SUMMARY 129

Summary

In relation to the majority of European countries Croatia represent a uniform ecological system. Regarding the distinguishes itself by a great diversity of ecological systems existing state of individual ecological systems the following and habitats reflected also in a considerable wealth and has been established: diversity of its flora, mycoflora and fauna. Such a wealth is the result of Croatia’s being situated at the intersection of several geographic regions, its indented relief, geological, Forests pedological, hydrological and climatic conditions, and partly of human activities. The reasons stated, combined with In European proportions the state of forests in Croatia may various local traditions in the use of space and influenced by be considered good. It is much better than in the majority of economic and historic circumstances, have contributed also countries of the Central and Western Europe, primarily to the extraordinary richness of biological and landscape owing to the forest management method that prefers the diversity. natural composition of forests. As much as 95 percent of In comparison with the state of ecological systems in forest components show a natural composition and in the the majority of other countries of Central and Western last hundred years the wooded areas have not decreased. Europe, Croatia stands out by the preserved condition of its nature. In addition to comparatively small areas of natural habitats or communities (water sources, cliffs, moors, some Karst forests, areas of high mountains) this region is to a high degree characterized by seminatural habitats (some forests, Viewing its natural features (landscape, hydrogeological, extensive grasslands) influenced by man, but comprising geomorphological, vegetation, floral and faunal) the karst chiefly indigenous living communities typical to such region is incorporating the highest number of Croatia’s habitats. Anthropogenic habitats, developed under human peculiarities. Regarding its overall uniqueness, wealth in activities and showing the structure and composition of endemic taxa and living communities, including the high species considerably different from the natural ones, are not degree of preservation, this region represents an exceptional as dominating as in a large part of Europe. value both in European and in global proportions.

LANDSCAPES Wetlands and water Throughout Europe there are few natural and subnatural In the region of Croatia vast natural wetland areas are areas left. Instead, it is dominated by an ever-increasing preserved in river valleys which represents one of the highest number of semi-natural and artificial areas, or rather areas values of biological and landscape diversity, especially at the partly of fully modified by man. Therefore the Pan-European level of the Western and Central Europe. However, these are Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy placed great at the same time the most threatened ecological systems in emphasis on landscapes in which the values and Croatia. For that reason they must be given priority in interrelationships between the biological and geological nature protection and require a national programme for their diversity and national cultural heritage are reflected. preservation and management. A comparatively small surface area of Croatia is a mosaic of the most diverse natural features, including a number of forms of human activities too. The diversities of Sea the relief, soil, waters, plant coverage, climate, as well as economic and historical circumstances, resulted in diverse The biological diversity of the Adriatic is more and more local traditions in the space use. All the reasons mentioned exposed to threat posed both by pollution of the sea by contributed to an exceptional wealth of Croatia’s landscape municipal and industrial wastewater and by the diversity in European proportions. However, in the course of uneconomical use of biological resources and non- the last decades many landscape values were degraded. The observance of legal provisions. planned elaboration of Basic Landscape Elements for the entire country will provide spatial and planning foundations for identification of basic landscape values and incorporation Grassland and arable land of the obligation to protect landscapes into the legislation. The presented overview of Croatia’s landscape units is Although originating from human activities, the grasslands based on the division adopted within the Physical Planning of Croatia are semi-natural habitats that enrich the biological Strategy of the Republic of Croatia. and landscape diversity to a high degree. Since used mostly in the extensive way – without fertilizers and chemicals – they are remarkable for their great biological diversity. At the ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS European level, special importance is given to vast flood meadows and pastures in Croatian lowlands. In the course of NSAP elaboration, individual working Arable land presents artificially generated ecological groups have addressed the problem area of threats and systems, intended exclusively for agricultural production and protection of various ecological systems. Due to the specific cultivated in the manner that insufficiently respects the need character of the issues addressed, one working group focused for the protection of biological diversity. The same is here separately on the coast and islands, although they do not particularly impoverished. 130 SUMMARY

Coast and islands Degree of knowledge of Croatia’s Croatian coast is one of the most indented coasts of the biological diversity Mediterranean. The coastal mountains and offshore islands The above table shows that the number of species known in are remarkable for their plant and animal endemics. At the Croatia is more than two times smaller than the number of same time islands are highly vulnerable ecological units. For assumed species. This testifies of the low degree of the time being they are comparatively well preserved, but exploration of Croatian flora, mycoflora and fauna. threatened by planned activities. In order to preserve their The most extensive knowledge exists of the higher natural values it is of vital importance to incorporate and plants (pteridophytes, gymnosprems and angiosperms) with follow the measures for the protection of biological and 4,288 species, and vertebrates with 1,085 species. Only few landscape diversity during planning and implementation of new species are expected to be discovered within these all development programmes. groups in future. The knowledge of fungi in Croatia is by far the poorest as compared to the other groups. So far 1,744 species of SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES fungi have been recorded in Croatia. It is assumed that up to A great diversity of ecological systems and habitats in a total of 25,000 species of fungi inhabit Croatia, which Croatia results in a great diversity of plant, fungi and animal means that fungi outnumber the plant kingdom. species and subspecies. The value of this diversity in It is established that the invertebrate groups explored in European proportions is clearly evident if we, among others, Croatia to date number a total of 23,002 species. Regarding compare the relation between the number of known species the fact that this investigation has not included certain within well-investigated groups and the surface area of groups for which neither data nor competent researchers are Croatia with the corresponding data for other countries. available, we may assume that the actual total number of According to such a comparison, Croatia belongs among the species is much higher and exceeds 55,000. richest European countries as regards the wealth of Unfortunately, Croatia has a problem of yet biological diversity. The wealth of Croatia’s endemic taxa, as undeveloped systematic study and monitoring of biological well as of numerous rare and threatened relicts (remnants) diversity. There is no national programme of inventorying from the Tertiary or the Ice Age, is also highly noticeable in Croatia’s biological diversity available. This results in the fact the karst undergound, coastal mountains and offshore islands. that Croatia belongs to few European countries without a described flora, mycoflora and fauna of its territory and is still lacking the essential popular science handbooks (the Diversity of species field guides) for identification of species, even the translations of similar handbooks that apply to the entire Europe. Such handbooks would enable a larger circle of Croatia World nature lovers to join the inventorying projects.

Group Known Assumed Known Assumed Genetic diversity Plants 7,523 8,708 270,000 500,000 The protection of biological diversity implies keeping Fungi 1,744 25,000 75,000–80,000 2,700,000 records and preservation of indigenous sorts of cultivated Lichens 925 1,069 18,000 20,000 plants and breeds of domesticated animals. These sorts and breeds have adapted to the local climate, they are more Animals 24,087 56,000 1,770,000 103,255,000 resistant to diseases and often very well incorporated into Others (viruses, bacteria) ? ? 8,000 4,000,000 the surrounding nature and landscape. Their diversity represents a genetic container that may always be used to Total ∼34,000 ∼91,000 ∼2,150, 000 ∼111,000,000 improve the properties of the species grown. Besides, they represent significant national cultural heritage, because a lot of effort and knowledge of numerous generations have been put into their growing, combined with the living and climate Endemics conditions. In this country this problem area is still not legally Croatia is extremely rich in endemic flora. With its 5.8% of regulated in an integrated manner. So far no comprehensive endemic species, it is regarded as the centre of endemism of inventories of indigenous sorts of cultivated plants and this part of Europe. breeds of domestic animals have been made. The situation is The major endemic junctions for flora are the slightly better as regards indigenous breeds in cattle mountains of Velebit and Biokovo. The most famous and breeding. Original Croatian breeds raised in Croatia have one of the most threatened Croatia’s plant endemics (both been recorded. Some of them do not exist anywhere else in the genus and the species are endemic) is Degenia velebitica, the world, and some have spread from Croatia to other a relict species that remained from the period of Tertiary. countries. Dog breeds are also investigated, with some of Generally, a large number of endemics and Tertiary relicts them being officially registered, whereas registration remained in these areas owing to the fact that in the tertiary procedures for certain breeds, e.g. the Tornjak shepherd dog, period they have not undergone the Ice Age freezing. yet have to be carried out. The endemics of Croatian fauna are predominantly connected with the underground karst habitats, Adriatic watercourses and Adriatic islands, particularly islands of the open sea. The fauna of the karst underground has been very BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE poorly explored, so that in the forthcoming years a number MANAGEMENT of discoveries of new species and subspecies may be expected. The scientifically unknown underground leech Natural resources of Croatia have been systematically discovered recently in the Luke’s pit on the Velebit mountain exploited for centuries. The biological resources are managed is one of Croatia’s peculiarities on a global scale, in which mainly within the context of forestry, water management, this karst region is very likely abounding. agriculture, hunting and fishing. All these activities are SUMMARY 131

regulated by the law, with the existing regulations taking into The management of other protected area categories is in consideration the need for sustainable management of the competence of the counties. natural resources. In practice, however, the economic component of exploitation is much more emphasized in relation to implementation of protection measures. A relative Protection of species preservation of the country’s biological resources in European proportions is primarily a result of the general In addition to protected parts of the nature, individual economic situation and other causes from the past. We still threatened or rare plant, fungi and animal species are also can not speak about a systematic concern about the entire protected by the Nature Protection Act. This Act further biological diversity within certain activities using natural provides protection for all wild animals in national parks, resources. One of the priorities is therefore a review of all strict and special reserves, and for the entire cave fauna. relevant legal provisions with the view to incorporate The economic use of unprotected species is regulated measures of protection and sustainable use of biological by special permits for gathering from the nature that are to diversity. be issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and A specific problem, that is expected to gain increasingly Physical Planning responsible for the protection of nature prominence in the forthcoming years, is the impact of and the environment. biotechnology and of the production of genetically modified organisms on biological diversity. These issues yet need to be legally regulated in Croatia. THREATS TO BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY PROTECTION OF BIOLOGICAL The review of the current state, global and national threats and problems of the protection of biological and landscape AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY diversity in Croatia demonstrated the following: The governmental authority in charge of the problem area of • a very high level of value and conservation of preservation and use of biological and landscape diversity is biological and landscape diversity on the European the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical scale, particularly with respect to the Western and Planning, with other ministries and government bodies Central Europe partly covering theses issues. The fundamental law applying • a tendency of loosing biological and landscape to this area is the Nature Protection Act. diversity in Croatia caused by recognizable factors In recent years a definite need for the enactment of a • a necessity to implement immediate protection new Nature Protection Act has arisen, in which a classical measures for individual parts of the biological and approach to nature protection, focused on protected areas landscape diversity and species, would be replaced by a more advanced • a heterogeneity of the quantity and quality of existing integrated approach as stated by the Convention on biological diversity data that in many cases are not Biological Diversity. This means that the new Nature sufficient for implementation of adequate protection Protection Act should provide: measures. • preservation and improvement of the existing biological and landscape diversity in Croatia The analysis of the data collected indicated the • rational use of natural resources on the principles of following protection priorities: sustainability and for the benefit of present and future • karst ecological systems represent a uniqueness and generations wealth of global value • incorporation of protection measures and sustainable • due to anthropogenic impacts the wetland and aquatic use of nature into all relevant sectoral and ecological systems are the most threatened intersectoral regulations, plans, programmes and • the most threatened habitats are spatially limited areas strategies. threatened by anthropogenic factors (sand and gravel beaches, pools on islands, small marshes and others) The protection of nature in Croatia is predominantly or very rare habitats beyond the usual area of carried out through protection of individual areas and distribution (moors, sand vegetation) species. • priority species and subspecies are those threatened on the global, European and national scale, endemic taxa and those of economical and/or instructive Protection of areas importance. The protection of individual areas is the basic method of the conservation of biological and landscape diversity. Protected STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN areas represent the core of the overall protection and key junctions of the ecological network, which can be considered FOR THE PROTECTION OF sanctuaries and storages of biological diversity. BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE This protection is today covering 9.9% of Croatia’s mainland territory, which is planned to be substantially DIVERSITY OF CROATIA extended. The Nature Protection Act is specifying eight The basic principles underlying the National Strategy and categories of the spatial protection (national park, nature Action Plan for the Protection of Biological and Landscape park, strict reserve, special reserve, nature monument, Diversity are the following: protected landscape, park-forest, park architecture monument). The greatest part of the protected area refers to • the Republic of Croatia is aware of the overall nature parks and national parks (8.7% of the mainland). biological and landscape diversity being its These are vast areas of national or even international fundamental value and the major resource for a importance the protection of which lies within the further development responsibility of the state. The majority of the proposed • the objective of the Republic of Croatia is to preserve protected areas refer also to nature parks. and improve the existing biological and landscape 132 SUMMARY

diversity and to make every endeavour to restore a biological and landscape diversity. For each strategic part of the taxa and habitats lost, wherever possible objective there are strategic guidelines elaborated and a plan and justified for individual protection actions with the indication of • the Republic of Croatia will develop all appropriate urgency and possible sources of funding. measures for identification, conservation and The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical improvement of the existing biological and landscape Planning co-ordinates all further activities and executes all diversity administrative and organizational jobs with the purpose of • the national legislation will ensure the incorporation implementing the NSAP under the supervision of the of measures for conservation and improvement of the Croatian Government Commission for NSAP overall biological diversity into all economic activities Implementation Monitoring set up by the Government of using biological resources the Republic of Croatia. • the Republic of Croatia will systematically extend its Beside the Ministry of Environmental Protection and endeavours in the protection of biological and landscape diversity from the national to the regional Physical Planning there are numerous other sectors of the and local level society involved in the NSAP implementation: from sectoral • the Republic of Croatia will continuously harmonise government bodies and local government and self- its efforts in the protection of biological and landscape government units, through scientific institutions and diversity with relevant international activities, taking business sector to non-governmental organizations and local into consideration the fact that national biological and community in the broader sense. landscape diversity represents a unique and On the basis of the NSAP implementation a revision irretrievable part of the overall global diversity. will be carried out after each five years in order to determine what has been realized from the plan defined, whether any In addition to principles the NSAP contains general and new moments have appeared and whether the priorities have specific national strategic objectives for the protection of changed, and to make a new list of action plans. EXPLANATION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 133

Explanation of Terms and Abbreviations

abiotic factor – a factor of a physical, chemical or another application of products or processes for special type belonging to the inanimate part of nature (e.g. purposes temperature, light, oxygen, etc.) biotope – see habitat ACCOBAMS – Agreement on the Conservation of Bonn Convention – Convention on the Conservation of Cetaceous of the Black sea, Mediterranean Sea and Migratory Species of Wild Animals, adopted in Bonn in contiguous Atlantic Area, within the framework of the 1979 Bonn Convention CBS – Croatian Biological Society AEWA – Agreement on the Conservation of African- Euroasian Migratory Waterbirds within the framework CES – Croatian Ecological Society of the Bonn Convention check list – list of taxa, meaning the same as an “inventory agrophytocenosis – a plant community (see phytocenosis) list” developed within the agricultural system (area) CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered allochthonous species – a foreign, nonindigenous species that Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, adopted in Washington has not naturally inhabited a certain area, but reached in 1973 the same by the intentional or unintentional classification – a science (as a process) of arranging or rather introduction ordering organisms into groups by their kinship anoxia – lack of oxygen CORINE – Information System on the Co-ordination of association – a basic unit of vegetation, a plant community Information on the Environment characterized by a specific floristic composition and corollogy – a part of biology dealing with the distribution of certain living conditions, remarkable for especially taxa and with the study of their dependence on abiotic characteristic group of species and biotic factors autochthonous species – an indigenous species inhabiting CSNS – Croatian Society of Natural Sciences naturally a certain area cultivated species – species occuring in culture, formerly wild Barcelona Convention – Convention for the Protection of taxa that, mostly by longtime growing and selection, the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, adopted in have been more or less modified in relation to the Barcelona in 1976 original taxon bathyal – a bathyal step, corresponds to marine/ocean determination – the process of identifying taxonomic settlements covering the continental slope and a section affiliation of a taxa; allocating a name to a specimen of of the bottom with a milder inclination situated an organism by using the so-called keys; also immediately at the footsteps of this slope identification of a species (or another taxonomic benthos – living communities at the bottom of a sea or a lake category) Bern Convention – Convention on the Conservation of dolomite – a type of rock showing a corresponding mineral [ ] European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, adopted in composition (CaMg CO3 2); covering large areas in the Bern in 1979 mountains of Central and Southern Europe either biocenosis – a living community of all organisms occupying a independently or combined with other rocks, often specific habitat, including the flora, fauna und limestone; consisting of 54% of easily soluble calcium microorganisms carbonate and 46% of hardly soluble magensium BioData&GIS – a scientific project of the Ministry of carbonate Science and Technology called “Biological Database and domesticated species – species whose evolution process was GIS” (119116) affected by man so as to satisfy his own needs biotic factor – a factor whose existence is determined by the ecological system – a dynamic complex of communities of living part of the nature (e.g. competition, parasitism, plants, animals, microorganisms and their inanimate commensalism, etc.) environment interacting as a functional unit biogeography – a part of biology studying the pattern of EEP – European Endangered Species Programme distribution of living beings in the past and present endemic – a taxon whose distribution is confined to a biological diversity – the entirety of all living organisms that particular place or area; the term “endemic” is to be are constituent parts of mainland, marine and other used together with identification of the place to which aquatic ecological systems and ecological complexes, it refers, i.e. taxa may be distinguished as endemic at the including the diversity within species, among species continental level (e.g. European, North American and and the diversity among ecological systems similar) or over a far smaller area (e.g. Mediterranean, biotechnology – each technology using biological systems, Croatian, the area of Biokovo mountain and similar) living organisms or parts thereof in the manufacture or entomofauna – fauna of insects 134 EXPLANATION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

