DOCSLIB.ORG

The Principle of Subsidiarity: the Example of ECCAS in the Central African Crisis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Principle of Subsidiarity: the Example of ECCAS in the Central African Crisis The Principle of Subsidiarity The Example of ECCAS in the Central African Crisis - Bringing a peace process closer to the people - A Joint ECCAS-CMI Publication The Principle of Subsidiarity The Example of ECCAS in the Central African Crisis - Bringing a peace process closer to the people - A Joint ECCAS-CMI Publication 2 The principle of subsidiarity is founded on the idea that sustainable peace is possible if conflict resolution mechanisms are led by actors who are culturally, geopolitically and/or strategically close to the crisis in question. 3 Executive summary Union and various Regional Economic Communities (RECs); and to a lesser extent the United Nations and the Regional Economic Communities directly. The principle of subsidiarity is founded on the While the UN charter does not refer to the principle idea that sustainable peace is possible if conflict of subsidiarity2, within APSA the relationship resolution mechanisms are led by actors who are between the AU and RECs is explicitly addressed in culturally, geopolitically and/or strategically close two documents: the 2002 Protocol relating to the to the crisis in question. In the African context, establishment of the Peace and Security Council, mediation should therefore be directly supported and the 2008 Memorandum of Understanding and, where appropriate, led by Regional Economic on cooperation in the area of peace and security Communities (RECs). The recent intervention of a between the AU and the RECs.3 The principle’s REC, the Economic Community of Central African application is often explained as follows. The first State (ECCAS), in the Central African Republic intervener should be the lowest level, i.e. the REC. If (CAR) offers valuable insights on the extents and this intervention fails, the next level, the AU, would limits of the principle. It is hoped, in the words of take over. Should this also fail, the ultimate level, the one commentator, that development of a shared UN would be in charge.4 The reality is more complex understanding of this principle “would help to however. Despite the fact that one actor would have minimise competition and discord among the peace- the main responsibility, contributions and support making bodies, demarcate responsibilities, expedite from the other levels would still be expected in policy and operational harmonisation and ensure accordance with the principle of complementarity African ownership of peace initiatives.”1 and comparative advantage. We indeed witnessed this in the case of CAR, where the UN and the AU In 2012, when renewed tensions arose in CAR, ECCAS increased their support to ECCAS when the crisis took the lead in resolving the crisis. To support reached a certain degree of complexity. ECCAS in this role, and in consultation with the African Union (AU), a mediation support team was Bearing in mind all of the limitations, the principle of deployed. The team consisted of experts from the subsidiarity was applied in the resolution efforts of Crisis Management Initiative (CMI), a Finnish non- the CAR crisis. In the early phases, ECCAS was able governmental organization specializing in mediation to swiftly take the lead in intervening. In doing so, and dialogue. Building on a fruitful collaboration, it sought to balance the importance of preserving ECCAS and CMI developed a case study on the constitutional order in CAR with the reality on the application of the principle of subsidiarity in CAR. ground. It did this by accommodating the AU’s The intention of the study was to gather lessons concern that no unconstitutional seizure of power from the process and share best practices with should be recognized. ECCAS sought to reach a policy makers, peace practitioners and international compromise by ensuring that the author of the organizations. A key observation that was made is 2013 coup submitted to an election process. With that while the secretariats of RECs are established the crisis reaching new degrees of complexity and by the region, if strengthened they will have the gravity, the mediation was transformed into an potential to mitigate perceptions and realities of regional state interests. For this, the provision of financial resources alone is not enough. Substantial 2 Although the UN Charter Chapter VIII describes regional arrangements for peace and security, and encourages localized technical support in mediation and political agency in conflict resolution, the primacy of the UN Security Council and its decisions is affirmed. backstopping by all relevant actors would allow RECs to fulfil their function more strongly within the African 3 By comparison, examining the principle in the European context where it also holds a significant place can provide a useful Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). insight. According to EU law the principle of subsidiarity “aims at determining the level of intervention that is most relevant in In the African context, three different levels of the areas of competences shared between the EU and the EU relationships are found: between the United Nations countries.” In any case, “the EU may only intervene if it is able to act more effectively than EU countries at their respective national (UN) and the African Union (AU); between the African or local levels.” (Eur-lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV%3Aai0017, accessed 21/12/16). Therefore, intervention at the higher level is considered as the exception, whereas action at the lower level should be the rule. 1 Laurie Nathan, “Will the lowest be first? Subsidiarity in peacemaking in Africa”, Presentation Paper, 2016. 