DOCSLIB.ORG

Kerajaan Dan Kesultanan Dunia Melayu: Kasus Sumatra Dan Semenanjung Malaysia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kerajaan Dan Kesultanan Dunia Melayu: Kasus Sumatra Dan Semenanjung Malaysia KERAJAAN DAN KESULTANAN DUNIA MELAYU: KASUS SUMATRA DAN SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA Suwardi Mohammad Samin MSI Riau Abstract: Study canopy above is the result of the investigation and writing in 2012 and passed in 2013 that the results have been a dummy book "Overseas from Sumatra to Peninsular Malaysia". Naming kingdom lasted about a century to 7 M- 13M is the Hindu and Buddhist, such as the Royal Malay Jambi, Dharmasyraya, Sriwijaya, Minangkabau, in Riau as Kandis, Kritang, Ghasib, and so on. Since the entry and development of Islam in Sumatra and the peninsula called the empire, such as: the Sultanate of Pasai Ocean, Barus, Deli, shavings, Langkat, Siak Sri Indrapura, Indragiri, Rokan, and so on. Sementra it grows Peninsula Peninsula border with the kingdom of Siam, known as Ligor inscription mentions as Situmarat, Langkasuka, and after the Islamic sultanate of Malacca, Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, Kelantan, Perlis. Archaeological evidence and sources manuskrips and books become a source of study. From the study was appointed sub-headline: "Diaspora" secaratimbal-balikantara Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Analysis and Interpretation was a common thread of this discussion and at the end of a few grains obtained conclusions and suggestions . Keywords: Kingdom, Sultanate Malay World, Case Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Abstrak: Kajian tajuk di atas merupakan hasil penyelidikan dan penulisan tahun 2012 dan diteruskan pada tahun 2013 yang hasilnya sudah merupakan sebuah dummy buku“Perantauan dari Sumatra ke Semenanjung Malaysia”. Penamaan kerajaan berlangsung sekitar abad ke 7 M-13M yaitu masa Hindu dan Budha, seperti Kerajaan Melayu Jambi, Dharmasyraya, Sriwijaya, Minangkabau, di Riau seperti Kandis, Kritang, Ghasib, dan sebagainya. Sejak masuk dan berkembangnya Agama Islam di Sumatra dan Semenanjung dinamakan kesultanan, seperti : Kesultanan Samudra Pasai, Barus, Deli, Asahan, Langkat, Siak Sri Indrapura, Indragiri, Rokan, dan sebagainya. Sementra itu di Semenanjung tumbuh kerajaan perbatasan Semenanjung dengan Siam, dikenal Prasasti Ligor menyebutkan seperti Situmarat, Langkasuka, dan setelah Islam kesultanan Malaka, Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, Kelantan, Perlis. Bukti arkeologis dan sumber manuskrips dan buku-buku menjadi sumber kajian. Dari kajian diangkat sub tajuk: “Diaspora” secaratimbal-balikantara Sumatra dan Semenanjung Malaysia. Analisis dan Interpretasi itu merupakan benang merah dari bahasan ini dan pada bagian akhir diperoleh beberapa butir kesimpulan dan saran. Kata Kunci: Kerajaan, Kesultanan Dunia Melayu, Kasus Sumatra dan Semenanjung Malaysia. 62 Kerajaan dan Kesultanan Dunia Melayu, Suwardi Mohammad Samin. 63 PENDAHULUAN berdasarkan sumber-sumber Klarifikasi dari topik: kerajaan tertulis,lisan dan situs-situs dan benda ialah suatu sistem pemerintahan yang arkeologi.Sumber itu akan ditunjukkan dipimpin oleh Raja untuk kerajaan masa di bagian Daftar Pustaka. Hindu-Buddha dan kesultanan dipimpin Ruang lingkup kajian antara lain oleh sultan untuk sistem kesultanan meliputi: 1. Kerajaan masa Hindu- masa Islam. Buddha di Sumatra dan Malaysia; 2. Dunia Melayu (Kamus Besar Kesultanan masa Islam di Sumatra dan Bahasa Indonesia versi Baru/KBI) ialah Malaysia; 3. Akulturasi dan Kawasan kepemimpinan diwilayah Sinkretisisme kebudayaan di kedua masyarakat yang menjadi pendukung kawasan ;4. Perbandingan sistem Kebudayaan Melayu juga dikenal pemerintahan kerajaan dan kesultanan di sebagai Tanah Melayu. Tanah Melayu Sumatra dan Malaysia 5. Kesimpulan sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh dan saran, selanjutnya baca pada Dr.Helen Ting, digugat oleh Dr.Faris catatan. A.Noor dalam Republika Artikel Teguh Setiawan, Jakarta 2 November 2011, PEMBAHASAN maksudnya bahwa istilah ini digunakan Kerajaan –Kerajaan masa Hindu- oleh Hang Tuah, seperti menyebut dan Buddha di Sumatra