DOCSLIB.ORG

Fleas (Siphonaptera) of Mammals and Birds in the Great Caucasus B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ISSN 0013-8738, Entomological Review, 2015, Vol. 95, No. 6, pp. 728–738. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2015. Original Russian Text © B.K. Kotti, 2015, published in Parazitologiya, 2015, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 289–303. Fleas (Siphonaptera) of Mammals and Birds in the Great Caucasus B. K. Kotti North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, 355009 Russia e-mail: [email protected] Received November 17, 2014 Abstract—There are 116 species of fleas in the territory of the Great Caucasus, of which 21 species occur on birds and the rest, on mammals. Among the 41 flea genera present in the Caucasian fauna, only Caenopsylla, Phaenop- sylla, and Araeopsylla are absent in the Great Caucasus. There are 11 endemic species. Fleas of 66 species are dis- tributed over the entire mountain system. Parasites of some birds, carnivores, insectivores, and rodents occur from lowlands to highlands. Some species inhabit the forest altitudinal belt while others prefer the foothill and middle mountain areas, being absent in the highlands even though their hosts may occur at all the altitudes. The distribu- tion of other species is limited to lowlands in accordance with that of their main hosts. DOI: 10.1134/S0013873815060068 Earlier we have analyzed the specific traits Special living conditions for mammals, birds, and their of species diversity and host associations of fleas ectoparasites are provided by rocky areas and screes. of the Caucasus, and also established the main pathways of migration of some groups of fleas into The diverse living conditions of mammals and birds this territory (Medvedev and Kotti, 2011, 2012). determine a considerable species diversity of their This communication summarizes the results of fleas. Correspondingly, the flea fauna of the Great many-year research of the flea fauna of the Great Cau- Caucasus is of great interest from the viewpoint of casus. zoogeographic analysis. In addition, studies of the fleas of this territory are of considerable medical im- The mountain system of the Great Caucasus extends portance due to the presence of the East Caucasian and sublatitudinally for almost 1100 km and is subdivided the Central Caucasian alpine natural plague foci as into three main parts. The West Caucasus embraces well as the isolated Kobystan part of the Transcauca- the territories west of Elbrus, the Central Caucasus sian plain-piedmont plague focus (Onishchenko and includes the ranges positioned between Elbrus and Kutyrev, 2004). Kazbek Mountains, and the East Caucasus, the territo- The fleas of the Great Caucasus have been studied ries east of Kazbek. for more than a hundred years. The first publication on Meadow-like steppes constitute the main type of this topic contained a description of a new ectoparasite vegetation in the piedmont areas up to 1000 m above of bats, the flea Ischnopsyllus dolosus (Dampf, 1912). sea level (a.s.l.). Broad-leaved and coniferous forests The fauna of the region was studied by many are typical of the middle mountains at altitudes from researchers, including A.I. Argyropulo, N.F. Darskaya, 1000 to 2000 m a.s.l., whereas subalpine and alpine A.I. Devkin, A.I. Goncharov, I.G. Ioff, E.V. Isaeva, meadows occur in the highlands at altitudes greater N.F. Labunets, M.N. Mirzoeva, V.N. Nefedov, than 2000 m a.s.l. The Great Caucasus provides favor- I.N. Razumova, B.A. Rostigaev, R.F. Savenko, able conditions for existence of a rich fauna of fleas. It Ya.F. Shatas, F. Smit, E.F. Sosnina, N.G. Syrvacheva, includes vast treeless territories inhabited by various A.N. Talybov, and others. An important result of the mammals and birds that make burrows and nest in many years of research was the publication of the Key them, or use the burrows of other homoiotherms. to the Fleas of the Caucasus (Tiflov et al., 1977). Some inhabitants of meadows and steppes build nests The discovery of natural plague foci in the Great on the soil surface. The forest biotopes provide habi- Caucasus in 1971 and 1977 (Onishchenko and tats for animals nesting in tree hollows or crowns. Kutyrev, 2004) encouraged further studies of 728 FLEAS (SIPHONAPTERA) OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS 729 its flea fauna. At this stage, research was carried By the degree of host specificity, fleas can be mon- out by L.I. Belyavtseva, A.I. Goncharov, N.P. Gubare- oxenous (ultraspecific) parasites, infesting hosts of va, E.V. Isaeva, K.P. Kadatskaya, Yu.E. Komarov, only one species, or oligoxenous parasites, occurring T.I. Kazakova, P.N. Korzhov, B.K. Kotti, N.F. Labu- on several congeneric host species. Among fleas there nets, A.N. Talybov, Sh.G. Tsikhistavi, Z.G. Shev- are also some pleioxenous parasites whose main hosts chenko, and others. The data on the flea faunas of belong to several genera of one family, and also some parts of the Great Caucasus were summarized in polyxenous parasites that infest hosts from different the monograph Species Diversity of Fleas (Siphonap- families, orders, and even classes (Balashov, 2000). tera) of the Caucasus (Kotti, 2014). The names of the bird species are given