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ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ İran’ın kuzey batı’sındaki microtus schrank, 1798 (mammalıa: rodentıa) cinsinin taksonomik durumu ve ekolojisi Alireza KHALIL ARIA BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI ANKARA 2011 Her Hakkı Saklıdır ÖZET Doktora Tezi Ġran‟ın Kuzey Batı‟sındaki Microtus Schrank, 1798 (Mammalia: Rodentia) cinsinin taksonomik durumu ve ekolojisi Alireza KHALIL ARIA Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı DanıĢman: Prof. Dr. Ercüment ÇOLAK Ġran‟ın Kuzey Batı‟sında (Batı Azerbaycan, Doğu Azerbaycan ve Ardebil eyaletleri) yayılıĢ gösteren Microtus cinsine ait 121 örnek morfolojik ve karyolojik yöntemlerle incelendi. Ayrıca habitat özellikleri, yuva yapısı, populasyon yoğunluğu, arazideki beslenme özellikleri araĢtırıldı. Farklı lokalitelere ait Microtus arvalis ve Microtus socialis ve Ġran için yeni tür olarak kaydedilen Microtus schidlovskii ve Microtus aff. socialis 2n=54‟ün populasyonlarından elde edilen morfolojik bulgular karĢılaĢtırıldı ve bu populasyonlar arasında istatistiksel olarak farklılıklar bulundu. Kanonikal ayrıĢım fonksiyon grafiği M. arvalis‟i tamamen ve M. socialis‟i ise kısmen diğer gruplardan ayırmıĢtır. Socialis grubunun 3 türü kısmen birbirinden ayrılmıĢtır. M. arvalis % 100, M. socialis % 98,8, M. schidlovskii % 83,3 ve M. aff. socialis 2n=54 % 69,6 oranla diğer gruplardan ayrıĢım gösterdiler. Her bir türün karyolojik özellikleri belirlendi. Buna göre karyolojik değerler M. arvalis‟te 2n=46, NF=72, NFa=68, M. socialis‟te 2n=62, NF=62, NFa=60, M. schidlovskii‟de 2n=60, NF=60, NFa=58 ve M. aff. socialis 2n=54‟te 2n=54, NF=54 ve NFa=52‟dir. Herhangi bir türde tür içi karyolojik varyasyon gözlenmedi. Ekolojik olarak seçilen üç istasyondan Salmas, Marand ve Moghan istasyonlarında 2008 Sonbahar‟dan 2009 Sonbahar‟a kadar populasyonlarda bir azalma gözlendi. Nisan 2011, 164 sayfa Anahtar Kelimeler: Microtus, morfoloji, taksonomi, ekoloji, Ġran i ABSTRACT Ph. D. Thesis Ecology and taxonomic status of the genus Microtus schrank, 1798 (Mammalia: Rodentia) in North-West Iran Alireza KHALIL ARIA Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ercüment ÇOLAK A total of 121 specimens of the genus Microtus distributed in the North western part of Iran (West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Ardebil provinces) were investigated based on morphological and karyological methods. The characters of habitat, barrow structure, population dynamics and nutrition of fields were also shown with ecological monitoring. Based on the morphology, eight populations from different localities of Microtus arvalis, Microtus socialis, Microtus schidlovskii and Microtus aff. socialis 2n=54 recorded from region. M. schidlovskii and M. aff. socialis 2n=54 of these species are new record for Iran. Statistical significant differences between four species were found. According to discriminate function analysis (DFA), M. arvalis was completely and M. socialis partially separated from the other groups. Three species of socialis groups were partially separated from the other groups. The percentages of the differences of M. arvalis, M. socialis, M. schidlovskii and M. aff. socialis 2n=54 from the other groups were 100, 98,8, 83,3 and 69,6 respectively. Karyological features of each group were determined. Accordingly karyological values; M. arvalis has 2n=46, NF=72, NFa=68, M. socialis has 2n=62, NF=62, NFa=60, M. schidlovskii has 2n=60, NF=60, NFa=58 and M. aff. Socialis 2n=54 has 2n=54, NF=54 and NFa=52. There is no karyological intraspecific variation within groups. Decreasing of population density was observed in three ecologically chosen stations between 2008 autumn to 2009 autumn which are Salmas, Marand and Mogan. April 2011, 164 pages Key Words: Microtus, morphology, taxonomy, ecology, Iran ii TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalıĢmada bilgi ve tecrübelerinden yararlandığım danıĢmanım Sayın Prof. Dr. Ercüment ÇOLAK‟a (Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü), örneklerin tanımlanmasında katkıları bulunan Sayın Prof. Dr. Nuri YĠĞĠT (Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü), Sayın Prof. Dr. Mustafa SÖZEN (Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Dekanı), istatiksel analizlerde yardımlarını esirgemeyen AraĢ. Gör. Perinçek Seçkin Ozan ġEKER‟e teĢekkür ederim. Tez yazım aĢamasında katkıları bulunan AraĢ. Gör. Zeycan HELVACI‟ya teĢekkür ederim. Ġran Bitki Koruma Enstitüsü Müdürü ve Ġran‟ın Batı Azerbaycan eyaletinde yerleĢik Ziraii ve Doğa Kaynaklar AraĢtırma Merkezi, Bitki Koruma Bölüm baĢkanı Sayın Yüksek Mühendis Hussein RANJI arazi çalıĢmalarımda sağladıkları destekten, ve Mühendis Majid NOURAFKAN‟e yardımlarından dolayı teĢekkür ederim. Ġstasyonlardaki bitki türlerini teĢhis eden Yüksek Mühendis Naser JAFARZADEH‟e teĢekkür ederim. Ayrıca çalıĢmalarım boyunca maddi ve manevi destekleri ile her zaman yanımda olan aileme ve özellikle eĢime ve kızım Neda‟ya teĢekkür ederim. Alireza KHALIL ARIA Ankara, Nisan 2011 iii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET........................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. ii TEŞEKKÜR ............................................................................................................ iii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ................................................................................................. vii ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ........................................................................................... x 1. GİRİŞ.................................................................................................................... 