dan Malaysia Tanah Terengganu,Tanah Brunei,Tanah A. Kerajan Hindu-Buddha di Malaka dan Indrapura sebagai Tanah Sumatra Melayu, pedagang Melaka menyebut 1) Kerajaan Melayu Jambi. Deli sebagai Tanah Melayu, dan Sebagai kajian awal dirujuk berita William Marsden,1966 dan 2008:39 dan China (Suwardi, 2014: 45-47): kerajaan 303) menyebut penduduk Sumatra Jambi dikenal Mo-lo-you, berdiri sejak sebagai orang Melayu, kemudian tahun 644/645 M, (lihat lebih rinci catatan 1160 pindah ke Ujung Tenggara dibawah) Kerajaan ini berlangsun Semenanjung namanya Ujung Tanah sampai 771 M, dan sesudah itu dibawah terus ke pesisir, mereka disitu dikenal kekuasaan Sriwijaya. Lembaga Adat dengan Tanah Melayu (lihat Suwardi, Jambi menyatakan pula kerajaan itu 2014:11-13). sebagai kerajaan Melayu sejak abad ke 4 Kasus Sumatra maksudnya bahwa dan 5 Mi. Dahlan Manoer menyatakan kajian dibatasi kepada kerajaan dan bahwa kerajaan Jambi selepas serangan kesultanan di pulau Sumatra dan di Chola menggantikan peranan Sriwijaya Semenanjung Malaysia karena Dunia (Palembang) sebagai pusat kegiatan Melayu dalam arti luas meliputi politik, agama, dan kebudayaan Buddha Nusantara yang tersebar dari Samudra di Sumatraii. Pasifik di timur dan Samudara Atlantik 2) Kerajaan Dharmasyraya di barat, sedangkan dari utara tersebar Pelanjut dari Kerajaan Jambi dari Formosa (Taiwan) ke selatan di adalah Dharmasyraya yaitu lokasinya Selandia Baru (New Zealand). sekitar 300 km ditepi Batang Hari Pendekatan dan metodologi kajian kearah hulu,selanjutnya Uli Kozok dan menggunakan kajian Ilmu sosial dan rakan-rakan, 2006, dan Schnitger, humaniora dengan metode sejarah (1937:6), dalam Uli Kozok (2006:24) 64 JURNAL CRIKSETRA, VOLUME 4, NOMOR 7, FEBRUARI 2015. menjelaskan: sebuah kompleks ritual Berdasarkan prasasti yang politik dengan jumlah penduduk yang ditemukan di sungai Langsat (Sumatra lumaian besar. Survei arkeologi di Barat) dikenal dengan prasasti pada Muara Jambi tiba pada kesimpulan tapak Arca Adityawarman sebagai bahawa dilihat dari segi luasnya, pendiri kerajaan Minangkabau berdarah keindahan, dan jumlah bangunan, Muara Melayu sebagai hasil pernikahan Darah Jambi tidak kalah dengan situs lain di Petak/Jingga dengan bangsawan Sumatra. Bangunannya lebih besar dari Singosari sebagai putri Melayu yang Palembang. Mc Kinon menambahkan, dibawa ke Jawa oleh ekspedisi situs Muara Jambi, untuk jelasnya baca Pamalayu sekitar tahun 1275. Kerajaan catatan kakiiii yang secara radio karbon Minangkabau berdiri sekitar 1347 M antara 1304 dan 1436, ditulis sebelum berpusat di Pagaruyung—Batusangkar – 1397 atau ditegaskan sebelum 1377, Sumatra Barat. Masyarakat Miangkabau selama masa kerajaan Adityawarman. menganut adat Perpatih.Adat ini Gelar Maharaja Dharmasyraya bermula dikembangkan oleh Datuk menunjukkan bawahan Maharajadiraja Perpatih Nan Sebatang yang menganut Adityawarman yang hendak garis keturunan dari pihak mengukuhkan hubungan (termasuk ibu/matrilineal. Minagkabau hubungan perdagangan pula ) antara berkembang bahkan sampai ke Negeri Melayu dan Kerinci. (sebuah Mandala sembilan di Tanah Semenanjung Melayu), lihat Uli Kozok, 2006:34. Malaysia. Negri Sembilan rajanya Sistem pemerintahan Melayu keturunan Raja Minangkabau. Raja Jambi menggunakan gelar Raja”yang Budha (Tantrik) ini, Adityawarman tua” yang lazim disebut setelah Islam (1356-1375), banyak meninggalkan Sultan,dan “ raja yang muda” atau patung dan prasasti yang melukiskan dia Pangeran Ratu Raja Muda (putra sebagai peguasa sebagian besar mahkota)1, Naskah Kitab Tanjung Sumatera Tengah. Pada abad 14 M Tanah2 menjelaskan lebih jauh ialah Surawaso dibawah Adityawarman yang secara radio karbon antara 1304 disebut juga Pemerintah “Bumi Emas”. dan 1436, ditulis sebelum 1397 atau 4) Kerajaan/Kedatuan Sriwijaya ditegaskan sebelum 1377, selama masa Kerajaan Sriwijaya lebih dikenal kerajaan Adityawarman. Gelar Maharaja pemerintahannya bernama Kedatuan Dharmasyraya menunjukkan bawahan yang dapat disamakan juga dengan Maharajadiraja Adityawarman yang kerajaan secara umum tetapi sementara hendak mengukuhkan hubungan ahli menyebutnya pemerintahannya (termasuk hubungan perdagangan pula ) dipimpin Datu, maka kerajaan disebut antara Melayu dan Kerinci. (sebuah Kedatuan. Mandala Melayu),. Penemuan prasasti, arca batu dari 3) Kerajaan Minangkabau logam, bata ukuran besar menurut beberapa pakar pusat Kedatuan Sriwijaya di Palembang. Pakar-pakar 1 lihat makalah Prof.Dr.Dien yang mengatakan itu a.l : Samuel Madjid,MA,pada workshop, Beal,Coedes,Yamin,Sartono,Wolters Pekanbaru,19-22 Mei 2014,. dan Slamet Mulyono tentang tinggalan 2 lihat Uli Kozok,2006:34; Kerajaan dan Kesultanan Dunia Melayu, Suwardi Mohammad Samin. 