4 Nathan, ibid, 2016. 4 International Mediation consisting of the ECCAS Lead Secretariat benefited from a higher level of trust Mediator, with the AU and the UN acting as deputy from CAR stakeholders than other international mediators. All three entities agreed to implement a actors in the mediation. Furthermore, ECCAS’ low- three-phase mediation process: key approach was appreciated. By understanding local sensitivities the ECCAS Secretariat was able 1. A Forum in Brazzaville on National Reconciliation to positively influence the mediation process. For and Political Dialogue where a cessation of example, it understood the need for organizing the hostilities agreement was adopted; popular consultations. And when other actors sought 2. A consultative process/mediation education at to bypass this stage of the process altogether, the level of the prefectures, which was a sizable ECCAS was insistent that it should take place. The undertaking and where the ECCAS Secretariat failure of previous processes was often attributed was considerably involved; to the lack of involvement of populations outside 3. A larger national level forum in Bangui, with a Bangui. ECCAS stressed that a mediation process substantial contribution from ECCAS’ side, both would be in vain without the meaningful participation in planning and in facilitation. of populations concerned. Although peaceful elections followed the conclusion A special word of appreciation is due to ECCAS and of the mediation process, the ECCAS-led efforts CMI colleagues who served as the principal drafters faced considerable difficulties. Two main obstacles and copy editors of the text: Ambassador Adolphe were identified. First, suspicions by CAR and Nahayo, Alexis Symphorien Emvono, Ambassador international actors about some of the ECCAS Corentin Ki Doulaye, Mikko Patokallio, Gabrielle Member states’ interests, and perceptions of bias Priklopilova, and Antero Karvonen. A further word towards some conflict parties limited the extent of of gratitude is extended to Minister of State Marie ECCAS’ influence. Second, there was found to be an Noëlle Koyara for her constructive response to unclear division of labour and roles among the actors the case study. Minister Koyara’s reflection and of the international mediation, e.g. a duplication of an epilogue by Ambassador Nicolas Bwakira are tasks and disagreements on strategy, among the included within this publication. actors/stakeholders of the international mediation, and within ECCAS. We hope this case study serves as a valuable contribution to the field of mediation processes CMI provided assistance to ECCAS’ mediation design, and that it provides insights on the expertise through capacity building, logistical application of the principle of subsidiarity. support, and human resources. CMI’s contribution offers valuable lessons regarding the means by which subsidiarity can be supported. Increasing The 30th of November 2016, secretariats’ access to expertise, and thereby their role in mediation efforts, reduces the probability of Libreville, a conflict of interest without losing the benefit of proximity and legitimacy. In the CAR case however, Ambassador Baudouin Hamuli Kabarhuza, the Secretariat had a constrained ability to shape the Director of Political Affairs and approach decided at the Heads of State level, and of the Early Warning Mechanism a technical imbalance with the other actors in the of Central Africa (MARAC), mediation was present. Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) Despite these limitations, ECCAS was still able to lend increased credibility and legitimacy to the Helsinki, CAR mediation, thereby improving its sustainability. Unlike at the member-state level, a REC secretariat Mr. Itonde A. Kakoma, is at times less vulnerable to perceptions of bias Head of Sub-Saharan Africa, and conflict of interest. This was apparent in the Crisis Management Initiative (CMI CAR peace
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation
    Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation Kruschen Govender| r apporteur with Yvette nGandu 1 MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF FINLAND Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation A report based on a seminar organised by the African Union (AU) Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 15 – 16 October 2009 MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF FINLAND ACCORD The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) is a non- governmental institute working throughout Africa to bring creative solutions to the challenges posed by conflict on the continent. ACCORD’s primary aim is to influence political developments by bringing conflict resolution, dialogue and institutional development to the forefront as an alternative to armed violence and protracted conflict. Acknowledgements A generous contribution by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland made the seminar organised by the African Union Commission (AUC) on 15 and 16 October 2009, and this report, possible. Additional support from the Swedish International Development Co- operation Agency (Sida) to ACCORD’s Knowledge Production Department (KPD) also assisted in the writing, editing and production of this report. The Rapporteurs Kruschen Govender is a freelance researcher working in collaboration with the Knowledge Production Department (KPD) at ACCORD. He holds an M.A. in Development Studies from the School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). Yvette Ngandu, who contributed to this report, is currently the Coordinator of the UN- AU-RECs cooperation project in mediation, and of the Secretariat of the Panel of the Wise, with the African Union Commission’s Peace and Security Directorate.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Human Security in Africa