EUFORGEN – project for conservation of genetic resources species able to survive in their natural surroundings, of European forests and, in case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the EUROBATS – Agreement on the Conservation of Bats in surroundings in which they developed their specific Europe, within the framework of the Bonn Convention features eutrophication – overgrowing of lakes due to the increased interstitial fauna – fauna of underground pebbly and sandy concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and other alluvial deposits organic substances introduced species – see allochthonous species ex-situ conservation – conservation of biological diversity introduction – bringing in, relating most often to bringing components out of their natural habitats foreign species into the autochthonous flora or fauna FAO – United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization inventory list – same as a “list of species”, check list garigue – a degradation stadium of Mediterranean evergreen inventory of species – relates to inventories of flora and fauna vegetation, appearing mostly as a consequence of species, limited taxonomically (e.g. a list of lichens or o grazing; small, low compact bushes list of decapode crabs), geographically (e.g. the GEF – Global Environment Facility inventory of flora of Istrian peninsula or the inventory of Croatia’s birds) or most often both gene – a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for a characteristic, the functional unit of ISIS – International Species Information System heredity IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of genetic diversity – diversity of genes of an individual, a Nature population, species and higher taxonomic categories key – relating to a manual (mostly a book, sometimes genetic material – plant, animal, microbic and other material illustrated) of a specific internal organization that contained in functional units of heredity facilitates identification of taxonomic affiliation of an organism, or rather allocation of a valid name to an Geneva Convention – Convention on Specially Protected unknown taxon Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean, adopted in Geneva in 1982 littoral – a zone pertaining to the shore of a sea, of the height varying in dependence on the relief; divided into several GIS – Geographic Information System, a technology subzones depending on the exposure to seawater and accompanied by a specialized computer support air, including the pertaining biocenoses designed for data storage, processing and analysis chracterized by a spatial component and mutual spatial MAB – Man and Biosphere, an UNESCO programme relations macrofauna – fauna of large organisms, the term is used glacial period – the Ice Age, the Pleistocene Epoch or mostly when speaking of marine fauna of invertebrates Dilluvium of the Quarternary Period characterized by meiofauna – fauna of medium-large organisms, the term is icing and temperature by 8–12°C lower than today used mostly when speaking of marine fauna of glacial relict – a taxon that is a part of present flora or fauna, invertebrates but represents the remnant of a mainly extinct flora or MEPPP – Ministry of Environmental Protection and fauna from the preglacial (ice) age; thanks migrations Physical Planning glacial relicts survive often in small areas and represent a mesophytes – plants gowing in moderately moist habitats highly valuable part of flora or fauna of a specific area microfauna – fauna of small organisms, the term is used GMO – genetically modified organism mostly when speaking of marine fauna of invertebrates habitat – a unit of space characterized by a certain myrmecophilia – an affinity to ants (butterflies of Maculinea combination of physical and chemical factors, a space or genus) a place as a natural environment of an organism or a MTB – fields or a grid (in German: Meßtischblätter) forming population a series of squares defined by the latitude and longitude herbarium – in the narrowest sense of the word a collection grid (according to Greenwich): 10’ geographic latitude x of dried plant specimens with adequate accompanying 6’ geographic longitude; each square degree is thus data and internal organization; the collection material divided into 60 MTB fields; basic fields of the MTB grid has application in taxonomic (anatomic, morphological, were for the first time used for flora mapping in phytochemical, molecular), corollogical, ecological and Germany and afterwards adopted by the majority of other studies and is frequently used as a comparative Central-European countries material for successful identification of unknown taxa nonindigenous species – see “allochthonous species” HRT – Croatian Radio and Television (orig. Hrvatski radio i NGO – Non Governmental Oranization televizija) nomenclature – a part of taxonomy laying down the rules for hydrophytes – plants growing in moist and aquatic habitats, allocating the adequate name to an organism according aquatic plants to the nomenclature rules hygrophilia – an affinity to increased moisture; relates to taxa NSAP – National Strategy and Action Plan for the or communities that appear under conditions of high Protection of Biological and Landscape Diversity moisture ornithofauna – fauna of birds hypoxia – lack of oxygen, low concentration oviposition – laying eggs; with insects through ovipositor identification – see “determination” Paris Convention – Convention on the Protection of World ichthyofauna – fauna of fishes Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in Paris in 1972 indicator species – species capable of indicating specific pelagium – the open sea (pelagos); pelagic organisms (e.g. changes within an ecological system and among species, planktons) are those living in the middle of the sea, free mostly vulnerable to modifications of one, several or from any contact with the bottom many abiotic factors phylogeny – development of taxa in time and space indigenous species – the same as autochthonous species phytocenosis – a community of plant species whose in-situ conservation – conservation of ecological systems and occurrence, composition and number are determined by natural habitats, including conservation and renewal of a series of ecological factors EXPLANATION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 135

population – all the individuals of one species inhabiting a supralittoral – a zone which is a part of the littoral, inhabited given area that are capable of actual and potential by organisms that stand or require permanent rising to mutual reproduction the surface, a zone damp from spraying seawater with protected area – a geographically specified area intended for very seldom immersion (e.g. large tides) or managed and controlled so as to achieve specific sustainable development – development implying the protection goals satisfaction of needs of the present generation in the Ramsar Convention – Convention on Wetlands of manner that is harmless to future generations International Importance Especially as Waterbirds sustainable use – use of biological diversity components in Habitats, adopted in Ramsar in 1971 the manner and to the extent that will not cause Ramsar area – a protected area registered on the “List of degradation of biological diversity, in the manner that Wetlands of International Importance” within the preserves its potentials so as to meet the demands and framework of the Ramsar Convention aspirations of present and future generations reintroduction – introduction of a new taxon into the area systematics – a biological science incorporating the that it earlier inhabited, but from which it disappeared subdisciplins such as: taxonomy, the study of evolution due to diverse factors; the act of introducing again processes (variability sources, differentiation of relict – a taxon which is a part of the present flora or fauna, populations, reproductive isolation, origin of species, but represents a remnant of a formerly living, mostly hybridization, etc.) and the study of phylogeny extinct animate world taxon – a classification unit of any class, subspecies, species, ruderal flora – flora of anthropogenically highly influential genus, family, order and similar habitats, rich in nitrates taxonomy – a biological science dealing with classification, ruderal communities – communities developing in identification and nomenclature, a subdiscipline of anthropogenically highly influential habitats systematics scree – a habitat often very steep, covered by movable rocks Tertiary – a geological period at the beginning of the and a small quantity of nutrients; an extremely Cenozoic, starting 65 million years ago and ending 2 unfavourable habitat inhabited by specially adjusted taxa million years ago; consisting of Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene sp. – abbreviation of “species” travertine – organogenic limestone deposits generated by ssp. – abbreviation of “subspecies”, also subsp. complex physical, chemical and biological processes stenoendemic – an endemic that, with respect to the area UNCED – United Nations Conference on Environment and defined, occurs in its minor part only (e.g. the endemic Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 of the Biokovo mountain, the endemic of the island of Jabuka), an endemic in a narrow sense, a “real” endemic var. – abbreviation for variety (Lat. varietas) subendemic – an endemic that, with respect to the area variety – a category within a species differing from typical defined, occurs outside its limits, an endemic in a individuals in several features only, mostly hardly broader sense noticeably (abbreviation var.) subspecies – a taxonomic category, one of the lowest (in Washington Convention – Convention on International Trade Latin: subspecies, abbreviated in ssp., subsp.), a group of in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna und Flora populations that have to a certain degree diverged and (CITES), adopted in Washington in 1973 mutually differ (from morphological, anatomic and WG – working group for elaboration of the NSAP other aspects), but still not sufficiently to form xerophytes – plants growing in dry habitats independent species (isolated in terms of reproduction); zoocenosis – a community of animal species whose two or more subspecies form a species occurrence, composition and number depend on a series subsp. – see ssp. of ecological factors 136 LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

List of plants and animals referred to in the text

adder (Vipera berus) also common viper bog arum (Calla palustris) Adriatic minnow (Phoxinellus alepidotus) bog clubmoss (Lycopodium inundatum) Adriatic salmon (Salmothymus obtusirostris obtusirostris) Bonellii’s eagle (Hiearaetus fasciatus) Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) Adriatic wrack (Fucus virsoides) broad-leaved cotton grass (Eriophorum latifolium) alborella (Alburnus albidus) British oyster (Ostraea edulis) alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) brown bear (Ursus arctos) aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) brown birch (Betula pubescens) alpine ibex (Capra ibex) brown hare (Lepus europaeus) alpine pine vole (Microtus multiplex liechtensteini) brown meagre (Sciaena umbra) alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) brown toad (Bufo bufo) alyssum (Alyssum sp.) brown wrasse (Labrus merula) amorpha (Amorpha fruticosa) bustard (Otis tarda) andromeda goby (Didogobius schlieweni) butcher’s broom (Ruscus hypoglossum) arguses (Erebia sp.) caddis-flies (Trichoptera) arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia) Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) ash (Fraxinus sp.) calamus (Acorus calamus) Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thynnus thynnus) calandra lark (Melanocorypha calandra) Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) Canadian-pondweed (Elodea canadensis) Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scomber) Canadian water weed (Elodea canadensis) autumn-crocus (Colchicum autumnale) capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) avoctet (Recurvirostra avosseta) cask shell (Tonna galea) Baillon’s crake (Porzana pusilla) Caspian whip-snake (Coluber caspius) Balkan dace (Leuciscus svallize) cave shrimp (Troglocaris anophtalmus, Niphargus sp.) Balkan whip snake (Coluber gemonensis) Cetina spined loach (Cobitis taenia ssp. dalmatia) bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) Barbary sheep chantrelle (Cantharellus cibarius) bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) charr (Salvelinus alpinus) basak (Rutilus basak) chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) bearded tit (Panurus biarmicus) cigar shell (Mitra zonata) also zoned miter beaver (Castor fiber) cistozira (Cystoseira spp.) bedstraw (Asperula borbasiana) common ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) beech (Fagus silvatica) common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) bees (Apidae) common elder bourtree (Sambucus nigra) bent-winged bat (Miniopterus schreibersi) also schreiber’s bat common fir (Abies alba) big white truffles (Tuber asa and T. magnatum) common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) black alder (Alnus glutinosa) common heather (Calluna vulgaris) black-bellied angler (Lophius sp.) common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) black-crowned night heron (Nyctocorax nycticorax) common juniper (Juniperus communis) black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) common oak (Quercus robur) black hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) common or grass frog (Rana temporaria) black locust (Robinia pseudoaccacia) common otter (Lutra lutra) also otter black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigrocollis) common paper nautilus (Argonauta argo) black pine (Pinus nigra) common periwinkle (Vinca minor) black sea bream (Spondyliosoma cantharus) common redshank (Tringa totanus) black stork (Ciconia nigra) common reed (Phragmites australis) black tern (Chlidonias nigra) common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) black truffles (Tuber sp.) common spider crab (Maja squinado) black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) common spruce (Picea abies) also spruce Blasius’ horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii) common toad (Bufo bufo) blennies (Blenniidae) common two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris) blue berry (Vaccinium myrtillus) common viper (Vipera berus) also adder bluethroat (Hippolais icterina) common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis ssp. maculiventris) LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT 137

common yew (Taxus baccata) also yew gray-hair grass (Corynephorus canescens) corals (Anthozoa) gray mullet (Mugil sp.) corn cockle (Agrostemma githago) gray partridge (Perdix perdix) corncrake (Crex crex) gray wolf (Canis lupus) also wolf cotton grass (Eriophorum latifolium) great bittern (Botaurus stellaris) crake (Porzana sp.) great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) crayfish (Astacidae) great white heron (Egretta alba) Croatian dace (Leuciscus polylepis) greater bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris) Croatian minnow (Phoxinellus croaticus) greater noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus) Croatian sibirea (Sibiraea altaiensis ssp. croatica) green wrasse (Labrus viridis) cuckoo wrasse (Labrus bimaculatus) greylegg goose (Anser anser) curlew (Numenius sp.) griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) Dalmatian algyroides (Algyroides nigropunctatus) grotte goby (Speleogobius trigloides) Dalmatian barbelgudgeon (Aulopyge hugeli) ground beetles (Carabidae) Dalmatian black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica) grouper (Epinephelus sp.) Dalmatian garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus) guilthead sea-bream (Sparus aurata) Dalmatian minnow (Phoxinellus ghetaldi) gull-billed tern (Gelochelidion nilotica) Dalmatian pelecan (Pelecanus crispus) hake (Merluccius merluccius) Dalmatian soiffe (Chondrostoma kneri) harvestman (Opiliones) Dalmatian wall lizard (Podarcis melisellensis) hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) huchen (Hucho hucho) heath ringlet (Coenanimpha tullia) date mussel (Lithopfaga lithophaga) hellebores (Helleborus spp.) decapods (Decapoda) holm oak (Quercus ilex) deep-snouted pipefish (Syngnathus typhle ssp. rotundatus) honey mushroom (Armillaria sp.) degenia (Degenia velebitica) also Velebit degenia horn of plenty (Craterellus cornucopioides) dice snake (Natrix tessellata) horned lark (Eremophilia alpestris) diplopods (Diplopoda) horse leech (Haemopis sanguisuga) dragonflies (Odonata) horse-flies (Tabanidae) dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris) Horvath’s rock lizard (Lacerta horvathi) dunlin (Calidris alpina) hover-flies (Syrphidae) durmast oak (Quercus petrea) hydrozoans (Hydrozoa) dusty-miller (Centaurea ragusina) icterine warbler (Hippolais icterina) dwarf cattail (Typha minima) imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) dwarf pine (Pino mugno) also mountain pine Italian agile frog (Rana latastei) echinoderms (Echinodermata) Italian wall lizard (Podarcis sicula) eelgrass (Posidonia oceanica) Jabuka knapweed (Centaurea jabukensis) edible boletus (Boletus sp.) Jabuka pink (Dianthus multinervis) edible frog (Rana esculenta) Jacob’s scallop (Pecten jacobaeus) Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) jack snipe (Lymnocryptes minima) Eleonora’s falcon (Falco eleonorae) kaulerpa (Caulerpa taxifolia) english holly (Ilex aquifolium) kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) knapweed (Centaurea crithmifolia) European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) Kolombatovi} grey longeared bat (Plecotus austriacus ssp. European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) kolombatovici) European roller (Coracias garrulus) Kolombatovi}’s goby (Chromogobius zebratus ssp. zebratus) European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Krka Adriatic salmon (Salmothymus obtusiristris ssp. krkensis) European storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus) ladybird spider (Eresus niger) fallow deer (Dama dama) lake frog (Rana ridibunda) also marsh frog false rasbora (Pseudorazbora parva) lake trout (Salmo trutta) false ringlet (Coenonympha oedippus) lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus) ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) large blue butterfly (Maculinea sp.) fescue (Festuca sp.) largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides) fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) lavander (Lavandula officinalis) flounders (Pleuronectiformes) leopard snake (Elaphe situla) fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris) lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) freshwater honting (Coregonus laveratus) lesser Neptune grass (Cymodocea nodosa) gadwall (Anas strepera) lesser spotted eagle (Aquila pomarina) German tamarisk (Myricaria germanica) levant sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) giant Mediterranean pen (Pinna nobilis) also pen shell Liechtenstein’s goby (Corcyrogobius liechtensteini) gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata) lime (Tilia sp.) glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus) gobies (Gobiidae) little crake (Porzana parva) golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) little ringed plover (Charadrius dubius) goldfish (Carassius auratus) little tern (Sterna albifrons) grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) little white heron (Egretta garzetta) grass frog (Rana temporaria) also common frog live oak (Quercus virgiliana) grassy-rush (Butomus umbellatus) loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) 138 LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccini) pond bat (Myotis dasycneme) long-leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia) pool frog (Rana lessonae) lumbricides (Lumbricidae) poplar (Populus sp.) lynx (Lynx lynx) primrose (Primula vulgaris) mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) maned wolf (Chrysocion brachyurus) pumpkin-seed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) maple (Acer sp.) purple heron (Ardea purpurea) marble trout (Salmo trutta ssp. marmoratus) purple moorgrass (Molinia coerulea) marsh frog (Rana ridibunda) also lake frog pygmy cormorant (Halietor pygmaeus) marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum) martagon lily (Lilium martagon) quail (Coturnix coturnix) Martino’s snow vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi) raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides) mat weed-grass (Nardus stricta) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mikiss) medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) red coral (Corallium rubrum) Mediterranean moray (Muraena helena) red-crested pochard (Netta rufina) Mediterranean mussel (Mytillus galloprovincialis) red deer (Cervus elaphus) Mediterranean shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan) red helleborine (Cephalantera rubra) Mediterranean toothcarp (Gambusia affinis ssp. holbrooki) red-milk lactarius (Lactarius sp.) minnow carp (Phoxinellus sp.) red mullet (Mullus barbatus) minnow nase (Chondrostoma phoxinus) red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena) mound-building mouse (Mus spicilegus) red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa) mollusks (Mollusca) red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus) monk seal (Monachus monachus) red kite (Milvus milvus) monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis) rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) Montagn’s harrier (Circus pygargus) roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus) moor frog (Rana arvalis) rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Mosor rock lizard (Lacerta mosorensis) roothless duckweed (Wolffia arrhiza) mottled black sea goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus) round-leaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) mouflon (Ovis orientalis) rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalamus) mountain anemone (Pulsatilla montana) sage (Salvia officinalis) mountain pine (Pinus mugo) also dwarf pine saker falcon (Falco cherrug) moustached warbler (Acrochepalus melanopayon) sand goby (Pomatoschistus canestrini) marble trout (Salmo trutta ssp. marmoratus) sand martin (Riparia riparia) mullet (Mugil sp.) sawflies (Symphita) narrow-leaved bindweed (Convolvulus lineatus) schreibers’ bat (Miniopterus schreibersi) also bent-winged bat narrow-leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia) scullcap (Scutellaria galericulata) nehely’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus mehely) sea bindweed (Calystegia soldanella) Neretva spined loach (Cobitis taenia ssp. narentana) sea buckthorn (Hippophoe rhamnoides) Neretva Adriatic salmon (Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp. sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum) oxyrhynchus) sea mats (Bryozoa) night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) sea parnship (Echinophora spinosa) northern bat (Eptesicus nilssoni) sea-shore false bindweed (Calystegia soldanella) northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) sea slug (Cratena peregrina) Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) sea squirt (Ascidiaceae) nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes) sea-horse (Hippocampus sp.) olive-tree warbler (Hippolais olivetorum) sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) olm (Proteus anguineus) sharp-snouted rock lizard (Lacerta oxycephala) orange-milk lactarius (Lactarius sp.) short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) Siberian iris (Iris sibirica) oriental knight’s spur (Consolida orientalis) silver carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Orsini’s viper (Vipera ursinii) silver carp (Hypophthaclmichthys molitrix) orthopteroid insects (Orthoptera) slender-billed curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) otter (Lutra lutra) also common otter slenderbill pipefish (Syngnathus taenionotus) oysercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) small falcon (Falco columbarius) Pacific triton (Charonia tritonis) also Triton’s trumpet small-leaf lime (Tilia cordata) Palagru`a cabbage (Brassica botteri) smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris) Palagru`a knapweed (Centaurea friderici) snake-eyed skink (Ablepharus kitaibeli) Palestine mole mouse (Naunospalax leucodon) snipe (Gallinago gallinago) parti-coloured bat (Vespertilio murinus) snow leopard (Panthera uncia) pea crab (Pinnotheres sp.) snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) pen shell (Pinna nobilis) also giant Mediterranean pen snowdrop anemone (Anemone sylvestris) peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) Solin Adriatic salmon (Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp. pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) salonitana) pine marten (Martes martes) south Dalmatian minnow (Phoxinellus pstrossi) pipefish (Syngnathus sp.) souffie (Leuciscus souffia ssp. muticellus) po brook lampery (Lethenteron zanandreai) sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.) po barbel (Barbus plebeius) spined loach (Cobitis taenia ssp. dalmatina) LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT 139

