The Little Owl: Conservation, Ecology and Behavior of Athene Noctua Dries Van Nieuwenhuyse, Jean-Claude Genot and David H

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88678-9 - The Little Owl: Conservation, Ecology and Behavior of Athene Noctua Dries Van Nieuwenhuyse, Jean-Claude Genot and David H. Johnson Index More information

Index

Accipiter gentilis 293, 296 Asia 163, 374 Accipiter nisus 293, 296 Asio ﬂammeus 203 activity peaks 312 Asio otus 37, 211, 213, 231, 233, 281, 296, 300 Aegolius funereus 297, 302, 318 assessing the strategy 354, 355 aerial photography 392 Athene 24, 27, 38, 39, 60, 80 Aesculus hippicastanum 128 Athene blewitti 24, 60 Afghanistan 36, 167, 397 Athene brama 27, 39, 60, 80 Africa 27, 33, 90, 157, 163, 184 Athene cunicularia 24, 39, 60, 80, 183, 225, 382 agriculture Athene lilith 33, 36 changes in practices 126, 280, 289, 292 Athene superciliaris 39 intensiﬁcation 119, 132, 136 Austria 27, 30, 96, 132, 186, 204, 205, 226, 262, 292, 307, Albania 33, 137, 397 325, 327, 356, 397 albinism 53 aviary 363, 366 Algeria 158, 397 Azerbaijan 33 altitude 272 Azov Sea 35 amphibian as prey Bosca’s Newt, Triturus boscai 490 Bahrain 157, 397 Common Frog, Rana temporaria 490 Balkan 43 Common Toad, Bufo bufo 490 Baltic States 30 Common Tree Frog, Hyla arborea 490 banding see ringing Edible Frog, Rana esculenta 490 Barking Owl see Ninox connivens Green Toad, Bufo viridis 490 barn 239, 241, 242, 333 Marsh Frog, Rana ridibunda 490 Barn Owl see Tyto alba Painted Frog, Discoglossus pictus 490 barrier 272 Ribbet Newt, Pleurodeles waltl 490 bath 261 Smooth Newt, Triturus vulgaris 490 bee 333 Spadefoot, Pelobates fuscus 490 beetles 218, 222, 223, 225, 227, 231, 232, 233, 329 Spotted Salamander, Salamandra salamandra 490 behavior 327 Stripeless Tree Frog, Hyla meridionalis 490 begging 256 Western Spadefoot, Pelobates cultripes 490 calls anatomy 82 adults 76 anthelmintic 283 geographical variation 80 anthropogenic habitat 184 young 80, 255, 261 Anthus pratensis 299 climbing up 257 apple tree 237, 242 clustering 328 Aquila heliaca 296 courtship Aquila rapax 296 beginning 234 Arabian Peninsula 27, 90, 155, 167 feeding the female 234 Armenia 90, 148, 226, 397 perch 234 ash 239 foraging 226

562

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88678-9 - The Little Owl: Conservation, Ecology and Behavior of Athene Noctua Dries Van Nieuwenhuyse, Jean-Claude Genot and David H. Johnson Index More information

Index 563

handling prey 256 Finsch’s Wheatear, Oenanthe finschii 494 hatching Garden Warbler, Sylvia borin 488 owlet 252 Golden Oriole, Oriolus oriolus 489 incubation 252 Goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis 489 intraspecific 273, 299 Great Grey Shrike, Lanius excubitor 489 mating 236–237, 267 Great Spotted Woodpecker, Dendrocopos major 488 mobbing 276, 299, 373 Great Tit, Parus major 489 nestling development Greenfinch, Carduelis chloris 489 one week 255 Grey Partridge, Perdix perdix 487 1–5 days 256 Grey-headed Woodpecker, Picus canus 488 two weeks 255, 256 Hawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes 489 three weeks 256, 258 Hoopoe, Upupa epops 488 nest-showing 274 House Martin, Delichon urbica 488 prey capture 225–226, 346 House Sparrow, Passer domesticus 224, 489 sexual 273 Isabelline Wheatear, Oenanthe isabellina 494 singing 80–82 Jack Snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus 488 social 273 Jackdaw, Corvus monedula 489 territorial 274 Jay, Garrulus glandarius 489 Belarus 147, 397 Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus 487 Belgium 27, 33, 95, 96, 97, 100, 102, 123, 186, 207, 213, 226, Lapwing, Vanellus vanellus 487 253, 262, 276, 281, 282, 287, 293, 298, 301, 306, 317, Lesser Kestrel, Falco naumanni 494 324, 325, 328, 340, 342, 345, 369, 372, 397, 413, 415 Lesser Whitethroat, Sylvia curruca 488 Bhutan 36, 151, 397 Linnet, Carduelis cannabina 489 bibliography 324, 325 Little Owl, Athene noctua 488 bigamy 267, 269 Little Tern, Sterna albifrons 488 bill 48, 53, 224, 225, 253, 257 Magpie, Pica pica 489 bill size 60, 74 Manx Shearwater, Puffinus puffinus 487 binocularity 82 Meadow Pipit, Anthus pratensis 488 biocides 229 Mistle Thrush, Turdus viscivorus 488 biodiversity 354, 394 Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus 487 bird as prey Morepork, Ninox novaeseelandiae 489 Bee-eater, Merops apiaster 494 Nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos 488 Bimaculated Lark, Melanocorypha bimaculata 494 Nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus 488 Black Redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros 488 Nuthatch, Sitta europea 489 Black Wheatear, Oenanthe leucora 494 Olivaceous Warbler, Hippolais pallida 495 Blackbird, Turdus merula 224 Pallas’s Sandgrouse, Syrrhaptes paradoxus 494 Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa limosa 488 Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus 487 Black-throated Thrush, Turdus ruficollis atrogularis 494 Pied Wagtail, Motacilla alba 488 Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius 488 Pied Wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka 494 Blue Tit, Parus caeruleus 489 Quail, Coturnix coturnix 487 Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, Merops superciliosus 494 Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio 489 Calandra Lark, Melanocorypha calandra 488 Red-headed Bunting, Emberiza bruniceps 495 Caspian Plover, Charadrius asiaticus 494 Red-legged Partridge, Alectoris rufa 487 Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs 489 Redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus 488 Chough, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 489 Redwing, Turdus iliacus 488 Common Sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos 488 Reed Bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus 495 Common Tern, Sterna hirundo 488 Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus 488 Corn Bunting, Emberiza calandra 489 Robin, Erithacus rubecula 488 Crested Lark, Galerida cristata 488 Rock Nuthatch, Sitta neumayer 495 Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus 488 Rock Partridge, Alectoris graeca 494 Domestic birds as Pigeons, Columba livia, and Domestic Rock Pipit, Anthus spinoletta 488 Fowl, Gallus gallus 489 Rock Sparrow, Petronia petronia 495 Dunnock, Prunella modularis 488 Roller, Coracias garrulus 494 Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris 488 Rose-colored Starling, Sturnus roseus 495

