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Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle of the University of Victoria WPLC Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle of the University of Victoria Connecting graduate & undergraduate research V ol. 20 Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle of the University of Victoria – Vol. 20 – Connecting Graduate & Undergraduate Research Published by the graduate students of the University of Victoria Linguistics Department Department of Linguistics University of Victoria P.O. Box 3045 Victoria, B.C., Canada V8W 3P4 ISSN 1200-3344 (print) ISSN 1920-440X (digital) http://web.uvic.ca/~wplc | [email protected] © 2010 All rights retained by contributing authors. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements iii Preface iv Editorial committee v Review committee v CONTRIBUTIONS IN THEORETICAL MORPHO -PHONOLOGY Barbara Jenni 1 Morphological awareness in bilingual Inuktitut-English speakers from the perspective of relational spreading* Mike Anthony 16 Formative and plural infixation in Nuu čaan'uɬ: An argument for prosodic morphology* Khaled Karim 26 Vowel epenthesis in Bangla: An Optimality Theory analysis CONTRIBUTIONS IN APPLYING THEORY TO PRACTICE Lyra Magloughlin 37 The Important role of phonological awareness in learning to read: A change in perspective* Brittney O’Neill, Josh Bennet, & Chantal Vanier 50 Crossing linguistic boundaries: Making the most of cross- linguistic influence in the language classroom* (*undergraduate contribution) iii CONTRIBUTIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS Janine Lebeter & Susan Saunders 63 The effects of time compression on the comprehension of natural and synthetic speech* Akitsugu Nogita 82 Do Japanese ESL learners’ pronunciation errors come from inability to articulate or misconceptions about the target sounds? CONTRIBUTIONS ON CURRENT TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS AND SOCIETY Brittney O’Neill 117 LOL! (laughing online): An investigation of non-verbal communication in computer mediated exchanges* Vanessa McCumber 124 -s: The latest slang suffix, for reals* Qian Xiaojuan 131 Strategies for webpage trans-editing: A socio-cultural study Acknowledgments The 20 th volume of WPLC would not have been possible without the ongoing support of the faculty, staff, and students of the UVic Linguistics Department as well as the greater community of individuals whose interest in the study of language maintains our spirits and motivates our efforts. To this Linguistics Circle, we are very grateful. We would also like to thank the UVic Graduate Students’ Society for their generosity and the UVic Faculty of Graduate Studies for its support of graduate-level research and scholarship. iv Preface to our 20 th volume Making the transition into, and out of graduate studies is not always easy. Students just beginning their programs often face a steep learning curve when it comes to acquiring the skills and research habits that will eventually see them to the end of their programs. For those finishing up, and especially for those who continue their careers in academia, a whole new set of skills needs to be acquired. In that context, we set about putting together Volume 20 of WPLC as a vehicle to help students at both ends of the spectrum: by creating a venue for grads & undergrads alike to showcase their work, and by further tasking current graduate students with guiding their fellow students, via careful peer-review, toward higher-level research skills and educational possibilities. We asked the teaching faculty in the UVic Linguistics Department to recommend to us work from their undergraduate classes that they felt was exceptional, and we then invited those students to take part in the publishing process along with three of our graduate students. Following much revision, as well as guidance from the sponsoring faculty members, we were able to bring together an eclectic mix of research reflective of the diverse areas of inquiry that the study of language entails. It is our hope that the readers of the articles collected here will benefit as much from their content as their authors, editors, and reviewers benefitted from the process of creating them. Editorial Committee, WPLC 20 v Editorial committee Thomas Magnuson Matthew Richards Coordinating Editor Digital Edition Editor Dr. Alex D’Arcy Faculty Supervisor Taylor-Marie Young Sunghwa Lee Content & Copy Editor Content & Style Editor Review committee Faculty reviewers & undergraduate paper sponsors : Dr. Sonya Bird Dr. Alex D’Arcy Dr. Li-Shih Huang Dr. Dave McKercher Dr. Leslie Saxon Dr. Su Urbanczyk Student reviewers : Khaled Karim Sunghwa Lee Janet Leonard Akitsugu Nogita Thomas Magnuson Matthew Richards Taylor-Marie Young Qian Xiaojuan Morphological awareness in bilingual Inuktitut–English speakers from the perspective of relational spreading Barbara Jenni University of Victoria [email