sponges (Spongia) Visovac goby (Knipowitschia mrakovcici) spoonbill (Platalea leucordia) also white spoonbill Vrgorac goby (Knipowitschia punctatissima ssp. croatica) spoted deer (Axis axis) warbler (Locustella sp.) spotted eagle (Aquila clanga) water chestnut (Trapa natans) spotted minnow (Phoxinellus adspersus) water-aloe (Stratiotes aloides) sprat (Sprattus sprattus) water-clover (Marsilea quadrifolia) spreading hydnum (Hydnum sp.) water germander (Teucrium scordium) spring adonis (Adonis vernalis) weever (Trachinus sp.) spring-snowflake (Leucojum vernum) western whip snake (Coluber viridiflavus ssp. carbonarius) spruce (Picea abies) also common spruce Weymouth pine (Pinus strobus) squacco heron (Ardeolla raloides) whimberl (Numenius phaeopus) stagshorn clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum) whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida) steppe mouse (Apodemus uralensis) white beadrush (Rhynchospora alba) stock pidgeon (Columba oenas) white poppy (Papaver dubium ssp. lecoquii var. albifolium) stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) white sea beam (Diplodus sargus) stripe-necked terrapin (Mauremys caspica) white spoonbill (Platalea leucordia) also spoonbill summer snowflake (Leucoium aestivum) white stork (Ciconia ciconia) sunset cup coral (Leptopsammia pruvoti) white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Su{ak cabbage (Brassica cazzae) white-tailed eagle (Haliaetus albicila) sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) white-winged tern (Chlidonias leucoptera) tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius) wild boar (Sus scrofa) tench (Tinca tinca) willow (Salix sp.) teal (Anas crecca) wolf (Canis lupus) also gray wolf Tengelman’s owl (Aegolius funereus) wood anemone (Anemone sylvestris) three-spined stikleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) woodcock (Scalopax rusticola) three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) wood ant (Formica rufa) Triton’s trumpet (Charonia tritonis) also Pacific triton woodchat shrike (Lanius senator) truffles (Tuber sp.) wooly chamomile (Anthemis tomentosa) turkey oak (Quercus cerris) yarrow (Achillea millefolium) Turk’s-cap lily (Lilium martagon) yellow florned poppy (Glaucium flavum) turnstone (Arenaria interpres) yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea ssp. symphiandra) upright brome (Bromus erectus) yellow sea fan (Eunicella cavolinii) upright dorycnium (Dorycnium rectum) yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata) Velebit degenia (Degenia velebitica) also degenia yew (Taxus baccata) also common yew velika ozimica (Coregonus lavaretus) zander (Stizostedion lucioperca) viper’s bugloss (Hadena irregularis) zoned miter (Mitra zonata) also cigar shell Visovac trout (Salmo trutta ssp. visovacensis) Zrmanja trout (Salmo trutta ssp. zrmanjensis) 140 INDEX

Index

A Aculeata, 64 Anas strepera, 119 Adenophorea, 66 Anatidae, 60 Ablepharus kitaibeli, 118 Adonis vernalis, 116 anchovy, 56; 74 abysses, 22 Adriatic coast, 21 andromeda goby, 55 Acantharia, 66 Adriatic minnow, 54; 117 Anemone, 34 Acanthocephala, 64; 66 Adriatic salmon, 38; 44; 52; 53; 117 Anemone sylvestris, 116 Acarina, 64 Adriatic Sea, 4; 5; 8; 18; 29; 31; 55; 56; angiosperms, 42; 45; 46; 48 Accipiter brevipes, 119 65; 66; 67; 74; 75; 91 Anguidae, 58 ACCOBAMS, 80 Adriatic sturgeon, 55 Anguillidae, 53 acid rains, 11; 18; 81 Adriatic wrack, 29; 30 Anguilliformes, 53 Acipenser naccari, 75 Aegolius funereus, 119 Animal Welfare Act, 79 Acipenseridae, 53; 55 Africa, 60 Annelida, 64; 66 Acipenseriformes, 53 Agaricales, 49; 50 annelids, 60 Acrania, 66 Agreement on Conservation of Anoplura, 64 Acrida ungarica, 35 Cetaceas of the Black Sea, anoxia, 32 Acrocephalus melanopogon, 119 Mediterranean Sea and the Anser anser, 119 Act on Cave Protection, 78 contiguous Atlantic Area, 80 Anseriformes, 60 Act on Ecological Production of Agreement on the African-Euroasian Agricultural and Food Products, 79 Migratory Waterbirds, 80 Anthozoa, 66 Act on Financial Incentives and Agreement on the Conservation of Bats ants, 65 Compen-sations in Agriculture in Europe, 80 Anura, 56 and Fishery, 79 Agricultural Development Strategy of Aphanius fasciatus, 54 Act on Forests, 79 Croatia, 79 Aphyllophorales, 49; 50 Act on Hunting, 59; 71; 72; 78; 79; 86; Agricultural Land Act, 79 Apodemus uralensis, 120 120 agriculture, 20; 21; 23; 33; 34; 35; 37; Appendicularia, 66 Act on Protection of Plants, 79 40; 44; 46; 48; 60; 68; 70; 72; 73; 78; 79; 84; 87; 98; 99; 113; 122 apples, 73 Act on Seeds, Seedlings and Approval Agrostemma githago, 35 aquatic habitats, 23; 24; 27; 28; 39; 63; of Agricultural Plant Sorts, 79 108; 117; 124 Air Protection Act, 79 Act on the Protection of Agricultural aquatic isopods, 4 Albania, 43; 58; 74 Plant Sorts, 79 aquatic moss, 22 alborella, 54 Acta Adriatica, 95 Aquila chrysaetos, 119 Alburnus albidus, 54 Acta Botanica Croatica, 95 Aquila clanga, 119 alder, 40 action plans, 104 Aquila heliaca, 119 amphibians and reptiles, 118 alder buckthorn, 49 Aquila pomarina, 119 birds, 119 Aleppo pine, 88 coast and islands, 113 arable land, 8; 10; 17; 27; 32; 33; 34; 35; algae, 22; 25; 29; 30; 31; 42; 44; 45; 46; 41; 72; 98; 112; 113 domesticated taxa, 121 48; 49; 67; 91; 111 education, 126 Arachnida, 64; 66 Algyroides nigropunctatus, 118 fish, 117 Araneae, 64 flora, 115 allepo pine, 19 Archiannelida, 66 forests, 110 alpine ibex, 71 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 116 grassland and arable land, 112 alpine pine vole, 61 Ardea purpurea, 119 habitats, 114 alpine salamander, 26 institutional framework, 123 Ardeola ralloides, 119 aluminium, 48 invertebrates, 117 Arenaria interpres, 119 karst and underground, 109 alyssum, 47 arguses, 36 landscape, 107 Alyssum montanum spp. pluscanescens, legislative framework, 123 116 Armillaria borealis, 50 mammals, 120 Ameiuridae, 53 Armillaria cepistipes, 50 other sectors, 122 ammonia, 48 Armillaria gallica, 50 public information, 126 Armillaria mellea, 50 research and monitoring, 124 Ammophiletea, 40; 41 sea, 111 Ammophilia arenaria, 116 Armillaria ostoyae, 50 species and subspecies, 115 amorpha, 44; 48 Arnica, 34 wetland and waters, 107 amphibians, 26; 42; 50; 51; 52; 56; 57; Arnica montana, 116 action plans - general, 104 62; 86; 118; 124 Arpad Degen, 47 action plans - specific, 105 Amphipoda, 64 Arrhenatheretum, 33 Actitis hypoleucos, 119 Anas crecca, 119 arrowhead, 26 INDEX 141

Arthrocnemetea, 40; 41 beaver, 4; 26; 27; 61; 63; 71 bog clubmoss, 25 Arthropoda, 64; 66 bedstraw, 38 Bogidiella albertimagni, 23 Artiodactila, 62 beech, 4; 11; 12; 18; 19; 20; 88 Bogidiella dalmatina, 23 Aschelminthes, 64; 66 bees, 65 Bogidiella semidenticulata, 23 Ascidiacea, 66 beetles, 4; 43 Bohemia, 35 Ascomycotina, 51 Belarus, 43 Boka Kotorska, 15 ash, 12; 18; 19; 20 Belgium, 35; 43 Boletus aereus, 50 Asia, 60 bellied angler, 56 Boletus edulis, 50 Asio flammeus, 119 Benkovac, 13 Boletus pinophilus, 50 Asparagus tenuifolius, 116 benthonic ecosystems, 30 Boletus reticulatus, 50 Asperula borbasiana, 38 benthos, 45 Boljun~ica, 11 Aspidobothria, 64 bent-winged bat, 23 Bombina variegata ssp. Asplenium sagittatum, 116 Bern Convention, 52; 71; 86; 120; 123 kolombatovici, 57 Association of Breeders of Istrian Betula pubescens, 116 Bonellii’s eagle, 38; 119 Cattle, 91; 93 big lark, 35 bonito, 74 Association of Breeders of the Horse of big white truffles, 50 Bonn Convention, 71; 123 Posavina, 91; 93 Bijele stijene, 11; 22; 78 booted eagle, 119 Associations Act, 91 Bilogora, 8; 9; 34; 71; 112 Boraja, 14 Astacidae, 65; 86 Bilje, 112 Bosnia, 18; 53; 57 Asteroidea, 66 Biograd n/m, 33; 71 Bosut, 3 Atherinidae, 53 bioindicator, 48 botanical garden, 88 Atheriniformes, 53 Biokovo, 14; 15; 20; 37; 41; 43; 51; 82; Botaurus stelaris, 119 Athripsodes dalmatinus, 38 84; 86; 107; 109 Botrychium matricariifolium, 116 Atlantic bluefin tuna, 74 Biokovo Nature Park, 84; 85 bottlenose dolphin, 63 atmosphere warming, 48 biotechnologies, 75 Bovidae, 62 Aubrieta columnae ssp. croatica, 116 birch, 88 Brachiopoda, 66 Auchenorrhyncha, 64 birds, 20; 24; 25; 35; 37; 38; 42; 43; 50; Bra~, 3; 35 Aulopyge hugeli, 52; 54; 117 51; 52; 58; 59; 62; 71; 72; 74; 86; Brassica botterii, 38; 116 Austria, 43; 65 113; 115 Brassica cazzae, 38; 116 Bistrinci, 112 avocet, 119 Brassica mollis, 116 Biševo, 29; 32 Aythya nyroca, 60; 119 Brassicaceae, 47 bittern, 25 Bratuša – Ðon, 26 B Bivalvia, 64; 66 Bregana, 9 Bjelolasica, 112; 123 Brijuni, 82 Bacillarophyceae, 45 Blaca, 40; 113 Brijuni National Park, 31; 81; 83 bacteria, 43 black alder, 18; 19; 20; 88 Brinje, 10 Ba~i}a kosa, 47 black bream, 56 broad-leaved cotton grass, 25 Ba}inska lakes, 15 black hornbeam, 19 brook charr, 55 Baillon’s crake, 119 black pine, 19; 20; 88 brown algae, 29 Bakar, 36 black poplar, 88 brown bear, 4; 20; 63; 71; 110; 120 Balaenopteridae, 62 Black Sea, 23; 24; 52; 54; 55; 60 brown birch, 25 Balkan, 47; 58; 69; 91 black Slavonian pig, 68; 69 brown meagre, 55; 56; 75 Balkan dace, 53; 54; 117 black stork, 4; 20; 25; 26 brown toad, 103 Balkan whip snake, 57; 118 black tern, 25; 119 brown wrasse, 56; 75 Banija, 26 black truffles, 50 Brusnik, 29; 32 bank vole, 60 blackbird, 4; 25 Bryozoa, 66 Banski Kova~evac, 26 black-crowned night heron, 26 Bufonidae, 56 Baranja, 33; 34; 35; 112 black-headed gulls, 25 Bukovica, 13 Barbary sheep, 71 black-necked grebe, 119 Bunio-Iberetum pruitii, 40 Barbus plebeius, 54 black-winged stilt, 119 Bunio-Iberetum velebiticae, 47 Bar~, 24 Blasius’ horseshoe bat, 23; 60 Bunium alpinum, 40 bar-tailed godwit, 119 Blattodea, 64 Burhinus oedicnemus, 119 basak, 54 Blennidae, 53 bustard, 119 Basidiomycotina, 49 blenny, 56 buša cattle of Lika, 68; 69; 121 Bast, 51 Blidinsko Lake, 52 Buško blato, 52 bastard-indigo, 100 Blitvenice, 74 butcher’s broom, 49 Bathynellacea, 64 blue berry, 49 Butomus umbellatus, 116 bats, 4; 23; 60; 61; 63; 120 bluefish, 56; 74 butterflies, 35; 36; 38; 65; 112; 117 Bay of Bakar, 36; 37 blue-green algae, 22 By-Law on Environmental Impact Bay of Kaštela, 37 blue throat, 119 Assessment, 79 bearded tit, 25; 38; 119 bog arum, 41 By-Law on National Parks, 78 142 INDEX