564 Index

bird as prey (cont.) population 94 Rufous Bush Robin, Cercotrichas galactotes 494 season 315 Sand Martin, Riparia riparia 488 success 96, 261–262, 318, 423, 424 Serin, Serinus serinus 489 at ringing age 264 Short-toed Lark, Calandrella brachydactyla 494 breeding biology 297, 420 Short-toed Lark, Calandrella cinerea 488 Britain see United Kingdom Skylark, Alauda arvensis 488 brood patch 243, 251 Snipe, Gallinago gallinago 488 Brown Rat Song Thrush, Turdus philomelos 488 Rattus norvegicus 253 Spanish Sparrow, Passer hispaniolensis 489 see Rattus norvegicus Sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus 487 Bubo bubo 208, 287, 295 Spotless Starling, Sturnus unicolor 489 buildings 237, 239, 241, 242, 324, 333, 347 Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata 495 Bulgaria 90, 138, 184, 207, 226, 397, 487 Spotted Redshank, Tringa erythropus 494 burrow 183, 225, 237, 241, 242 Starling, Sturnus vulgaris 224, 489 Burrowing Owl see Athene cunicularia Storm Petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus 225, 487 Buteo buteo 287, 296 Swallow, Hirundo rustica 488 Buteo lagopus 296 Swift, Apus apus 488 Buteo ruﬁnus 296 Teal, Anas crecca 494 Buzzard see Buteo buteo Tree Pipit, Anthus trivialis 488 Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus 224, 489 Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Trumpeter Finch, Bucanetes githagineus 495 Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum 382 Turnstone, Arenaria interpres 488 cainism 265 Turtle Dove, Streptopelia turtur 488 California Spotted Owl see Strix occidentalis occidentalis Wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe 488 California Spotted Owl 386 Whinchat, Saxicola rubetra 488 calling males 423, 424 Whitethroat, Sylvia communis 488 calls see behavior Willow Tit, Parus montanus 489 captive breeding 251, 252, 255 Wood Lark, Lullula arborea 488 captivity 363, 364, 365, 366 Woodchat Shrike, Lanius senator 489 capture–recapture 369 Woodpigeon, Columba palumbus 488 Carabid 204 Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes 488 Carduelis carduelis 299 Wryneck, Jynx torquilla 488 Carduelis chloris 299 Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla ﬂava 488 Carrion Crow see Corvus corone Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella 489 Caspian Sea 33, 35, 36, 145, 149, 150 bird-care center 329, 353, 365 caterpillars 226 birth 300 cattle trampling 204 Black Kite see Milvus migrans cavity 192, 206, 270, 372 Black Sea 35, 36 breeding 186, 273, 274, 276 Blue Tit see Parus caeruleus tree 416 body movements 270 cemetery graves 241 body weight 60, 272, 309 census 346 and sex 67 Central Asia 140 of starved birds 74 Ceratonia siliqua 126, 280 seasonal variation of 60–67 cere 48, 53 Booted Eagle see Hieraaetus pennatus Chad 397 Bosnia 30, 33 cherrystones 223 breeding 327 Chestnut 184 ecology 416 chimney performance 283 as trap 289 and body weight 262 China 27, 30, 34, 36, 37, 90, 152, 374, 397 and climate 262 churches 239, 241 and food supply 262 Circus aeruginosus 296 and geographic variation 262 Citellus citellus 183