below ac- MATERIALS AND METHODS cording to Stepanyan (2003), those of the mammal species, according to Pavlinov and Lisovsky (2012). This work is based on the material collected by the The mammal and bird fauna of the Great Caucasus is author from 1978 to 2014 in different regions of the characterized based on a number of publications (Isa- Great Caucasus. Research was carried out at 20 collec- kov et al., 1966; Tembotov, 1972; Beme et al., 1987; tion sites positioned at altitudes from 300 to 2700 m Tembotov and Kazakov, 1982; Sokolov and Tem- a.s.l. Altogether, about 100 thousand specimens of botov, 1989). fleas collected off 23 thousand mammals and in 410 mammal and bird nests were identified to species. The distribution of six flea species, namely Xeno- From 1978 to 1981, together with researchers from psylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis, Tar- the Dagestan anti-plague station, we studied the popu- sopsylla octodecimdentata, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, and lations of the common and water voles, the gray ham- Leptopsylla segnis, is determined by the activities of ster, and other small mammals in the subalpine and man. The ranges of the remaining 110 species are clas- alpine belts at 2300–2700 m a.s.l. The sampling sites sified below following the system of Kryzhanovskij were positioned north of the Samur Range near Kok- (2002), which was used in our earlier publications madag Mt., and also in Kulinsky and Agulsky Districts (Kotti, 2005). The flea species are united into groups of Dagestan. In addition, some collections of fleas and and complexes based on the size, outlines, continuity, their hosts were performed in the middle mountain and geographic position of their ranges. belt, in the Samur valley (Akhty and Rutul Districts) and in the foothills, on the north slope of the Gimri The Specificity of Associations between Fleas Range (Buinak District). and Their Hosts From 1976 to 2014, summer expeditions were or- The fleas found in the Great Caucasus and their ganized to the western and central parts of the Great main hosts are listed in Table 1. Although the region Caucasus. Fleas were collected off small mammals in question comprises only one-third of the whole and from their nests in the upper reaches of the rivers territory of the Caucasus, its flea fauna includes Malka, Kuban, Teberda, Malyi Zelenchuk, Bol- 116 species, or 70% of the total number of species shoi Zelenchuk, Bolshaya Laba, and Belaya. In addi- known from the Caucasus. tion, earlier flea collections of S.A. Ashibokova, There are more than 100 mammal species in the N.B. Birulya, G.Ya. Bobyr, A.A. Guseva, N.F. Dar- Great Caucasus (Shidlovsky, 1976; Tembotov skaya, A.I. Devkin, A.N. Dobrolyubov, P.F. Emelja- and Kazakov, 1982; Sokolov and Tembotov, 1989), nov, L.I. Zalutskaya, E.P. Kudzheva, N.F. Labunets, but fleas are known to occur on only about 80 of A.N. Roman, M.A. Tarasov, M.P. Tarasov, K.V. Kha- them. They parasitize various mammals of the orders rin, and K.Yu. Shkarlet were processed. Insectivora, Chiroptera, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, and Some data on the flea fauna of the Great Caucasus Rodentia. There are examples of some flea species were obtained by studying the stock collections and infesting representatives of different orders of mam- archives of Stavropol Anti-Plague Scientific Research mals. For instance, the fleas Hystrichopsylla talpae Institute, the Zoological Institute of the Russian Acad- and H. satunini, widely distributed in the Great Cauca- emy of Sciences (ZIN RAS), and also the Georgian, sus, occur on moles (Talpidae) in the middle mountain Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and Black Sea anti-plague sta- belt, and on voles (Arvicolinae) in the alpine tions. areas. ENTOMOLOGICAL REVIEW Vol. 95 No. 6 2015 730 KOTTI Table 1. Distribution of flea species of the Great Caucasus by the hosts Flea species Hosts Family Pulicidae Billberg, 1820 Pulex irritans L., 1758 wolf, red fox, swine Echidnophaga popovi Ioff et Argyropulo, 1934 badger, red fox Archaeopsylla erinacei (Bouche, 1835) northern white-breasted hedgehog Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche, 1835) domestic cat C. canis (Curtis, 1826) domestic dog Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild, 1903) brown rat X. conformis (Wagner, 1903) Lybian jird Family Vermipsyllidae Wagner, 1889 Chaetopsylla hyaenae (Kolenati, 1846) brown bear C. homoea Rothschild, 1906 least weasel, stoat C. trichosa Kohaut, 1903 badger, red fox C. globiceps (Taschenberg, 1880) red fox, badger C. korobkovae Tiflov et Kolpakova, 1937 red fox C. caucasica Smit, 1953 common and stone martens C. rothschildi Kohaut, 1903 common and stone martens C. mirabilis Ioff et Argyropulo, 1934 common and stone martens Family Coptopsyllidae Wagner, 1928 Coptopsylla caucasica Isayeva-Gurvich, 1950 Lybian jird Family Ceratophyllidae Dampf, 1908 Tarsopsylla octodecimdentata (Kolenati, 1863) red squirrel Myoxopsylla jordani Ioff et Argyropulo, 1934 forest and edible dormice Paraceras melis (Walker, 1856) badger Oropsylla idahoensis (Baker, 1904) Caucasian mountain ground squirrel Nosopsyllus laeviceps Wagner, 1909 Lybian jird N.
Recommended publications
  • Controlled Animals