By-Law on Preservation of Antiquities Cephalantera rubra, 116 Columba oenas, 119 and Natural Monuments, 78 Cephalanthera damasonium, 116 common adder, 86 cephalopods (Cephalopoda), 66; 68; 74 common ash, 19; 20; 88 C Ceratophyllum, 60 common dolphin, 38; 60; 61 caddis-flies, 38; 65 cereals, 73 common elder bourtree, 49 Calabrian pine, 88 Cervidae, 62 common fir, 18; 19; 20; 88 calamus, 26 Cestodes, 64; 66 common hornbeam, 20 calandra lark, 119 Cetaceans, 62; 86 common juniper, 49 Calcispongiae, 66 Cetina, 3; 14; 15; 24; 37; 52; 108 common kingfisher, 26; 59 calcium carbonate, 22 Cetina bleak, 53 common oak, 8; 18; 19; 20; 25; 70; 88 Calidris alpina, 119 Cetina spined loach, 54; 117 common otter, 26; 37; 63; 120 Calla palustris, 40; 114; 116 Cetingrad, 18 common paper nautilus, 67 Calystegia soldanella, 38 Chaetognatha, 66 common pine, 88 Campanula cochleariifolia, 116 chamois, 61; 72; 84; 120 common redshank, 35; 38; 119 Canadian water weed, 48 chanterelle, 50 common sandpiper, 119 Canadian-pondweed, 44 Charadrius alexandrinus, 119 common spider crab, 75 Canidae, 62 charr, 55 common spruce, 20; 88 Canis lupus, 105; 120 Cheleutoptera, 64 continental shelf, 29 Cantharella cibarius var. amethysteus, 50 Chelonia, 118 Convention on Biological Diversity, 75; Cantharellus cibarius, 50 Cheloniidae, 58; 118 76; 78; 80; 122; 126 Capparales, 47 chernozem, 34 Convention on European Landscapes, 7 Caput Insulae Eco-Centre, 93 Chilopoda, 64 Convention on International Trade in China, 54 Endangered Species of Wild Fauna Caretta caretta, 118 and Flora, 80 Chiroptera, 61; 62 Carex, 60; 65 Convention on the Conservation of Carex curta, 116 chiton, 54 European Wildlife and Natural Carex davalliana, 116 Chlidonias hybrida, 119 Habitats, 80 Carex diandra, 116 Chlidonias leucoptera, 119 Convention on the Conservation of Carex dioica, 116 Chlidonias nigra, 119 Migratory Species of Wild Carex divisa, 116 Chondrostoma kneri, 54 Animals, 80 Carex echinata, 116 Chondrostoma phoxinus, 54 Convention on the Protection of the chukar partridge, 71 Mediterranean Sea against Carex extensa, 116 Pollution, 80 Ciliophora, 64; 66 Carex flava, 116 Convention on the Protection of World Carex hostiana, 116 Circus aeruginosus, 119 Cultural and Natural Heritage, 80 Carex lepidocarpa, 116 Circus pygargus, 119 Convention on Wetlands of Carex nigra, 116 CITES, 80; 123 International Importance, Especially Carex serotina, 116 citrus fruits, 73 as Waterfowl Habitats, 80 Caricetum, 33 Cladocera, 64 coots, 25 carp fishponds, 25; 28; 60; 73; 122 Clavelina lepadiformis, 112 Copepoda, 64 cartilaginous fish, 55; 56; 75; 87 Clearing-house Mechanism, 126 Coracias garrulus, 119 cask shell, 67 climate change, 44; 67; 98 corals, 29; 30; 65; 68 Caspian Sea, 60 Clitellata, 64; 66 Coregonidae, 53 Caspian whip-snake, 118 Clupeidae, 53 CORINE-Biotopes, 17; 39; 100 Castoridae, 62 Clupeiformes, 53 cormorant, 59; 120 Catabrosa aquatica, 116 Cnidaria, 64; 66; 118 corn, 35; 50; 73; 76 catfish, 55 coast and islands, 18; 38; 77; 113 corn cockle, 35 cattle breeding, 28; 33; 37; 38; 41; 58; coastal habitats, 40; 41; 57 corncrake, 35; 119 59; 68; 69; 73; 112 Cobitis taenia dalmatina, 54 Corynephori-Festucetum vaginatae, 33; Cattle-Breeding Act, 79 Cobitis taenia narentana, 54 40; 41 Caudata, 56; 57 Cobititidae, 54 Corynephorus canescens, 33; 40; 41; 116 Caudofoveata, 66 Coccidea, 66 Corynephorus divaricatus, 116 Caulerpa, 30; 44; 48; 100 Coenonympha oedippus, 35; 38; 65 Cottidae, 53 cave leech, 4; 23 Coenonympha tullia, 38 cottongrass, 40 cave shrimp, 23 coke plant, 36 crabs, 30; 55; 60; 63; 68 caverns, 22 Coleoptera, 64 crake, 25 caves, 4; 5; 22; 23; 37; 39; 45; 61; 87; collections, 90 crane flies, 63 108; 109; 111; 113; 114; 117; 124 Collembola, 64 Cratarellus cornucopioides, 50 Centaurea crithmifolia, 38 Coluber caspius, 118 Cratena peregrina, 29 Centaurea friederici, 38 Coluber gemonensis, 118 Cratoneuron commutatum, 22 Centaurea jabukensis, 38 Coluber viridiflavus ssp. carbonarius, crayfish, 65; 86 Centrarchidae, 53 118 Cres, 3; 12; 24; 35; 37; 78; 117 Cephalantera longifolia, 116 Colubridae, 58 Crex crex, 119 INDEX 143

Crinoidea, 66 D Discordis atromaculata, 68 Crna Mlaka, 28; 83; 107 disturbing, 37; 46; 75; 76; 98; 99 Dalmatia, 8; 13; 14; 15; 25; 26; 37; 40; Croatian Association of the Greens, 90 52; 59; 75 Dobra, 10 Croatian Bank of Domestic Animal Dalmatian algyroides, 57; 118 doe, 55; 63; 100 Genes, 88 Dalmatian barbelgudgeon, 52; 53; 54; dolphin, 5; 60; 61; 111; 120 Croatian Bank of Plant Genes, 69; 88; 117 domesticated taxa, 68; 69; 73; 100; 105; 121 Dalmatian black pine, 19; 88 121 Croatian Biological Society, 90; 93 Dalmatian dog, 68 doneky of the littoral and Dinaric area, Croatian Biospeleological Society, 93 69 Dalmatian dormouse, 61 Croatian Centre of Environmental donkey of Kvarner and Istria, 68; 69 Dalmatian garden dormouse, 22 Education, 93 donkey of littoral and Dinaric area, 68 Dalmatian grey cattle, 69 Croatian dace, 53; 54 donkey of the littoral and Dinaric area, Croatian Ecological Society, 90; 93 Dalmatian minnow, 54; 117 69 Croatian Entomological Society, 93 Dalmatian pelican, 37 Dragani}, 8 Croatian hen, 68; 69; 121 Dalmatian soiffe, 54 dragonflies, 26; 65 Croatian Information Service for Dalmatian wall lizard, 38; 44; 57 Dragu~, 11 Biological Diversity, 95 Dalmatinska zagora, 8; 14 Drava, 3; 4; 5; 7; 8; 9; 18; 20; 21; 23; 24; Croatian minnow, 54; 117 Danube, 3; 4; 5; 7; 8; 23; 25; 28; 41; 73; 25; 26; 33; 35; 40; 41; 84; 108; 112; Croatian Mountaineering Association, 84; 112; 114; 120 114; 120; 124 Nature Protection Commission, 93 Daphne, 34 Dropwort, 113 Croatian Parliament, 73; 78; 89; 128 Daphne blagayana, 116 Drosera anglica, 116 Croatian Ornithological Society, 93 Daphne cneorum, 116 Drosera intermedia, 116 Croatian Sahara, 40; 41 date-shell, 67 Drosera rotundifolia, 114 Croatian sheep dog, 68 Debela glava, 26 Dubrava, 3 Croatian Society for Natural Sciences, 90 decapods (Decapoda), 64; 65 Dubravica, 26; 40; 114 Croatian Society for the Protection of Declaration of Environmental ducks, 25; 59 Birds and Nature, 93 Protection, 78 dunlin, 119 Croatian Society for Water Protection, 93 Decree on Protection of Natural durmast oak, 18; 19; 20; 88 Croatian Society of Forestry, 93 Masterpieces, 78 dusty-miller, 5 Croatian Society of Landscape deep-snouted pipefish, 55 dwarf catfish, 55 Architects, 93 degenia, 4; 22; 38; 40; 47 dwarf cattail, 26 Croatian Society of Natural Sciences, 93 Degenia velebitica, 38; 47; 109; 116 dwarf pine, 19 Croatian spotted goat, 68; 69; 121 degradation, 5; 8; 9; 16; 18; 20; 24; 27; Dyctioptera, 64 Croatian white goat, 68; 69 30; 33; 40; 41; 50; 58; 59; 61; 72; 73; 76; 78; 79; 98; 99; 100; 111 crustacean (Crustacea), 4; 23; 43; 63; 64; \ 65; 66; 67; 68; 74; 111; 118 Delima, 22 Ctenophora, 66 Delnice, 110; 115 \akovo, 18 cuckoo wrasse, 56 Delphinidae, 62 \elekovac, 35 Cuscuta epilinum, 116 Demospongiae, 64; 66 \ur|evac, 33; 34; 35; 40; 114 cutting, 16; 21; 46; 70; 71; 98; 99 depletion, 67; 68; 98; 99 Cyanophyta, 45 Dermaptera, 64 E Cymodocea nodosa, 67; 111 Dermochelyidae, 58 earthworms, 63 Cyprinidae, 52; 53; 54 Deschampsietum, 33 echinoderms (Echinodermata), 65; 66; Cypriniformes, 52; 53 Desmidiaceae, 25 118 Cyprinodontidae, 53 detergents, 56 Echinoidea, 66 Cyprinodontiformes, 53 Dianthus, 34 Echinophora spinosa, 38 Cypripedium calceolus, 116 Dianthus multinervis, 37; 116 Echiura, 66 Cyprus, 43 diatoms, 45 Ecological Society of Brod, 93 Cystoseira, 30; 31; 56 dice snake, 26 edible boletus, 50 Cystoseiretum barbatae, 31 Digena, 64 edible frog, 56; 75; 86 Czech Republic, 37; 43; 65 Digitalis ferruginea, 116 Edraianthus, 34 Digitalis grandiflora, 116 education, 93 ^ Dilj, 8 EECONET, 110 Dinara, 3; 4; 5; 14; 25; 58; 73 eelgrass, 56; 111 ^akovec, 3 Dinaric Alps, 18; 19; 24; 37; 120 EEP, 88 ^ambina Pond, 41 Dinaric karst, 20; 23; 26; 57 Egreta alba, 119 ^ekrk cave, 108; 125 Diplodus, 56 Egretta garzetta, 119 ^esma River, 9 diplopods (Diplopoda), 63, 64 Egyptian vulture, 37 ^ikola, 37 Diplura, 64 Eko-Liburnia, Rijeka, 93 Diptera, 64 Elafiti, 15; 86; 123 ] Discoglossidae, 56 Elba island, 87 ]i}arija, 11; 12; 120 Discomycetes, 49; 50 Eleonora’s falcon, 5, 38; 119 144 INDEX

Elymus farctus, 116 Festuca vaginata, 33; 40; 41 gilliflower, 37 Elymus pycnanthus, 116 Festuca vaginata, 116 glacial relict, 42 Elyno-Seslerietea, 33 Festuco-Brometea, 33 Glaucidium passerinum, 119 Embioptera, 64 Fibiqia triquetra, 48 glossy ibis, 115; 119 Emydidae, 58 Fimbristylis bisumbellata, 116 Glušci, 125 endemic, 4; 5; 17; 21; 22; 23; 24; 26; 29; Finland, 43; 91 Gnathostomulida, 66 30; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 42; 43; fir, 20; 70 Gobiidae, 53; 55 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 51; 52; 53; fire-bellied toad, 26 54; 55; 56; 57; 59; 61; 62; 63; 65; goby, 55; 56 67; 75; 84; 88; 98; 108; 109; 111; fishing, 30; 32; 37; 44; 53; 55; 56; 57; 67; golden eagle, 119 68; 70; 73; 74; 78; 99; 110; 111; 118 113; 114; 116; 117; 118; 123; 124 goldfish, 54; 55 flooding, 11; 21; 27; 38; 59; 61; 71 english holly, 49; 116 Goli otok, 68 flysch series, 12; 21 Enteropneusta, 66 Gorgonaceae, 87 Environmental Protection Act, 79; 123 foreign species, 27; 37; 39; 50; 63; 98; 99; 113 Gorgoniidae, 87 Ephemeroidea, 64 Forest Act, 70 Gorski Kotar, 4; 8; 10; 11; 18; 26; 27; Ephemeroptera, 64 33; 40; 97; 114; 115; 120 Forest Seeds and Forest Seedlings Act, Erebia, 36 79 Gospi}, 26 Erebia gorge ssp. vagana, 35 forestry, 18; 44; 46; 48; 70; 78; 84; 87; Government of the Republic of Croatia, Erebia gorge ssp. vagana, 38 88; 98; 99; 110; 122 83; 89; 100; 127; 128 Erebia oeme ssp. megaspodia, 35 fragmentation, 44; 50; 57; 58; 98; 99; Granuloreticulosae, 66 Erebia styria ssp. gorana, 35 116 grapes, 73 Erebia styria ssp. kleki, 35 France, 43; 50; 59 grass carp, 55 Eremophilia alepestris, 119 freshwater fish, 26; 42; 43; 44; 50; 51; grass frog, 56 Eresus niger, 35 52; 53; 54; 62; 73; 100; 122; 124 grasshoppers, 36; 58 Erinaceidae, 62 Freshwater Fishery Act, 79 grasslands, 4; 13; 17; 24; 32; 33; 34; 35; Eriophorum angustifolium, 116 freshwater honting,, 55 39; 41; 46; 51; 100; 112; 114 Eriophorum gracile, 116 Fritillaria meleagris, 116 grassy-rush, 26 Eriophorum gracille, 114 fritillary, 26; 49 gray partridge, 71; 72 Eriophorum latifolium, 40; 116 Fucus, 30 gray-hair grass, 40; 41 Erithatus svecicus, 119 fungi, 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 48; 49; 50; 51; grazing, 33; 34; 37; 39; 46; 47; 99 erosion, 8; 12; 46 71; 75; 76; 86; 91; 100; 115; 131 great bittern, 119 Eryngium, 34 Fu`ine, 26; 27; 40 great cormorant, 25; 119 Esocidae, 53 Great Lake, 5; 32 Estonia, 43 G greater bladderwort, 26 EUFORGEN, 88 Gacka, 11; 108 greater noctule, 60 Eunapius subterraneus, 23 Gacko polje, 11 grebes, 25 Eunicella cavolini, 87 Gadidae, 53 Greece, 43; 56; 118 Eurocoast, 93 Gadiformes, 53 green algae, 29; 30 European Endangered Species gadwal, 119 green Douglas fir, 88 Programme, 88 Gallinago gallinago, 119 Green forum, 91 European ground squirrel, 36 Gasteromycetes, 49; 50 green frog, 56 European roller, 38; 119 Gasterosteidae, 53 Green Osijek - Ecological Society, 93 European sea bass, 74 Gasterosteiformes, 53 green wrasse, 56; 75 Eurosiberian-North American region, Gasterosteus aculeatus, 54 17; 19 greenhouse effect, 48 Gastropoda, 64; 66 eutrophication, 27; 32; 44; 46; 55; 67; 81 Gregarinidea, 66 Gastrotricha, 66 gren lizard, 118 F gathering, 31; 40; 44; 47; 48; 49; 50; 56; grey cattle of Dalmatia, 68 57; 59; 63; 67; 75; 78; 86; 94; 98; Falco biarmicus, 119 99; 116 Grey Istria, 11; 12 Falco cherug, 119 geese, 25 grey mullet, 74 Falco columbarius, 119 Gekkonidae, 58 greylegg goose, 119 Falco eleonorae, 113; 119 Gelochelidion nilotica, 119 griffon vulture, 5; 37; 78; 119 Falco neumanni, 119 genetic diversity, 68 grotte goby, 55 Falco peregrinus, 119 genetic pollution, 71; 73 ground beetles, 63 fallow deer, 71 genetic variability, 46 ground squirrel, 60; 61; 63; 120 false rasbora, 54; 55 genetically modified organisms, 75 grouper, 56 false ringlet, 65; 112 Gentiana, 34 grouse, 71 FAO, 34; 74; 111 Gentiana pneumonanthe, 35; 116 guilthead sea-bream, 74 Felidae, 62 Geranium dalmaticum, 116 gull-billed tern, 119 felling forests, 40 German tamarisk, 26 Gymnolaemata, 66 ferruginous duck, 4; 25; 26; 60; 119 Germany, 43; 65 Gymnosperms, 42; 45; 46; 48 fescue grass, 40; 41 giant Mediterranean pen, 67 Gyps fulvus, 119 INDEX 145