Index 565

claws 48, 53, 60, 75, 225 death 300 cliffs 241 death rate see mortality cluster 345 decision-making 411, 412 clustering 211, 212, 318 declining of population 322 clutch size 247 decoy 310 and female age 267 Delichon urbica 299 and food supply 251 demographic 328, 344, 345, 350, 353, 355, 378, 384, 385, climate 247, 251 386, 390, 391, 392, 393 distribution of 251 demographic data 369 geographic variation in 247 demographic monitoring area 356, 396 laying date 251 demographic studies 378, 381, 385, 386, 388, 391, 403, 404, replacement 246, 251 411 cockchafers 226, 229, 231 demographic study areas 344, 345, 356, 384, 385, 391, 392, Coleoptera 204 393, 394, 396, 402, 403, 404, 409, 411 collisions 204, 280, 281, 324, 328, 356, 363, 365 demographic viability 364, 365, 396 Columba oenas 297 Denmark 27, 30, 96, 119, 226, 298, 398 Common Genet see Genetta genatta density 96–102, 105, 107, 119, 124, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, Common names 8 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 145, 150, 186, 315, 318, 327, competition 96 346, 391, 396 conspeciﬁc 274 density dependence 300, 316, 317, 372 for nest sites 206, 299 detection rate 346 conceptual models 385, 386, 388 development of nestlings see nestlings connectivity 384, 386, 388, 392 diamond 253 conservation 38, 209, 293, 300, 370, 373, 413, 420, 421 diet conservation plan 381 food given 229–230 conservation projects 355, 356, 417 geographic variation in 232–233 conservation status 322 seasonal variation in 231–232 conservation strategy 324, 343, 354, 378 digestive apparatus 84 knowledge 324, 328 discriminant analysis 213, 217 landscape conditions 340, 355 disease 296 legislation and policies 340, 355 dispersal 272, 275, 301, 353, 378, 416 limiting factors 329 of juveniles 301, 303 people 342, 355 survival 374 conservationists 342 timing of 261 copulation 236, 237, 273, 274 distribution 85, 102, 105, 107, 111, 119, 122, 126, 127, 128, Coracias garrulus 183 130, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 145, 146, 147, Cork oak 184 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 327 Corsica 30 Djibouti 398 Corvus corone 242, 297 DNA 37, 374 Corvus monedula 297, 300 DNA analysis 328, 366 courtship 234, 236, 273 dormouse period 273, 274 Glis glis 253, 333 Crassicauletum 167 drowning 287 Crete 33, 325 dust bath 273 crickets 227, 229 dynamics 386, 388 Crimea 35, 183 Croatia 30, 135, 147, 397 earthworms 203, 204, 205, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, Cyprus 33, 43, 138, 287, 325, 397 231, 247, 262, 265, 272, 286, 329, 366, 370, Czech Republic 30, 96, 132, 289, 325, 356, 397, 493 424 earwigs 227, 231, 232, 233 Czechoslovakia 262 ecotone 203, 208 ectoparasites 297 data management 343, 353, 355, 403, 404 edge effect see ecotone Dead Sea 154, 155 educational initiatives 342

566 Index

egg Goldfish 490 breakage 285 Minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus 490 chilling 264 Varicorhinus capoeta sevangi 495 color 243 Flammulated Owl see Otus flammeolus hatching 252 Flanders 102, 103, 105, 186, 205, 208, 417 incubation 251 fledging infertile 253 dates 258 inter-year variability measurements 244 period 258 laying interval 251 fledging success 261–262, 298 laying periods 245, 317 flight 82, 261, 272 loss 252, 253, 264 floater 275, 303, 370 seasonal change in the size 244 fluctuation 94 size 243, 244 folklore 413 size and clutch size 244–245 food 292, 327 weight 243, 252 supply egg-laying 274, 275 after fledging time 261 eggshell 223, 252 and body fat 252 Egypt 157, 158, 398 and clutch size 236 electrocution 287 and courtship 234 elevation 90 and laying dates 247 emigration 300 and mortality 265 enemy 275 artificial 365 enemy avoidance 275 in two nests 267 Erinaceus europaeus 295 Forest Owlet see Athene blewitti Eritrea 398 former Soviet Union 205, 292, 374 ermine fox see Vulpes vulpes Mustela erminea 253 fragmentation 96, 102, 208, 280, 292, 318, Estonia 144, 147, 398 420 Ethiopia 157, 398 fragmentation of habitat 324, 340, 364, 386 Euphorbia 167 France 27, 30, 33, 37, 90, 95, 96, 122, 186, 205, 207, 208, 211, Eurasian Eagle Owl see Bubo bubo 226, 253, 261, 262, 265, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287, 289, Europe 94, 96–102, 163, 186, 203, 205, 207, 274, 280, 300, 291, 292, 295, 297, 298, 301, 306, 308, 312, 313, 316, 318, 370, 374, 413, 417 317, 318, 325, 327, 328, 356, 364, 369, 398, 413, 486 extra-pair copulation 267 frequency table 195 eyelids 48, 53 fruit trees 239, 242, 332, 341 eyes 256 full moon 313 eyesight see vision Garden Dormouse Falco biarmicus 296 Eliomys quercinus 333 Falco peregrinus 296, 297 generalities 327 Falco tinnunculus 202, 203, 287, 297, 299 generalized linear models 211 farm 239 genetic connectivity 301 farmers 342, 366 genetic fingerprinting 37 feathers 47, 48, 225, 258, 328 genetic proximity 37 growth 255, 256, 257, 261 genetic variability 36, 37, 364 fecundity 374 genetic viability 365 fecundity table 405 genetics 327, 328, 365, 366 fences 329 Genetta genetta 295 fidelity geographical range see distribution to nest sites 293 geographical variation field edges 341 in morphology 27 fingerprinting 267, 364 Georgia 33, 90, 148, 398 fish as prey Gerbils see Rhombomys Carp, Cyprinus carpio 490