1 2. KURAMSAL TEMELLER................................................................................. 8 2.1 Takım: Rodentia (Mammalia).......................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Familya: Arvicolidae....................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Altfamilya: Microtinae (Arvicolinae)............................................................ 10 2.1.3 Cins: Microtus Shrank, 1798.......................................................................... 11 2.2 Tezin Çalışıldığı Eyaletler................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Batı Azerbaycan eyaleti (Ostān-e Āzarbāijān-e Gharbī)............................ 12 2.2.2 Ardebil eyaleti (Ostān-e Ardabīl).................................................................. 13 2.2.3 Doğu Azerbaycan eyaleti (Ostān-e Āzārbāijān-e Sharqī)........................... 13 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM............................................................................... 14 3.1 Karyotip Analizi................................................................................................. 20 3.2 İstatistiksel Analizlerde Kullanılan Kafatası ve Dış karakter Ölçüleri........ 21 3.2.1 Ölçüleri kullanılan dış karakterler............................................................... 21 3.2.2 Ölçüleri kullanılan iç karakterler................................................................. 22 3.2.3 Molar diş adacıklarının belirlenmesi............................................................ 26 3.3 Morfolojik Verilerin Analizleri ........................................................................ 26 3.4 Ekolojik Gözlemler............................................................................................ 27 3.4.1 İstasyonlar........................................................................................................ 27 3.4.2 İstasyonlardaki aktif yuvaların sayısı........................................................... 29 3.4.3 İstasyonlardaki yuvaların yapısı.................................................................... 29 3.4.4 İstasyonlardaki sıcaklık, nem ve yağış değerleri.......................................... 30 3.4.5 İistasyonların içerdikleri bitki türleri arasındaki Benzerlik …………..... 30 4. BULGULAR......................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Arvalis Grubu..................................................................................................... 31 4.1.1 Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1779......................................................................... 31 4.1.1.1 Habitat........................................................................................................... 33 4.1.1.2 Dış morfolojik özellikleri............................................................................. 34 4.1.1.3 Kafatası ve diş özellikleri............................................................................. 34 4.1.1.4 Ölçü karakterleri.......................................................................................... 37 4.1.1.5 Karyolojik özellikleri................................................................................... 39 4.1.1.6 İncelenen örnek sayısı ve lokalitesi............................................................. 40 4.2 Socialis Grubu.................................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 Microtus socialis Pallas, 1773......................................................................... 40 4.2.1.1 Habitat .......................................................................................................... 40 4.2.1.2 Dış morfolojik özellikleri............................................................................
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  • Social Vole Parents Force Their Mates to Baby-Sit

    Social Vole Parents Force Their Mates to Baby-Sit

    Noga Libhaber David Eilam The Meir I. Segals Garden for Social Vole Parents Force Zoological Research Department of Zoology Tel-Aviv University Their Mates to Baby-Sit Ramat-Aviv 69 978, Israel Received 9 October 2001; Accepted 4 November 2001 ABSTRACT: Parental care has been categorized into direct and indirect investment. The former includes direct contact with the offspring, as in lactation or huddling with the pups, and the latter includes activities such as nest building or hoarding food for the guarding mate. We report here an unfamiliar type of parental behavior in which one parent aggressively forces its mate to stay in the nest with the pups. In this ‘‘forced baby-sitting,’’ one parent grasps the fur of its mate and drags it toward the nest. The behavior was observed in 6 of 10 pairs of the social vole (Microtus socilalis guentheri) and was typically executed by the male. Dragging the mate to the nest was not correlated with other parental behaviors; neither could we explain why/when it occurred. However, this behavioral pattern was eye catching, and its goal was obviously to enforce the mate to stay in the nest with the pups. ß 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 236–240, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10075 Keywords: Microtus socilalis; parental behavior; maternal behavior; monogamy; paternal behavior; parental investment; mating system Parental care in animals is conceived of as protecting, mental tool in the study of mating systems, in which nourishing, and nurturing the young (Immelmann & special attention has been directed at voles since Beer, 1989).