    Improving human security in Africa ISS ANNUAL REVIEW 2013 Contents Vision and mission ........................................................................................... 1 Trustees’ letter ................................................................................................. 2 Message from the President of the International Advisory Council .................... 3 What is human security? ................................................................................. 4 The ISS at work in Africa ................................................................................ 14 Conflict prevention and risk analysis .............................................................. 16 Governance, crime and justice ...................................................................... 20 Transnational threats and international crime.................................................. 24 Conflict management and peacebuilding ....................................................... 30 African Futures project ................................................................................... 34 African Centre for Peace and Security Training ............................................... 36 Good governance at the ISS ......................................................................... 38 Financial statements 2013 ............................................................................. 42 Cover Picture: Africa Media Online/ George Philipas The vision of the ISS is a peaceful and prosperous Africa for all its people. The
    [Show full text]
  • AJCR Volume 11, No.2, 2011
    African Journal on Conflict Resolution Volume 11, Number 2, 2011 The African Journal on Conflict Resolution is a biannual peer-reviewed journal published by the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) for the multidisciplinary subject field of conflict resolution. It appears on the list of journals accredited by the South African Department of Education. ACCORD is a non-governmental, non-aligned conflict resolution organisation based in Durban, South Africa. ACCORD is constituted as an education trust. The journal seeks to publish articles and book reviews on subjects relating to conflict, its management and resolution, as well as peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding in Africa. It aims to be a conduit between theory and practice. Views expressed in this journal are not necessarily those of ACCORD. While every attempt is made to ensure that the information published here is accurate, no responsibility is accepted for any loss or damage that may arise out of the reliance of any person upon any of the information this journal contains. Copyright © 2011 ACCORD ISSN 1562-6997 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Articles and book reviews may be submitted by e-mail, as Microsoft Word attachments, to the Managing Editor of the journal at [email protected], with a copy to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • African Union Union Africaine União Africana Psd/Pcrd/Exp
    AFRICAN UNION UNION AFRICAINE UNIÃO AFRICANA Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, P.O. Box: 3243 Tel.: (251­11) 5513 822 Fax: (251­11) 5519 321 Email: situationroom@africa­union.org, oau­[email protected] PSD/PCRD/EXP/2(I) REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS THE 4 TH BRAINSTORMING RETREAT OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL (PSC) AND OTHER PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES TO THE AFRICAN UNION (AU) ON POST­CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (PCRD) IN AFRICA 4­5 SEPTEMBER 2005 DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA PSD/PCRD/EXP/2(I) Page 1 THE 4 TH BRAINSTORMING RETREAT OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL (PSC) AND OTHER PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES TO THE AFRICAN UNION (AU) ON POST­CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (PCRD) IN AFRICA 4 – 5 SEPTEMBER 2005, DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA I. INTRODUCTION 1. The 4 th Brainstorming Retreat of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) and other members of the Permanent Representatives’ Committee (PRC) of the African Union (AU), to discuss Post­Conflict Reconstruction and Development (PCRD), was held from 4­5 September at the Hilton Hotel in Durban, South Africa. The Retreat was convened to discuss experiences and lessons learnt by organizations working in the field of post­conflict reconstruction and development, to deliberate on the constitutive elements of PCRD, to identify the key actors, institutional set­up and coordination required, and to generate broad agreement on a roadmap for the creation of an AU framework for PCRD, which would be adaptable to different conflict situations to guide the reconstruction of countries emerging from conflict. 2. This Brainstorming Retreat was organized by the AU and was facilitated and supported by SaferAfrica.