H Hrvatsko zagorje, 9; 26; 40; 86; 123 Isopoda, 63; 64; 117 Hucho hucho, 54 Isoptera, 64 Hadena irregularis, 35 Hungary, 24; 37; 43; 65; 69; 72 Issus novaki, 38 Haematopus ostralegus, 119 hunting, 20; 21; 37; 44; 59; 60; 61; 63; Istria, 8; 11; 12; 18; 29; 30; 35; 41; 45; hake, 56; 74 70; 71; 72; 78; 84; 86; 98; 99; 105; 50; 56; 58; 65; 68; 69; 75; 84; 86; Halicatus albicilla, 119 120; 122 106; 109; 112 hamsters, 36 Hvar, 3; 15; 18 Istrian cattle, 68; 69; 121 hare, 37; 63; 72 Hydnum repandum, 50 Istrian longhaired pointer, 68 harvestmans, 63 Hydnum rufescens, 50 Istrian sheep, 68; 69; 121 hawthorn, 49 Hydrocharis, 60 Istrian shorthaired pointer, 68 Hayek, 47 Hydroideas, 65 Italian agile frog, 26; 38; 57; 118 hay-meadows, 35 Hydroina, 64 Italian wall lizard, 44; 57 heath ringlet, 25 hydropower plants, 13; 20; 23; 24; 27; Italy, 18; 43; 50; 56; 57; 69; 74; 75 heavy metals, 32; 40; 48 53; 75; 76 Ivan~ica, 9 Helix, 65; 75; 86 Hydrozoa, 64; 66 hellebores, 49 Hygrocybe calyptriformis, 49 J Helsinki Convention on Forests, 70 Hygrophoraceae, 49 Jabuka, 5; 29; 36; 37; 38 Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L., 116 HYLA – Society for the Protection and Jabuka knapwed, 38 Hemichordata, 66 Study of Amphibians and Reptiles jack snipe, 119 Hemiptera, 64 in Croatia, 93 Hylidae, 56 Jacob’s scallop, 68 Herbarium Adriaticum, 91 Hymenomycetes, 49 Jadro, 53 Herbarium Croaticum, 90; 91 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, 116 Jan~arica, 10 Herbarium in Makarska, 91 Hymenoptera, 64 Janthina, 67 Herbarium in Rovinj, 91 hypoxia, 32 Japan, 49 Herbarium of Ivo and Marija Horvat, 91 Japeti}, 9 Herbarium of the Croatian Natural I Jasena~ko polje, 26 Jasikovac, 26 History Museum, 91 Iberis carnosa, 40 Javornik, 110 herbariums, 90; 91 ice age, 36; 42 Jelsa, 26 herbicide, 46; 48 ice-pits, 22 heron, 4; 25; 84 ichthyofauna, 22; 43; 53; 54; 56; 124 journals, 95 Herpestidae, 62 icterine warbler, 119 Herzegovina, 14; 18; 53; 57 ide, 117 K Heteroptera, 64 Ilex aquifolium, 116 Kalnik, 9 Heteropteraidacea, 64 Imotski, 14; 24 Kamptozoa, 66 Hieraaetus fasciatus, 119 Imotsko polje, 14 Kapela, 11; 120 Hieraaetus pennatus, 119 imperial eagle, 35; 119 Karin, 13 Highland Croatia, 4; 5 Implementation Monitoring Karlovac, 26; 115 Himantopus himantopus, 119 Commission, 128 karst and underground, 23; 109 Hippolais icterina, 119 infralittoral zone, 30 karst spring, 23; 37 Hippolais olivetorum, 119 inland waters, 26; 39; 45; 46; 48; 51; 61; karst watercourses, 4; 41; 108 63; 73 Hippophaë rhamnoides L., 116 Kaštela, 15; 32; 37; 125 insecticide, 46; 63; 112; 113 Hippophao-Berberidetum, 26 kentish plover, 38; 119 insectivora, 62 Hirudinea, 64 kingfishers, 24 insects, 60; 61; 63; 64; 71 Holarctic, 19 Klek, 35 institutional framework, 92; 100; 104; Holland, 43 Kloštar, 33; 40; 41; 114 105; 122; 123; 126 holm oak, 5; 15; 19; 20; 88 knapweed, 38 Holothurioidea, 66 International Species Information System, 88 Kninsko polje, 14 Holotricha, 66 interstitial fauna, 23; 38 Knipowitschia mrakovcici, 54 Homoptera, 64 inventorying, 28; 46; 94; 95; 104; 108; Knipowitschia punctatissima ssp. hornbeam, 14; 18; 19; 88 115; 118; 121; 124 croatica, 54; 117 horned lark, 119 invertebrate collections, 90 Koeleria glauca, 116 horny corals, 87 invertebrates, 23; 26; 29; 35; 39; 42; 43; Kolansko blato, 37 horse leech, 65 50; 51; 52; 60; 63; 65; 66; 67; 86; Kolombatovi}’s goby, 55 horse of Me|imurje, 68; 69; 121 117; 124 kolombatovi}ev grey long-eared bat, 61 horse of Posavina, 68; 69; 121 Ireland, 43 Konavle, 15 horseflies, 63 Iris, 34 Kopa~ki rit, 7; 8; 23; 25; 28; 82; 83; 84; Horticultural monument, 81; 86 Iris pseudopumilla, 116 86; 107 Horvath’s rock lizard, 57; 118 Iris sibirica, 116 Kopa~ki rit Nature Park, 84 hover-flies, 63 Island, 43 Koprivnica, 9; 41 Hrvatski Posavac, 93 island pony, 68; 69; 113; 121 Korana, 10; 22; 24; 45 146 INDEX

Kor~ula, 35; 118 Lepenica, 27; 114 Lomska duliba, 33 Kordun, 8; 10 Lepeni~ko Lake, 27 long-fingered bat, 23; 61 Kornati islands, 14; 31; 32; 75; 81; 82; 84 Lepeni~ko polje, 27 long-term plans, 104 Kornati National Park, 37; 83 Lepidoptera, 64; 65 Lonja, 8 Kosovo polje, 14 Leporidae, 62 Lonjsko Polje, 8; 25; 27; 82; 83; 84; 107 Kozja~a, 26 Leptidea duponcheli, 38 Lonjsko polje Nature Park, 84 Kozjak, 14 Leptopsammia pruvoti, 67 Lopinga achine, 35 Krapje |ol, 108 Lesquerella velebitica, 47 Lošinj, 12; 29; 35 Krbavsko polje, 11 lesser kestrel, 35; 38; 119 Lovinac, 11 Kr~i}i, 122 lesser Neptune grass, 67; 111 Lowland Croatia, 4; 5; 8 Kri`evci, 9 lesser spotted eagle, 4; 20; 25; 119 Luca’s cavern, 23 Krk (island), 3; 12; 30; 35; 37; 58; 113 Lethenteron zanandreai, 54 Ludvi} potok, 26 Krka (river), 13; 15; 24; 26; 31; 32; 37; Leuciscus, 38 Luke’s pit, 43 52; 82; 108; 117; 122 Leuciscus illiricus, 54; 117 Luš~i}, 26 Krka Adriatic salmon, 54 Leuciscus microlepis, 54; 117 Lutra lutra, 120 Krka National Park, 61; 81; 83 Leuciscus polylepis, 54; 117 Luxemburg, 35, 43 Krndija, 8 Leuciscus souffia ssp. muticellus, 54, 117 Lycaena dispar, 35 Krupa, 86; 123 Leuciscus svallize, 54; 117 Lycopsida, 105 Kruš~ica, 11 Leuciscus turskyi, 54 Lymnocryptes minima, 119 Kupa, 3; 8; 10; 11; 18; 35; 41; 45; 86; Leuciscus turskyi ssp. tenellus, 54 lynx, 4; 20; 61; 72; 110; 120 123 Leuciscus ukliva, 54 Kup~ina, 9 Leucorrhinia, 63 M Kvarner, 8; 12; 29; 40; 69 levant sparrowhawk, 38; 119 Kynorhyncha, 66 lichens, 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 48; 49; 50 Macelj, 9 Li~ko Petrovo Selo, 10 mackerel, 74 L Li~ko polje, 11 Maculinea, 36; 112 Maculinea alcon, 35 Labin, 12 Liechtenstein, 43 Liechtenstein’s goby, 55 Maculinea nausithous, 35; 38 Labrus, 56 Ligularia, 34 Maculinea telejus, 35 Lacerta horvathi, 118 Ligularia sibirica, 116 magmatic rocks, 21 Lacerta mosorensis, 118 Lika, 8; 10; 11; 12; 33; 69; 120 mainland invertebrates, 42; 50 Lacerta oxycephala, 118 Lilium, 34; 116 Makarska, 5; 15; 38 Lacerta viridis, 118 Lilium bosniacum 116 Mala Paklenica, 39; 82 Lacertidae, 58 Lilium bulbiferum, 116 Malinska, 30 Lactarius deliciosus, 50 Lilium carniolicum, 116 mallard duck, 25; 71 Lactarius deterrimus, 50 Lilium martagon, 116 Malophaga, 64 Lactarius hemicyaneus, 50 Lim bay, 12 Malostonski bay, 18; 32; 111 Lactarius quieticolor, 50 lime, 18; 19; 88 Malta, 43 Lactarius salmonicolor, 50 limestone, 5; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 21; mammals, 23; 36; 38; 42; 44; 50; 51; 52; Lactarius sanguifluus, 50 22; 24; 34; 36; 47 58; 60; 61; 62; 63; 71; 86; 120; 124 Lactarius semisanguifluus, 50 Limosa lapponica, 119 Man and Biosphere - MAB, 83 ladybird spider, 35 Limski Bay, 31; 32 mandarin oranges, 73 Lagomorpha, 62 Limski Channel, 112 Mandragora officinarum, 116 Lake Bajer, 40 Linum, 34 mangulica, 69 Lake Bokanja~ko, 37 Lipizzaner horse, 69 Mantodea, 64 Lake ^epi~ko, 37 Lipove~ka gradina, 26 maple, 18 Lake Vransko Nature Park, 84 Lipovljani, 122 marble trout, 54 lampreys, 52; 53; 54 Lithuania, 43 mariculture, 44; 46; 74; 99 land reclamation, 16; 20; 33; 38; 52 little bittern, 25; 26 Marifugia cavatica, 23 land slaters, 43 little crake, 119 marine fish, 52 lanner falcon, 38; 119 little ringed plover, 24 Marine Fishery Act, 56; 62; 67; 79 larch, 88 little tern, 119 marine habitats, 40 largemouth black bass, 55 littoral pine, 18 marine invertebrates, 42; 50; 67; 124 Larus, 95 Lobaria lulmonaria, 48 marine reserves, 32; 61; 111 Lastovci, 32 locus typicus, 21 marine turtle, 5; 29; 57; 118 Lastovo, 15; 32; 37; 86; 113; 123 locust, 22; 44; 48 Maritime Code, 79 late snowflake, 19 Locustella naevia, 119 maritime pine, 88 Latvia, 43 loessial, 34 marl rocks, 21 lavender, 48 loggerhead turtle, 118 marsh harrier, 25; 119 Lavernaka, 38 Lokve, 115 marshes, 4; 5; 20; 27; 37; 41; 59; 60 Lemna, 60 Lolium, 65 Martino’s snow vole, 4; 22; 61 INDEX 147

Mastigophorae, 66 Montagn’s harrier, 119 58; 60; 61; 62; 67; 71; 72; 75; 77; Mati} poljana, 10 Montenegro, 57 78; 79; 80; 81; 83; 85; 86; 87; 100; Matokit, 14 Moor frog, 118 114; 116; 118; 122; 123; 131 Mauremys caspica, 118 moors, 4; 17; 25; 26; 27; 40; 41; 65; 87; Nematodes, 64; 66 meadow, 4; 8; 10; 11; 25; 27; 30; 32; 33; 98; 107; 114 Nematomorpha, 64 34; 35; 36; 39; 41; 56; 58; 65; 67; moray, 56; 75 Nemertina, 66 72; 73; 82; 84; 87; 98; 100; 108; Mose}a, 14 Neogobius fluvialitis, 54 111; 112; 114; 117 Moslova~ka mountain, 8 neoteny, 57 meadow saffron, 49 Mosor, 14 Neretva, 5; 8; 14; 15; 18; 24; 25; 26; 28; Mecoptera, 64 Mosor rock lizard, 57; 118 31; 32; 37; 45; 59; 72; 83; 86; 98; 99; 107; 112; 113; 114; 123 Medak, 11 mosses, 25; 42; 44; 45; 46; 48; 91 Neretva Adriatic salmon, 54 medicinal herbs, 44; 75; 76 Motovun, 106; 109 Neretva spined loach, 54 medicinal leech, 65 mottled black sea goby, 54 Netta rufina, 119 Mediterranean coast, 4; 5 mouflon, 71 NGOs, 86; 88; 89; 90; 126 Mediterranean Croatia, 5; 21 mountain anemone, 112; 113 night heron, 119 Mediterranean monk seal, 5; 38; 60; 61; mouse-like bats, 61 120 Niphargus, 23 moustached warbler, 119 Mediterranean region, 17; 19; 25; 53; 67; nitrogen oxides, 48 Movement of Nature Friends, 90 108 North America, 49 mowing, 11; 33; 34; 37; 39; 73 Mediterranean Sea, 29; 74 North-Dalmatian plateau, 8; 13 Mre`nica, 10; 86; 123 Mediterranean shearwater, 119 North Velebit National Park, 81; 83 Mrkopalj, 115 Mediterranean toothcarp, 54; 55 northern bat, 60 Mrzla vodica, 26 medium-term plans, 104 northern bobwhite, 71 Mugilidae, 53 Medora, 22 North-western Croatia, 9 Mugiliformes, 53 Medvednica, 9; 19; 82; 84; 104 Norway, 43; 91 Mura, 4; 24; 41; 45; 108; 114 Medvednica Nature Park, 77; 84; 85 Norway lobster, 68 Muridae, 62 Megaloptera, 64 nose-horned viper, 57; 86 Mus spicilegus, 120 Mehely’s horseshoe bat, 60 Novi Vinodolski, 12 mussels, 68 Melanocorypha calandra, 119 Novigrad, 13 Mustelidae, 62 Meledella verneri, 22 NSAP, 17; 18; 28; 42; 44; 86; 97; 98; mycoflora, 5;43; 44; 45; 94; 109 Merodontidae, 63 104; 105; 106; 123; 126; 127; 128 Myocastoridae, 62 metamorphic rocks, 21 Numenius phaeopus, 119 Myotis capaccinii, 61 Metkovi}, 108; 125 Numerius tenuirostris, 119 Myotis dasycneme, 120 Microcosmus, 68 Nycticorax nycticorax, 119 Myoxidae, 62 microorganism, 71; 76 Nymphaea, 60 microphytobenthos, 45 Myriapoda, 64 migration, 16; 23; 25; 30; 41; 53; 57; 69; Myricaria germanica, 116 O 100 Mytiloida, 67 oak, 8; 14; 15; 18; 19; 20; 25 Milesiidae, 63 Myxosporea, 66 Milvus milvus, 119 Myxozoa, 66 Odonata, 64 Miljacka, 61 Myzostomida, 66 Odra, 108 Miljacka cave, 117 Ogulin, 10; 23; 26; 41; 107; 109; 115 Miljkovi}a Krug, 47 N oil derivatives, 40 oilseed rape, 73 mineral oils, 56 Nadinsko blato, 37 Oku}ani, 73 minnow nase, 53; 54 nannoplankton, 45 oleiferous plants, 73 Mljet, 5; 15; 18; 22; 29; 30; 32; 37; 40; Nannospalax syrmiensis, 120 Oligochaeta, 64 82; 113; 118 Narcissus, 34 olives, 73 Mljet National Park, 81; 82 Narcissus radiiflorus, 116 olive-tree warbler, 119 Mokro polje, 8; 28 Nardo-Callunetea, 33 olm, 57 Molinietum, 33 narrow-leaved bindweed, 112 Omiš, 15 Molinio- Arrhenatheretea, 33 narrow-leaved helleborine, 116 Ophioglossum lusitanicum, 37; 116 molluscs (Mollusca), 30; 60; 64; 65; 66; National Development Strategy of the 118 Republic of Croatia, 80 Ophiuroidea, 66 Molossidae, 62 National park, 81; 86 Ophrys apifera, 116 Monachus monachus, 120 National Programme for Development Ophrys lutea, 116 Monera, 42 of Islands, 79 Opiliones, 64 monk seals, 29 NATURA - Society for Nature orchards, 14; 17; 33 monkey goby, 54 Protection in Croatia, 93 Orchidaceae, 34 monnd-building mouse, 120 Natura Croatica, 95 orchids, 26; 34 monoculture, 16; 33; 44; 72; 98; 112 Natural monument, 81; 85; 86 Orchis italica, 116 Monogena, 64 Nature Park, 8; 81; 86 Orchis lactea, 116 Monolistra pretneri spp. spinulosa, 117 Nature Protection Act, 28; 47; 49; 57; Orchis purpurea, 116 148 INDEX

Orchis quadripunctata, 116 Peritricha, 66 Plješivica, 9; 10; 11; 86; 120; 123 Orchis spitzelli, 116 Peru~a, 3; 14 Po, 18 oriental hornbeam, 12; 19 pesticide, 20; 21; 33; 35; 37; 44; 46; 48; Po barbel, 54 oriental knight’s spur, 35 57; 61; 63; 68; 75; 99; 110; 113; 124 Po broke lamprey, 54 Orlovac, 26 petroleum, 56 Poa, 65 ornithological reserve, 15; 25; 78; 108 Petromyzontidae, 53; 54 Poa remota, 116 Orsini’s viper, 38; 58; 118 Petromyzontiformes, 53 poaching, 37; 39; 59; 63; 72; 98; 122 Orthoptera, 64 Petrosia ficiformis, 68 Podarcis melisellensis ssp. pomoensis, 38 orthopterans, 65 Petrova mountain, 8 Podarcis muralis ssp. maculiventris, 118 Osijek, 3; 18 Petrovo polje, 14 Podiceps grisegena, 119 Osmunda regalis, 116 Phaeodaria, 66 Podiceps nigrocollis, 119 Ostracoda, 64 Phalacrocorax carbo, 119 Podolia, 69 Oštrc, 9 Phasmidae, 64 podolian cattle, 69 Otis tarda, 119 pheasant, 59; 71 pointer of Posavina, 68 Oto~ac, 11; 35 phenols, 56 Poland, 43; 91 otter, 4 Phocidae, 62 pollution, 13; 18; 20; 21; 27; 28; 29; 30; Our Beautiful Homeland, 90; 93 Phoronida, 66 31; 38; 39; 40; 41; 44; 46; 48; 50; overfishing, 53; 56; 67; 68; 75; 99 photophilic algae, 31 52; 53; 55; 56; 57; 59; 63; 67; 73; 75; 76; 90; 95; 98; 99; 107; 108; Phoxinellus, 38 oystercatcher, 119 109; 110; 111; 114; 117; 118; 122; oysters, 68 Phoxinellus adspersus, 54; 117 123; 124 Phoxinellus alepidotus, 54; 117 Polychaeta, 64; 66 P Phoxinellus croaticus, 54; 117 Polycistiena, 66 Phoxinellus ghetaldi, 54; 117 Pag, 3; 12; 25; 35; 37; 115 Polygonum, 60 Phoxinellus pstrossi, 54; 117 Paklenica, 78 poplar, 18; 19 Phragmiti-Typhetum minimae, 26 Paklenica National Park, 35; 39; 81; 82 Porifera, 66 Phthiraptera, 64 Pakoštane, 24 Poronia punctata, 51 Physeteridae, 62 Palagru`a, 17; 29; 32; 37; 39; 75 Portugal, 43 Physical Planning Strategy, 3; 7; 8 Palagru`a cabbage, 38 Porzana parva, 119 phytobentos, 46 Palagru`a knapwed, 38 Porzana pusilla, 119 phytoplankton, 45; 46 Palestine mole mouse, 36; 60; 61; 62; Posidonia oceanica, 30; 67; 111 63; 120 Picoides tridactylus, 119 Potamogeton, 60 Pancratium maritimum, 38; 116 pig of Turopolje, 68; 69; 87; 121 poultry, 73 Pannonian highlands, 8 pike, 73 Po`ega, 9 Pannonian hills, 5 pilchard, 56; 74 pramenka sheep of Lika, 68; 69 Pannonian mountains, 8 pine marten, 63 predators, 20; 54; 72; 110 Pannonian region, 23 pine-tree, 12 Priapulida, 66 Panonnian highlands, 8 Pinna nobilis, 67 primroses, 49 Pantopoda, 66 Pinnidae, 67 Primula, 34 Panurus biarmicus, 119 Pinnotheres, 67 priority plans, 104 Papaver dubium ssp. lecoquii var. pipefish, 55 Promina, 13; 14 albifolium, 35 pisciculture, 73; 122 protected landscape, 81; 85; 86 Papilio alexanor, 38 pits, 4; 13; 37; 61; 108; 109 Proteidae, 56; 57 Papuk, 8; 9; 35; 82; 84 Placophora, 66 Protelsonia hingarica ssp. thermalis, 23 Papuk Nature Park, 84 plaices, 56 Proterorhinus marmoratus, 54 Paralcyonium corralloides, 87 Planipenia, 64 Proteus anguinus, 57; 118 Paraphoxinus, 23; 44 Plant Protection Act, 79 Protocol Concerning Specially Park forest, 81; 85; 86 Plaški, 10 Protected Areas and Biological Parnassius apollo, 38 Plaško, 10; 26 Diversity in the Mediterranean, 80 parti-coloured bat, 60 Platalea leucordia, 119 Protocol on Biological Safety, 76 partridge, 35; 59 Platanthera clorantha, 116 Protoctista, 42 pastures, 4; 10; 11; 25; 32; 33; 39; 41; Platodes, 64 Protoerebia phegea dalmata, 38 72; 73; 84; 98; 100; 108 Platyhelminthes, 66 Protozoa, 64 Pauropoda, 64 Plecoptera, 64 Protura, 64 Pazin, 12 Plegadis falcinellus, 119 Prvi}, 37 pea crabs, 67 Pleuronectidae, 53 Pryonotropus hystryx ssp. hystrix, 22 Pelobatidiae, 56 Pleuronectiformes, 53 pseudogley, 34 Pelješac, 15 Plitvice Lakes, 11; 22; 24; 78; 82; 83; Pseudophilotes schiffermueleri, 35 pen shell, 67 107 Pseudophilotes vicrama, 35 Percidae, 53 Plitvice Lakes National Park, 81 Pseudophyllidea, 64 Perciformes, 53; 55 Plomin, 45 Pseudoscorpiones, 64 peregrine falcon, 119 plums, 73 pseudoscorpions, 4; 23; 43; 64 INDEX 149

