DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of Biantun Culture in Yunnan, China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of Biantun Culture in Yunnan, China Spatiotemporal Characteristic of Biantun Toponymical Landscape: Evolution of Biantun Culture in Yunnan,China Fei Zhao School of Earth Science, Yunnan University Jingzhi Cai School of Earth Science, Yunnan University Chen Zhang State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing Guize Luan School of Earth Science, Yunnan University Yao Fu School of Earth Science, Yunnan University Zhiqiang Xie ( [email protected] ) School of Earth Science, Yunnan University Research Article Keywords: Biantun culture, toponymical landscape, spatiotemporal characteristics, integration index Posted Date: April 16th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-422855/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Spatiotemporal Characteristic of Biantun toponymical 2 landscape: evolution of Biantun culture in Yunnan, 3 China 4 5 Fei Zhao1, Jingzhi Cai1, Chen Zhang2, Guize Luan1, Yao Fu1, Zhiqiang Xie1 6 1School of Earth Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; 7 2State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan 8 University, Wuhan 430079, China 9 Corresponding author: Zhiqiang Xie (e-mail: [email protected]). 10 Abstract: The unique geographical environment of Yunnan Province in China and large-scale waves of 11 Han migration during the Ming Dynasty contributed to the emergence and development of the Biantun 12 culture. The toponym is the carrier of the Biantun culture: it records the integration process between the 13 Central Plains and native Yunnan cultures. Based on the GIS spatiotemporal analysis of toponyms in 14 Yunnan, this study reproduced the settlement characteristics of Biantun toponyms (BTT) and the spatial 15 development of the Biantun culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, we’ve developed 16 toponymical landscape index to represent the degree of spatial integration between the BTT and ethnic 17 minority toponyms in Yunnan and explore the spatial characteristics of the integration of Han immigrants 18 and local ethnic minorities. The results show that the spatial distribution of the BTT is consistent with the 19 site selection of the central plains immigrants station troops to open up wasteland in Yunnan during the 20 Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the centroids of BTT spread to outskirts and intermontane area from central 21 towns. In Dali, Kunming, Qujing regions, etc present the distribution characteristics of the mixed of BTT 22 and ethnic minority toponyms, and a higher degree of Sinicization in the central urban areas. This study 23 used GIS applications for historical and cultural research and established the connection among Biantun 24 culture and spatiotemporal data. Exploring evolution of Biantun cultural development through the 25 spatial characteristics of toponymical landscape can help adjust policies for he development and 26 protection of the Biantun cultural resources. 27 Keywords: Biantun culture; toponymical landscape; spatiotemporal characteristics; integration index 28 Introduction 29 Han immigrants who migrated to frontier areas in China underwent a process of settling in towns 30 and villages, engaged in creative production, worked/lived with local ethnic groups, exchanged 31 cultures, and developed in tandem, resulting in ethnic integration 1. Biantun culture is a typical 32 immigrant culture of cultivation and guarding borders formed by the Han people who migrated and 33 settled in border areas; it merges their original Central Plains culture with those of border regions and 34 national traditional cultures 2. Yunnan is a border province that has been important for ethnic migration 35 and cultural exchange since ancient times. During the Ming Dynasty, military immigrants arrived in 36 Yunnan because of wars. The population structure, ethnic distribution, production relations, political 37 system and cultural orientation of Yunnan society experienced epoch-making changes as Han 38 immigrants settled in various localities and gradually integrated with local ethnic groups. Starting with 39 Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province has become the most representative area for research into 40 Biantun culture. 1 41 The study of Biantun culture started late, most existing studies are limited to reviews and 42 discussions on cultural connotation and historical evolution. The Biantun toponyms (BTT) arose from 43 the development of the Biantun culture. Toponyms not only represent geographical locations, but also 44 represent spatial entities. In different time scales, in addition to their original meanings, there are also 45 local historical, cultural, social, and national meanings. The ‘GIS + toponym’ research model for 46 relearning place names from a new perspective, and in particular, toponyms with spatiotemporal 47 information characteristics, we carry out the study of Yunnan Biantun culture in this model. Many 48 scholars have made rich research results in this field. 