Index 567

Germany 27, 30, 37, 38, 90, 96, 111, 130, 203, 204, 205, 206, houses 207, 226, 252, 261, 262, 265, 267, 272, 282, 289, 291, abandoned 239 295, 297, 298, 301, 305, 307, 308, 320, 325, 327, 328, inhabited 239 361, 398, 421, 422 hovering 82, 224, 225, 272, 273 GIS 355, 403, 411 human influence 280 Glaucidium passerinum 208 Hungary 27, 30, 96, 138, 207, 226, 325, 398 goddess 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 hunting behavior 223–225 Goldfinch see Carduelis carduelis hunting success 206, 298 Goshawk see Accipiter gentilis Himalayan Marmot see Marmota himalayana grass 223, 243 grasshoppers 224, 232, 233 immigration 300, 320 grassland 322, 329, 342, 356, 391, 393 Imperial Eagle see Aquila heliaca Great Gerbils see Meriones opinus Important Bird Areas 394, 396 Great Tit see Parus major inbreeding 364 Greece 96, 137, 226, 325, 398 prevention of Greek mythology 9 incubation 251, 252, 267 Greenfinch see Carduelis chloris India 151, 340, 398 indicators 354, 385, 386, 388, 391, 394, 404, 412 habitat 327, 384, 386, 388, 390, 392, 393, 394, 396, 402, 403, infrared camera 218, 227 404 insect as prey heterogeneity 328, 329, 333, 345 Chrysopa 493 loss 280 Coleoptera map 402, 403, 409, 411 Anobiidae 491 selection 192 Anthicidae 491 structure of 315, 367 Buprestidae 491 suitability 369 Byrrhidae 491 use 328 Carabidae 490 habitat condition 392, 393, 394, 403, 404, 411, 412 Cerambycidae 492 habitat-based models 384, 386, 388, 393 Chrysomelidae 492 Haloxylon ammodendron 183 Cleridae 491 handicrafts 23 Coccinellidae 491 hangar 239 Curculionidae 492 harrier 203 Dermestidae 491 hatching Dytiscidae 491 success 252–253 Elateridae 491 haystacks 237, 241 Geotrupidae 491 heavy metal 285, 328, 370 Histeridae 491 Hedgehog Hydrophilidae 491 see Erinaceus europaeus 253 Lucanidae 492 hedges 329 Melandryidae 491 Hieraaetus pennatus 296 Meloidae 491 high-stem orchard 113, 324, 341, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424 Ptinidae 491 Hirundo rustica 299 Scarabaeidae 491 Holland see the Netherlands Scolytidae 492 Holm oak 184 Silphidae 491 home range 203, 209, 211, 302, 309, 312, 313, 315, 372, 384, Staphylinidae 491 385, 386, 388, 392, 393, 402, 404 Tenebrionidae 491 seasonal changes of 315 Dictyoptera 492 size of 97 Diptera Hoopoe see Upupa epos Calliphoridae 493 hornet 333 Muscidae 493 House Martin see Delichon urbica Syrphidae 493 House Mouse Tipulidae 493 Mus musculus 333 Hemiptera 493