    Controlled Animals

    Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Fish and Wildlife Policy Division Controlled Animals Wildlife Regulation, Schedule 5, Part 1-4: Controlled Animals Subject to the Wildlife Act, a person must not be in possession of a wildlife or controlled animal unless authorized by a permit to do so, the animal was lawfully acquired, was lawfully exported from a jurisdiction outside of Alberta and was lawfully imported into Alberta. NOTES: 1 Animals listed in this Schedule, as a general rule, are described in the left hand column by reference to common or descriptive names and in the right hand column by reference to scientific names. But, in the event of any conflict as to the kind of animals that are listed, a scientific name in the right hand column prevails over the corresponding common or descriptive name in the left hand column. 2 Also included in this Schedule is any animal that is the hybrid offspring resulting from the crossing, whether before or after the commencement of this Schedule, of 2 animals at least one of which is or was an animal of a kind that is a controlled animal by virtue of this Schedule. 3 This Schedule excludes all wildlife animals, and therefore if a wildlife animal would, but for this Note, be included in this Schedule, it is hereby excluded from being a controlled animal. Part 1 Mammals (Class Mammalia) 1. AMERICAN OPOSSUMS (Family Didelphidae) Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana 2. SHREWS (Family Soricidae) Long-tailed Shrews Genus Sorex Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew Episoriculus macrurus North American Least Shrew Cryptotis parva Old World Water Shrews Genus Neomys Ussuri White-toothed Shrew Crocidura lasiura Greater White-toothed Shrew Crocidura russula Siberian Shrew Crocidura sibirica Piebald Shrew Diplomesodon pulchellum 3.
  • Red List of Endemic IUCN Red CITES Bern Bonn Georgia Species of the List Conventi Convention Caucasus on (CMS) 1