65 Sriwijaya di Palembang ( Bambang Minangkabau daerah berpenduduk padat Budi Utomo, 2012:74 ). Salah satu dan penghasil beras dan emas di prasasti Sriwijaya di Kedukan Bukit pegunungan bagian tengah. Setelah merupakan prasasti tertua yaitu bertahun Jawa menaklukan pelabuhan-pelabuhan 682 (prasasti Sriwijaya 1 sekarang di utama di pantai timur pada abad ke 13 Museum Nasional Jakarta.nomor M, Pangeran yang mengaku keturunan D.146.Prasasti ini diinterpretasikan Mojopahit dan Sriwijaya mendirikan kembali oleh de Casparis dan Buchori). kerajaannnya sendiri dekat hulu sungai Kerajaan yang besar Indragiri dan sungai Batang Hari dan kekuasaannya yaitu kerajaan Sriwijaya menguasai emas Minangkabau. Sejarah yang pusatnya di Palembang. Prasasti- dinasti Ming menjelaskan bahwa San- prasasti memberi petunjuk Sriwijaya bo-tsai (San-fu-chi) tahun 1376 paling awal pengguna bahasa Melayu ditaklukkan oleh Jawa (Mojopahit). pada priode 683-686 Masehi. Ibu Negarakertgama menyebutkan hampir kotanya merupakan pusat agama
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indonesia's Transformation and the Stability of Southeast Asia
    INDONESIA’S TRANSFORMATION and the Stability of Southeast Asia Angel Rabasa • Peter Chalk Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ProjectR AIR FORCE The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rabasa, Angel. Indonesia’s transformation and the stability of Southeast Asia / Angel Rabasa, Peter Chalk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1344.” ISBN 0-8330-3006-X 1. National security—Indonesia. 2. Indonesia—Strategic aspects. 3. Indonesia— Politics and government—1998– 4. Asia, Southeastern—Strategic aspects. 5. National security—Asia, Southeastern. I. Chalk, Peter. II. Title. UA853.I5 R33 2001 959.804—dc21 2001031904 Cover Photograph: Moslem Indonesians shout “Allahu Akbar” (God is Great) as they demonstrate in front of the National Commission of Human Rights in Jakarta, 10 January 2000. Courtesy of AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE (AFP) PHOTO/Dimas. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Cover design by Maritta Tapanainen © Copyright 2001 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying,
    [Show full text]
  • Affixes, Austronesian and Iconicity in Malay
    GEOFFREY BENJAMIN Affixes, Austronesian and iconicity in Malay In this paper I present materials that were left undiscussed in an earlier study (Benjamin 1993) on the historical sociolinguistics of Malay verbal affixation.1 Here, I say more about the possible history of Malay (both internal and exter- nal) and about the evidence for phonic – or, more strictly, oral-gesture – iconic- ity in its morphological apparatus. I also say something about certain affixes that were not discussed in the earlier paper. A wide range of present-day language varieties are covered by the label ‘Malay’.2 The sociolinguistically ‘Low’ codes consist of the dialects of the vari- ous Aboriginal-Malay groups and the non-aristocratic varieties of the Local- Malay dialects spoken by the Malays (Orang Melayu) proper. But there are also the ‘High’ codes, consisting of the varieties of Local Malay used by aris- tocrats (and those addressing them) and the standardized modern national languages known as Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Indonesia. (By governmen- tal decisions, the national languages of Brunei and Singapore – there called Bahasa Melayu – have remained practically identical with Malaysian.) The 1 I am grateful to William Foley, Alton Becker and John Wolff for valuable discussions relating to different parts of this paper at various times since it was first mooted in the late 1970s, and to Linda Waugh for a discussion of phonic and oral-gesture iconicity. I must also acknowledge the continuing influence of the seminal paper by Oka and Becker (1974) on the interplay of phonic iconicity with grammar. Syed Farid Alatas willingly served as a sounding board for the accept- ability of some of the word forms discussed here.
