That of a Typical Flagellate. the Flagella May Equally Well Be Called Cilia
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Morphology, Phylogeny, and Diversity of Trichonympha (Parabasalia: Hypermastigida) of the Wood-Feeding Cockroach Cryptocercus Punctulatus
J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 56(4), 2009 pp. 305–313 r 2009 The Author(s) Journal compilation r 2009 by the International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00406.x Morphology, Phylogeny, and Diversity of Trichonympha (Parabasalia: Hypermastigida) of the Wood-Feeding Cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus KEVIN J. CARPENTER, LAWRENCE CHOW and PATRICK J. KEELING Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Botany Department, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 ABSTRACT. Trichonympha is one of the most complex and visually striking of the hypermastigote parabasalids—a group of anaerobic flagellates found exclusively in hindguts of lower termites and the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus—but it is one of only two genera common to both groups of insects. We investigated Trichonympha of Cryptocercus using light and electron microscopy (scanning and transmission), as well as molecular phylogeny, to gain a better understanding of its morphology, diversity, and evolution. Microscopy reveals numerous new features, such as previously undetected bacterial surface symbionts, adhesion of post-rostral flagella, and a dis- tinctive frilled operculum. We also sequenced small subunit rRNA gene from manually isolated species, and carried out an environmental polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey of Trichonympha diversity, all of which strongly supports monophyly of Trichonympha from Cryptocercus to the exclusion of those sampled from termites. Bayesian and distance methods support a relationship between Tricho- nympha species from termites and Cryptocercus, although likelihood analysis allies the latter with Eucomonymphidae. A monophyletic Trichonympha is of great interest because recent evidence supports a sister relationship between Cryptocercus and termites, suggesting Trichonympha predates the Cryptocercus-termite divergence. -
The Intestinal Protozoa
The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately. -
Trichonympha Burlesquei N. Sp. from Reticulitermes Virginicus and Evidence Against a Cosmopolitan Distribution of Trichonympha Agilis in Many Termite Hosts
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2013), 63, 3873–3876 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.054874-0 Trichonympha burlesquei n. sp. from Reticulitermes virginicus and evidence against a cosmopolitan distribution of Trichonympha agilis in many termite hosts Erick R. James,1 Vera Tai,1 Rudolf H. Scheffrahn2 and Patrick J. Keeling1 Correspondence 1Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Patrick J. Keeling Vancouver, BC, Canada [email protected] 2University of Florida Research & Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314, USA Historically, symbiotic protists in termite hindguts have been considered to be the same species if they are morphologically similar, even if they are found in different host species. For example, the first-described hindgut and hypermastigote parabasalian, Trichonympha agilis (Leidy, 1877) has since been documented in six species of Reticulitermes, in addition to the original discovery in Reticulitermes flavipes. Here we revisit one of these, Reticulitermes virginicus, using molecular phylogenetic analysis from single-cell isolates and show that the Trichonympha in R. virginicus is distinct from isolates in the type host and describe this novel species as Trichonympha burlesquei n. sp. We also show the molecular diversity of Trichonympha from the type host R. flavipes is greater than supposed, itself probably representing more than one species. All of this is consistent with recent data suggesting a major underestimate of termite symbiont diversity. Members of the genus Trichonympha are large and species of termite: in practice, similar-looking symbionts of structurally complex parabasalians exclusively found in the genus Trichonympha from different termite species are the symbiotic, lignocellulose-digesting hindgut community assumed to be the same species. -
A KEY to the COMMON PARASITIC PROTOZOANS of NORTH AMERICAN FISHES Thomas L. Wellborn, Jr. and Wilmer A. Rogers Zoology-Ent