3-10. The geographer David Mark expanded the 49 investigation of toponyms from ethnophysiography research on Malay names, mountain names, and 50 other features 11. Studies of minority place names have included the use of GIS’ geometric center 51 analysis and spatial orientation distribution technology to obtain a possible historical distribution of 52 Zhuang toponyms in Guangxi Province 12,13. GIS was used to analyze the spatial patterns of Zhuang, 53 Cantonese, Min Nan, and Hakka toponyms, and to compare historical data between ancient and 54 modern times for the study of historical population and landscape evolution of various ethnic groups 55 14. Wang et al. explored the spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics of county-level administrative 56 toponyms and cultural landscapes in China’s eastern plains 15. 57 Toponym symbol have inherited the unique local historical culture in the long process of historical 58 development. The distinctive naming method of BTT makes it an obvious landmark of Biantun culture. 59 The study of toponymical landscape can provide a theoretical basis for the research on the spread of 60 Yunnan Biantun culture and the development of social structure and ethnic integration. 61 Materials and Methods 62 BTT data 63 Yunnan is located on the southwestern border of China (Fig. 1). During the early Ming Dynasty, 64 wars in Yunnan were frequent and living conditions were extremely unstable. During the Hongwu 65 years, military immigration of Han ethnic migrants occurred on a large scale. During Yunnan 66 unification and while consolidating the southwest frontier, the institutionalization of land reclamation 67 and crop farming by stationed troops resulted in the mass migration of Han people to Yunnan. Most 68 of the military migrants were concentrated in central towns; Tuntian (where troops are stationed and 69 opened up wasteland) districts were concentrated in the suburbs of important towns. 70 71 Fig.1 Location of Yunnan 72 According to the Ming Dynasty system, Ying was the basic unit of the army, and Tun was an 73 army resettlement system managed by the metropolis 16. Halfway through the Ming Dynasty, 74 conditions in Yunnan began to stabilize. Initially, Han immigrants began settling large-scale 75 settlements on the outskirts of towns, followed by remote areas of flat land. The main Tuntian sites of 76 the middle Ming Dynasty were named based on military units, including Wei, Suo, Qianhu, and Baihu, 77 where the grade hierarchy was Wei > Suo > Qianhu > Baihu. According to an order from Zhu 78 Yuanzhang (the Ming emperor), the armies of Wei and Suo had to be self-sufficient; this required one- 79 seventh of the army to farm and one-third to guard the city. Military yards around the Wei and Suo 80 provided an economic source. Furthermore, the military yards of Yunnan reflected the emergence of 81 toponyms during the middle Ming Dynasty, and were named after senior military chiefs’ surnames 82 and suffixed with lower-level transportation trunk facilities and organization; for example, “post” (Yi), 83 “fort” (Bao), “shop” (Pu), “sentry” (Shao), and others. 84 Beginning half-way through the Ming Dynasty and towards its end, along with the 85 comprehensive development of immigrant agriculture, military yards moved to city outskirts, 86 intermontane basins, and to mid-mountain areas. The original large-scale military yards were not 87 suitable for agricultural development and production under the new terrain, which prompted the 88 original basic organization of the Tuntian to shrink, and small organizational units such as Qi, Wu, and 89 Guan to appear. The toponyms that appeared at this time included the surname of the chief of the Qi, 90 the Guan, and the Wu, and the lower-level organizational units. 91 By the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, conditions in Yunnan were more stable; the 92 population continued to increase and the branches of large clans began to spread. At this time, military- 93 based toponyms faded, and some toponyms added the word “village” (Cun) after the words used in 94 the original military units. Owing to a series of insurrections and border conflicts during the Qing 95 Dynasty, a large number of military immigrants moved to Yunnan and settled in rural areas. In addition, 96 they followed the floating official system of the Ming Dynasty and the upsurge in commerce, resulting 97 in a large number of settlements wherein the Han nationality and a minority nationality merged 17. 98 Through the integration of relevant historical materials and documents, thirteen types of place 99 names (Yin, Tun, Wei, Suo, Baihu, Qianhu, Qi, Guan, Wu, Yi, Pu, Bao, and Shao) were selected in 100 this study, with the Ming and Qing dynasties as the research time node. Based on the BTT screening 101 procedure 18-23, 1563 toponyms in Yunnan Province were extracted. 102 The second national toponymic census in China obtained the attribute content of place name 103 origin (placeOrigi) and meaning (placeMeani), historical evolution (placeHisto), geographical entity 104 overview and other attributes through data collation and field investigation. The meanings of toponyms 105 indicate their natural, social, humanistic and economic significance.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: the Emergence of the Yunnanese