568 Index

insect as prey (cont.) Korea 27, 153, 154, 399 Cicadidae 492 Kuwait 90, 100, 157, 399 Dermaptera 492 Hymenoptera label 342 Formicidae 492 lambda table 405 Ichneumonidae 492 land use 370 Vespidae 492 landscape 327, 328, 329, 340, 341, 342, 345, 355, 378, 384, Lepidoptera 385, 386, 388, 392, 393, 402, 403, 409 Arctiidae 492 structure 329 Hepialidae 492 landscape modeling 370 Lasiocampidae 492 land-use data 340, 355, 412 Noctuidae 492 land-use plan 324, 412 Notodontidae 492 Lanius ludovicianus 208 Sphingidae 492 Lanner Falcon see Falco biarmicus Tortricidea 492 Lanyu Scops Owl see Otus elegans Odonata 493 larder 225 Orthoptera Latvia 27, 144, 146, 399 Acrididae 492 laying date Gryllidae 492 and clutch size 251 Gryllotalpidae 492 and food supply 247 Tettigoniidae 492 and weather 247 intergrading of subspecies 34–36, 136 geographic variation in 245 International Little Owl Data Warehouse 353 laying interval International Little Owl Working Group 355, 411 and clutch size 251 intruder 275 Libya 158, 399 invertebrates as prey life-time reproduction 265 Centipedes 493 limiting factor 126, 183, 207, 209, 279, 317, 369, 371, 373 Crab 493 abiotic 370, 373 Millipedes 493 anthropogenic 317 Mollusk 493 external 279, 373 Scorpion 493 internal 279, 300 Snail 493 Lithuania 144, 147, 399 Spider 493 Little Owl databases 404 Woodlice 493 Little Owl monitoring lead 355, 411 Iran 33, 36, 398 Little Owl projects 353 Iraq 33, 36, 398 locomotion 272 Ireland 305 Loggerhead Shrike see Lanius ludovicianus iris colobome 297 logistic regression analysis 95, 212 iron pole 239 Long-eared Owl see Asio otus isolated pairs 321, 369 Long-legged Buzzard see Buteo ruﬁnus Israel 27, 33, 34, 36, 43, 100, 155, 398 Luxembourg 27, 96, 107, 325, 341, 399, 417 Italian Sparrow see Passer italiae Italy 30, 90, 96, 123, 128, 206, 207, 227, 289, 325, 372, 399, Madagascar 39 424 Madagascar Hawk Owl see Ninox superciliaris Magpie see Pica pica Jackdaw Mali 158, 399 see Corvus monedula 253 mammal as prey 204 Jordan 154, 398 Afghan Vole, Microtus afghanus 231, 494 Judean Desert 155 Algerian Mouse, Mus spretus 487 Allactaga williamsi 494 Kaliningrad 145, 298 Alpine Pine Vole, Microtus multiplex 487 Kashmir 34, 36, 90 Arvicola sapidus 487 Kazakhstan 27, 33, 34, 144, 149, 183, 227, 296, 302, 340, 399 Bank Vole, Clethrionomys glareolus 487 Kestrel see Falco tinnunculus Bicolored Shrew, Crocidura leucodon 486

Index 569

Black Rat, Rattus rattus 487 Small Five-toed Jerboa, Allactaga elater 494 Brown Rat, Rattus norvegicus 487 Snow Vole, Microtus nivalis 487 Bucharian Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus bocharicus 494 Social Vole, Microtus socialis 494 Common Hamster, Cricetus cricetus 487 Sorex alpinus 486 Common Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus 486 Southern Birch Mouse, Sicista subtilis 487 Common Shrew, Sorex araneus 486 Southern Water Shrew, Neomys anomalus 486 Common Vole, Microtus arvalis 487 Spalax leucodon 487 Cricetulus triton 231 Spotted Souslik, Citellus suslicus 487 Desert Eared Hedgehog, Erinaceus auritus 494 Striped Field Mouse, Apodemus agrarius 487 East European Vole, Microtus rossiaemeridionalis 487 Talpa caeca 486 Field Vole, Microtus agrestis 487 Talpa romana 486 Garden Dormouse, Eliomys quercinus 487 Tamarisk Jird, Meriones tamariscinus 494 Gray Dwarf Hamster 494 Thick-tailed Three-toed Jerboa 494 Great Gerbil, Meriones opimus 494 Thin-toed Souslik 494 Greater Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis myotis 486 Tolai Hare, Lepus tolai 494 Greater White-toothed Shrew, Crocidura russula 486 Water Shrew, Neomys fodiens 486 Hairy-footed Jerboa 494 Weasel, Mustela nivalis 487 Harvest Mouse, Micromys minutus 487 Western Hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus 233, 486 Hazel Dormouse, Muscardinus avellanarius 487 Wood Mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus 229, 487 Hemprich’s Long-eared Bat, Otonycteris hemprichi 494 Yellow-necked Mouse, Apodemus ﬂavicollis 487 Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus sp. 486 management 209, 367, 373 House Mouse, Mus musculus 487 management contracts 341 Lesser Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis blythi 486 manors 239 Lesser White-toothed Shrew, Crocidura suaveolens 486, maquis 184 494 Marmota himalayana 183, 299 Libyan Jird, Meriones libycus 494 Marsh Harrier see Circus aeruginosus Lichtenstein’s Jerboa, Eremodipus lichtensteini 494 marten Little Earth Hare, Pygeretmus pumilio 494 as predator 119, 293 Long-eared Bat, Plecotus sp. 486 Masked Owl 382 Microtus lusitanicus 487 mating 234, 237 Microtus savii 487 Mauritania 158, 399 Mid-day Jird, Meriones meridianus 230, 494 Meadow Pipit see Anthus pratensis Migratory Hamster, Cricetulus migratorius 487, 494 measurements 59 Mole Vole, Ellobius lutescens 494 differences between subspecies 76 Mongolian Five-toed Jerboa 494 interspeciﬁc differences 60 Nathusisus’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus nathusii 486 measuring success Noctule Bat, Nyctalus noctula 486 of the strategy 343, 354, 355 Northern Birch Mouse, Sicista betulina 487 mechanism 367, 371 Northern Mole Vole, Ellobius talpinus 494 median test 195 Northern Mole, Talpa europaea 486 Mediterranean Sea 27, 184 Northern Three-toed Jerboa, Dipus sagitta 494 Merionus opinus 183 Northern Water Vole, Arvicola terrestris 487 Mesoptile 47 Parti-colored Bat, Vespertilio murinus 486 meta-population 318, 345, 369, 378, 386, 403, 404 Persian Jird, Meriones persicus 494 Mexican Spotted Owl see Strix occidentalis lucida Pitymys duodecimcostatus 487 Middle Ages 6, 7, 10, 14 Pitymys subterraneus 487 Middle East 27, 43, 140, 374 Pygmy Shrew, Sorex minutus 486 migration 144, 272, 302 Pygmy White-toothed Shrew, Suncus etruscus 486 vertical 139 Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus 486 Milvus migrans 296 Red-tailed Gerbil, Meriones erythrourus 494 Milvus milvus 296 Root Vole, Microtus oeconomus 487 mimicry 275 Savi’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus savii 486 minimum convex polygon 309 Schreiber’s Bat, Miniopterus schreibersi 494 mitochondrial cytochrome b gene 38, 39, 43 Siesel Citellus citellus 230, 487 mobbing behavior of passerines 17