. A KEY to the COMMON PARASITIC PROTOZOANS of NORTH AMERICAN FISHES Thomas L. Wellborn, Jr. and Wilmer A. Rogers Zoology-Entomology Department Series Fisheries No. 4 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY E. V. Smith, Director March 1966 Auburn, Alabama (Revised June 1970) A KEY TO THE COMMON PARASITIC PROTOZOANS 1 OF NORTH AMERICAN FISHES Thomas L. Wellborn, Jr. 2/— and Wilmer A. Rogers 3/— Private, state, and federal fish husbandry industries suffer great losses each year because of disease and parasites. The parasitic protozoans included in this key are the ones most commonly associated with fish mortalities. A total of 23 genera of parasitic protozoans may be identified by use of this key. The fish protozoan parasites are responsible for a large part of the mortalities that occur at fish hatcheries each year. This is because they are capable of building up tremendous populations within relatively short periods of time, and some are capable of causing extreme damage to fish. Proper treatment and control of the diseases caused by the various protozoans are impossible without knowing their identity. This key will be helpful to fishery workers in identifying the more common genera. It must be remembered, however, that a microscope and knowledge of its use are absolute prerequisites for identifying protozoans. Certain parasitic protozoans cannot be identified below the rank of Order - without use of special techniques; therefore, all known genera are not included in the herein reported key. Protozoans belonging to such Orders should be sent to a specialist for identification. 1/ Supported in part by Southeastern Cooperative Fish Parasite and Disease Project (Fish Restoration Funds). -
Molecular Characterization and Phylogeny of Four New Species of the Genus Trichonympha (Parabasalia, Trichonymphea) from Lower Termite Hindguts
TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION Boscaro et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:3570–3575 DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.002169 Molecular characterization and phylogeny of four new species of the genus Trichonympha (Parabasalia, Trichonymphea) from lower termite hindguts Vittorio Boscaro,1,* Erick R. James,1 Rebecca Fiorito,1 Elisabeth Hehenberger,1 Anna Karnkowska,1,2 Javier del Campo,1 Martin Kolisko,1,3 Nicholas A. T. Irwin,1 Varsha Mathur,1 Rudolf H. Scheffrahn4 and Patrick J. Keeling1 Abstract Members of the genus Trichonympha are among the most well-known, recognizable and widely distributed parabasalian symbionts of lower termites and the wood-eating cockroach species of the genus Cryptocercus. Nevertheless, the species diversity of this genus is largely unknown. Molecular data have shown that the superficial morphological similarities traditionally used to identify species are inadequate, and have challenged the view that the same species of the genus Trichonympha can occur in many different host species. Ambiguities in the literature, uncertainty in identification of both symbiont and host, and incomplete samplings are limiting our understanding of the systematics, ecology and evolution of this taxon. Here we describe four closely related novel species of the genus Trichonympha collected from South American and Australian lower termites: Trichonympha hueyi sp. nov. from Rugitermes laticollis, Trichonympha deweyi sp. nov. from Glyptotermes brevicornis, Trichonympha louiei sp. nov. from Calcaritermes temnocephalus and Trichonympha webbyae sp. nov. from Rugitermes bicolor. We provide molecular barcodes to identify both the symbionts and their hosts, and infer the phylogeny of the genus Trichonympha based on small subunit rRNA gene sequences. The analysis confirms the considerable divergence of symbionts of members of the genus Cryptocercus, and shows that the two clades of the genus Trichonympha harboured by termites reflect only in part the phylogeny of their hosts. -
Novel Lineages of Oxymonad Flagellates from the Termite Porotermes Adamsoni (Stolotermitidae): the Genera Oxynympha and Termitim
Protist, Vol. 170, 125683, December 2019 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 21 October 2019 ORIGINAL PAPER Novel Lineages of Oxymonad Flagellates from the Termite Porotermes adamsoni (Stolotermitidae): the Genera Oxynympha and Termitimonas a,1 b a c b,1 Renate Radek , Katja Meuser , Samet Altinay , Nathan Lo , and Andreas Brune a Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology/Zoology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany b Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany c School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Submitted January 21, 2019; Accepted October 9, 2019 Monitoring Editor: Alastair Simpson The symbiotic gut flagellates of lower termites form host-specific consortia composed of Parabasalia and Oxymonadida. The analysis of their coevolution with termites is hampered by a lack of informa- tion, particularly on the flagellates colonizing the basal host lineages. To date, there are no reports on the presence of oxymonads in termites of the family Stolotermitidae. We discovered three novel, deep-branching lineages of oxymonads in a member of this family, the damp-wood termite Porotermes adamsoni. One tiny species (6–10 m), Termitimonas travisi, morphologically resembles members of the genus Monocercomonoides, but its SSU rRNA genes are highly dissimilar to recently published sequences of Polymastigidae from cockroaches and vertebrates. A second small species (9–13 m), Oxynympha loricata, has a slight phylogenetic affinity to members of the Saccinobaculidae, which are found exclusively in wood-feeding cockroaches of the genus Cryptocercus, the closest relatives of termites, but shows a combination of morphological features that is unprecedented in any oxymonad family. -