    [Show full text]
  • Swish of the Kris: the Story of the Moros by Vic Hurley
    Swish Of The Kris: The Story Of The Moros By Vic Hurley Original publication © 1936 E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. Filipiniana Reprint Series © 1985 Cacho Hermanos, Inc. This publication (HTML format & original artwork) © 1997 Bakbakan International http://www.bakbakan.com/swishkb.html ÿThe kris may be of any length and two or three inches wide. All of the knives, no matter what shape, are encased in wooden scabbards, and have a keenness of edge equaling that of a Damascus blade.þ Major O. J. Sweet 22nd Infantry U.S. Army This book is part of a selection of rare Filipiniana books which have long been out of print and are no longer available. Through the admirable efforts of concerned groups such as the Filipiniana Book Guild, the Historical Conservation Society, Cacho Hermanos and the Eugenio Lopez Foundation, more Filipiniana materials have been reprinted and made available to the general public. These rare books, selected by Professor Renato Constantino, form part of the Filipiniana Reprint Series published by Cacho Hermanos. "It is to be expected that American author Vic Hurley would regard Muslim leaders and resistance groups as bandits and terrorists. But if we read his graphic accounts of Muslim resistance from the people's point of view, we will see these battles for what they really were -- a determined heroic defense by the Muslim of the integrity of their societies. "And despite the colonialist bias, there is in the author's accounts a grudging acknowledgement of the fighting prowess of the Filipino Muslims." -- Renato Constantino, 1985 Due to the many requests for copies of the reprinted book which, ironically, have become as rare as the original, Bakbakan International has undertaken to publish the complete manuscript on the Internet so that we may be able to share with many this priceless record of our history.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Brief History of the Royal Malaysian Navy Initially It May
    A brief history of the Royal Malaysian Navy Initially it may appear surprising that Malaysia didn’t have a proper navy or some sort of maritime protection force until the twentieth century. However this is almost certainly due to the territory now comprising Malaysia not having a formal geographical grouping until this time; up until then some of the states did have limited naval capabilities but often relied on others for the protection of their land and sea routes. This can be put into perspective by considering some of the key events in the history of the country. Key historical events Some 10000 years ago migrants, probably from China and Tibet seeking a better place to live, settled in the coastal areas of peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Later the Cambodian based Funan Empire, Sumatra and the Javanese Majapahit Empire fought for the fertile land they occupied. Subsequently strong trading links with China and India were established. Thus the region became strategically important as Peninsular Malaysia lies between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, and all sea traffic has to pass along the Malacca Straits when travelling from East to West and vice versa. Around the early 1400s, Parameswara, who was thought to be either a Sumatran prince or ex-pirate, settled in Malacca (now spelt Melaka) and established it as a major trading port. In 1405 the Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho (or Zheng Ho) arrived and established a trading relationship which included providing protection against the Siamese. Later the Portuguese decided they would like control of Malacca, and in 1509 established a trading relationship with the local ruler but they were expelled when their ultimate aims became apparent.