570 Index

Moldavia 227, 399 nesting cavities 329 Moldova 30, 33, 139 nesting sites 209, 237, 293 Mole Cricket 229, 231 availability 317 Mongolia 27, 34, 151, 183, 399 losses of 119 monitoring 141, 192, 328, 344, 345, 346, 354, 355, 364, 370, selection of 236, 237 374, 376, 377, 382, 384, 385, 386, 388, 391, 392, 394, sharing 300 413, 416, 421 trees 237 areas 393, 394, 396 types used by Little Owls 237, 239 habitat 343, 344, 345, 355, 391, 393, 403 nestlings handbook 420 drier conditions in the nest 243 network 394 mortality of 262 owl 343, 344, 355 threatening posture 261 plan 344, 355, 356, 381, 382, 383, 391, 396, 409, 411, 412 Netherlands 27, 33, 96, 105, 205, 212, 227, 252, 267, 270, program 376, 377, 378, 392, 393, 394, 411 285, 293, 301, 305, 308, 324, 325, 328, 340, 345, 356, monographs 327 365, 369, 399, 419 Morocco 90, 157, 167, 399 neuronal cells 82 mortality 204, 264, 265, 327, 356, 402, 403, 404, 409 New Zealand 27, 30, 186, 399 and pesticides 264 NGO 411 and prey abundance 265 nicknames 237 causes of 264, 265, 328, 369, 416 Niger 399 of nestlings 262, 264, 265 Ninox connivens 211 post-ﬂedging 264, 292 Ninox strenua rate 265, 345, 353, 365, 388, 390, 391, 394, 403, 404, 412 Ninox superciliaris 39 reintroduction 365 non-breeders mosaic-like landscape 95, 102, 186, 204, 208, 213, 369 North America 24 moult 53 Northern Africa 340 geographical variation in 53 Northern Masked Owl pattern 54–55 Tyto novaehollandiae kimberli 382 sex differences in 53, 54 Northern Spotted Owl movements see Strix occidentalis caurina 347, 382, 390 of adults 301, 302, 308, 423 Nyctea scandiaca 318 see dispersal or migration multiple correspondence analysis 211 oak 239, 241, 356 multiple linear regression Ochotana 183 multi-scale 209, 211 old bee-hives 241 multi-scale approach 345 olive plantation 127, 184 Mustela erminea 295 Oman 157, 167, 399 on-foot hunting strategy 202 natural cavities 333, 356 open-population model 403 natural habitats 163, 374 orchards 356, 404 nearest neighbor distance 97, 321 organizational infrastructure 411 necrophagous 229 organo-chlorine compounds see pesticides Neolithic 6, 8 Otus elegans 302 Neoptile 47 Otus ﬂammeolus 211, 318 Nepal 151, 399 Otus scops 140 nestboxes 184, 206, 207, 237, 239, 241, 242, 253, 261, 264, over-fertilizing 119 267, 270, 298, 313, 327, 329, 332, 333, 341, 342, 353, owl keeper 17 356, 357, 360, 413, 416, 418, 420, 422, 423, 424 owl market 17, 18 construction and installation of 333 owl table 405 increasing breeding numbers 262 owlet moist environment 262 weight 252, 253, 255 release into 364, 365, 366 type of 333, 356–357 pair bond 274 nest dimensions 242 pair formation 273