    Between Winds and Clouds Bin Yang Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese Introduction As the state began sending soldiers and their families, predominantly Han Chinese, to Yunnan, 1 the Ming military presence there became part of a project of colonization. Soldiers were joined by land-hungry farmers, exiled officials, and profit-driven merchants so that, by the end of the Ming period, the Han Chinese had become the largest ethnic population in Yunnan. Dramatically changing local demography, and consequently economic and cultural patterns, this massive and diverse influx laid the foundations for the social makeup of contemporary Yunnan. The interaction of the large numbers of Han immigrants with the indigenous peoples created a 2 new hybrid society, some members of which began to identify themselves as Yunnanese (yunnanren) for the first time. Previously, there had been no such concept of unity, since the indigenous peoples differentiated themselves by ethnicity or clan and tribal affiliations. This chapter will explore the process that led to this new identity and its reciprocal impact on the concept of Chineseness. Using primary sources, I will first introduce the indigenous peoples and their social customs 3 during the Yuan and early Ming period before the massive influx of Chinese immigrants. Second, I will review the migration waves during the Ming Dynasty and examine interactions between Han Chinese and the indigenous population. The giant and far-reaching impact of Han migrations on local society, or the process of sinicization, that has drawn a lot of scholarly attention, will be further examined here; the influence of the indigenous culture on Chinese migrants—a process that has won little attention—will also be scrutinized.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Knowledge and Customary Law in Natural Resource Management: Experiences in Yunnan, China and Haruku, Indonesia
    Indigenous Knowledge and Customary Law in Natural Resource Management: Experiences in Yunnan, China and Haruku, Indonesia By He Hong Mu Xiuping and Eliza Kissya with Yanes II Indigenous Knowledge and Customary Law in Natural Resource Management: Experiences in Yunnan, China and Haruku, Indonesia Copyright @ Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) Foundation, 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the copyright holder. Editor: Ms. Luchie Maranan Design and layout: Nabwong Chuaychuwong ([email protected]) Publisher: Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) Foundation 108 Moo 5, Soi 6, Tambon Sanpranate Amphur Sansai, Chiang Mai 50210, Thailand Tel: +66 053 380 168 Fax: +66 53 380 752 Web: www.aippnet.org ISBN 978-616-90611-5-1 This publication has been produced with the financial support from the SwedBio. Sweden. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the position of AIPP or that of the Swedbio. Indigenous Knowledge and Customary Law in Natural Resource Management: Experiences in Yunnan, China and Haruku, Indonesia By He Hong Mu Xiuping and Eliza Kissya with Yanes IV Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI ACRONYMS VII Introduction VIII Part A: Traditional Naxi Natural Resource Management and Current Policy: A Case Study at Yuhu Village, Yulong county, Yunnan, China 1 1. Basic Information about Naxi Ethnic Minority 1 1.1 The Name of Naxi Ethnic Minority 1 1.2 Population and Distribution of Naxi 1 1.3 Changes in Political Status and Social Life of Naxi People since the Founding of the PRC 3 1.4 Social and Cultural Background of Naxi 4 2.
    [Show full text]
  • 45030-002: Yunnan Sustainable Road Maintenance (Sector) Project
    Environmental Monitoring Report Project Number: 45030-002 August 2017 PRC: Yunnan Sustainable Road Maintenance (Sector) Project Prepared by the Yunnan Highway Administration Bureau for the People’s Republic of China and the Asian Development Bank This environmental monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Asian Development Bank Environmental Monitoring Report Project Number: 45030-002 Semi-annual Report August 2017 People’s Republic of China: Yunnan Sustainable Road Maintenance (Sector) Project Prepared by Prepared by the Yunnan Highway Administration Bureau for the People’s Republic of China and the Asian Development Bank This environmental monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. PRC-3074: Yunnan Sustainable Road Maintenance (Sector) Project The Environmental Monitoring Report in the First Half of 2017 For Phase II and Phase III-Road Maintenance Subprojects Drafted in August 2017 Prepared by the Yunnan Highway Administration Bureau for the Asian Development Bank i Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY V I.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018,
    [Show full text]
  • Household Stove Improvement and Risk of Lung Cancer in Xuanwei, China
    Household Stove Improvement and Risk of Lung Cancer in Xuanwei, China Qing Lan, Robert S. Chapman, Dina M. Schreinemachers, Linwei Tian, Xingzhou He erably lower in China (6.8 in men and 3.2 in women) and was Background: Lung cancer rates in rural Xuanwei County, lower still in Yunnan as a whole (4.3 in men and 1.5 in women). Yunnan Province, are among the highest in China. Residents In Xuanwei, more than 90% of residents are farmers with little traditionally burned “smoky” coal in unvented indoor or no exposure to industrial or automotive air pollution, and firepits that generated very high levels of air pollution. Since residential stability is very high. Most men, but very few the 1970s, most residents have changed from firepits to women, smoke tobacco. Nearly all women, and some men, cook stoves with chimneys. This study assessed whether lung can- food on the household stove. cer incidence decreased after this stove improvement. Meth- For household cooking and heating, Xuanwei residents have ods: A cohort of 21 232 farmers, born from 1917 through traditionally burned “smoky coal,” “smokeless coal,” or wood in 1951, was followed retrospectively from 1976 through 1992. unvented indoor firepits. (Smoky coal and smokeless coal are All subjects were users of smoky coal who had been born general descriptive terms used throughout China for bituminous into homes with unvented firepits. During their lifetime, and anthracite coal, respectively.) Burning smoky coal in a 17 184 subjects (80.9%) changed permanently to stoves with firepit generates very high indoor concentrations of airborne 3 chimneys.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spectrum-STI Groups Model: Syphilis Prevalence Trends Across High-Risk and Lower-Risk Populations in Yunnan, China Eline L
