A PAISAGEM NAS ARTES VISUAIS: DE FRIEDRICH a VERTIGO (Alfred Hitchcock)

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A PAISAGEM NAS ARTES VISUAIS: DE FRIEDRICH a VERTIGO (Alfred Hitchcock) UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARTES A PAISAGEM NAS ARTES VISUAIS: DE FRIEDRICH A VERTIGO (Alfred Hitchcock). Uma história cultural do olhar. Vítor Manuel dos Santos Gomes Doutoramento em Belas-Artes Especialidade de Ciências da Arte. Tese orientada pela Professora Doutora Cristina Azevedo Tavares e pela Professora Doutora Maria Céu Tereno Especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor ANO 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARTES A PAISAGEM NAS ARTES VISUAIS: DE FRIEDRICH A VERTIGO (Alfred Hitchcock). Uma história cultural do olhar. Vitor Manuel dos Santos Gomes Orientador(es): Prof. Doutora Cristina Azevedo Tavares Prof. Doutora Maria Céu Tereno Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Belas-Artes, na especialidade de Ciências da Arte. Júri: Presidente: Doutor Eduardo Manuel Alves Duarte, membro do Conselho Cientifico da Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa (nomeado por Despacho do Senhor Vice-Reitor, datado de 21 de abril de 2017, no uso de competências delegadas). Vogais: Doutor Manuel Francisco Soares do Patrocínio, Professor Auxiliar com - Agregação da Escola de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Évora. (1ºarguente); 1 Doutora Prudência Maria Fernandes Antão Coimbra, Professora Adjunta - da Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico do Porto (2º arguente); Doutora Maria João Lello Ortigão de Oliveira, Professora Auxiliar da - Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutor Eduardo Manuel Alves Duarte, Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade - de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutora Maria do Céu Simões Tereno, Professora Auxiliar da Escola de - Artes da Universidade de Évora (orientadora); Doutora Cristina Maria de Sousa Azevedo Tavares, Professora Associada - da Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa (orientadora). ANO 2017 2 DECLARAÇÃO DE AUTORIA Eu Vitor Manuel dos Santos Gomes, declaro que a tese de doutoramento intitulada “A PAISAGEM NAS ARTES VISUAIS: DE FRIEDRICH A VERTIGO (Alfred Hitchcock). Uma história cultural do olhar.”, é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas na bibliografia ou outras listagens de fontes documentais, tal como todas as citações diretas ou indiretas têm devida indicação ao longo do trabalho segundo as normas académicas. O Candidato Lisboa, 23 de junho de 2017. 3 RESUMO No início do século XXI, assiste-se ao reiterar do interesse pela paisagem entendida enquanto figuração de um sistema artístico, cultural, social e estético que pode e deve fundamentar uma história cultural do olhar. Os artistas citados no título poderão ser considerados os balizadores históricos do tema a estudar, pois caraterizam um tempo e uma paisagem histórica. O nosso território de pesquisa consiste nas artes visuais e o fio condutor é a temática da Paisagem. Com esta tese pretendemos pensar, investigar, interpretar e convidar a uma reflexão sobre as diferentes dimensões contidas na temática artística, cultural e estética da Paisagem nas Artes Visuais. Para a pesquisa e levantamento, serão adotados métodos que têm a ver com o trabalho e pesquisas desenvolvidos por artistas, filósofos e teóricos do século XX e do século XXI. Podemos designar alguns aspetos e dimensões do conceito de paisagem que nos interessa investigar para a configuração da tese. Assim teremos: a paisagem como categoria de relacionamento com a arte, em que a experiência e a observação são premissas prioritárias da sua condição; a paisagem como discurso crítico, herdeira de uma longa tradição em que se revestiu de estatutos muito diversos, pois a paisagem pode servir como espelho de valores, crenças, opiniões, ideias de uma época. Na contemporaneidade ela convoca aspetos ambientais e ecológicos completamente novos; A paisagem com relevância estética, a paisagem encarada como entidade dinâmica que apela a uma atitude estética; A paisagem como projeto artístico. Os conceitos referidos, bem como certos princípios orientadores e respetivas matrizes metodológicas, abordam os domínios: do pensamento, da fruição estética e artística da paisagem. Palavras-Chave: Paisagem, Artes Visuais, Pintura, Cinema, Estudos Visuais 4 ABSTRACT In the early twenty-first century, there has been the interest of the landscape understood as a figuration of an artistic, cultural, social and aesthetic system that can and should support a cultural history of the gaze. The artists mentioned in the title can be considered the historical theme of benchmarks to study because feature a time and a historical landscape. Our area of research is in the visual arts and the common thread is the theme of landscape. With this thesis we intend to think, investigate, interpret and invite reflection on the