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Centralized National Risk Assessment for Croatia FSC-CNRA-HR V1-0 EN FSC-CNRA-HR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CROATIA 2020 – 1 of 186 – Title: Centralized National Risk Assessment for Croatia Document reference FSC-CNRA-HR V1-0 EN code: Approval body: FSC International Center: Performance and Standards Unit Date of approval: 02 July 2020 Contact for comments: FSC International Center - Performance and Standards Unit - Charles-de-Gaulle-Str. 5 53113 Bonn, Germany +49-(0)228-36766-0 +49-(0)228-36766-30 [email protected] © 2020 Forest Stewardship Council, A.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the publisher’s copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, recording taping, or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of the publisher. Printed copies of this document are for reference only. Please refer to the electronic copy on the FSC website (ic.fsc.org) to ensure you are referring to the latest version. The Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC) is an independent, not for profit, non-government organization established to support environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. FSC’s vision is that the world’s forests meet the social, ecological, and economic rights and needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations. FSC-CNRA-HR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CROATIA 2020 – 2 of 186 – Contents Risk assessments that have been finalized for Croatia .............................................. 4 Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Croatia ....................................... 5 Risk assessments ..................................................................................................... 7 Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood ........................................... 7 Overview ........................................................................................................... 7 Sources of legal timber in Republic of Croatia ................................................. 13 Risk assessment ............................................................................................. 14 Recommended control measures .................................................................... 94 Controlled wood category 2: Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights ................................................................................................................... 97 Risk assessment ............................................................................................. 97 Recommended control measures .................................................................... 98 Detailed analysis of sources of information and evidences .............................. 99 Controlled wood category 3: Wood from forests in which high conservation values are threatened by management activities .......................................................... 121 Overview ....................................................................................................... 121 Experts consulted .......................................................................................... 140 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 140 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 163 Information sources ....................................................................................... 164 Controlled wood category 4: Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non-forest use ................................................................................................... 172 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 172 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 181 Controlled wood category 5: Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are planted ........................................................................................................ 182 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 182 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 186 FSC-CNRA-HR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CROATIA 2020 – 3 of 186 – Risk assessments that have been finalized for Croatia Risk assessment Controlled Wood categories completed? 1 Illegally harvested wood YES 2 Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights YES Wood from forests where high conservation values are 3 YES threatened by management activities Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non- 4 YES forest use Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are 5 YES planted FSC-CNRA-HR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CROATIA 2020 – 4 of 186 – Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Croatia Indicator Risk designation (including functional scale when relevant) Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood 1.1 Low risk 1.2 N/A 1.3 Low risk 1.4 Specified risk for private forests. Low risk for the rest of the country. 1.5 N/A 1.6 Low risk 1.7 Low risk 1.8 Specified risk for private forests. Low risk for the rest of the country. 1.9 Specified risk for private forests without a Forest Management Plan. Low risk for the rest of the country. 1.10 Specified risk for private forests without a Forest Management Plan. Low risk for the rest of the country. 1.11 Specified risk for private forests. Low risk for the rest of the country. 1.12 Specified risk for private forests. Low risk for the rest of the country. 1.13 N/A 1.14 N/A 1.15 N/A 1.16 Low risk 1.17 Low risk 1.18 Low risk 1.19 Low risk 1.20 Low risk 1.21 Low risk Controlled wood category 2: Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights 2.1 Low risk 2.2 Low risk 2.3 Low risk Controlled wood category 3: Wood from forests where high conservation values are threatened by management activities 3.0 Low risk 3.1 Specified risk for private forests without a Forest Management Plan. Low risk for the rest of the country. 3.2 Specified risk for private forests without a Forest Management Plan. Low risk for the rest of the country. 3.3 Specified risk for private forests without a Forest Management Plan. Low risk for the rest of the country. 3.4 Specified risk for private forests without a Forest Management Plan. Low risk for the rest of the country. 3.5 Low risk FSC-CNRA-HR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CROATIA 2020 – 5 of 186 – 3.6 Low risk Controlled wood category 4: Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non-forest use 4.1 Low risk Controlled wood category 5: Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are planted 5.1 Low risk FSC-CNRA-HR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CROATIA 2020 – 6 of 186 – Risk assessments Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood Overview Forest history and current objectives Croatia is located in Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The total area of Croatia, with the territorial sea, is 88 073 km2, while the state land territory covers 56 594 km2 (lit 1). Geomorphologic and climate differences between lowland, mountain, and coastal Croatia have resulted in a diversity of terrestrial, marine and underground habitats and a wealth of species (lit 2). There are more than 60 forest communities and around 4500 forest plant taxa in Croatia (lit 3). According to statistical data for 2018, forest land area covers 2 755 278 , which is around 48,6% of state land territory (lit 1). Forests cover 2 496 928 ha, which is 90% of forest land area (not all forest lands are thus covered with forests). Broadleaved species are predominant and cover 84% of the forest lands, while conifer forests cover 16%. In the growing stock of forest stands dominate Fagus sylvatica (common beech – 37,22%), followed by Quercus robur (common oak – 11,55 %), Quercus petraea (sessile oak – 9,38%), Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam – 8,39%), and Abies alba (silver fir – 7,90%), with significant differences between various categories of ownership (lit 4). The largest share of the total growing stock in the state forests has plain beech (39.50%), followed by common oak (13.35%), silver fir (9.62%), sessile oak (7.92%), and European hornbeam (7.18%), which comprise more than 70% of total growing stock owned by the Republic of Croatia. Compared to the state forests, in private forests tree composition is different. The common beech (28,04%) is still most common species, followed by sessile oak (15.20%), European hornbeam, (13.23%), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) (6.27%), other hard broadleaves (4.94%), and common oak (4.34%). The silver fir makes 1,01% of the total growing stock in private forests (lit 4). In Croatia, forests have mostly developed with natural regeneration, so they belong to the first or the second generation of naturally renewed vast virgin forests in the area between the Sava and Drava Rivers. According to the composition of trees, they are natural or very similar to the virgin forests from which they originated. The conservation status of Croatian forests is very good compared to the European level. As high as 95% of forest components show a natural composition, this is rare