɪɹɞɥɢɜɫɟɝɞɚɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɧɚɩɟɪɜɵɣɜɡɝɥɹɞɬɨɬɠɟɫɚɦɵɣɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɥɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɬɨɠɟɫɚɦɨɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɜɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦɩɪɚɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɪɟɞɤɨɤɬɨɢɡɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯɸɪɢɫɬɨɜɡɧɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɨɛɵɱɧɵɣɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣɸɪɢɫɬɩɪɢɜɵɤɤɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣɞɨɝɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɢɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɟɣɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ.
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