História Da Educação Na Idade Média

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História Da Educação Na Idade Média Rui Afonso da Costa Nunes Professor de Filosofia da Educaç Rui Afonso da Costa Nunes HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO NA IDADE MÉDIA ■ HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO NA IDADE MÉDIA file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Provvisori/mbs%20Library/001%20-Da%20Fare/00-index.htm2006-06-02 22:31:37 Rui Afonso da Costa Nunes Professor de Filosofia da Educação na Fa...ersidade de São Paulo HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO NA IDADE MÉDIA :Index. Rui Afonso da Costa Nunes Professor de Filosofia da Educação na FEUSP HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO NA IDADE MÉDIA Índice Geral ■ INTRODUÇÃO ■ PRIMEIRA PARTE ■ SEGUNDA PARTE ■ TERCEIRA PARTE ■ BIBLIOGRAFIA ■ NOTAS file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Provv...-Da%20Fare/0-RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia.htm2006-06-02 22:31:37 RUYNUNESHISTORIADAEDUCACAONAIDADEMEDIA: INTRODUÇÃO , Index. INTRODUÇÃO Índice INTRODUÇÃO file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Provv...Da%20Fare/1-RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia0.htm2006-06-02 22:31:37 RUYNUNESHISTORIADAEDUCACAONAIDADEMEDIA: PRIMEIRA PARTE , Index. PRIMEIRA PARTE Índice CAPÍTULO I. CONCEITO DE IDADE MÉDIA. OS PRECONCEITOS E AS FÁBULAS. CAPÍTULO II. QUESTÕES PRELIMINARES. file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Provv...Da%20Fare/1-RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia1.htm2006-06-02 22:31:38 RUYNUNESHISTORIADAEDUCACAONAIDADEMEDIA: SEGUNDA PARTE , Index. SEGUNDA PARTE Índice CAPÍTULO III. A TRANSMISSÃO DA CULTURA ANTIGA À IDADE MÉDIA. CAPÍTULO IV. AS ESCOLAS MEDIEVAIS ATÉ O SÉCULO XII. CAPÍTULO V. A RENOVAÇÃO DOS ESTUDOS EM TRÊS RENASCIMENTOS. CAPÍTULO VI. OS PROGRAMAS DE ENSINO E A CONSCIÊNCIA PEDAGÓGICA DA PRIMEIRA IDADE MÉDIA. file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Provv...Da%20Fare/1-RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia2.htm2006-06-02 22:31:38 RUYNUNESHISTORIADAEDUCACAONAIDADEMEDIA: TERCEIRA PARTE , Index. TERCEIRA PARTE Índice CAPÍTULO VII. O RENASCIMENTO DO SÉCULO XII. CAPÍTULO VIII. AS UNIVERSIDADES. CAPÍTULO IX. A ESCOLÁSTICA. CAPÍTULO X. A CRISE DA EDUCAÇÃO NO FIM DA IDADE MÉDIA. file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Provv...Da%20Fare/1-RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia3.htm2006-06-02 22:31:38 RUYNUNESHISTORIADAEDUCACAONAIDADEMEDIA: BIBLIOGRAFIA, Index. BIBLIOGRAFIA Índice CAPÍTULO I. CONCEITO DE IDADE MÉDIA. OS PRECONCEITOS E AS FÁBULAS. CAPÍTULO II. QUESTÕES PRELIMINARES. CAPÍTULO III. A TRANSMISSÃO DA CULTURA ANTIGA À IDADE MÉDIA. CAPÍTULO IV. AS ESCOLAS MEDIEVAIS ATÉ O SÉCULO XII. CAPÍTULO V. A RENOVAÇÃO DOS ESTUDOS EM TRÊS RENASCIMENTOS. CAPÍTULO VI. OS PROGRAMAS DE ENSINO E A CONSCIÊNCIA PEDAGÓGICA DA PRIMEIRA IDADE MÉDIA. CAPÍTULO VII. O RENASCIMENTO DO SÉCULO XII. CAPÍTULO VIII. AS UNIVERSIDADES. CAPÍTULO IX. A ESCOLÁSTICA. CAPÍTULO X. A CRISE DA EDUCAÇÃO NO FIM DA IDADE MÉDIA. file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Provv...Da%20Fare/1-RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia4.htm2006-06-02 22:31:38 RUYNUNESHISTORIADAEDUCACAONAIDADEMEDIA: NOTAS , Index. NOTAS Índice INTRODUÇÃO CAPÍTULO I. CONCEITO DE IDADE MÉDIA. OS PRECONCEITOS E AS FÁBULAS. CAPÍTULO II. QUESTÕES PRELIMINARES CAPÍTULO III. A TRANSMISSÃO DA CULTURA ANTIGA À IDADE MÉDIA CAPÍTULO IV. AS ESCOLAS MEDIEVAIS ATÉ O SÉCULO XII. CAPÍTULO V. A RENOVAÇÃO DOS ESTUDOS EM TRÊS RENASCIMENTOS. CAPÍTULO VI. OS PROGRAMAS DE ENSINO E A CONSCIÊNCIA PEDAGÓGICA DA PRIMEIRA IDADE MÉDIA. CAPÍTULO VII. O RENASCIMENTO DO SÉCULO XII. CAPÍTULO VIII. AS UNIVERSIDADES. CAPÍTULO IX. A ESCOLÁSTICA. CAPÍTULO X. A CRISE DA EDUCAÇÃO NO FIM DA IDADE MÉDIA. file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Pr...20Fare/1-RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia5.htm (1 of 2)2006-06-02 22:31:38 RUYNUNESHISTORIADAEDUCACAONAIDADEMEDIA: NOTAS , Index. file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Pr...20Fare/1-RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia5.htm (2 of 2)2006-06-02 22:31:38 Rui Afonso da Costa Nunes Professor de Filosofia da Educação : L.0, C.1. Rui Afonso da Costa Nunes Professor de Filosofia da Educação na FEUSP HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO NA IDADE MÉDIA INTRODUÇÃO Este livro é consagrado ao estudo da educação medieval, ou seja, à educação que existiu em diferentes fases do período milenar em que começaram a surgir as modernas nações européias. O termo educação abrange tanto um certo tipo de atividade desenvolvida pela geração adulta com relação às crianças e aos jovens, e cristalizada em instituições, quanto às idéias ou concepções expendidas a respeito da formação humana. Ao se estabelecerem esses dois significados de educação, balizam-se as fronteiras entre as quais vai decorrer o estudo da pedagogia, o exame das instituições e