    [Show full text]
  • Malay Connectivities and Networks in Early Modern Eastern Indonesia
    MALAY CONNECTIVITIES AND NETWORKS IN EARLY MODERN EASTERN INDONESIA Leonard Y. Andaya Department of History, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, The Centre for Policy Research and International Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia Abstract The earliest evidence of the involvement of the Malays in international trade comes from the kingdom of Srivijaya, which flourished from the late seventh century to the beginning of the eleventh century. It provided the model and, legends tell us, the founding fathers of the fifteenth century kingdom of Melaka, which today is viewed by Malaysians as the paradigm of Malay polities. As Melaka became the principal entrepot in the Southeast Asian region, its trade, language, religion, and culture extended throughout the archipelago. In the spread of Malay Melakan influence and in the subsequent history of the Malays, there arose two noteworthy tendencies: the flexibility of “Malay” as an identity marker, and the legitimizing role of Melaka/Johor among a number of archipelagic groups. In this paper I examine both tendencies as crucial in the success of the “Malays” in gaining both political and economic leverage in eastern Indonesia between the late sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth centuries. Keyword: malays, political, economic, culture, Southeast Asian Southeast Asia sprawls across the Indian and Pacific Ocean, and until perhaps the sixteenth century the only known sea passage through the region was the Straits of Melaka. Located midway between the major civilizations to the east and the west, the Straits proved an ideal haven for ships because it was protected from the strong monsoon winds by parallel mountain chains along the spines of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • The Johor-VOC Alliance and the Twelve Years Truce: Factionalism, Intrigue and International Diplomacy 1606–13
    International Law and Justice Working Papers IILJ Working Paper 2009/8 History and Theory of International Law Series THE JOHOR-VOC ALLIANCE AND THE TWELVE YEARS’ TRUCE: FACTIONALISM, INTRIGUE AND INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY 1606–13 PETER BORSCHBERG National University of Singapore Faculty Director: Robert Howse Program in the History and Theory of International Law Co-Directors: Philip Alston and J.H.H. Weiler Directors: Benedict Kingsbury and Martti Koskenniemi Program Director: Angelina Fisher Institute for International Law and Justice Faculty Advisory Committee: New York University School of Law Philip Alston, Kevin Davis, David Golove, Robert Howse, 40 Washington Square South, VH 314 Benedict Kingsbury, Martti Koskenniemi, Mattias Kumm, New York, NY 10012 Linda Silberman, Richard Stewart, J.H.H. Weiler, Website: www.iilj.org Katrina Wyman All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author. ISSN: 1552-6275 © PETER BORSCHBERG Working Papers are issued at the responsibility of their authors, and do not reflect views of NYU, the IILJ, or associated personnel. New York University School of Law New York, NY 10012 U.S.A. Cite as: IILJ Working Paper 2009/8 (History and Theory of International Law Series) Finalized 12/17/2009 (www.iilj.org) The Johor-VOC Alliance and the Twelve Years’ Truce: Factionalism, Intrigue and International Diplomacy 1606–13 * PETER BORSCHBERG Department of History, National University of Singapore Abstract: Using published and unpublished documents of Dutch, Portuguese and Malay provenance, the present study explores how news of the Twelve Years Truce in December 1609 negatively impacted politics and commerce at the court of the Kingdom of Johor.