    Red List of Endemic IUCN Red CITES Bern Bonn Georgia Species of the List Conventi Convention Caucasus on (CMS) 1

    Latin name Georgian Name English name Red List of Endemic IUCN Red CITES Bern Bonn Georgia species of the list Conventi Convention Caucasus on (CMS) 1. Capra aegagrus niamori Wild Goat, Bezoar CR VU II Erxleben. Goat 2. Capra caucasica dasavleTkavkasiuri West Caucasian EN + EN Güldenstädt & jixvi Tur Pallas. 3. Capra aRmosavleTkavkasiuri East Caucasian VU + NT cylindricornis Blyth. jixvi Tur, Dagestan Tur 4. Capreolus capreolus evropuli Sveli European Roe LC Linnaeus. Deer 5. Gazella qurciki, jeirani Goitered Gazelle RE VU II subgutturosa Güldenstädt. 6. Rupicapra arCvi, fsiti Northern Chamois EN LC II rupicapra Linnaeus. 7. Cervus elaphus keTilSobili iremi Red Deer CR LC II I Linnaeus. 8. Sus scrofa gareuli Rori, taxi Eurasian Wild LC Linnaeus. Boar 9. Canis aureus tura Golden Jackal LC III Linnaeus. 10. Canis lupus mgeli Grey Wolf LC II II Linnaeus. 11. Nyctereutes enotisebri ZaRli Racoon Dog LC procyonoides Gray. 12. Vulpes vulpes mela Red Fox LC III Linnaeus. 13. Felis chaus lelianis kata Jungle Cat VU LC II Schreber. 14. Felis silvestris tyis kata Wild Cat LC II II Shreber. 15. Felis libyca Forster. velis kata Steppe Cat 16. Lynx lynx Linnaeus. focxveri Eurasian Lynx CR LC II 17. Panthera pardus jiqi Leopard CR NT I II Linnaeus. 18. Hyaena hyaena afTari Striped Hyaena CR NT Linnaeus. 19. Lutra lutra wavi Eurasian Otter, VU NT I II Linnaeus. Common Otter 20. Martes foina kldis kverna Stone Marten, LC III Erxleben. Beech Marten 21. Martes martes tyis kverna European Pine LC Linnaeus. Marten 22. Meles meles maCvi Eurasian Badger LC Linnaeus. 23. Mustela lutreola waula European Mink EN II Linnaeus.
  • Ewa Żurawska-Seta

    Ewa Żurawska-Seta

    Tom 59 2010 Numer 1–2 (286–287) Strony 111–123 Ewa Żurawska-sEta Katedra Zoologii Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy A. Kordeckiego 20, 85-225 Bydgoszcz E-mail: [email protected] kretowate talpidae — ROZMieSZCZeNie oraZ klaSyfikaCja w świetle badań geNetycznyCh i MorfologicznyCh wStęp podział systematyczny ssaków podlega zaproponowanej przez wilson’a i rEEdEr’a ciągłym zmianom, głównie za sprawą dyna- (2005) wyodrębnione zostały nowe rzędy: micznie rozwijających się w ostatnich latach erinaceomorpha, do którego zaliczono je- badań genetycznych. w klasyfikacji owado- żowate erinaceidae oraz Soricomorpha, w żernych insectivora zaszły istotne zmiany. którym znalazły się kretowate talpidae i ry- według tradycyjnej klasyfikacji fenetycznej jówkowate Soricidae. do ostatniego z wymie- kret Talpa europaea linnaeus, 1758, zali- nionych rzędów zaliczono ponadto almiko- czany był do rodziny kretowatych talpidae wate Solenodontidae oraz wymarłą rodzinę i rzędu owadożernych insectivora. do tego Nesophontidae (wcześniej obie te rodziny samego rzędu należały również występujące również zaliczano do insectivora), z zastrze- w polsce jeże i ryjówki. według klasyfikacji żeniem, że oczekiwane są dalsze zmiany. klaSyfikaCja kretowatyCh talpidae rodzina talpidae obejmuje 3 podrodziny: świetnym pływakiem, ponieważ większość Scalopinae, talpinae i Uropsilinae. podrodzi- pożywienia zdobywa na powierzchni wody na Scalopinae podzielona jest na 2 plemiona, oraz w toni wodnej. jest do tego doskona- 5 rodzajów i 7 gatunków (tabela 1). krety z le przystosowany, ponieważ posiada błony tej podrodziny często nazywane są „kretami z pławne między palcami kończyn tylnych. Nowego świata”, ponieważ większość gatun- Ma również długi ogon, stanowiący 75–81% ków występuje w Stanach Zjednoczonych, długości całego ciała, który spełnia rolę ma- północnym Meksyku i w południowej części gazynu tłuszczu, wykorzystywanego głównie kanady.
  • Activity of the European Mole Talpa Europaea (Talpidae, Insectivora) in Its Burrows in the Republic of Mordovia