Index 571

Pakistan 27, 36, 90, 151, 399 Portugal 90, 96, 100, 127, 184, 206, 207, 227, 293, 295, 296, parasitology 296 400 parsimonious models 370 post-ﬂedging Parus caeruleus 299 period 261 Parus major 297, 299 survival 356 Passer italiae 299 posture 270, 275, 276 Passer montanus 299 poultry 229 PCB 283, 370 Powerful Owl pellets 218, 219, 222, 223, 227, 230, 242, 243 see Ninox strenua content 222 predation 192, 204, 208, 265, 293, 327, 329, 333, 373 evacuation 219 predator 206, 207, 212, 265, 333, 365 number prey per pellet 222 avoidance 207 volume 222 predators on eggs 253 perch 184, 186, 192, 194, 205, 272, 273, 274, 313, 316, preening 272, 273, 274 372 prehistoric sites with owl 6 perch-and-pounce hunting strategy 202, 272 prey perch 329, 356 accessibility 192, 202, 203 availability 329 availability 192, 202, 204, 315 watching the young 261 density 302 perched-hunting 223, 327, 333 proceedings 327 pesticides 119, 204, 205, 280, 283, 324, 327, 328, 370 protection 327 Ph.D. thesis 223, 327 pseudo-face 275 physiology 82, 327 publications 324, 325 Pica pica 139, 241, 253, 296, 299 Pygmy Owl see Glaucidium passerinum pigeon houses 239 Pika see Ochotana Qatar 157, 400 piles of stones 207 quality assurance 409 Pinus halepensis 127 quarries 237, 239 Pinus radiata 186 Quercus plasticity 186, 371, 424 coccifera 184 Platanus 128 ilex 184 playback survey or broadcasting method 275, 346, 347, 350, rotundifolia 128 374, 390 suber 184 plumage 45, 53 poisoning see pesticides rabbits Poland 30, 96, 140, 227, 307, 325, 400 as prey 230 pollarded trees 237, 239 radio-telemetry 96, 97, 346, 353, 378 pollarded willow 113, 184, 206, 276, 291, 332, 340, 341, 356, radio-telemetry see telemetry 420, 422 radio-tracking see radio-telemetry population radio-transmitter see telemetry abundance 327 radio-transmitters 364, 366 clusters 207, 300, 317, 320, 370 railway 217, 282 dynamics 38, 300 rain 298 estimate 94, 95, 96, 102, 105, 107, 109, 113, 119, 124, 126, rain bath 273 128, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, rats 147, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156 as prey 230 isolation 202, 272 Rattus norvegicus 295 models 378 Red Data books 327 process 371 Red Sea 34 regulation 279 reinforcement temporal changes 106, 374 of populations 37 viability analysis 318 reintroduction 360, 363, 365, 366 dynamics 327, 346, 353 reintroduction and supplementation 360 populus 128, 186 replication 367

572 Index

reproduction table 406 Western reptile as prey Salix 186 Balkan Wall or Crimean Lizard, Podarcis taurica 489 sampling design 388 Bedriaga’s Skink, Chalcides bedriagai 489 Sardinia 128 Common Wall Lizard, Podarcis muralis 489 satellite images 345, 392 Dwarf Sand Boa, Eryx miliaris 495 Saudi Arabia 33, 157, 401 Erhard’s Wall Lizard, Podarcis erhardii 489 Saxaul tree see Haloxylon ammodendron Grass Snake, Natrix natrix 490 Saxicola torquata 299 Greek Tortoise, Testudo graeca 490 scapulars 45, 47 Green Lizard, Lacerta viridis 489 school 343 Iberian Wall Lizard, Podarcis hispanica 489 Sciurus vulgaris 299 Italian Wall Lizard, Podarcis sicula 489 scorecard 354, 355 Large Psammodromus, Psammodromus algirus 489 seeds 223 Moorish Gecko, Tarentola mauritanica 489 Serbia and Montenegro 36, 136, 401 Racerunner, Eremias velox 495 Serin see Serinus serinus Sand Boa, Erix jaculus 495 Serinus serinus 299 Sand Lizard, Lacerta agilis 489 shooting the Little Owl 15, 253, 289 Scink Gecko, Teratoscincus scincus 495 Short-eared Owl see Asio ﬂammeus Slow Worm, Anguis fragilis 489 shrew see also diet, prey Snake-eyed Lizard, Ophisops elegans 489 Siberia 33 Spiny-footed Lizard, Acanthodactylus erythrurus 489 Sicily 128 Steppe Agama, Agama sanguinolenta 495 Siesel see Citellus citellus Stepperunner, Eremias aruta 495 silo-towers 241 Three-toed Skink, Chalcides chalcides 489 Sitta neumayer 237, 241 Toad-headed Agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus 495 sleeping 276 Viperine Snake, Natrix maura 490 Slovakia 27, 30, 401 Republic of Bashkortostan 144, 145, 401 Slovenia 30, 280, 401 Republic of Dagestan 144, 145, 292, 401 small mammals see diet and prey Republic of Ossetia 146, 401 small-scaled landscape 420 Republic of Tatarstan 146, 401 smoke bath 273 response rate 346, 347, 350 snakes 233, 486 retina cells 82 snow cover 90, 130, 134, 205, 298, 299 Rhodes 33 Snowy Owl see Nyctea scandiaca Rhombomys 183 social interaction 212, 317, 318, 370 ringing 303, 353, 403 soil 223 Ripley’s K function 212 Somalia 27, 34, 90, 157, 167, 401 road density 404 Sooty Owl Rock Nuthatch see Sitta neumayer see Tyto tenebricosa rocks 237, 239, 241 Southern Barking Owl rodenticides see pesticides Ninox connivens connivens 382 rodents Spain 27, 33, 90, 96, 123, 126, 184, 204, 206, 208, 212, 227, as prey, see also mouse, vole, shrew, rat 296, 325, 401 Roller see Coracias garrulus Sparrowhawk see Accipiter nisus Roman scholar 10 spatial auto-correlation 370, 371 Romania 33, 139, 207, 227, 325, 401 spatial scale 209, 211, 212, 213 roost 270, 276, 293 species analyst 354 roosting 276, 372 Speotyto cunicularia see Athene cunicularia Rough-legged Buzzard see Buteo lagopus Spotted Owlet see Athene brama ruins 237 Squirrel Russian Federation 34, 35, 144, 227, 261–262, 295, 401 see Sciurus vulgaris 253 standardizing methodologies 343, 345, 355 Sahara Starling see Sturnus vulgaris Desert 90, 157 starvation 265 Spanish 158 statistics 193, 209, 371