Psocoptera, 64 Risnjak, 19; 120; 123 Sava, 3; 4; 5; 8; 18; 19; 20; 21; 23; 25; Psunj, 8; 9 Risnjak National Park, 81; 82; 123; 126 28; 32; 84; 108; 124 Pteridophyta, 42; 43; 45; 46; 48 Rje~ina, 45 sawflies, 63 pubescent oak, 5; 12; 19; 88 rock partridge, 71; 72 Saxifraga sedoides ssp. prenja, 116 public information, 93; 95 Rodentia, 62 Scandinavia, 19 Pucareva staja, 125 roe-deer, 71; 72 Scaphopoda, 66 Puffinus yelkouan, 119 Romania, 43; 54; 69 Scardinius erythrophthalmus ssp. Pulsatilla pratensis ssp. nigricans, 116 roothless duckweed, 26 hesperidicus, 54 pumpkin-seed sunfish, 55 rosemary, 49 Scardinius erythrophthalmus ssp. scardafa, 54 purple heron, 25; 119 Roški waterfall, 83 Sciaena umbra, 55 pygmy cormorants, 25 Rotatoria, 64; 66 Sciaenidae, 55 pygmy owl, 119 round-leaf sundew, 25; 40 science, 93; 94 Pyrenomycetes, 49; 50; 51 Rovinj, 67 Scilla, 34 Ro`anski Kukovi, 13 Scincidae, 58 ruda sheep, 68; 69; 121 Q Sciuridae, 62 rudd, 54 quails, 35; 59 Scolapax rusticola, 119 ruderal flora, 35 Scopolia carniolica, 116 rural tourism, 72 Scorpaeniformes, 53 R Russia, 56; 59 Scorpiones, 64 Rab, 18; 40; 115 Rutilus basak, 54 Scots pine, 88 Rabac, 12 Rynchospora alba, 116 raccoon dog, 60 scullcap, 26 Scyphozoa, 66 rainbow trout, 55 S Rakovica, 10 sea blossom, 32; 46 Saccharum ravennae, 116 Ramsar, 25; 28; 80; 83; 107 sea buckthorn, 26 sage, 49 Rana esculenta, 56 sea cucumbers, 75; 86 saker falcon, 35; 119 Rana gracea, 56 sea daffodil, 38 Salamandridae, 56 Rana latastei, 38; 118 sea fish, 42; 43; 50; 51; 62 Salici-Myricarietum, 26 Rana lessonae, 56 sea horse, 75 salinization, 48 Rana ridibunda, 56 sea mats, 65 Salmo trutta, 117 Rana shqiperica, 56 Sea of Azov, 60 Salmo trutta ssp. dentex, 54 Ranidae, 56 sea parnship, 38 Salmo trutta ssp. visovacensis, 54 Rastok, 14 sea slug, 29 Salmo trutta ssp. zrmanjensis, 54 Raša, 11 sea squirt, 65; 68 Salmo trutta ssp. marmoratus, 54 Raša bay, 12 seabed, 40; 55; 67; 87; 111 Salmoneus sketi, 38 Ravna gora, 9 sea-cave, 38 Salmonidae, 53; 54 Ravni Kotari, 13 sea-horse, 56 Salmoniformes, 53 recombinant DNA, 75 seashore false bindweed, 38 Salmothymus, 38 Recurvirostra avosseta, 119 Secernentea, 66 Salmothymus obtusiristris, 117 red algae, 29 Senj, 11 Salmothymus obtusiristris ssp. krkensis, Serbia, 37 red coral, 29; 67; 75 44; 54 Serpentes, 58 red deer, 71; 72 Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp. Serranidae, 53; 56 Red Istria, 11; 12 obtusirostris, 54 Serratulo-Plantaginetum altissimae, 112 red kite, 119 Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp. Red Lake, 24 oxyrhynchus, 54 Sesleria tenuifolia, 19 red list, 43; 44; 62; 100; 115 Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp. shadows, 55 red mullet, 74 salonitana, 53; 54 sharks, 56 red scorpionfish, 75 Samarske stijene, 11; 22 sharp-snouted rock lizard, 57; 118 red-crested pochard, 119 Samobor, 8; 9; 26 sheep of the island, 69 red-footed falcon, 35 Samoborsko gorje, 84 sheep of the island of Cres, 68 red-necked grebe, 119 sand goby, 55 sheep of the island of Pag, 68 Region Bilogorsko-Moslova~ka, 9 sand martin, 24; 41 sheepshead bream, 56 rendzina, 34 sandstone rocks, 21 shellfish, 74 Report on Environmental State, 79 sandy coasts, 40; 41; 87 short-eared owl, 119 reptiles, 26; 42; 50; 51; 52; 56; 57; 58; sanitary cutting, 70; 71 short-term plans, 104 62; 86; 118; 124 Saplunara, 113 Siberia, 19 Rhaphidioptera, 64 Sarcodinea, 64 Siberian iris, 26; 34; 112 rhegosol, 34 Sarcomastigophora, 66 Sibinje, 47 Rhinolophidae, 62 Sargassum, 31 Sibiraea altaiensis ssp. croatica, 44 Rijeka, 3; 12; 115 Satyridae, 65 Silba, 31 Rili}, 14 Sauria, 58 Siluridae, 53 150 INDEX

Siluriformes, 53 Squamata, 58 [ silver carp, 55 St. Euphemia, 40 Šarengrad, 112 Sipuncula, 66 stagshorn clubmoss, 105 Šibenik, 8; 13; 14; 32; 37 Skakavac, 26 Starigrad, 30 Štirova~a, 78 Skradin, 13; 81 Stenolaemata, 66 Šugarska duliba, 47 Slavonia, 8; 9; 18; 33; 34; 35; 60; 84 steppe mouse, 120 Slavonian pig, 121 Sterna albifrons, 119 T Slavonian podolian cattle, 68; 69; 121 Sternorrhyncha, 64 slenderbill pipefish, 55 Sticholonchea, 66 Taenioidea, 64 slender-billed curlow, 119 stock pidgeon, 119 Talpidae, 62 Slovakia, 35; 43; 65 stone curlew, 35; 119 Tardigrada, 64; 66 Slovenia, 18; 35; 43; 46; 50; 57; 65; 68; stonebass, 56 teal, 119 69; 72; 74; 112 stork, 4; 20; 25; 26 Telaš}ica, 82; 84 Slunj, 18 Strahinj~ica, 9 Telaš}ica Nature Park, 84 small falcon, 119 strategic objective tench, 73 Small Lake, 32 coast and islands, 113 Tengelman’s owl, 119 small tern, 24 domesticated taxa, 121 Terebrantia, 64 small-leaf lime, 88 education, 125 terminator technology, 76 Smil~i}, 13 grassland and arable land, 112 terrestrial snail, 22 habitats, 114 Smokvenjak, 67 institutional framework, 123 tertiary relict, 22; 23; 42; 43; 44 smooth newt, 57; 118 landscapes, 106 Testudinata, 118 snail, 4; 22; 23; 43; 44; 63; 65; 67; 68; legislative framework, 122 Testudines, 58 75; 76; 86 other sectors, 121 Testudinidae, 58 snake-eyed skink, 118 public information, 126 Tetrao urogallus, 119 snowdrop anemone, 112 research and monitoring, 124 species and subspecies, 115 Thaliacea, 66 snowdrop, 49 wetlands and waters, 107 Thero-Brachypodietea, 33 Snje`nik, 112; 120 strategic objectives three-spined stikleback, 54 Solenogastres, 66 forests, 109 three-toed woodpecker, 119 Solin Adriatic salmon, 54 karst and underground, 108 Thymallidae, 53 sea, 110 Solin Channel, 32 Thysanoptera, 64 strategy objectives - general, 104 Soricidae, 62 Thyssanura, 64 strategy principles, 103 souffie, 54; 117 Topusko, 26 South Dalmatian minnow, 54; 117 Stratiotes alloides, 26 tornjak, 68; 69 South-Dalmatian donkey, 68; 69 Strict reserve, 81; 85; 86 tourism, 7; 16; 31; 37; 39; 53; 67; 68; 72; soya bean, 73, 76 stripe-necked terrapin, 26; 118 74; 76; 85; 99; 100 Spa~va, 8; 18 sturgeon, 55; 75 Tourism Development Strategy, 79 Spaeromides virei ssp. mediodalmatina, Styria, 65 traditional medicine, 46 117 sugar beet, 73 transgenic plants, 76 Spain, 43; 56; 59 Suidae, 62 transgenic wastes, 76 Sparidae, 53 Sun|er, 26 Transport Development Strategy of the sparids, 75 sunflower, 73 Republic of Croatia, 80 Special reserve, 81; 85; 86 Sungerski lug, 26; 41; 114 travertine, 4; 10; 22; 24; 41; 81 Spermatophyta, 43; 44; 45 Sunset cup coral, 67 Trebinje, 26 Spermophilus citelus, 120 surmullet, 56 Trematodes, 64; 66 Sphaeromatidae, 117 Sušac, 37; 38 Trichoptera, 64 Sphagnum, 25 Sušak cabbage, 38 Tricladida, 64 Spirotricha, 66 Sv. Andrija, 37 Tringa totanus, 119 Split, 3; 30; 32; 75 Sv. Ivan, 67 Triton’s trumpet, 67 sponges, 68; 75 Svanimir - Croatian Society for the Triturus vulgaris ssp. meridionalis, 118 Spongia, 64 Protection of Natural and Cultural Triturus vulgaris ssp. dalmaticus, 57; 118 spoonbill, 4; 25; 26; 84; 108; 119 Heritage, 93 Triturus vulgaris ssp. meridionalis, 57 Sporobolus pungens, 116 Svetac, 29; 32 Triturus vulgaris ssp. schreiberi, 57 Sporozoa, 66 Svilaja, 14 Trogir, 15 sportfishing, 73 Sweden, 43 troglobionic sponge, 23 spotted deer, 71 sweet chestnut, 20; 49; 88; 110 Troglocaris, 23 spotted eagle, 119 Switzerland, 43; 91 Trollius europaeus, 116 spotted minnow, 54; 117 Symphilia, 64 trout fishponds, 73 sprat, 56; 74 Symphyta, 64 Trstenik, 26 spring-snowflakes, 49 Synentognathi, 53 Trš}e, 40; 114 spruce, 18; 19; 88 Syngnathidae, 53; 55 Tuber aestivum, 50 squacco heron, 26; 119 Syphonaptera, 64 Tuber asa, 50 INDEX 151

Tuber brumale, 50 Vesicaria, 47 white-tailed deer, 71 Tuber hiemalbum, 50 Vespertilionidae, 61; 62 white-tailed eagle, 4; 20; 25; 26; 37; 45; Tuber macrosporum, 50 Vinca minor, 116 119 Tuber magnatum, 50 vine fruits, 73 white-winged tern, 119 Tuber maleniconii, 50 vineyard, 9; 10; 12; 14; 33; 35 wild boar, 71 Tuber melanosporum, 50 viper’s bugloss, 35 wild fruit, 18 Tuber uncinatum, 50 Vipera macrops, 58 wild geese, 25 Tulipa praecox, 35 Vipera ursinii, 38; 58; 113; 118 willow, 19; 40; 49 Tunicata, 66 Viperidae, 58 Wine Act, 79 Turbellaria, 64; 66 Virovitica, 76 wolf, 4; 20; 62; 69; 72; 88; 105; 110; 120 Turkey, 43; 52; 56; 59 viruses, 43 wolf - management plan, 105 turkey oak, 19 Vis, 29 wood anemone, 116 turkey of Zagorje, 68; 69; 121 Visovac goby, 54 woodchat shrike, 35 woodcock, 119 turnstone, 119 Visovac trout, 54 wooly chamomile, 112 two-banded bream, 56 Visova~ko Lake, 52 World Cultural and Natural Heritage Typha minima, 116 Volhinia, 69 List, 22 tzigai sheep, 69; 121 Vransko lake, 3; 13; 24; 25; 33; 71; 82; World Natural Heritage List, 83 84 U Vratnik, 10 Vrbovsko, 115 X Ubli, 113 Vrginmost, 26 Xylariaceae, 51 U~ka, 11; 12; 35; 82; 84; 120 Vrgorac, 37 Xylariales, 51 U~ka Nature Park, 84; 85 Vrgorac goby, 53; 117 UK, 43 Vrgora~ko polje, 14; 21 Y Ukraina, 59; 69 Vrhovnjaci, 32 Um, 11 yarrow, 49 Vrljika, 53 Umag, 12 Yellow florned-poppy, 114 Vukmani}, 26 Umbridae, 53 yellow gentian, 49; 115 underground beetles, 23 yellow sea fan, 87 underground habitats, 22; 23; 39; 43; 63; W yellow-bellied toad, 57 108 wall lizard, 39 yew, 19 underground waters, 20; 23; 26; 37; 41; warbler, 25 Young Nature Guards, 90 53; 57; 63; 99; 117; 124 water chestnut, 26 Yugoslavia, 43; 56; 74 UNESCO, 24; 83; 84; 107; 109 water germonder, 26 unfortified banks, 41 water management, 11; 16; 57; 76; 78; Z Unije, 35 84; 87; 98; 99 Zadar, 3; 8; 13; 14; 57 upright dorycnium, 112; 114 water slaters, 43 Zagora, 14 Ursidae, 62; 120 water-aloe, 26 Zagorska Mre`nica, 23 Ursus arctos, 120 water-clover, 26 Zagreb, 3; 9; 23 Waters Act, 79 zander, 73 V weed-killers, 41 Zapreši}, 26; 114 Vaganski vrh, 35 weever, 56 Zdihovo, 10 Valtura, 37 wels, 73 Zerynthia cerisyi ssp. dalmacijae, 38 Vara`din, 18 western whip snake, 118 Ziphiidae, 62 Varnja~a, 13 wet oak, 4 Zir, 11 vascular flora, 43 wetland bat, 120 zoned miter, 67 Velebit, 4; 8; 11; 12; 13; 18; 22; 23; 25; Weymouth pine, 88 zoological garden, 88 26; 33; 35; 37; 43; 44; 47; 82; 83; whales, 60 Zostera marina, 30 84; 108; 109; 112; 120 wheat, 73 Zrinjska mountain, 8 Velebit Nature Park, 84 whimberl, 119 Zrmanja, 12; 13; 15; 22; 26; 45; 52; 86; Veli Bok cove, 29 whiskered tern, 25; 26; 119 108; 117; 123 Velika Kapela, 11 white beadrush, 25 Zrmanja trout, 54 Veliki Brijun, 31 white beam, 56 Veliki Tabor Castle, 9 white hornbeam, 19 @ Velo blato, 25; 115 White Istria, 11; 12 @minj, 112 Veratrum, 34 white poppy, 35 @umberak, 8; 9; 10; 82; 84; 120 vertebrate collections, 90 white sea beam, 55 @umberak-Samoborsko gorje Nature vertebrates, 43; 44; 50; 51; 62 white stork, 25 Park, 84 152 LIST OF BOXES