    Activity of the European Mole Talpa Europaea (Talpidae, Insectivora) in Its Burrows in the Republic of Mordovia

    FORESTRY IDEAS, 2021, vol. 27, No 1 (61): 59–67 ACTIVITY OF THE EUROPEAN MOLE TALPA EUROPAEA (TALPIDAE, INSECTIVORA) IN ITS BURROWS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA Alexey Andreychev Department of Zoology, National Research Mordovia State University, Saransk 430005, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 16 February 2021 Accepted: 18 April 2021 Abstract A new method of studying the activity of European mole Talpa europaea (Linnaeus, 1758) with use of digital portable voice recorders is developed. European mole demonstrates polyphasic activity pattern – three peaks of activity alternate three peaks of relative rest. Moles are found to have activity peaks from 23:00 to 3:00 h, from 6:00 to 9:00 h and from 15:00 to 18:00 h, and three periods of rest: from 3:00 to 6:00 h, from 9:00 to 15:00 h and from 18:00 to 23:00 h. Mole’s rest is relative since animals show low activity during periods of rest. Average daily interval between mole passes is 2.5 h. Duration of audibility of continuous single European mole pass by the mi- crophone varies from 11 to 120 seconds. On average, it is 37.5 seconds. Key words: animals, daily activity, day-night activity, voice recorder. Introduction where light factor is essential (Shilov 2001). Activity of many mammals is in- In many countries, the European mole Tal- vestigated under various conditions of the pa europaea (Linnaeus, 1758) is an object light regime. For underground animals, of constant modern research (Komarnicki especially for the different mole species, 2000, Prochel 2006, Kang et al.
  • Rodent Societies: an Ecological & Evolutionary Perspective

    Rodent Societies: an Ecological & Evolutionary Perspective

    Chapter 16 Neural Regulation of Social Behavior in Rodents J. Thomas Curtis, Yan Liu, Brandon J. Aragona, and Zuoxin Wang ocial behavior arises from a complex interplay since behaviors such as aggression likely derive from the of numerous and often-competing sensory stimuli, the mating system. S physiological and motivational states of the partici- Rodents are a diverse group of creatures that inhabit a pants, and the ages and genders of the individuals involved. wide variety of ecological niches. As might be expected of Overlying the internal responses to a social encounter are such diversity, rodents display a wide range of mating sys- a variety of external factors, such as the context in which tems. Males and females of many species often have differ- the encounter occurs, the time of year, environmental con- ent mating strategies (Waterman, chap. 3, Solomon and ditions, and the outcomes of previous social interactions. Keane, chap. 4, this volume). However, some environmental To further complicate the situation, each individual in a so- conditions require extensive cooperation between the sexes cial encounter must be able to adjust its own actions de- for reproductive success (Kleiman 1977). In these cases, the pending on the responses of other animals. Given such com- mating strategies of the two sexes may converge and a plexity, a detailed understanding of the neural basis of social monogamous mating system may arise. Only about 3% of behavior would seem next to impossible. Nonetheless, con- mammalian species have been categorized as being monog- siderable progress has been made. By examining individual amous (Kleiman 1977).
  • What Should We Call the Levant Mole? Unravelling the Systematics and Demography of Talpa Levantis Thomas, 1906 Sensu Lato (Mammalia: Talpidae)