    [Show full text]
  • AJCR Volume 8 No. 1, 2008
    African Journal on Conflict Resolution Volume 8, Number 1, 2008 The African Journal on Conflict Resolution is published by The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD). ACCORD is a non-governmental, non-aligned conflict resolution organisation based in Durban, South Africa. ACCORD is constituted as an education trust. Views expressed in this Journal are not necessarily those of ACCORD. While every attempt is made to ensure that the information published here is accurate, no responsibility is accepted for any loss or damage that may arise out of the reliance of any person upon any of the information this journal contains. Copyright © 2008 ACCORD ISSN 1562-6997 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Unsolicited manuscripts, including book reviews, may be submitted to: The Editor African Journal on Conflict Resolution c/o ACCORD Private Bag X018 Umhlanga Rocks 4320 Durban, South Africa or e-mail: [email protected] Manuscripts should be about 6 000 words in length. All references must be included. Design and layout by Immins Naudé. Contents Foreword 5 Jannie Malan The Nexus between Social Capital and Reintegration of Ex-combatants: A Case for Sierra Leone 9 Jonah Leff The Impact of Value-Orientations on Cross-cultural Encounters and Mediation: A Survey in Tanzania’s Educational System 39 Claude-Hélène Mayer, Christian Boness and Lynette Louw From Complementarity to Conflict: A Historical Analysis of Farmer-Fulbe Relations in West Africa 77 Mark Davidheiser and Aniuska M.
    [Show full text]
  • THE INSTITUTIONAL ROLE of the ORGANISATION of AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) in CONFLICT RESOLUTION in AFRICA by John Gay Nout Yoh Submitte
    THE INSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN AFRICA By John Gay Nout Yoh Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject INTERNATIONAL POLITICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTOR: PROF. GS LABUSCHAGNE JOINT PROMOTOR: DR SUSAN BOTHA FEBRUARY 2008 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SUMMARY 11 DECLARATION 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14 DEDICATION 17 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 18 1.1 Introduction 18 1.2 Purpose 21 1.3 Objectives 24 1.4 The scope of the study 26 1.5 Theoretical, conceptual and methodological framework of the study 26 1.5.1 Approach and methodology 29 1.5.2 Archival sources 29 1.5.3 Secondary sources 32 1.6 The Ethiopian-Somali Boundary Dispute in 1960s and 70s: case study 33 1.7 The outline of chapters 35 2 CHAPTER TWO: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 The concept of conflict 43 2.3 Classifications of conflicts 47 2.3.1 Biological conflicts 49 2.3.2 Physiological conflicts 50 3 2.3.3 Societal conflicts 50 2.3.4 International conflicts 51 2.3.5 Global conflicts 53 2.3.6 Conclusion 53 2.4 The nature of conflicts in Africa 54 2.5 Conventional mechanisms for handling conflicts 56 2. 2.5.1 Conflict prevention 57 2.5.2 Conflict management 60 2.5.3 Conflict resolution 63 2.5.4 Conclusion 66 2.6 Schools of Conflict Resolution 67 2.6.1 International conflict resolution school 67 2.6.2 Regional conflict resolution school 68 2.6.3 School of African conflict resolution 69 2.6.3.1 The nature and patterns
    [Show full text]
  • 184 Chapter Four Namibia's Experience of DDRRR 4.1 Introduction Namibia Experienced DDRRR414 in a UN Peace Operations Context
    Chapter Four Namibia’s Experience of DDRRR 4.1 Introduction Namibia experienced DDRRR414 in a UN peace operations context at the end of the Cold War. This followed extended involvement by the UN (preceded by the League of Nations) and a prolonged anti-colonial struggle dating back to the 1960s. The New York Accords of 22 December 1988 facilitated the implementation of Namibia’s (formerly South West Africa) independence plan as outlined under UN Security Council Resolution 435(1978).415 UN Resolution 435 provided for the establishment of the multidimensional UN Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG). UNTAG was essentially a political and policing operation tasked with creating and managing conditions for Namibia’s democratic transition to independence. Central components of the plan included the disarmament and demobilization of South Africa’s colonial forces and liberation forces as well as the UNHCR voluntary repatriation operation. This meant that UNTAG provided the institutional framework for 414 UNTAG’s mandate specifically covered disarmament, demobilization and repatriation. In this study these are grouped under the broader DDRRR terminology. 