    [Show full text]
  • H. Maier We Are Playing Relatives; Riau, the Cradle of Reality and Hybridity
    H. Maier We are playing relatives; Riau, the cradle of reality and hybridity In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Riau in transition 153 (1997), no: 4, Leiden, 672- 698 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:25:11PM via free access HENK MAIER 'We Are Playing Relatives' Riau, the Cradle of Reality and Hybridity In a world propelled by disintegration and renewal, 'literature' is still able to offer some of us the ultimate salvation from our anxiety. Is it not tempting, in these days of disquiet, to turn to Hikayat Hang Tuah, that encyclopedia of Malay writing, to soothe our worries, to enlighten our uneasiness about life? Following conventions and subverting them in one and the same movement, the Tale of Hang Tuah is full of irony - and irony is what we may need in order not to be torn apart by our ambivalent desires of intervention and disavowal. Evasive and inconclusive, Hikayat Hang Tuah is exemplary for each and every form of Malay writing. It shows us how to play with love and life, with power and money. One of the many fragments of the Tale that should be able to soothe our anxiety is the one in which Hang Tuah, the merchant's son turned admiral and confidant of the Sultan of Malacca, is expelled from the Malacca court. The expulsion is the result of the slanderous suggestions of Karma Wijaya, the man from Java who has spread a rumor that Hang Tuah has been playing with the ladies in the palace; His Majesty, the Sultan, enraged and humiliated, decides that his most loyal servant should be eliminated.
    [Show full text]
  • Al Azhar Malayness in Riau; the Study and Revitalization of Identity
    Al azhar Malayness in Riau; The study and revitalization of identity In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Riau in transition 153 (1997), no: 4, Leiden, 764- 773 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 03:26:27AM via free access AL AZHAR Malayness in Riau The Study and Revitalization of Identity In the province of Riau, to present oneself as 'a man from Riau', as one 'whose homeland is Riau', as 'a son of the Riau soil', or as 'a real native of Riau' in everyday conversations is not without a burden these days.1 In the presence of the powers-that-be, the above designations can easily be interpreted as a philosophical statement that expresses a desire to break away from the unity and oneness of the nation as defined by the state ideology. 'A son of the Riau soil': it sounds like an attempt to break with the wawasan nusantara, the vision of the archipelago as a political entity, which in New Order Indonesia is considered of such great importance that it has been made a compulsory subject in the curriculum of schools and universities. When stated in the presence of one or more so-called newcomers - those who may have been living in Riau for two generations - such a phrase may easily be understood as a rejection of their being in a particular area that was ordained to enter the map of the Indonesian Republic. Meanwhile, in the presence of people whose ancestors have been living in Riau from generation to generation, people, that is, who feel they are Riau Malays, the statement will most likely bring about more problems, for instance the formulation of an answer to the question: 'What kind of Malay are you?' In this respect, by the way, the people of East Timor and Irian Jaya are better off because they can state openly who they are, although therefore they recently had to put up with allegations of being wrong, 'not yet advanced' and narrow-minded, a frame of mind which then is immediately forgiven: they became a part of Indonesia much later.
    [Show full text]
  • Malay Cultural Identities: a Review
    Humanities and Social Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-9. ISSN(e): 2312-4318 ISSN(p): 2312-5659 DOI: 10.18488/journal.73/2015.3.1/73.1.1.9 © 2015 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. MALAY CULTURAL IDENTITIES: A REVIEW Mohd Muzhafar Idrus1† --- Ruzy Suliza Hashim2 --- Raihanah, M. M.3 1Faculty of Major Language Studies, Universiti Sains Islam, Malaysia 2, 3School of Language Studies & Linguistics, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia ABSTRACT This paper traverses readings on Malay cultural identities. While previous research on Malay cultural identities has presented a broad overview, this paper attempts to frame this discussion based on elite constructions and socio-cultural worldviews of the Malay world. It proposes to be a start to exploring what is distinctive and worthwhile about Malay cultural identities. Keywords: Malay cultural identities, Elite construction, Adat, Socio-cultural worldviews. Received: 10 September 2014/ Revised: 21 October 2014/ Accepted: 25 October 2014/ Published: 31 October 2014 Contribution/ Originality This article revisits readings that renew and strengthen Malay cultural identities by making connections of the past and present, in the midst of globalization, pressing economical changes, and changing cultural realities. 1. INTRODUCTION The notion that identity is deeply inherent in the cultural make-ups of Malays is arguably the most fundamental aspect of the national culture. It is nothing surprising that the tropes of culture and identity establish such an important part of Malay literary studies. Some of the earliest illustrations of what is now considered our national literature document the experiences of newly arrived traders, and the few hundred years of Malaysian literature, whose literary works are full of readings that, in a way or another, show the arrival of people from other soil and the many ways they attempt to live in the soil of Malaya or what is now known as Malaysia.
