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GEOLOGY and COAL RESOURCES of NORTHERN TETON COUNTY, MONTANA. by EUGENE STEBINGER. the Paper Here Presented Describes the Coal R

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GEOLOGY and COAL RESOURCES of NORTHERN TETON COUNTY, MONTANA. by EUGENE STEBINGER. the Paper Here Presented Describes the Coal R GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF NORTHERN TETON COUNTY, MONTANA. By EUGENE STEBINGER. INTRODUCTION. The paper here presented describes the coal resources of a large area in Teton County,1 northwestern Montana, including the Black- feet Indian Eeservation and a considerable area of the country lying to the east. The scope of the paper is limited to a consideration only of those features having a bearing on the value and quantity of the coal present. The geology of the region is briefly described, the aim being to give a general understanding of the geologic setting in which the coals occur. Nearly all the rocks in northern Teton County belong to formations that are of the same age as others which, elsewhere in Montana, con­ tain almost all the coal found in the State. This fact led to several generous estimates as to the extent of the coal-bearing areas likely to be found in this region. Weed 2 and Rowe 3 have published maps on which the valuable bituminous coal area of the Great Falls field is shown as extending northward entirely across Teton County to the Canadian boundary. Similarly, the presence of an extensive coal field, long actively developed at Lethridge, Alberta, 50 miles north of the boundary, gave rise to forecasts that a southward extension of that field, following the strike of the geologic formations, would be found on the line of the Great Northern Railway in northern Teton County. The result of the present work shows that although the coal-bearing formation of the Great Falls field, the Kootenai forma­ tion, is present in the area here described, the only coal in it is a bed 6 or 8 inches thick in Marias Pass, also that although the horizon of the coal mined at Lethbridge is traceable entirely across this area, it shows only thin coal beds, nowhere over 18 inches thick. Although outcrops of coal are widely distributed in all parts of the county, the total amount of coal is not large. There are coal beds between 1£ and 3£ feet thick in three districts, comprising only a small percentage 1 Since the completion of this report the area in Bs. 3 and 4 W., on the east edge of the region here described, has been included in Toole County, recently established. 2 Weed,' W. H., The coal fields of Montana: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 53, p. 521,1892. 8 Rowe, J. P., Montana coal and lignite deposits: Univ. Montana Bull. 37, Geol. series No.48, pi. 2,1906. 117 118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC G-EOLOGY, 1915, PAKT II. of the total area described, but the general scarcity of fuel in the region, together with an increasing population due to the develop­ ment of extensive irrigation projects, gives considerable importance to these small areas of coal land. The location and relative extent of the area described in this paper are shown on the index map (-fig. 10). The area lies wholly in Teton County, occupying nearly all of its northern half, and contains about 3,100 square miles, of which 2,425 square miles is in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. The international boundary between Alberta and Montana forms its northern limit, the one hundred and twelfth meridian is the boundary on the east, and the irregular line formed by Marias River and Birch Creek is the boundary on the south. On FIGURE 10. Index map showing location of northern Tcton County, Mont, (shaded area). the west the examination was extended to the limits of the Indian reservation. The county is a gently sloping, nearly treeless plains region that is everywhere easily accessible and offers comparatively few obstacles to railway or road construction. The main line of the Great Northern Railway crosses the region in an east-west direction, and a local line, the Montana Western Railway, extends to Valier, in the southeast corner of the area. Valier is the largest town and is the center of a thriving agricultural community, whose lands are watered by an extensive irrigation project; established under the Carey Act, with headgates on the upper part of Birch Creek. Ethridge, Cut Bank, Browning, and Glacier Park are the principal towns on the Great Northern Railway. Browning is the seat of the Indian agency for the Blackfeet Reservation. The only postal facilities off the railway GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF TETON COUNTY; MONT. 119 are at Babb and Family, both of which are served by stage lines running out of Browning. On the Indian reservation settlement so far has been limited almost entirely to its west half, where Indian ranches devoted almost exclusively to the raising of horses and cattle lie along the principal streams. The extensive interstream stretches remain an open range country without fences or other improvements. On the east edge of the reservation the United States Reclamation Service has under construction a system of canals whose waters will irrigate an area of.about 300 square miles lying in Tps. 30 to 35 N., Rs. 5 to 7 W. This area should eventually support a large population. The canals will take water from Birch and Cut Bank creeks and all the streams lying between them. The area outside of the reservation is well settled, most of the land having been occupied during the recent movement of settlers to the plains region of Montana, after the development of dry farming. FIELD WORK. Classification of the public lands with respect to their mineral value was the immediate object of the work undertaken, and therefore in addition to a regional examination of the geology necessary, to an understanding of its broader features the writer made a close inspec­ tion of all the mineral-bearing tracts. The accurate location of these tracts with reference to the lines of the General-Land Office surveys was also indispensable. The fact that six out of eight of the Cre­ taceous and Tertiary formations present are likely to be coal bearing, together with the widespread occurrence of coal in thin beds con­ tinually suggesting the possibility of the occurrence of thick'er coals at a neighboring locality, made necessary a careful search for coal in all parts of the region. Because of the tendency of the soft bedrock formations to erode into badlands wherever the relief is abrupt, the exposures of the formations and coal beds on most steep slopes, and especially along the watercourses, are excellent and the presence or absence of coal in such localities could be readily determined. The extensive interstream areas, however, are generally grassed over, affording but few scattered exposures, so that it is very difficult from a surface examination k> determine the mineral value of the land. Good topographic maps were available for all of the area examined and were used in the field as base maps on which to plat the coal outcrops and other geologic data. In the Indian reservation the topography for most of the townships was sketched at the same time that the Land Office surveys were made an innovation for work of this class, affording plats on the scale of 2 inches to the mile, made directly in the field with special reference to the land subdivisions. The only exception to this procedure was in the northwestern part of 120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 1915, PART II. the reservation, where the topography of the. Browning and Chief Mountain quadrangles had already been sketched and was transferred to the township plats after the Land Office surveys were completed. The land corners are well marked and easily found in all parts of the region, especially on the Indian reservation, where iron pipes marking the allotments to the Indians have been placed on a large percentage of the corners. In the Valier coal field on Birch Creek the 6 miles of sinuous outcrop of the nearly horizontal coal bed was traversed with the stadia and plane table. But in the Blackfeet coal field, between Greasewood Creek and the Middle Fork of Milk River, the rocks dip steeply and the outcrop of the coal beds make nearly straight lines, all trending in the same direction. These were easily located at points where they cross the land lines, without recourse to the plane table. The investigation was carried on by the writer, working alone, beginning in July, 1911, and continuing through a part of each of the field seasons of 1912 and 1913. TOPOGRAPHY. BELIEF. The area described in this report lies on the west border of the Great Plains region, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains. (See PL XV.) The front range of the mountains rises with a wall-like abrupt­ ness from the plains without marked foothills. As seen from elevated points on the mountains, the plains appear to extend indefinitely eastward as a single surface with monotonous regularity. On closer examination, however, the part of the plains in the area here treated proves to have considerable relief, with low plateau-like areas in places, together with extensive dissected tracts along the principal streams. The total range of elevations on the general slope of the plains is about 2,500 feet. This lies between altitudes of about 6,000 feet on the plateau-like areas at the base of the mountains and 3,500 feet, the general elevation of the plains on the east edge of the area mapped. Along the valleys of the main streams in the south half of the area, such as Cut Bank and Two Medicine creeks, the relief between the valley floor and the general level of the adjacent plains ranges from 350 feet in the lower parts of the valleys through grad­ ually increasing slopes to about 1,200 feet at their upper parts, near the front of the mountains.
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