different dimensions contained in the artistic subject, cultural and aesthetic landscape in the Visual Arts. For research and survey methods will be adopted that have to do with work and research developed by artists, philosophers and theorists of the twentieth century and the twenty-first century. We can designate some aspects and landscape dimensions of the concept that interests us to investigate the thesis configuration. Thus, we have: the landscape as relationship category with art, in which experience and observation are priority premises of their condition; the landscape as critical discourse, heir to a long tradition in which overlaid it with very different statutes, because the landscape can serve as a mirror of values, beliefs, opinions, ideas of an era. In contemporary times, it calls environmental and ecological aspects completely new; the landscape with aesthetic relevance, the landscape seen as a dynamic entity that calls for an aesthetic attitude; the landscape as an artistic project. The mentioned concepts, as well as certain guiding principles and respective methodological matrices, address the domains: of the thought, the aesthetic and artistic fruition of the landscape Key Words: Landscape, Visual Arts, Painting, Cinema, Visual Studies. 5 Gostaria de agradecer, a Inês Barreiros, Sílvia Mourato e José Maria Luz, pelo apoio prestado, à minha família, aos Presidentes do Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento da Universidade de Évora. Ao meu colega de Curso de Doutoramento Joseph Rodrigues, à Professora Doutora Maria João Ortigão e ao Professor Doutor Eduardo Duarte cujos comentários e conselhos nas apresentações do Curso de Formação Avançado foram sempre úteis e pertinentes. Last but not the Least à minha coorientadora, Professora Doutora Maria do Céu Tereno, por constante amparo e auxílio prestado no meu percurso académico e pelo inultrapassável apoio nesta Tese, e à Professora Doutora Cristina Azevedo Tavares pelo inexcedível apoio, bondade e orientações cedidas durante a supervisão desta Tese. 6 “«Já aqui estive antes», disse. Já ali estivera; primeiro, com Sebastian, há mais de vinte anos, num dia de junho sem nuvens, quando os valados se embelezavam com as rainhas-dos-prados e o ar se carregava com todos os aromas de Verão; era uma dia de esplendor peculiar e, apesar de ali ter estado tantas vezes, em tão diferentes estados de espirito, foi a essa primeira visita que o meu coração regressou nesta última” Evelyn Waugh, reviver o Passado em Brideshead Esta Tese é dedicada à memória do meu pai que partiu para paisagens distantes durante a realização da mesma. 7 Índice Resumo 4 Agradecimentos 6 Dedicatória 7 Introdução 12 Capítulo I O retorno à Paisagem 30 1.1 Considerações iniciais 31 1.2 Abordagens multidisciplinares da paisagem 33 1.3 A paisagem como género na Pintura 54 1.4 Kenneth Clark e a Paisagem na Arte 67 Capítulo II De Friedrich a Kiefer: A Paisagem na Pintura. 80 2.1 Considerações iniciais 81 2.2 A Temática da Paisagem na Pintura do séc. XIX 83 2.2.1 O Sublime o e Pitoresco 86 2.2.2 Constable e Turner. 95 2.2.3 Caspar David Friedrich 100 2.2.4 ‘La Revolution Française’ 103 2.2.5 Quelle est la critique? 111 2.2.6 A fuga para a Floresta: Os pintores de Barbizon 121 2.2.7 A linguagem das árvores: Corot 131 2.2.8 ‘Déjeuner sur la ville’ 134 2.2.9. A nova paisagem: a Cidade 141 2.3 O Naturalismo em Portugal 159 2.3.1 Gosto versus Estética 161 2.3.2 Cinco Artistas em Sintra 168 2.3.3. Bolsas em Paris 171 2.3.4 Pousão e Malhoa 178 2.3.5. Quem és tu? 181 8 2.4 The lost moment: Novos “murmúrios’ na Paisagem… 186 2.4.1 O Verde instantâneo: Aspetos da paisagem na pintura do século XX 188 2.4.2 Barnett Newman e a legitimação da Arte americana nas ‘Paisagens primitivas’. 205 2.4.2.1 Epílogo On Newman 207 2.4.3 Esplendor na Relva 211 2.4.4 O Regresso à Pintura. 215 2.5 Considerações finais: Paisagem versus Realidade 225 Capítulo III Always green, ever living. O Cinema e a Paisagem 238 3.1 Considerações iniciais 239 3.2 O Cinema é Paisagem: Cartografias 244 3.2.1 “Take One”: Definição de paisagem 246 3.2.2 “Framing” a paisagem 248 3.2.3 Tipologia de perceções da paisagem 253 3.2.4 Paisagens de mapeamento cinematográficas 256 3.2.5 Nação e estética 257 3.3. Entre a configuração espacial e a paisagem no cinema 266 3.3.1 Cenário cinematográfico versus paisagem 269 3.3.2 Autonomia e interpretação 277 3.3.3. Cinema e a "paisagem autónoma” 282 3.3.4 A Paisagem é intencional 288 3.3.4.1 A paisagem nos sonhos de Akira Kurosawa. 291 3.3.4.2 O Teorema da Paisagem em Pasolini. 301 3.3.4.3. L'avventura versus Blow-up. Paisagens em Antonioni 303 3.3.4.4. A Paisagem indiferente de Jean-Luc Godard 313 3.3.4.5. Manuel de Oliveira e a paisagem como tragédia 317 3.3.5 A Paisagem do espectador, ou a paisagem "impura" 331 “Planos Finais” - Conclusão 336 9 Referências Bibliográficas 343 Créditos fotográficos 379 Filmografia 399 Anexos 414 10 11 Fig.
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