415 For detailed historical analyses see L. Cliffe, et al…The Transition to Independence in Namibia, (Boulder and London, Lynne Rienner, 1994); C. Crocker, High Noon in Southern Africa, (New York, Norton, 1992);Groth S, Namibia, The Wall of Silence, The Dark Days of the Liberation Struggle, (Germany, Peter Hammer Verlag, 1995); C. Leys and J.S. Saul, Namibia's Liberation Struggle, (London, James Currey, 1995); United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping, (New York, United Nations Department of Information, 1996); C.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Whose Peace Is It Anyway? Connecting Somali and International Peacemaking ISSUE ISSUE
    Whose peace is it anyway? connecting Somali and international peacemaking ISSUE ISSUE 21 Accord 21 Accord edited by an international review of peace initiatives For many people Somalia is synonymous with violence, warlordism, famine, Mark Bradbury and Sally Healy displacement, terrorism, jihadism, and piracy. Nearly two decades of foreign interventions have failed to build peace or a viable state. And since 2001 ISSUE international engagement has served to deepen humanitarian and political crisis in southern Somalia. Whose peace is it anyway? 21 But Somalia is not an entirely lawless and ungoverned land. Somali people 2010 connecting Somali have used their own resources and traditions of conflict resolution to re- establish security and governance in many communities. Somali-led initiatives have succeeded in building durable political and administrative arrangements and international to manage conflict and provide security. Somali entrepreneurship has also revitalized the economy in many places. peacemaking Accord 21 on Somali peace processes seeks to inform better understanding between Somali and international peacemaking policy and practice. It includes more than 30 articles, from interviews with Somali elders and senior officials with the AU, IGAD and the UN, to contributions from Somali and international peacemaking practitioners, academics, involved parties, civil society and women’s organizations, and other experts. The project has been undertaken in collaboration connecting Somali and international peacemaking with Interpeace, drawing on their peace mapping study www.interpeace.org CONCILIATION RESOURCES AND THE ACCORD SERIES Conciliation Resources is an international non-governmental organization that supports people working to prevent violence, promote justice and transform armed conflict. CR’s Accord projects aim to inform and strengthen peace processes, providing a unique resource on conflict and peacemaking.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa Survey
    file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/05%20Post-Transition/T_SAIRR%20Reports%201994-2000/SAIRR%20Survey%201996-97.HTM SOUTH AFRICA SURVEY 1996/97 ELIZABETH SIDIROPOULOS ANTHEA JEFFERY SHAUN MACKAY HERMA FORGEY CHERYL CHIPPS TERENCE CORRIGAN Research staff South African Institute of Race Relations with contributions from Carmel Musiker Kecia Rust Tanya Zack Published with the financial assistance of the United States Agency for International Development SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS JOHANNESBURG 1997 Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/05%20Post...0Reports%201994-2000/SAIRR%20Survey%201996-97.HTM (1 of 1640)25/11/2004 15:36:43 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/05%20Post-Transition/T_SAIRR%20Reports%201994-2000/SAIRR%20Survey%201996-97.HTM Auden House, 68 De Korte Street Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2001 South Africa Copyright South African Institute of Race Relations, 1997 ISSN 1027-1724 PD 11/1997 ISBN 0-86982-454-6 Members of the media are free to reprint or report information, either in whole or in part, contained in this publication on the strict understanding that the South African Institute of Race Relations in acknowledged. Otherwise no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronical, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. This publication was made possible through support provided by USAID/South Africa under the terms of Grant No 674-0301-A-00-6081-00. Opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development.
