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Ewa Żurawska-Seta Tom 59 2010 Numer 1–2 (286–287) Strony 111–123 Ewa Żurawska-sEta Katedra Zoologii Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy A. Kordeckiego 20, 85-225 Bydgoszcz E-mail: [email protected] kretowate talpidae — ROZMieSZCZeNie oraZ klaSyfikaCja w świetle badań geNetycznyCh i MorfologicznyCh wStęp podział systematyczny ssaków podlega zaproponowanej przez wilson’a i rEEdEr’a ciągłym zmianom, głównie za sprawą dyna- (2005) wyodrębnione zostały nowe rzędy: micznie rozwijających się w ostatnich latach erinaceomorpha, do którego zaliczono je- badań genetycznych. w klasyfikacji owado- żowate erinaceidae oraz Soricomorpha, w żernych insectivora zaszły istotne zmiany. którym znalazły się kretowate talpidae i ry- według tradycyjnej klasyfikacji fenetycznej jówkowate Soricidae. do ostatniego z wymie- kret Talpa europaea linnaeus, 1758, zali- nionych rzędów zaliczono ponadto almiko- czany był do rodziny kretowatych talpidae wate Solenodontidae oraz wymarłą rodzinę i rzędu owadożernych insectivora. do tego Nesophontidae (wcześniej obie te rodziny samego rzędu należały również występujące również zaliczano do insectivora), z zastrze- w polsce jeże i ryjówki. według klasyfikacji żeniem, że oczekiwane są dalsze zmiany. klaSyfikaCja kretowatyCh talpidae rodzina talpidae obejmuje 3 podrodziny: świetnym pływakiem, ponieważ większość Scalopinae, talpinae i Uropsilinae. podrodzi- pożywienia zdobywa na powierzchni wody na Scalopinae podzielona jest na 2 plemiona, oraz w toni wodnej. jest do tego doskona- 5 rodzajów i 7 gatunków (tabela 1). krety z le przystosowany, ponieważ posiada błony tej podrodziny często nazywane są „kretami z pławne między palcami kończyn tylnych. Nowego świata”, ponieważ większość gatun- Ma również długi ogon, stanowiący 75–81% ków występuje w Stanach Zjednoczonych, długości całego ciała, który spełnia rolę ma- północnym Meksyku i w południowej części gazynu tłuszczu, wykorzystywanego głównie kanady. jedynym wyjątkiem jest Scapanu- w okresie rozrodu (kowalski 1971, skoczEń lus oweni thomas, 1912, który zamieszkuje 1979, Gorman i stonE 1990, nowak 1999). zalesione tereny górskie w Chinach (linzEy gatunki należące do plemienia Scalopini cha- 1995, wilson i rEEdEr 2005). plemię Condy- rakteryzują się wydłużonym ryjkiem, zakoń- lurini obejmuje tylko jeden gatunek, Condy- czonym jasnoróżową tarczą, brakiem małżo- lura cristata, popularnie nazywany gwiazdo- win usznych i małymi oczami, często ukryty- nosem (ang. Star-nosed Mole). Charakteryzu- mi w gęstym futrze, a niekiedy nawet całko- je się on gwiaździstym zakończeniem ryjka, wicie zarośniętymi skórą. Mają krępą budo- w postaci 22 palczastych, mięsistych wyrost- wę ciała, silnie skrócone kończyny przednie, ków o barwie jasnoróżowej. Spełniają one z mocno rozbudowaną powierzchnią dłonio- funkcję czułego narządu dotyku. gwiazdonos wą przystosowaną do kopania podziemnych prowadzi podziemny tryb życia, ale jest też korytarzy (nowak 1999). 