    What Should We Call the Levant Mole? Unravelling the Systematics and Demography of Talpa Levantis Thomas, 1906 Sensu Lato (Mammalia: Talpidae)

    University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biological and Marine Sciences 2020-03-02 What should we call the Levant mole? Unravelling the systematics and demography of Talpa levantis Thomas, 1906 sensu lato (Mammalia: Talpidae) Demirtas, S http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15424 10.1007/s42991-020-00010-4 Mammalian Biology Elsevier All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. 1 What should we call the Levant mole? Unravelling the systematics and demography of 2 Talpa levantis Thomas, 1906 sensu lato (Mammalia: Talpidae). 3 4 Sadik Demirtaşa, Metin Silsüpüra, Jeremy B. Searleb, David Biltonc,d, İslam Gündüza,* 5 6 aDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, 7 Turkey. 8 bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853- 9 2701, USA. 10 cMarine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, 11 University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK. 12 dDepartment of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 13 Johannesburg 2006, Republic of South Africa 14 15 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 16 1 17 Abstract 18 19 Turkey hosts five of the eleven species of Talpa described to date, Anatolia in particular 20 appearing to be an important centre of diversity for this genus.
  • A-Nadachowski.Vp:Corelventura

    A-Nadachowski.Vp:Corelventura

    Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 50A(1-2): 67-72, Kraków, 31 May, 2007 The taxonomic status of Schelkovnikov’s Pine Vole Microtus schelkovnikovi (Rodentia, Mammalia) Adam NADACHOWSKI Received: 11 March, 2007 Accepted: 20 April, 2007 NADACHOWSKI A. 2007. The taxonomic status of Schelkovnikov’s Pine Vole Microtus schelkovnikovi (Rodentia, Mammalia). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 50A(1-2): 67-72. Abstract. A comparison of morphological and karyological traits as well as an analysis of ecological preferences and the distribution pattern support the opinion that Microtus schelkovnikovi does not belong to subgenus Terricola and is the sole member of its own taxonomic species group. Hyrcanicola subgen. nov. comprises a single species Microtus (Hyrcanicola) schelkovnikovi, an endemic and relict form, inhabiting the Hyrcanian broad-leaved forest zone of Azerbaijan and Iran. Key-words: Systematics, new taxon, voles, Hyrcanian forests. Adam NADACHOWSKI, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Acad- emy of Sciences, S³awkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION Schelkovnikov’s Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi SATUNIN, 1907) is one of the most enig- matic voles represented in natural history collections by only 45-50 specimens globally. This spe- cies was described by K. A. SATUNIN, on the basis of a single male specimen collected by A. B. SHELKOVNIKOV, July 6, 1906 near the village of Dzhi, in Azerbaijan (SATUNIN 1907). Next, 14 specimens from Azerbaijan, were found by KH.M.ALEKPEROV 50 years later in 1956 and 1957 (ALEKPEROV 1959). ELLERMAN (1948) described a new subspecies of Pine Vole Pitymys subterra- neus dorothea, on the basis of 3 females, collected by G.
  • Terrestrial Ecology

    Terrestrial Ecology

    Chapter 11: Terrestrial Ecology URS-EIA-REP-204635 Table of Contents 11 Terrestrial Ecology ................................................................................... 11-1 11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 11-1 11.2 Scoping ............................................................................................................ 11-1 11.2.1 ENVIID ................................................................................................ 11-2 11.2.2 Stakeholder Engagement ...................................................................... 11-2 11.2.3 Analysis of Alternatives ......................................................................... 11-4 11.3 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries ........................................................................ 11-4 11.3.1 Spatial Boundaries ................................................................................ 11-4 11.3.2 Temporal Boundaries .......................................................................... 11-11 11.4 Baseline Data .................................................................................................. 11-11 11.4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 11-11 11.4.2 Secondary Data .................................................................................. 11-11 11.4.3 Data Gaps .......................................................................................... 11-14
  • The Mammals of the Caucasus