P1891 Trichomonas Vaginalis Lifecycle Revisited
P1891 Trichomonas vaginalis lifecycle revisited Piotr Kochan1, Agata Pietrzyk2, Alban Vogel*3, Maria Gołębiowska3, Karan Kumar3, Eivind Krågebakk3, Andreas Talgø Lie3, Rebekka Nilsen3, Vilde Strøm3, Michael Zbiegien3, Barbara Papir4, Małgorzata Bulanda5 1Chair of Microbiology, Department of Bacteriology, Microbial Ecology and Parasitology, Kraków, Poland, 2Chair of Microbiology, Head of Parasitology Laboratory, Kraków, , 3School of Medicine in English, Jagiellonian University, Parasitology Research Circle, Kraków, Poland, 4Chair of Microbiology , Parasitology Laboratory, Kraków, , 5Jagiellonian University Medical College, Head of the Chair of Microbiology, Kraków, Poland Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) states there are 1 million new sexually transmitted infections (STI) occurring daily. Among these, Trichomonas vaginalis with over 140 million infected is ranked 4th, just after HBV with over 250 million infected, HPV with over 290 million and HSV ranked 1st with over 500 million infected. Despite the availability of treatment of this protozoan, it’s still prevalent both in the developing and developed countries, although chlamydial infections are on the rise, currently ranked as 5th by WHO. Trichomoniasis is twice as common as gonorrhea (~78 million), almost 4 times more common than HIV infections (~37 million) and 25 times more common than syphilis (~6 million). Trichomonas infection not only facilitates HIV acquisition due to epithelial damage, but also promotes HIV propagation. We aimed to re-evaluate our current knowledge on the lifecycle of Trichomonas vaginalis, including not only its multiplication, but also possible genetic exchange. Materials/methods: The study made use of two strains of Trichomonas vaginalis: reference strain ATCC-PRA-92 and the strain from the Chair of Microbiology of Jagiellonian University Medical College. -
23.3 Groups of Protists
Chapter 23 | Protists 639 cysts that are a protective, resting stage. Depending on habitat of the species, the cysts may be particularly resistant to temperature extremes, desiccation, or low pH. This strategy allows certain protists to “wait out” stressors until their environment becomes more favorable for survival or until they are carried (such as by wind, water, or transport on a larger organism) to a different environment, because cysts exhibit virtually no cellular metabolism. Protist life cycles range from simple to extremely elaborate. Certain parasitic protists have complicated life cycles and must infect different host species at different developmental stages to complete their life cycle. Some protists are unicellular in the haploid form and multicellular in the diploid form, a strategy employed by animals. Other protists have multicellular stages in both haploid and diploid forms, a strategy called alternation of generations, analogous to that used by plants. Habitats Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. Several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. A few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to their decay. 23.3 | Groups of Protists By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe representative protist organisms from each of the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes • Identify the evolutionary relationships of plants, animals, and fungi within the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes • Identify defining features of protists in each of the six supergroups of eukaryotes. In the span of several decades, the Kingdom Protista has been disassembled because sequence analyses have revealed new genetic (and therefore evolutionary) relationships among these eukaryotes. -
Trichonympha Cf
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF TRICHONYMPHA CF. COLLARIS AND A PUTATIVE PYRSONYMPHID: THE RELEVANCE TO THE ORIGIN OF SEX by JOEL BRYAN DACKS B.Sc. The University of Alberta, 1995 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER'S OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1998 © Joel Bryan Dacks, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of ~2—oc)^Oa^ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date {X^ZY Z- V. /^P DE-6 (2/88) Abstract Why sex evolved is one of the central questions in evolutionary genetics. To address this question I have undertaken a molecular phylogenetic study of two candidate lineages to determine the first sexual line. In my thesis the hypermastigotes are confirmed as closely related to the trichomonads in the phylum Parabasalia and found to be more deeply divergent than a putative pyrsonymphid. This means that the Parabasalia are the first sexual lineage. From this I go on to infer that the ancestral sexual cycle included facultative sex. -
Control of Flagellum Number in Naegleria Temperature Shock Induction of Multiflagellate Cells