112 Ewa Żurawska-sEta tabela 1. klasyfikacja kretowatych z podrodziny Scalopinae (wilson i rEEdEr 2005). tribus genus Species Subspecies (plemię) (rodzaj) (gatunek) (podgatunek) Condylurini Condylura C. cristata linnaeus, 1758 (Star- C. c. cristata linnaeus, 1758 nosed Mole)* C. c. nigra Smith, 1940 Scalopini Parascalops P. breweri bachman, 1842 (hairy-tailed Mole) Scalopus S. aquaticus linnaeus, 1758 S. a. aquaticus linnaeus, 1758 (eastern Mole) S. a. aereus bangs, 1896 S. a. alleni baker, 1951 S. a. anastasae bangs, 1898 S. a. australis Chapman, 1893 S. a. bassi howell, 1939 S. a. caryi jackson, 1914 S. a. howelli jackson, 1914 S. a. inflatus jackson, 1914 S. a. machrinoides jackson, 1914 S. a. machrinus rafinesque, 1832 S. a. montanus baker, 1951 S. a. nanus davis, 1942 S. a. parvus rhoads, 1894 S. a. porteri Schwartz, 1952 S. a. texanus j. a. allen, 1891 Scapanulus S. oweni thomas, 1912 (gansu Mole) Scapanus S. latimanus bachman, 1842 S. l. latimanus bachman, 1842 (broad-footed Mole) S. l. anthonyi j. a. allen, 1893 S. l. campi grinnell i Storer, 1916 S. l. caurinus f. g. palmer, 1937 S. l. dilatus true, 1894 S. l. grinnelli jackson, 1914 S. l. insularis . g. palmer, 1937 S. l. minusculus bangs, 1899 S. l. monoensis grinnell, 1918 S. l. occultus grinnell i Swarth, 1912 S. l. parvus f. g. palmer, 1937 S. l. sericatus jackson, 1914 S. orarius true, 1896 (Coast S. o. orarius true, 1896 Mole) S. o. schefferi jackson, 1915 S. townsendii bachman, 1839 S. t. townsendii bachman, 1839 (townsend’s Mole) S. t. olympicus johnson i yates, 1980 *w nawiasach podano nazwę zwyczajową w j. ang. Kretowate Talpidae — rozmieszczenie oraz klasyfikacja 113 stępowanie na kontynen- tabela 2. klasyfikacja kretowatych z podrodziny Uropsilinae (wil- cie azjatyckim, gatunki z son i rEEdEr 2005). rodzajów: Euroscaptor, Parascaptor oraz Scapto- chirus nazywane są kre- genus Species tami wschodnioazjatyc- (rodzaj) (gatunek) kimi. Natomiast krety z Uropsilus U. andersoni thomas, 1911 (anderson’s Shrew Mole) rodzaju Mogera zamiesz- kują wyspy japońskie U. gracilis thomas, 1911 (gracile Shrew Mole) (kawada 2005, wilson U. investigator thomas, 1922 (inquisitive Shrew Mole) i rEEdEr 2005). Na od- U. soricipes Milne-edwards, 1871 (Chinese Shrew Mole) rębność taksonomicz- ną kretów azjatyckich i podrodzina Uropsilinae obejmuje jeden rodzaju Talpa wskazują rodzaj z czterema gatunkami występującymi wyniki porównawczych analiz cech morfolo- w północnej części półwyspu indochińskie- gicznych i genetycznych (wHiddEn 2000; ka- go, w południowo-wschodniej azji (tabe- wada i współaut. 2002; kawada 2005; sHino- la 2). Są to endemity zalesionych terenów Hara i współaut. 2003; motokawa 2004; sán- wyżynnych i górskich na granicy Chin, bir- cHEz-VillaGra i współaut. 2004, 2006). dlate- my, laosu i wietnamu (wilson i rEEdEr go też na ostatniej liście „Mammal Species of 2005). Zwierzęta te wyglądem i rozmiarami the world” wilson’a i rEEdEr’a (2005) Euro- ciała przypominają raczej ryjówki. Mają one scaptor, Parascaptor, Scaptochirus i Mogera wydłużony ryjek, stosunkowo długi i cienki prezentowane są jako oddzielne rodzaje (ta- ogon oraz małżowiny uszne. ich kończyny bela 3). przednie są małe, podobne do kończyn ryjó- Na rozgraniczenie gatunków rodzaju Tal- wek (nowak 1999). pa i Mogera wskazuje także położenie, tzw. Najbogatsza w gatunki jest podrodzina otworów bródkowych foramina mentalia. Talpinae, do której należy również wystę- Są to otwory w szczęce dolnej