List of boxes

Box 1. What is biological diversity and what is its Box 43. Fungi that may be gathered for commercial importance? ...... xi purposes ...... 50 Box 2. Objectives and obligations of the parties to the Box 44. Threats to fungi ...... 50 Convention on Biological Diversity ...... xii Box 45. Fungus Poronia punctata, a rare and Box 3. Foundations of the biological diversity threatened European species ...... 51 protection at the global, European and national Box 46. Diversity of animal world ...... 52 level ...... xii Box 47. Dalmatian barbelgudgeon (Aulopyge hugeli) . . . 52 Box 4. Organisation chart and sources of finance for Box 48. Special threats to freshwater fish in Croatia . . . 53 the NSAP development ...... xii Box 49. Threat of introducing foreign fish taxa ...... 54 Box 5. Basic information on the Republic of Croatia . . . 3 Box 50. Threats to Adriatic fish ...... 55 Box 6. Lowland Croatia ...... 4 Box 51. Brown meagre (Sciaena umbra) ...... 55 Box 7. Highland Croatia ...... 4 Box 52. Threats to amphibians ...... 57 Box 8. Coastal and insular Mediterranean Croatia . . . . . 5 Box 53. Olm (Proteus anguinus) ...... 57 Box 9. The Adriatic Sea ...... 5 Box 54. Threats to reptiles ...... 57 Box 10. Causes of landscape threats ...... 16 Box 55. Orsini’s viper (Vipera ursinii) ...... 58 Box 11. Negative impacts on ecological systems Box 56. Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) ...... 60 originating in the neighbouring countries ...... 18 Box 57. Long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii) ...... 61 Box 12. State of forests in Croatia ...... 19 Box 58. Threats to mammals ...... 61 Box 13. Woodland belts (according to the division in Box 59. Basic threats to invertebrates ...... 63 the monograph on “Forests in Croatia”, 1992) . . . 19 Box 60. False ringlet (Coenonympha oedippus) ...... 65 Box 14. Forest threats ...... 20 Box 61. Threats to marine invertebrates ...... 67 Box 15. Karst and underground features ...... 21 Box 62. Pen shell (Pinna nobilis) ...... 67 Box 16. Features of karst of international importance . . 22 Box 63. Indigenous livestock and poultry breeds ...... 68 Box 17. Threats to karst and underground ecological Box 64. Threatened breeds originally not Croatian . . . . 69 systems ...... 23 Box 65. Threats to domesticated taxa ...... 69 Box 18. Wetlands and waters ...... 24 Box 66. Development of the nature protection legal Box 19. Last remaining moors in Croatia ...... 26 system in Croatia ...... 78 Box 20. Rare and threatened species and communities Box 67. From the Environmental Protection Declaration . . 79 of the coastal area of River Drava ...... 26 Box 68. Deficiencies of the legislative framework . . . . . 80 Box 21. Threats to wetland and aquatic habitats ...... 27 Box 69. Methods of in-situ protection ...... 80 Box 22. Problems in the protection of wetland and aquatic habitats ...... 28 Box 70. Area protection deficiencies ...... 86 Box 71. Yellow sea fan (Eunicella cavolini) ...... 87 Box 23. Croatia’s wetlands included in the Ramsar list . . 28 Box 72. Taxa protection deficiencies ...... 87 Box 24. Sea ...... 29 Box 73. Most significant collections in the field of Box 25. Number of taxa of green, brown and red algae . . 29 natural sciences ...... 90 Box 26. Threats and consequences of threats to Box 74. Herbarium collections in Croatia entered in marine flora and fauna ...... 30 the world collection list of “Index Herbariorum” . . 91 Box 27. Biocenosis of photophilic algae ...... 31 Box 75. Deficiencies of institutional framework ...... 92 Box 28. Grassland ...... 33 Box 76. Deficiencies of educational system ...... 94 Box 29. Classification of grassland in Croatia ...... 33 Box 77. Deficiencies of the sciences ...... 95 Box 30. Threats to grassland ecological systems ...... 34 Box 78. Deficiencies of the public information ...... 96 Box 31. Arable land ...... 34 Box 79. Outline of basic threats to biological diversity Box 32. Threats to biological diversity of arable land in Croatia and their correlations ...... 99 and nitrophyllous ecological systems ...... 35 Box 80. Management plan for the wolf (Canis lupus) . . 105 Box 33. Endemic and threatened taxa of invertebrates Box 81. Action plan for public information on found in grassland habitats ...... 35 biological diversity ...... 106 Box 34. Urban ecological systems ...... 36 Box 82. Meadows of marine flowering plants ...... 111 Box 35. Coast and islands ...... 36 Box 83. List of threatened and presumably disappeared Box 36. Threatened plant species of the coast and plants for which protection action plans are to be islands ...... 38 prepared and implemented, including species Box 37. Threatened animal species of the coast and already disappeared (extinct) (E) – endangered islands ...... 38 species; (?Ex) – probably extinct species, (Ex) – extinct species, * – endemic species or subspecies Box 38. Threats to coastal and island ecological systems . . 39 (prepared according to the Checklist of Croatia’s Box 39. Threats to habitats ...... 40 Flora 1994-2000) ...... 116 Box 40. Critically threatened habitats ...... 41 Box 84. A rare and vulnerable endemic species of isopod Box 41. Velebit degenia (Degenia velebitica) ...... 47 crustacean Monolistra pretneri spp. spinulosa . . . . 117 Box 42. Fungus Hygrocybe calyptriformis, a rare Box 85. Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) ...... 118 European species ...... 49 Box 86. Brown bear (Ursus arctos) ...... 120 LIST OF FIGURES 153

List of figures

Figure 1. From a collection of the Croatian Natural Figure 30. River Zrmanja (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 22 History Museum in Zagreb (photo by M. Šaši}) . . . . 1 Figure 31. Strict reserve of Bijele and Samarske stijene Figure 2. The Sava river basin, characteristic low-land (photo by A. Frkovi}) ...... 22 landscape (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 4 Figure 32. Endemic species and genus, Meledella verneri, Figure 3. Jobbing carters in Gorski kotar (photo by A. inhabits underground habitats of island Mljet Frkovi}) ...... 4 (photo by B. Jal`i}) ...... 22 Figure 4. The southern littoral, vicinity of Makarska Figure 33. Accretion of tubes Marifugia cavatica, an (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 5 endemic of underground waters in Dinaric karst Figure 5. Submarine slope in the Great Lake on the (photo by B. Jal`i}) ...... 23 island of Mljet (photo by D. Zavodnik) ...... 5 Figure 34. Freshwater troglobionic sponge, Eunapius Figure 6. Kopa~ki rit, a flood area at the mouth of the subterraneus ssp. subterraneus Sket et. Velikonja, Drava and the Danube river (photo by M. inhabits only underground sink-waters of river Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 7 Zagorska Mre`nica in the area of Ogulin (photo Figure 7. Lowland Croatia, a pasture in the Lonjsko by B. Jal`i}) ...... 23 polje Nature Park (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . 8 Figure 35. Flood in Kopa~ki rit (photo by M. Figure 8. One of the numerous brooks of the Papuk Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 23 mountain (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 8 Figure 36. River Drava, lowland river of the Black Sea Figure 9. The Bilogora mountain (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 9 catchment area; river flow dynamic: 1/ 1990 and 2/ 1996. (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 24 Figure 10. Hrvatsko zagorje, the Veliki Tabor Castle (photo by. I. Brali}) ...... 9 Figure 37. Red Lake near Imotski, some 250 m deep although very small (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 24 Figure 11. The Plješivica mountain and foothills (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 10 Figure 38. Velo blato on the island of Pag (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 25 Figure 12. The Mre`nica River (photo by. I. Brali}) . . . . 10 Figure 39. Round-leaf sundew, a rare flesh-eating Figure 13. Mati} poljana at the foot of the Jan~arica species of moors (photo by. T. Nikoli}) ...... 26 in winter (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 10 Figure 40. Water-aloe, a rare species connected with Figure 14. Lika, Li~ko polje with the massif of Velebit old backwaters (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 26 in the background (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 11 Figure 41. Waterbirds find a plenty of food in Figure 15. Castle-type settlements characterizing the flooded areas of Lonjsko polje (photo by M. Istrian landscape, Dragu~ in central Istria (photo Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 27 by I. Brali}) ...... 11 Figure 42. Formerly exterminated beaver was Figure 16. Kvarner, a view of the island of Pag from successfully reintroduced into Croatia (photo by the Velebit mountain (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 12 M. Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 27 Figure 17. Velebit, Varnja~a in the Ro`anski Kukovi Figure 43. Lake Lepeni~ko in Gorski kotar (Fu`ine) as (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 13 a result of obstructing the brook Lepenica and Figure 18. River Krka with the Promina mountain in flooding the Lepeni~ko polje (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . 27 the background (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 13 Figure 44. Lower Neretva included in the Ramsar list Figure 19. The Kornati islands (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 14 of internationally important wetlands (photo by Figure 20. River Cetina (photo by D. Peli}) ...... 14 D. Grlica) ...... 28 Figure 21. Biokovo and the Makarska littoral (photo Figure 45. Undersea rock in Veli Bok cove, island of by I. Brali}) ...... 15 Lošinj (photo by A. Jaklin) ...... 29 Figure 22. Reclaimed areas in the Neretva delta Figure 46. Adriatic wrack, endemic brown alga of the (photo by D. Kova~i}) ...... 15 Adriatic (photo by D. Zavodnik) ...... 29 Figure 23. Submarine cave in the undersea zone of Figure 47. Sea slug Cratena peregrina in the undersea the island of V. Palagru`a (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . 17 zone of the island of Mljet (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . 29 Figure 24. A forest in Gorski kotar (photo by A. Figure 48. Intruder in the Adriatic, caulerpa in the Frkovi}) ...... 18 undersea zone in the vicinity of Malinska, the Figure 25. Lowland flood-affected forest of common island of Krk (photo by A. Jaklin) ...... 30 ash with late snowflake in the Sava basin (photo Figure 49. Marine flowering plant Posidonia oceanica by M. Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 19 in the undersea zone of the island of Mljet (photo Figure 26. Forest of beech and common fir on by D. Zavodnik) ...... 30 Medvednica (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 19 Figure 50. Original habitat of photophilic algae, Figure 27. Pattern and width of height belts on the community Cystoseiretum barbatae in the undersea south-western and north-eastern side of Risnjak zone of the island of Silba (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . 31 (according to I. Horvat, 1962; Forest vegetation Figure 51. Cystoseira barbata in the undersea zone of of western Croatia; Prirod. istra`. 30: 37) ...... 19 the island of Silba (photo by A. Jaklin) ...... 31 Figure 28. Black pines on Biokovo affected by fire Figure 52. Photophilic algae habitat degraded after (photo by A. Frkovi}) ...... 20 gathering date-shells in the undersea zone of the Figure 29. Vrgora~ko polje, a karst field subject to Brijuni National Park (the island of Veliki Brijun) flooding (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 21 (photo by D. Zavodnik) ...... 31 154 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 53. Meadow in the Sava basin (photo by M. ponds where it feeds (photo by G. Robbrecht, the Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 32 MEPPP archive) ...... 45 Figure 54. Mountain pasture on Velebit, Lomska duliba Figure 79. Velebit degenia (1) in blossom and (2) with (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 33 fruits ...... 47 Figure 55. Wet meadow of the Mediterranean area, Lake Figure 80. Fibiqia triquetra, a rare species and an Vransko near Biograd n/m (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 33 Illirian-Adriatic endemic (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . 48 Figure 56. Overgrowing of the sands of Ðurðevac Figure 81. Lavender, a species recently again updated (photo by V. Hršak) ...... 34 in culture (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 48 Figure 58. Siberian iris on meadows of Bilogora Figure 82. Fungus Hygrocybe calyptriformis (photo by (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 34 A. Meši}) ...... 49 Figure 57. Monoculture in the neighbourhood of Figure 83. Big white truffle, one of the most Oto~ac (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 35 appreciated species of commercially important Figure 59. Wet bay-meadows (1) are a habitat of fungi in Croatia growing wild, traditionally threatened bird corncrake, but as people ceased to gathered in Istria (photo by N. Mato~ec) ...... 50 mow them these habitats tend to overgrow and Figure 84. Fungus Poronia punctata (photo N. Mato~ec) . . 51 rapidly disappear (2) (photo by V. Dumbovi}) . . . . 35 Figure 85. Dalmatian barbelgudgeon (photo by M. Figure 60. The Bay of Bakar and the old town of Bakar Mrakov~i}) ...... 52 recovering after the shutdown of the coke plant (photo by A. Frkovi}) ...... 36 Figure 86. Goldfish (photo by M. Pov`) ...... 54 Figure 61. The island of Jabuka, one of the most distant Figure 87. White sea beam, a species in the east open-sea islands in the Croatian part of the Adriatic seriously declined in number (from the Adriatic (photo by I. Lajtner) ...... 36 publication by Jardas I.: Adriatic Ichthyofauna, 1996., photo by V. Pfeifer) ...... 55 Figure 62. A cliff in the Kornati National Park (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 37 Figure 88. Brown meagre (from the publication by Figure 63. Kolansko blato on the island of Pag, a small Jardas I.: Adriatic Ichthyofauna, 1996. photo by Mediterranean marsh threatened by rapid V. Pfeifer) ...... 55 overgrowing (photo by V. Dumbovi}) ...... 37 Figure 89. Grass frog can endure lower temperatures Figure 64. Knapwed Centaurea crithmifolia (photo by and therefore appears in higher mountainous N. Tvrtkovi}) ...... 38 regions too (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) ...... 56 Figure 65. Endemic lizard Podarcis melisellensis ssp. Figure 90. Olm (photo by A. Novosel) ...... 57 pomoensis from the island of Jabuka (photo by B. Figure 91. Orsini’s viper (photo by G. Aga~evi}) ...... 58 Jal`i}) ...... 38 Figure 92. Common kingfisher, a skillful fisher nesting Figure 66. Lighthouse on the island of Palagru`a in river bank holes (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . . . . 59 (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 39 Figure 93. Ferruginous duck (photo by M. Schneider- Figure 67. Periodical karst watercourse at the upper Jacoby) ...... 60 Mala Paklenica, the Paklenica National Park Figure 94. Bank vole, the commonest forest vole of the (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 39 mainland part of Croatia (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) 60 Figure 68. Storage lakes are degrading the biological Figure 95. Long-fingered bat (photo by D. Peli}) ...... 61 integrity of river courses, dam on the storage lake on river Drava (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) ...... 40 Figure 96. Dragonfly Leucorrhinia caudalis is a species facing extinction; it needs clear water to survive Figure 69. Bog arum, a rare species of the moor and lives exclusively on floating plant leaves in Sungerski (photo by J. Topi}) ...... 40 old backwaters; found in Croatia in only a few Figure 70. Sands of Kloštar, remnants of the former of sites (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 63 “Croatian Sahara” (photo by V. Hršak) ...... 41 Figure 97. False ringlet (photo by B. Jal`i}) ...... 65 Figure 71. Unfortified bank of river Drava is a nesting place for sand martin (photo by D. Radovi}) . . . . . 41 Figure 98. Sunset cup coral, Leptopsammia pruvoti, in the undersea zone of the island Sv. Ivan – Rovinj Figure 72. Pond ^ambina near Koprivnica, habitat of (photo by A. Jaklin) ...... 67 numerous rare species (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . 41 Figure 99. Pen shell in the undersea zone of the island Figure 73. From a collection of the Croatian Natural Smokvenjak- Kornati (photo by D. Zavodnik) . . . . 67 History Museum (photo by M. Šaši}) ...... 42 Figure 100. The snail Discordis atromaculata feeding Figure 74. Number of species in Croatia in comparison solely on the sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Goli otok) with the total number of described species in the (photo by A. Jaklin) ...... 68 world (figures in brackets) by major groups (drawings by T. Nikoli}) ...... 42 Figure 101. Pig of Turopolje (photo by M. Schneider- Jacoby) ...... 68 Figure 75. Sibiraea altaiensis ssp. croatica, endemic taxon of northern and central Velebit (photo by Figure 102. Take-over of young tornjak on the “wolf’s” T. Nikoli}) ...... 44 ground (photo by @. Štahan) ...... 69 Figure 76. Adriatic salmon, Salmothymus obtusirostris Figure 103. Catch of a deep-sea trawl net (photo by I. ssp. krkensis, a rare and one of the most Jardas) ...... 70 threatened salmonoid fish of Croatia (photo by Figure 104. Cutting of trees on Bilogora mountain M. Mrakov~i}) ...... 44 (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 71 Figure 77. Thermal power plant Plomin in Istria Figure 105. Curlew shot on Lake Vransko near Biograd (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 45 n/m by Italian hunters in March 1999 – all three Figure 78. White-tailed eagle, an threatened species species of curlew are protected by the Nature whose survival in Croatia depends on the method Protection Act and the special memorandum of of managing forests where it is nesting and carp the Bonn Convention (photo by D. Brala) ...... 71 LIST OF FIGURES 155