protected] In this paper I put forward the idea of relational spreading to conceptualize morphological awareness in code-mixing bilinguals. This idea was developed in response to noting instances of incorporated English bases into Inuktitut words in original empirical data from Allen, Genesee, Fish & Crago (2009). Certain classes of verbal affixes, e.g. light verbs, require the incorporation of an element into the position of the base, but incorporations are not limited to nominals. The base itself is considered to be essential in Inuktitut, but it appears that the language also accepts base ellipsis. I propose that these conditions support the incorporation of English elements into Inuktitut verbal affixes and that speakers are likely aware of these conditions when code-mixing. I argue that during code-mixing, speakers match lemmas from one language with lexemes from another language. For bilingual speakers, the relations formed between lemmas and lexemes across languages contain morphological information such as whether or not the lemma of an Inuktitut base can be matched with an English lexeme. 1 Introduction The standard assumption is that the left-most element of the Inuktitut word, the base, is essential (e.g. Swift & Allen, 2002; Sammons, 1993). Incorporations, abundant in Inuktitut word formation, are found in the left-most position. Incorporations can be defined as instances of a (usually bare) noun in close association with, or morphologically attached to a verb (Johns, 2007). The following data example is from Nowak (2009); the incorporated bare noun ‘aiviq’ is bold, the verbal affix –si is underlined. (1) bare root aiviq -si -liq -ramnuk walrus -come.across -begin -1D.CAUS .INTR ‘We two suddenly come across a walrus’ 2 The majority of Inuktitut speakers today are bilingual, learning Inuktitut as their first language from birth and English as their second language, usually upon entering school (Allen, 2007). The data in Allen, Genesee, Fish & Crago’s (2009) study show that bilingual speakers can incorporate English elements into Inuktitut utterances. The incorporated English element in (2), found in the left- most position, is in italics and the verbal affix –u is underlined (data from Allen et al., 2009). (2) bare root maani -i -gii goalie -u -nia -rama? here -be -IMP .2SS -be -FUT -CTG .1SS ‘Can you be here so I can be the goalie?’ Observations of bilingual speakers incorporating both Inuktitut and English elements alike into Inuktitut verbal affixes pose interesting questions about speakers’ morphological awareness. Morphological awareness can be understood as the knowledge or understanding of how words are created and how to apply this knowledge (e.g. Rice, Libben & Derwing, 2002; McBride-Chang et al., 2008). In this paper I argue that code-mixed incorporations in Inuktitut–English bilingual speech can be analyzed in terms of relational spreading , a proposed model of speech production that draws on the theoretical approach of relational morphology. Following Winford (2009), who states that code-mixing is the outcome of bilingual speakers’ matching lemmas from one language with lexemes from another language, I propose that in the bilingual lexicon, lemmas and lexemes are stored in relational patterns across languages. I use the word lemma to refer to the semantic grammatical properties of words (without their sounds). The formed relations are used by speakers when creating code-mixed utterances. This paper first presents a short introduction to Inuktitut, followed by a discussion of incorporations in general and the occurrence of English incorporations into Inuktitut words (Sections 2 and 3). In Section 4, I discuss morphological awareness of bilingual Inuktitut–English speakers based on my observations on code-mixed incorporations and base ellipsis. A presentation of selected literature on the bilingual lexicon and bilingual lexical access in section 5 will provide the basis for my proposal of relational spreading . In Section 6 I will apply this proposed model to English incorporations into Inuktitut utterances as an expression of morphological awareness in bilingual speakers. Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle of the University of Victoria 20, 1–15 © 2010 Barbara Jenni 3 2 Preliminaries 2.1 Inuktitut genetic and geographical information Inuktitut is one dialect of the Inuit languages found across Canada’s North. The Inuit languages are a sub-branch of the Eskimo language branch and part of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. Inuktitut is spoken in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. Of the estimated 35,000 speakers, the majority live in Nunavut and Nunavik. Inuktitut speakers are exposed to English through education, media, and community interactions. English monolinguals form a minority in Nunavut, where Inuktitut is the official language, and Inuktitut speakers switch to
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