jf. Cell Sci. 7) 463-481 (1970) 463 Printed in Great Britain CONTROL OF FLAGELLUM NUMBER IN NAEGLERIA TEMPERATURE SHOCK INDUCTION OF MULTIFLAGELLATE CELLS A. D. DINGLE Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada SUMMARY This paper describes the production of supernumerary flagella by flagellates of Naegleria gniberi exposed to sublethal temperature shocks during the amoeba-to-flagellate transforma- tion. When transformed at any constant temperature below 34 CC, cells of N. gniberi strain NB-i may develop from 1 to 4 flagella, but biflagellate cells predominate and the average number of flagella per cell in these populations is approximately 22. Populations exposed to a 38 °C temperature shock during transformation develop about twice as many flagella as controls (average number of flagella per cell is approximately 4's). The individual response of cells is extremely heterogeneous: some develop no more than the normal 2 flagella, whereas others develop as many as 18. At least half the cells produce 5 or more flagella, as opposed to fewer than 1 % with 5 or more flagella in control populations. Multiflagellate cells and popula- tions are normal in appearance, apart from the excess flagella and resulting disorientation of the normal swimming pattern. The supernumerary flagella, their basal bodies and the rhizoplast (which is also occasionally doubled) are indistinguishable from those of normal cells. Maximal production of flagella occurs over the narrow temperature range from 37-5 to 385 °C and is related to the duration of exposure to a given temperature: optimal flagellum induction is ob- tained following a 45-50 min exposure to a 38-2 °C temperature shock. -
Cilia and Flagella of Eukaryotes
Cilia and Flagella of Eukaryotes I . R . GIBBONS The simple description that cilia are "contractile protoplasm in Early Developments its simplest form" (Dellinger, 1909) has fallen away as a mean- Among the most notable steps in the history of early studies ingless phrase ... A cilium is manifestly a highly complex and Downloaded from http://rupress.org/jcb/article-pdf/91/3/107s/1075481/107s.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 compound organ, and . morphological description is clearly on cilia and flagella were the initial light microscope observa- only a beginning . tions of beating cilia on ciliated protozoa by Anton van Leeu- Irene Manton, 1952 wenhoek in 1675 ; the hypothesis proposed by W . Sharpey in 1835 that cilia and flagella are active organelles moved by contractile material distributed along their length rather than As recognized by Irene Manton (1) at the time that the basic passive structures moved by cytoplasmic flow or other contrac- 9 + 2 structural uniformity of cilia and most eukaryotic flagella tile activity within the cell body; and the observation in 1888- was first becoming recognized, these organelles are sufficiently 1890 by E . Ballowitz (2) that sperm flagella contain a substruc- complex that knowledge of their structure, no matter how ture of about 9-11 fine fibrils which are continuous along the detailed, cannot provide an understanding of their mechanisms length of the flagellum (Fig . 1) . More detailed accounts with of growth and function . In our understanding of these mecha- full references to this early work and to other studies before nisms, the substantial advances of the intervening 28 years 1948 can be found in the monographs of Sir James Gray (3) have, for the most part, resulted from experiments in which it and Michael Sleigh (4) . -
Bio 210B, Spring 09, T-Th Night
Bio 210B, Summer 2016 -- Study Guide, Exam 1 – 6/23/16 (lecture); Wed Lab, 6/22; Thur Lab, 6/23 1. Know macroevolution and reproductive barriers that lead to speciation. Describe prezygotic and postzygoitic barriers, temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation, and geographic barriers. 2. Understand the history of life in geologic time and describe evidence that documents it. How old is Earth? What is the fossil record? …radiometric dating? 3. Relationships of Eons, Era, Period, Epoch 4. Know the various ways that we use to understand our biodiversity over time: Phylogeny, Systematics, Classifications and Taxonomy, Cladistics 5. Generalities of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes 6. Endosymbiotic hypothesis 7. Describe the Domains of life and the major characteristics of each. 8. Describe the bacterial morphological types: Bacilli, Cocci, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Diplococci, Spirilla, Spirochaetes. 9. What is the purpose of a gram stain? How does it work? 10. Describe the following: obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, faculative anaerobes, faculative heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and chemoautotrophs, obligate heterotrophs. 11. Describe the following clades: Proteobacteria and gram-negative bacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochaetes, Cyanobacteria, Gram positive bacteria 12. Describe the following: Archaea, extremophiles, Hyperthermophiles, Halophiles 13. Describe the relationships and general characteristics of the following terms/clades: Excavata, Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Kinetoplastida,