das atividades educacionais e das idéias ou concepções pedagógicas. Evidentemente, há um nexo íntimo entre os diferentes elementos constitutivos de uma cultura. Assim, a educação relaciona-se intimamente com as letras, as ciências, as artes, a religião, a economia e com as demais instituições sociais. Todavia, a divisão do trabalho intelectual e o gradual parcelamento dos planos do saber e da investigação científica determinaram várias classes de ciências e, dentro de cada uma delas, múltiplos ramos da complexa árvore em que se exprimiu aos poucos determinada área do conhecimento. Assim, temos ciências como a Matemática, a Física, a Biologia, o Direito, a História, etc. E esta, por exemplo, subdivide-se em ramos conforme as idades, os povos e os vários aspectos culturais considerados. Daí a História Antiga, a Medieval, etc., a História da França e do Brasil, a História da Igreja Católica, da Filosofia, das Ciências ou a História da Educação. Por isso, é ponto pacífico de epistemologia especial que a História da Educação tem um objeto preciso e nítido: a educação. Embora esse ramo da ciência histórica tenha conexão com os demais, e ainda que se levem em conta outras interferências sociais de um povo numa file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Pr...20Fare/RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia0-1.htm (1 of 5)2006-06-02 22:31:39 Rui Afonso da Costa Nunes Professor de Filosofia da Educação : L.0, C.1. certa época no processo educativo, não se pode pretender que essa disciplina se transforme numa pansofia incomparável onde se acolham todas as ciências, letras e artes. Pode-se reconhecer o valor dos grandes literatos, dos cientistas, dos governantes, dos líderes religiosos, dos artistas, mas as suas obras só devem merecer contemplação num estudo de História da Educação, se tiverem efetivamente contribuído para o patrimônio das idéias pedagógicas ou se tiverem influenciado as instituições ou as atividades educacionais. Assim, poetas como Homero ou Dante têm capital importância para o estudo da educação da Grécia antiga e do século XIII medieval, enquanto Gonçalves Dias e Casimiro de Abreu não tiveram o mesmo papel quanto à educação brasileira, pois o fato de figurarem em livros de texto atesta apenas o seu valor literário e não a sua importância educacional. Aliás, é bom lembrar que existe uma História da Cultura e que a História da Educação não a pode substituir sob pena de perder a própria individualidade. Confessava, certa vez, um biólogo ser um medievalista frustrado, mas desculpava-se com afirmar que no Brasil é impossível estudar a Idade Média. Ora, se tal afirmação fosse procedente, dever-se-ia asseverar pari-passu ser impossível estudar no Brasil a História Antiga, a História da Grécia, de Roma, da India, etc. A História é uma ciência complexa e empolgante. Uma pessoa não lhe pode esmiuçar todas as áreas, tal como também ocorre na Biologia e nas demais ciências. Não estamos mais na época renascentista, quando Pico della Mirandola blasonava de discutir de omni re scibili, sobre qualquer assunto. No domínio da História, como nas outras ciências, há especialização de campos, divisão do trabalho e da pesquisa. Um estudioso elege a antigüidade para campo especial da própria investigação, outro prefere a Idade Média ou o século XVIII na Europa ou até mesmo em certa nação européia. Quem se dedica ao estudo da antigüidade vai aplicar-se mais, quem sabe, à filologia, à paleografia, ao exame das fontes escritas ou documentos ou preferirá, talvez, consagrar-se à história das idéias, seja pesquisando documentos inéditos e cotejando-os para a divulgação erudita, seja encantonando-se no domínio da exegese dos textos já descobertos e publicados. Deste modo, um brasileiro interessado em História Medieval pode adquirir na Europa os conhecimentos indispensáveis de paleografia e dos monumentos medievais e consagrar-se a trabalhos de crítica, enriquecendo com as suas pesquisas o mundo da erudição ou dedicar-se, por exemplo, ao conhecimento direto das obras artísticas da Idade Média. Mas ele pode, também, permanecer no Brasil e, limitando as suas file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Pr...20Fare/RuyNunesHistoriaDaEducacaoNaIdadeMedia0-1.htm (2 of 5)2006-06-02 22:31:39 Rui Afonso da Costa Nunes Professor de Filosofia da Educação : L.0, C.1. pretensões, trabalhar com as fontes à disposição, consagrando-se à investigação dos documentos impressos e aplicando-se à elaboração de trabalhos de síntese histórica, ou arrancando aos textos alguns segredos latentes. Como diz Marrou em sua obra Do conhecimento histórico, "um estoque determinado de documentos representa uma massa inesgotável de ensinamentos, porque existe um número indefinido de perguntas diferentes a que estes documentos são suscetíveis de responder, se forem bem interrogados. A originalidade do historiador consistirá amiúde em descobrir a maneira como tal grupo de elementos, que já se consideravam bem explorados, pode passar a responder a uma pergunta nova" [1].
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