    [Show full text]
  • Piracy and Political Economy in Malaya, 1824- 1874
    ABSTRACT A COVERT WAR AT SEA: PIRACY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY IN MALAYA, 1824- 1874 Scott C. Abel, PhD Department of History Northern Illinois University, 2016 Eric A. Jones, Director Piracy around the Malay Peninsula during the 19th century was extraordinarily prevalent and resulted in the death and loss of liberty for an untold number of people. This dissertation examines the connections between the piracy of this era and the political economies of the Straits Settlements and the Malay states in the region. Malays pirates often had the support of local rulers who required the goods and slaves brought back by pirates to reinforce their own political and socio-economic positions. The piratical system supported by the rulers was a component of the overall Malay economic system known as kerajaan economics, which helped maintain the status quo for Malay states. This system came under threat once Great Britain and the Netherlands worked to suppress piracy in the region and helped persuade the Malay elite to phase out state-sanctioned piracy. Some people living in Malaya took advantage of the characteristics of British and Malay political economies to engage in acts of piracy regardless of the policies of the British and Malay governments. This study of piracy enables us to understand better the experiences of people of various backgrounds living in 19th-century Malaya, along with how piracy influenced their worldviews. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DE KALB, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 A COVERT WAR AT SEA: PIRACY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY IN MALAYA, 1824-1874 BY SCOTT C. ABEL © 2016 Scott Abel A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Doctoral Director: Eric A.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia General Elections 2019: an Assessment of Potential Post-Poll Impact on Foreign Policy
    APRIL 2019 Indonesia General Elections 2019: An Assessment of Potential Post-Poll Impact on Foreign Policy PREMESHA SAHA Indonesia General Elections 2019: An Assessment of Potential Post-Poll Impact on Foreign Policy PREMESHA SAHA ABOUT THE AUTHOR Premesha Saha is an Associate Fellow with ORF’s Strategic Studies Programme. She was previously Visiting Research Fellow at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), and also at Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan (LIPI) Jakarta. She completed her Bahasa language course from Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya (Jakarta), where she was a Darmasiswa scholar of the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. She obtained her PhD from the Jawaharlal Nehru University. Her thesis was titled, 'Indonesia's Strategy in the Indian Ocean'. ISBN: 978-93-89094-12-1 © 2019 Observer Research Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from ORF. Indonesia General Elections 2019: An Assessment of Potential Post-Poll Impact on Foreign Policy ABSTRACT Indonesia’s upcoming general elections will see a rematch between incumbent President Joko Widodo (commonly called ‘Jokowi’) and his long-time rival, retired lieutenant general Prabowo Subianto. This paper examines the potential impact of the elections on Indonesia’s foreign policy, especially on the country’s maritime relations with India and other major powers. In the 2014 elections, the Visi-Misi (or election manifesto) of the incumbent president made prominent mention of Indonesia’s maritime relations. The 2019 manifesto hardly talks about maritime issues, and instead focuses on Indonesia’s domestic goals.
    [Show full text]
  • B. Parnickel an Epic Hero and an Epic Traitor in the Hikayat Hang Tuah In: Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 132 (197
    B. Parnickel An epic hero and an epic traitor in the Hikayat Hang Tuah In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 132 (1976), no: 4, Leiden, 403-417 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 11:25:09AM via free access B. B. PARNICKEL * AN EPIC HERO AND AN "EPIC TRAITOR" IN THE HIKAYAT HANG TV AH The study of the Hikayat Hang Tuah, the most monumental product of late medieval Malay literature, has raised many controversial questions. One of them is, no doubt, the prpblem of the social tenor of the HHT, whose principal hero, as is already announced in its wordy heading, "showed great loyalty to his sovereign and renderedhim many great services". Some fifteen years ago, in a paper read at the 25th Oriëntalist Congress, the present author called attention to the utter ingratitude of the raja of Malacca towards the bravest of his heroes, and expressed the opinion that the written version of the HHT which has come down to us, represents a court adaptation of a popular epic containing "a new Malay version of the conflict between a hero and a monarch, the con- flict which is so typical for a feudal epic".1 That paper, having been translated into English, drew a great deal of attention from Malayists, among whom the most explicit critic was Teeuw.2 Profound study of the text of the HHT, such as Teeuw emphatically calls for, makes it possible to abandon the support of an oral epos of Hang Tuah which has not been transmitted to us, and provides, in my opinion, new ar- guments in favour of my viewpoint, which probably was not expounded too convincingly.
    [Show full text]