Figure 106. Red deer belongs to economically most contribution to familiarity with the biological significant hunting game (photo by M. diversity (photo by D. Radovi}) ...... 92 Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 72 Figure 133. “Eco-contributions”, regional schools Figure 107. Cattle breeding in the mountainous area competition for the Day of Planet Earth – exhibition is constantly declining; a flock of sheep on of awarded works (photo by D. Spudi}) ...... 94 Dinara mountain (photo by J. Kusak) ...... 73 Figure 134. Field studies of flora and fauna; students Figure 108. Production in carp fishpond near Oku}ani and assistant lecturers for the study of biology at (photo M. Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 73 the Faculty of Science in Zagreb working on the Figure 109. Common spider crab is an economically plant (1) and animal (2) material; observing siginificant species (photo by A. Jaklin) ...... 75 ornithofauna (3); (1 and 2 photo by T. Nikoli}, 3 photo by K. Leskovar) ...... 94 Figure 110. Unconscientious autonomous divers may become a threat to the natural heritage (photo Figure 135. WWW sites of the Croatian Information by D. Zavodnik) ...... 75 Service for Biological Diversity on the Internet offer a variety of data, but require constant Figure 111. Rapid development of molecular biology updating (photo by S. D. Jelaska) ...... 95 opens the doors to biotechnology (photo by S. Figure 136. Three-lane motorway through the forests D. Jelaska) ...... 75 of Gorski kotar (photo by A. Frkovi}) ...... 97 Figure 112. Fragments of the plant DNA separated by Figure 137. Burned reedbeds in the lower part of gel electrophoresis (photo and data by Z. Liber) . . 76 Neretva river (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 98 Figure 113. Smoke stack of the sugar mills in Figure 138. Brown toad in the safety of its home Virovitica (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 76 (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) ...... 103 Figure 114. Information board in the Medvednica Figure 139. Flora inventorying in the area of Nature Park (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 77 Medvednica, geopositioning as an important Figure 115. Information board on the border of the methodological step (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 104 ornithological reserve containing a colony of Figure 140. Stagshorn clubmoss (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . 105 vulture griffon vulture on the island of Cres Figure 141. Wolf (photo by J. Kusak) ...... 105 (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 78 Figure 142. Motives of flora, fauna and protected Figure 116. The Plitvice Lakes National Park in nature parts on commemorative stamps, phone winter (1) and in summer (2); (1) photo by I. cards, coins, postcards, etc. offering the possibility Brali} (2) photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby ...... 81 to inform a great number of people at the same Figure 117. The Paklenica National Park, Mala time (photo by S. D. Jelaska) ...... 106 Paklenica (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 82 Figure 143. City of Motovun, Istria (photo by T. Figure 118. The Risnjak National Park, meadows of Nikoli}) ...... 106 Šegina (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 82 Figure 144. The mouth of River Neretva, a Ramsar Figure 119. The Mljet National Park (photo by I. Brali}) . . 82 site – halophilous communities (photo by M. Figure 120. The Brijuni National Park (photo by I. Brali}) . . 83 Mrakov~i}) ...... 107 Figure 121. The Krka National Park, the waterfall Figure 145. A colony of spoonbills in the wetland Roški (photo by I. Brali}) ...... 83 ornithological reserve of Krapje ðol (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 108 Figure 122. The Kornati National Park (from I. Brali}: National Parks of Croatia) ...... 83 Figure 146. Karst areas of northern Velebit – elaboration of the Velebit management plan is Figure 123. The North Velebit National Park (photo a priority action plan (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . 108 T. Nikoli}) ...... 83 Figure 147. Gathering of aquatic underground animals Figure 124. The Kopa~ki rit Nature Park (photo by M. with a net in the ^ekrk cave near Pucareva staja, Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 84 Glušci – Metkovi} (photo by B. Jal`i}) ...... 108 Figure 125. The U~ka Nature Park (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . 85 Figure 148. The forest of Motovun in Istria is one of Figure 126. The Medvednica Nature Park (photo by the most threatened forests in Croatia (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 85 J. Kralj) ...... 109 Figure 127. The Biokovo Nature Park (photo by T. Figure 149. Keeping the standing (1) and fallen (2) Nikoli}) ...... 85 dead trees is one of the measures for the protection Figure 128. Yellow sea fan, undersea of Elba island of biological diversity in forests; (1) photo by D. (photo by A. Jaklin) ...... 87 Grlica (2) photo by T. Nikoli} ...... 109 Figure 129/1,2. Botanical garden of the Department Figure 150. Javornik forest near Delnice – several of Botany (Faculty of Science) in Zagreb, founded hectares of the forest were destroyed in the in 1889, contains about 10,000 species of vascular explosion of the ammunition warehouse of the plants on the area of 4.7 ha (photo by D. Mihelj) . . 88 former Yugoslav Army during the Homeland War (6 May 1992) (photo by A. Frkovi}) ...... 110 Figure 130. Herbarium Croaticum (ZA) of the Department of Botany (Faculty of Science, Figure 151. Southern Adriatic (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 110 Zagreb) founded in 1880 is the oldest herbarium Figure 152. Catch of deep-sea trawl net, trawlers in Croatia and with its about 200,000 specimens (photo by I. Jardas) ...... 110 the greatest too (photo by S. D. Jelaska) ...... 90 Figure 153. Meadows of eelgrass on the left and lesser Figure 131. Green forum – a meeting of Neptune grass on the right in the Opat cove, the non-governmental organizations held in island of Kornat (photo by D. Zavodnik) ...... 111 December 1998 under participation of the Figure 154. Sea squirt, Clavelina lepadiformis in the MEPPP (photo by T. Novakovi}) ...... 91 Limski Channel (photo A. Jaklin) ...... 112 Figure 132. Professional non-governmental Figure 155. Meadow on the Bilogora Mt. (photo by organizations may give considerable scientific D. Grlica) ...... 112 156 LIST OF FIGURES / MAPS

Figure 156. Dropwort (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 113 Figure 171. Loggerhead turtle (photo by N. Patiniotis) 118 Figure 157. Mountain anemone (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . 113 Figure 172. Night heron (photo by G. Robbrecht, the Figure 158. One of the action plans relates to the MEPPP files) ...... 119 protection of small islands significant for their Figure 173. Great cormorant (photo by M. Schneider- endemic taxa (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 114 -Jacoby) ...... 120 Figure 159. Yellow florned-poppy on one of rarely Figure 174. Mediterranean monk seal (photo files of preserved gravel beaches (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 114 the MEPPP) ...... 120 Figure 160. Sand beach on the island of Rab (photo Figure 175. Brown bear (photo by Ð. Huber) ...... 120 by I. Brali}) ...... 115 Figure 176. Istrian cattle (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . 121 Figure 161. Velo blato on the island of Pag, a Figure 177. The horse of Posavina (photo by M. significant resting site for migratory birds; glossy Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 121 ibis (photo by D. Grlica) ...... 115 Figure 178. Trond fishfond on the spring of River Figure 162. Yellow gentian, a vulnerable and legally Krka (Kr~i}i) – formerly a frequent undertaking protected taxa of bare mountain areas (photo by at river springs (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) ...... 122 T. Nikoli}) ...... 115 Figure 179. Carp fishpond are extremely significant Figure 163. Spring adonis, a species of sands for the protection of waterbirds in Croatia – the threatened by extinction (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . 116 photo showing Lipovljani fishpond (photo by V. Figure 164. Wood anemone, a threatened and rare Dumbovi}) ...... 122 plant (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 116 Figure 180. National parks are the only among Figure 165. Turk’s-cap lily is threatened by excessive protected nature parts that are managed by public gathering and has been protected in all natural institutions for a longer period of time now – habitats since 1970 under the Nature Protection directors of all national parks in the Schlosser’s Act (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 116 mountain hut at the top of Risnjak Mt. on the Figure 166. Common periwinkle is threatened by occasion of celebrating the 40th anniversary of the fragmentation of habitats and forests clearing, Risnjak National Park in 1993 (photo by A. including the excessive gathering (photo by T. Frkovi}) ...... 123 Nikoli}) ...... 116 Figure 181. Gathering of terrestrial cave animals in the Figure 167. Narrow-leaved helleborine, an orchid ^ekrk cave near Pucareva staja, Glušci – Metkovi} declining in number as a result of excessive (photo by B. Jal`i}) ...... 125 gathering and habitat changes; protected in all Figure 182. Bird marking as one of the most frequently natural habitats since 1972 under the Nature used method of their study (photo by D. Radovi}) . . 125 Protection Act (photo by T. Nikoli}) ...... 116 Figure 183. A poster “We investigated – we carried Figure 168. Endemic and threatened isopod crustacean out – we propose”, a work of pupils within the Monolistra pretneri ssp. spinulosa, the Miljacka ecological quizz named “Our beautiful homeland” cave (photo by D. Peli}) ...... 117 held in Kaštela in 1998 (photo by T. Novakovi}) . . 125 Figure 169. Leopard snake, renowned as the most Figure 184. Presentation of the special edition of the beautiful snake in Croatia (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . 118 “Ecological Herald” dedicated to the Risnjak Figure 170. Moor frog, in the period of mating the National Park (photo by A. Frkovi}) ...... 126 male assumes a striking blue colour (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) ...... 118

List of maps

Map 1. Position of the Republic of Croatia in Europe . . 3 the karst region are not included (according to Map 2. Croatia’s relief (according to data by OIKON the model by MEPPP) ...... 21 d.o.o.) ...... 3 Map 8. Wetland areas of Croatia included in the Map 3. Main towns, watercourses and roads ...... 3 Ramsar list ...... 28 Map 4. Division of Croatia according to natural features Map 9. Ecologically vulnerable and threatened areas (source MEPPP) ...... 4 of the Adriatic ...... 32 Map 5. Overview of landscape units in the Republic Map 10. Agroecological zones (made for the needs of Croatia (according to the Physical Planning of FAO according to the Physical Planning Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 1997: 230) . . . . 8 Strategy of the Republic of Croatia, 1997) ...... 34 Map 6. Distribution of forest communities in Croatia (according to data by OIKON d.o.o., original on Map 11. Distribution of endemic Jabuka lizard monograph “Forests in Croatia”, 1997) ...... 19 (according to data by N. Tvrtkovi}) ...... 38 Map 7. Karst region of Croatia; some parts of Map 12. Distribution of Velebit degenia (according magmatic and metamorphic rocks integrated into to data from the CROFlora database) ...... 47 LIST OF MAPS / TABLES 157

Map 13. Distribution of fungus Hygrocybe Map 21. National parks of Croatia (according to data calyptriformis in Croatia (according to data by by MEPPP) ...... 82 Z. Tkal~ec and A. Meši}) ...... 49 Map 22. Croatia’s nature parks (according to data by Map 14. Distribution of fungus Poronia punctata MEPPP) ...... 84 (according to data by N. Mato~ec) ...... 51 Map 23. Overview of protected parts of nature Map 15. Distribution of olm (according to data by N. (excepting national and nature parks) (according Tvrtkovi}) ...... 57 to data by MEPPP) ...... 85 Map 16. Distribution of Orsini’s viper (according to Map 24. Map of yellow sea fan distribution data by N. Tvrtkovi}) ...... 58 (according to data by D. Zavodnik) ...... 87 Map 17. Distribution of ferruginous duck in Croatia Map 25. Distribution map of the class Lycopsida in (according to data by D. Radovi}) ...... 60 Croatia based on data from literature and Map 18. Distribution of the long-fingered bat in herbariums (according to data by T. Nikoli}) . . . . 105 Croatia (according to data by N. Tvrtkovi}) . . . . . 61 Map 26. Distribution of the crustacean Monolistra Map 19. Distribution of false ringlet (according to pretneri ssp. spinulosa (according to data by S. data by the Croatian Natural History Museum) . . . 65 Gottstein) ...... 117 Map 20. Distribution of the pen shell in the Croatian Map 27. Distribution of loggerhead turtle (according part of the Adriatic (according to data by D. to data by N. Tvrtkovi}) ...... 118 Zavodnik) ...... 67

List of tables

Table 1. Known and assumed number of species of taxa; 1 – taxa calling for immediate protection major groups of living organisms in Croatia and measures; 2 – protection measures to be planned world (*upper assumed number) ...... 43 and defined; 3 – generally threatened taxa or Table 2. Overview of biological diversity in individual unidentified subtaxa calling for scientific analysis European countries illustrated by the number of and protection; 4 – taxa calling protection of species. The figure in brackets shows the rank of habitats ...... 54 Croatia in Europe by the number of species in a Table 13. Diversity of amphibians ...... 56 group ...... 43 Table 14. Diversity of reptiles ...... 58 Table 3. Number of species of vertebrates and higher Table 15. Diversity of mammals. A – number of species plants in individual countries in relation to their recorded in Croatia to date; B – assumed number surface area (* without sea fish) ...... 43 of species in Croatia; C – number of threatened Table 4. Total number of endemic taxa (species and species at the level of Croatia (own estimates, the subspecies) in Croatia by major groups ...... 44 number in brackets showing threatened Table 5. Collective data on the diversity of flora and supspecies or isolated populations!); D – number micoflora (1 upper assumed limit for the entire of threatened species at the European level (acc. fungi world) ...... 45 to the European Red List, UN 1991, column A Table 6. Number of endemic taxa in individual plant groups); E – number of endemic species/subspecies; groups in Croatia ...... 46 F – percentage of endemic species/taxa; Table 7. Share of threatened taxa (species and G – number of threatened endemic taxa; subspecies) of mosses and higher plants H – number of protected species (and parts of according to the IUCN categorization in the total population) in Croatia ...... 62 number of species (1according to the List of Table 16. Diversity of vertebrates. A – total number of Croatia’s Flora, 1994-2000, 2according to the species; B – assumed number of species; 1994 Red List) ...... 48 C – number of species threatened in Croatia; Table 8. Number of known species within the fungi D – number of species threatened in Europe; groups explored (* nonlichens taxa only; E – number of endemic species; F – number of ** partly treated, most of which belong to the endemic subspecies; G – number of legally families of Corticiaceae s. l. and Polyporaceae s. l.) . . 50 protected species (MR – according to the Marine Table 9. Collective data on diversity of fauna: Fisheries Act; SR – according to the Freshwater 1 - breeding birds, 2 - recorded in total, 3 - species Fisheries Act; ZZP – according to the Nature only, 4 - species and subspecies found, 5 - total, Protection Act; ZL – according to the Law on 6 - breeding in Croatia ...... 52 Hunting); H – list of species in a group; I – red list of the group; ( ) – number of species recorded Table 10. Number of endemic species and subspecies in Croatia’s area no matter whether reproduced in Croatia in individual fauna groups ...... 52 here or not; * - according to the Nature Protection Table 11. Review of data on freshwater fish and lampreys . . 53 Act all European species are protected, except 26 Table 12. Freshwater fish and lampreys calling for game species (closed season according to the Law action plans for protection; E – Croatia’s endemic on Hunting) and the cormorant at fishponds and 158 LIST OF TABLES / GRAPHS

the starling in agricultural areas; ** - during the Table 23. Eight categories of spatial protection NSAP development the preliminary lists were according to the Nature Protection Act ...... 81 made, representing the in-house material of the Table 24. National parks, basic data, features and Ministry of Environmental Protection and protection problems; state on 1 October 1999 . . . . 81 Physical Planning ...... 62 Table 25. Nature parks, basic data, features and Table 17. Overview of the number of terrestrial and protection problems; state on 1. October 1999 . . . 84 inland water and inland invertebrate taxa by Table 26. Number and surface area of protected parts major taxonomic categories and existing data of nature according to categories of the Nature 1 2 3 ( subphylum; subclass; suborder; in some Protection Act (state on 1 October 1999) ...... 86 groups the number of taxa includes beside species the subspecies too) ...... 64 Table 27. Species especially protected under the Nature Protection Act ...... 86 Table 18. Diversity of invertebrates of the Adriatic Sea on the basis of the existing data ...... 66 Table 28. Scientific institutions significant for study of biological and landscape diversity ...... 89 Table 19. State of populations of Croatian livestock and poultry breeds; * - numerical strength of a Table 29. List of significant non-governmental population (estimated) ...... 69 organizations dealing with the protection of biological and landscape diversity ...... 93 Table 20. Acts and subordinate legislation partly Table 30. Major journals publishing papers related to governing the exploitation and protection of biological diversity inventorying ...... 95 biological and landscape diversity ...... 79 Table 31. Participants in implementation of the NSAP . . 127 Table 21. International conventions to which the Republic of Croatia is a party ...... 80 Table 32. The NSAP implementation chart ...... 127 Table 22. International conventions to which the Republic of Croatia is still not a party ...... 80

List of graphs

Graph 1. Volume share of individual forest species in in the wild (7); CR – critically endangered (36); the composition of Croatia’s forests ...... 18 EN – endangered (38); VU – vulnerable (57); Graph 2. Forest management in Croatia (special- LR – lower risk (14); S – safe (219) ...... 59 -purpose forests include those used for scientific Graph 9. Distribution of threatened species of research and recreation or belonging to protected Croatia’s ornithofauna by habitats ...... 59 nature parts) ...... 20 Graph 10. Threats to Croatia’s ornithofauna showed Graph 3. Share of meadows and pastures in the total by the percentage of threatened species in agricultural land ...... 32 relation to the total number of threatened species (152) affected ...... 59 Graph 4. The total number of known species of individual plant and fungi groups in Croatia in Graph 11. Changes in the total catch in sea fishing relation to the entire number of species ...... 46 waters of the Republic of Croatia in the period from 1990-1997 (“Communication”, National Graph 5. The assumed number of species of individual Bureau of Statistics) ...... 74 plant and fungi groups in Croatia in relation to the entire assumed number of species ...... 46 Graph 12. Relation between the catch of bluefish and other species in sea fishing waters of the Republic Graph 6. (1) Relation between the number of species of Croatia in the period from 1990-1997 of vertebrates, marine and mainland invertebrates; (“Communication”, National Bureau of Statistics) . . 74 (2) Number of species in individual vertebrate Graph 13. Composition of sea catch in the Republic groups in relation to the total number of species . . 50 of Croatia by fishing targets in the period from Graph 7. Share of endemic species in the total number 1990–1997 (“Communication”, National Bureau of species in major groups of vertebrates ...... 51 of Statistics) ...... 74 Graph 8. Share of individual categories of threat (152 Graph 14. A chart of General Strategic Objectives and species) within the total number of species of General Action Plans with basic interrelations as Croatia’s ornithofauna (371 species): EW – extinct recognized by the NSAP ...... 104