    [Show full text]
  • African Union in Mediation
    Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation KRUSCHEN GOVENDER|Rapporteur with YVETTE NGANDU 1 Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the A report based on a seminar organised by the African Union (AU) Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 15 – 16 October 2009 ACCORD The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) is a non- governmental institute working throughout Africa to bring creative solutions to the challenges posed by conflict on the continent. ACCORD’s primary aim is to influence political developments by bringing conflict resolution, dialogue and institutional development to the forefront as an alternative to armed violence and protracted conflict. Acknowledgements A generous contribution by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland made the seminar organised by the African Union Commission (AUC) on 15 and 16 October 2009, and this report, possible. Additional support from the Swedish International Development Co- operation Agency (Sida) to ACCORD’s Knowledge Production Department (KPD) also assisted in the writing, editing and production of this report. The Rapporteurs Kruschen Govender is a freelance researcher working in collaboration with the Knowledge Production Department (KPD) at ACCORD. He holds an M.A. in Development Studies from the School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). Yvette Ngandu, who contributed to this report, is currently the Coordinator of the UN- AU-RECs cooperation project in mediation, and of the Secretariat of the Panel of the Wise, with the African Union Commission’s Peace and Security Directorate. She holds an M.A. in Public Administration and International Relations from Bowling Green State University, in Ohio.
    [Show full text]
  • 29 Janvier 2010 Addis-Abeba (Ethiopie) RAPPORT DU
    AFRICAN UNION UNION AFRICAINE UNIÃO AFRICANA Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P. O. Box 3243 Telephone: 5517 700 Fax: 5517844 Website: www. Africa-union.org CONSEIL EXECUTIF Seizième Session ordinaire 28 – 29 janvier 2010 Addis-Abeba (Ethiopie) EX. CL/565 (XVI) RAPPORT DU PRÉSIDENT SUR LES ACTIVITES DE LA COMMISSION POUR LA PERIODE DE JUILLET A DECEMBRE 2009 EX. CL/565 (XVI) Page i AVANT-PROPOS---------------------------------------------------------------------- i-iii I. SYNTHÈSE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 II. PAIX ET SÉCURITÉ------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 III. INTÉGRATION REGIONALE, DÉVELOPPEMENT ET COOPÉRATION------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 III.1 Intégration et développement du capital Humain--------------- 48 1. Éducation---------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 2. Science & Technologie et TIC-------------------------------------------- 50 3. Santé et assainissement--------------------------------------------------- 51 4. Bien-être Humain et Social------------------------------------------------ 54 5. Enfant, Jeunesse et Sport------------------------------------------------- 58 III.2 Intégration et développement de l’interconnexion----------------- 60 1. Transport---------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 2. Énergie------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 3. Télécommunications, Postes et TIC------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • African Journal on Conflict Resolution
    African Journal on Conflict Resolution Volume 10, Number 2, 2010 in partnership with the School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal. The African Journal on Conflict Resolution is a biannual peer-reviewed journal published by the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) for the multidisciplinary subject field of conflict resolution. It appears on the list of journals accredited by the South African Department of Education. ACCORD is a non-governmental, non-aligned conflict resolution organisation based in Durban, South Africa. ACCORD is constituted as an education trust. The journal seeks to publish articles and book reviews on subjects relating to conflict, its management and resolution, as well as peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding in Africa. It aims to be a conduit between theory and practice. Views expressed in this journal are not necessarily those of ACCORD. While every attempt is made to ensure that the information published here is accurate, no responsibility is accepted for any loss or damage that may arise out of the reliance of any person upon any of the information this journal contains. Copyright © 2010 ACCORD ISSN 1562-6997 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Articles and book reviews may be submitted by e-mail, as Microsoft Word attachments, to the Managing Editor of the journal at [email protected], with a copy to [email protected].
    [Show full text]