ssaków, przez pujący w polsce T. europaea. podrodzina które uchodzą naczynia krwionośne i nerwy, Talpinae dzieli się na 5 plemion, 11 rodza- prowadzące do miękkich części przednie- jów i 28 gatunków (tabela 3). do plemie- go odcinka żuchwy. w przypadku gatunku nia Talpini, obok rodzaju Talpa, zaliczono T. europaea występują dwa takie otwory: jeszcze kretowate z rodzajów: Euroscaptor, przedni — pomiędzy korzeniami drugiej pary zębów przedtrzonowych (p ) oraz tylny — Parascaptor, Scaptochirus i Mogera, które 2 wcześniej tworzyły jeden rodzaj Talpa (cor- pomiędzy korzeniami pierwszej pary zębów trzonowych (M ). Natomiast u kretów z ro- bEt i Hill 1991; nowak 1999). przedstawi- 1 ciele rodzaju Talpa występują w europie i dzaju Mogera otwory bródkowe położone są azji, od półwyspu iberyjskiego po archipe- znacznie bliżej siebie, bo przedni otwór znaj- duje się na wysokości korzenia p (skoczEń i lag japoński i często określane są mianem 4 „kretów Starego świata”. Ze względu na wy- wEndorff 1981). wSpółcześNie żyjąCe krety Z rodZajU TAlpa CeChy CharakteryStyczne ty rzadkimi włosami. Całe ciało, z wyjątkiem powierzchni dłoni, stóp i tarczy ryjka, okry- rodzaj Talpa, czyli tzw. krety „Starego wa gęste, miękkie, krótkie lśniące futro bar- świata”, reprezentowany jest przez 9 ga- wy czarnej, która w zależności od padania tunków i 22 podgatunki (tabela 3). wszy- światła może przyjmować odcień granato- scy przedstawiciele rodzaju Talpa wykazują wo-czarny, czarno-brunatny lub stalowo-sza- znaczne podobieństwo morfologiczne i ana- ry. kończyny przednie są potężne, krótkie, tomiczne, które jest wyrazem adaptacji do masywne, wyciągnięte ku przodowi i zwró- podziemnego trybu życia. ich ciało jest cy- cone powierzchnią dłoniową na boki. Silna lindryczne, wałeczkowate, z charakterystycz- modyfikacja kośćca kończyn związana jest z nym wydłużonym ryjkiem, zakończonym przystosowaniem tych zwierząt do kopania nieowłosioną, jasnoróżową tarczą. ogon jest podziemnych tuneli. w trakcie kopania kre- krótki — mierzy około 200–250 mm i pokry- ty wypychają nadmiar gleby na powierzch- 114 Ewa Żurawska-sEta tabela 3. klasyfikacja kretowatych z podrodziny talpinae (wilson i rEEdEr 2005). tribus genus Species Subspecies (plemię) (rodzaj) (gatunek) (podgatunek) Desmanini Desmana D. moschata linnaeus, 1758 (desman) Galemys G. pyrenaicus geoffro, hi- G. p. pyrenaicus geoffroy, hilaire, 1811 laire, 1811 (pyrenean des- G. p. rufulus graells, 1897 man) Neurotrichini Neurotrichus N. gibbsii baird, 1858 N. g. gibbsii baird, 1858 (Shrew-mole) N. g. hyacinthinus bangs, 1897 N. g. minor dalquest and burgner, 1941 Scaptonychini Scaptonyx S. fusicaudus Milne-edwards, 1872 (long-tailed Mole) Talpini Euroscaptor E. grandis Miller, 1940 (greater Chinese Mole) E. klossi thomas, 1929 (kloss’s Mole) E. longirostris Milne-edwards, 1870 (long-nosed Mole) E. micrura hodgson, 1841 (himalayan Mole) E. mizura gunther, 1880 E. m. mizura gunther, 1880 (japanese Mountain Mole) E. m. othai imaizumi, 1955 E. parvidens Miller, 1940 (Small-toothed Mole) Mogera M. imaizumii kuroda, 1957 (Small japanese Mole) M. insularis Swinhoe, 1862 M. i. insularis Swinhoe, 1862 (insular Mole) M. i. hainana thomas,
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