    The Mammals of the Caucasus

    planifrons Falc. and Equus stenonis Cocchi have been identified. The breccia is underlain by a layer of doleritic lava and is covered by lacustrine sands and clays. The lake sediments are overlain by a layer of dolorite (Zaridze and Tatrishvili, 1948). Thus, in that area, the mammals lived and died during a period when the volcanos in the Lesser Caucasus were dornnant. The next transgression in the Caspian ->- N Basin, a somewhat smaller one, is known ^.AA.>.>J>-Jn,*^f^^v-»L*.-.->4-W-vn-Wtv^ as the Apsheron sea. ;'<,•.•''' OS The Kura bay of the Apsheron sea OB reached the longitude of Kirovabad. The :o:.\-:e:.--i Terek bay was temporarily connected with the Euxinic basin by a strait in the Manych area. The sea reached the latitude of Sarepta and [Lake] Inder in the north. •'•p.;-. .- •«.•.. e". ;..•.*• o*. •.•.; ''•',' 45 o'. • o". ' '•'o'.'- o." ; •.b..'i^-'.'-o'".^•.•<>.• The climate and landforms of the 4>- b-fi.: Caucasus in Apsheron time probably remained the same as in the Akchagyl, and the volcanic activity was of about the same c?o intensity. Torrential mudflows, caused by heavy rains, carried volumes of gravel and boulders from the mountains (Kudryavtsev, 1933); these boulders can 68 'S::^^^^ now be seen on the Kakhetia Plain. d - 5 The land vegetation known from the Apsheron deposits in the Shiraki Steppe consisted of spruce (Picea orientalis) and a number of Recent forms: beech, oak, aspen, apple, willow, filbert, Turkish filbert, walnut (Juglans regia), zelkova, honeysuckle; and Hyrcanian forms: f < oak (Quercus castanei folia), alder (Alnus subcordata), maple (Acer ibericum) (Palibin, 1936).
  • National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Georgia

    National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Georgia

    Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan - Georgia – Tbilisi, 2005 Foreword Georgia signed the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994, thus accepting responsibility to safeguard the nation’s rich diversity of plant, animal, and microbial life, to begin using biological resources in sustainable way, and to ensure equitable sharing of benefits from biodiversity. Later the country joined other conventions including the Convention on Climate Change, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, CITES and the Bonn Convention. As a signatory to these important international environmental treaties, Georgia enters the world scene with the potential for joining the most advanced nations in the field of environmental protection. At the present moment of transition, Georgia has a unique opportunity to use the early experiences of other countries, and avoid irreversible changes in the quality of its environment. The national legislation on environmental protection adopted over the past few years provides an adequate legal basis for this, although further elaboration and reinforcement of the existing legislation is needed. With the Ministry of Environment being currently reorganised and assuming broader responsibilities, Georgia’s institutional arrangements for environmental protection already has the necessary structure for improving the quality of the environment throughout the country. The role of non-governmental groups has been very important in resolving problems related to nature conservation. Georgia has shown an excellent example of co-operation between governmental and non-governmental organizations in the field of environment, and particularly in the field of biodiversity conservation. After signing the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Georgian Government immediately acted to develop a Biodiversity Country Study, in partnership with UNEP, and implemented by NACRES, a local conservation organisation.
  • A New Species of Voles, Microtus Elbeyli Sp. Nov., from Turkey with Taxonomic Overview of Social Voles Distributed in Southeastern Anatolia

    A New Species of Voles, Microtus Elbeyli Sp. Nov., from Turkey with Taxonomic Overview of Social Voles Distributed in Southeastern Anatolia

    Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2016) 40: 73-79 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1404-19 A new species of voles, Microtus elbeyli sp. nov., from Turkey with taxonomic overview of social voles distributed in southeastern Anatolia 1 1 2 Nuri YİĞİT , Ercüment ÇOLAK , Mustafa SÖZEN 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey Received: 10.04.2015 Accepted/Published Online: 05.09.2015 Final Version: 01.01.2016 Abstract: There are twelve Microtus species in Turkey and two of them are endemic to the steppic central Anatolian plateau. In this study, previously collected specimens that were recorded as Microtus irani from southeastern Turkey were reevaluated by karyologically comparing different species distributed throughout southeastern Turkey. The taxonomic status of this species was raised to a new species, Microtus elbeyli sp. nov., which has dark ochreous dorsal color, agrestis morphotype in M2, and 2n = 46, NF = 50, NFa = 46 karyotype. The new species described here raises the total number of Microtus species in Turkey to 13 and endemic vole species in Anatolia to three. Key words: Microtus elbeyli, taxonomy, morphology, distribution, new species, Turkey 1. Introduction record of M. irani by Çolak et al. (1997), another diploid Voles in the genus Microtus were represented by 12 species chromosome number (2n = 60) for the same species was in Turkey (Yiğit et al., 2006b; Kryštufek and Vohralík, reported from southern Turkey by Kryštufek et al. (2009).
  • 2006 Isbn 99940-58-55-X

    2006 Isbn 99940-58-55-X

    AN ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION PLAN FOR THE CAUCASUSAN ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION PLAN FOR THE CAUCASUS Second Edition May 2006 ISBN 99940-58-55-X Design and printing Contour Ltd 8, Kargareteli street, Tbilisi 0164, Georgia May, 2006 Coordinated by: In collaboration with: With the technical support of: Assisted by experts and contributors: ARMENIA MAMMEDOVA, S. NAKHUTSRISHVILI, G. POPOVICHEV, V. AGAMYAN, L. MUKHTAROV, I. NINUA, N. PTICHNIKOV, A. AGASYAN, A. NAJAFOV, A. SERGEEVA, J. BELANOVSKAYA, E. AKOPYAN, S. ORUJEV, Ad. SIKHARULIDZE, Z. SALPAGAROV, A. AMBARTSUMYAN, A. ORUJEV, Al. SOPADZE, G. SHESTAKOV, A ARZUMANYAN, G. RAKHMATULINA, I. TARKHNISHVILI, D. SKOROBOGACH, J. BALYAN, L. RZAEV, R. TOLORDAVA, K. SPIRIDONOV, V. DANYELYAN, T. SATTARZADE, R. TAMOV, M. DAVTYAN, R. SAFAROV, S. IRAN TUNIEV, B. GABRIELYAN, E. SHAMCHIYEV, T. AGHILI, A. VAISMAN, A. GLYCHIAN, D. SULEIMANOV, M. EVERETT, J. (Coordinator) BELIK, V. GRIGORYAN, E. SULTANOV, E. FARVAR, M.T. JENDEREDJIAN, K. TAGIEVA, E. JAZEBIZADEH, K. KAZARYAN, H. KAVOUSI, K. TURKEY KAZARYAN, M. GEORGIA MAHFOUZI, M. ALTINTAS, M. KHASABYAN, M. ARABULI, A. MANSURI, J. ATAY, S KHOROZYAN, I. ARABULI, G. NAGHIZADEH, N BIRSEL, A. MANVELYAN, K. (Coordinator) BERUCHASHVILI, G. NAJAFI, A. CAN, E. MARKARYAN, N. BERUCHASHVILI, N. ZIYAEE, H. CIFTCI, N. MURADYAN, S. BUKHNIKASHVILI, A. RAHMANIYAN, M. DOMAC, A. RUKHKYAN, L. BUTKHUZI, L. GURKAN, B. SHASHIKYAN, S. CHEKURISHVILI, Z. IPEK, A. TOVMASYAN, S. DIDEBULIDZE, A. RUSSIA KALEM, S. VANYAN, A. DZNELADZE, M. BIRYUKOV, N. KUCUK, M. VARDANYAN, J. EGIASHVILI, D. BLAGOVIDOV, A. KURDOGLU, O. VOSKANOV, M. GELASHVILI, A. BRATKOV, V. KURT, B. ZIROYAN, A. GOGICHAISHVILI, L. BUKREEV, S. LISE, Y. (Coordinator) ZORANYAN, V. GOKHELASHVILI, R. CHILIKIN, V. URAS, A.