Index 573

steppe-like habitat 128, 167 talons 272, 276 Stoat see Mustela erminea tarsus 48, 53 Stock Dove see Columba oenas tarsus length 60, 74–75 stomach 218, 227 Tasmanian Masked Owl see Tyto novaehollandiae castanops Stone Marten Tawny Eagle see Aquila rapax Martes foina 253, 265, 333 Tawny Owl see Strix aluco stone piles 239, 293 taxonomy 327, 328, 374 Stonechat see Saxicola torquata telemetry 194, 270, 272, 295, 303, 307, 309, 320, 374 straw bales 239 telephone poles Strigidae 38 as traps 289 Strix aluco 37, 208, 212, 293, 296, 299, 366 temperature Strix nebulosa 211 in nestboxes 242 Strix occidentalis caurina 211, 302, 307, 367 temperature 255 Strix occidentalis lucida 302 Tengmalm’s Owl see Aegolius funereus Strix occidentalis occidentalis 302 territorial aggression 373 structural equation modeling 372, 373 territory 211, 274, 275, 309, 327, 374 Sturnus vulgaris 297, 300, 333 size 313 subspecies 43, 374 Thin-toed Ground Souslik see Spermophilopsis leptodactylus Athene noctua bactriana 33, 35, 36, 150, 183 threats 322, 324 Athene noctua glaux 33, 43 Tibet 27, 34, 36, 153, 340, 402 Athene noctua impasta 30, 34, 37, 328 Tibetan Plateau 90, 153, 154 Athene noctua indigena 33, 35, 43, 136, 148, 183 trafﬁc 281 Athene noctua lilith 33, 43 trampling by cows 356 Athene noctua ludlowi 34, 36, 299 Tree Sparrow see Passer montanus Athene noctua noctua 35, 36, 43, 136, 211 trend 96, 113, 121, 135, 374, 404, 409, 412 Athene noctua orientalis 34, 35, 36, 183 t-test 212 Athene noctua plumipes 34, 35, 36, 37, 43 Tunisia 158 Athene noctua saharae 33 Turkestan 150 Athene noctua sarda Turkey 33, 43, 90, 100, 140, 184, 207 Athene noctua somalensis 34 Turkmenistan 100, 150, 227, 402 Athene noctua spilogastra 34 Tyto alba 37, 43, 202, 203, 211, 213, 217, 281, 296, 297, 298, Athene noctua vidalii 30, 43 299, 382 Sudan 27, 34, 90, 158, 401 Tyto novaehollandiae castanops 382 sunbathe 273 Tyto tenebricosa 211 supplementing Tytonidae 38 owls 37 Tyva (formerly Tuva) 144, 146, 402 surveillance 192 survey 346, 347, 350, 355, 356, 377, 390, 391, 393, 403, 409, Ukraine 30, 35, 36, 147, 227, 402 411 United Arab Emirates 100, 157, 402 survey method 345, 350, 377, 402, 409 United Kingdom 27, 33, 96, 97, 107, 184, 226, 267, 282, 283, survey protocol 95 301, 302, 303, 325, 402 survival Upper Paleolithic 6 after release 363 Upupa epos 424 rate 302, 374, 416, 423 urban development 291 see mortality uropygial gland waxes 83 survival table 407 Uzbekistan 90, 100, 149, 150, 167, 227, 402 Swallow see Hirundo rustica Switzerland 27, 30, 96, 97, 130, 227, 253, 261, 265, 287, 291, vegetation 292, 297, 298, 301, 307, 325, 327, 328, 356, 401, 421, classiﬁcation 402 422 map 403, 409 Syria 154, 402 vegetation height 194, 202, 203, 315, 316 vermicide 371 tail length 60, 74 video Tajikistan 90, 183, 227, 402 education 342

574 Index

video equipment Wallonia 102, 103, 415 observation 218, 227, 357 walls 237, 239, 333 visit table 409 warmth pyramid 253 visual acuity 82 wasp 333 vital sign 344, 345, 347, 376, 377, 386, 393, 396, water towers 241 404 weather 298 vocal activity 236, 327, 346 websites 343 vocal observation 97, 102 Western Sahara 402 voice 76, 261 willow 239, 333 vole 183, 204, 225, 292 windmills 237, 241 as prey 272 wine cellars 239 energetic yield 231 wing length 60, 74 population cycles wing surface 272 and clutch size 251 and laying dates 247 Yellow Sea 90, 152, 154 volunteers 95, 300, 353, 413, 417, 422, Yemen 157, 167, 402 425 Vulpes vulpes 253, 293, 295 Zea mays 324