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The Spectrum-STI Groups model: syphilis prevalence trends across high-risk and lower-risk populations in Yunnan, China Eline L. Korenromp1,12*, Wanyue Zhang2,12, Xiujie Zhang2,12, Yanling Ma2, Manhong Jia2, Hongbin Luo2, Yan Guo2, Xiaobin Zhang2, Xiangdong Gong3, Fangfang Chen4, Jing Li3, Takeshi Nishijima5, Zhongdan Chen6, Melanie M. Taylor7,8, Kendall Hecht9, Guy Mahiané9, Jane Rowley10 & Xiang-Sheng Chen3,11 The Spectrum-STI model, structured by sub-groups within a population, was used in a workshop in Yunnan, China, to estimate provincial trends in active syphilis in 15 to 49-year-old adults. Syphilis prevalence data from female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), and lower-risk women and men in Yunnan were identifed through literature searches and local experts. Sources included antenatal care clinic screening, blood donor screening, HIV/STI bio-behavioural surveys, sentinel surveillance, and epidemiology studies. The 2017 provincial syphilis prevalence estimates were 0.26% (95% confdence interval 0.17–0.34%) in women and 0.28% (0.20–0.36%) in men. Estimated prevalence was 6.8-fold higher in FSW (1.69% (0.68–3.97%) than in lower-risk women (0.25% (0.18– 0.35%)), and 22.7-fold higher in MSM (5.35% (2.74–12.47%) than in lower-risk men (0.24% (0.17– 0.31%). For all populations, the 2017 estimates were below the 2005 estimates, but diferences were not signifcant. In 2017 FSW and MSM together accounted for 9.3% of prevalent cases. These estimates suggest Yunnan’s STI programs have kept the overall prevalence of syphilis low, but prevalence remains high in FSW and MSM.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Indicators Regional Ecosystem Health Response to Rural
    Ecological Indicators 72 (2017) 399–410 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Indicators j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolind Original Articles Regional ecosystem health response to rural land use change: A case study in Lijiang City, China a,∗ a a a,b Peng Jian , Liu Yanxu , Li Tianyi , Wu Jiansheng a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China b Key Laboratory for Environmental and Urban Sciences, School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Quantitative analysis of the response of ecosystem health to rural land use change is required to compre- Received 22 December 2015 hend the human-nature coupling mechanism and to explore the process of global environmental change, Received in revised form 13 August 2016 which can interpret the ecological effects of regional land use and land cover change comprehensively. Accepted 16 August 2016 However, the existing regional ecosystem health assessment largely ignored either the internal connec- Available online 3 September 2016 tion of ecosystem health to land use patterns or the internal representation of ecosystem services to ecosystem health. Using Lijiang City of China as a study area, the average normalized difference vege- Keywords: tation index (NDVI), landscape metrics, and ecosystem elasticity coefficient based on different land use Regional ecosystem health assessment types were used as quantitative indicators. Then the coefficient of spatial neighboring effect was intro- Ecosystem services duced to characterize the adjacency effect on ecosystem services, and to generate the index of integrated Land use change Lijiang City, China ecosystem health.
    [Show full text]
  • Yunnan Contemporary Higher Vocal Education
    2019 International Conference on Social Science and Education (ICSSAE 2019) Yunnan Contemporary Higher Vocal Education Yu Chen1, a * 1 Music and Dance College of Qujing Normal University, Yunnan, China a [email protected] *Music and Dance College of Qujing Normal University, Yu Chen Keywords: Vocal Music; Higher Education; Yunnan; Contemporary Abstract: This article is based on the contemporary Chinese, from 1949 to the 21st century, and the development of higher vocal education in Yunnan in the past 70 years. It is divided into three parts: the founding of the People’ s Republic of China, the reform and opening up, and the beginning of the 21st century. Then it sorts out the historical track of vocal music education in colleges and universities, as well as the vocal music education experts who promote its development. Recovery and Development After the Founding of the People’s Republic of China At the end of 1949, Yunnan was peacefully liberated. And the Ministry of Culture and Education of the Southwest Military and Political Committee informed that the Kunming Normal University was renamed Kunming Normal College (renamed Yunnan Normal University on April 11, 1984). The party and the government paid great attention to the construction and development of Yunnan’ s cultural and educational undertakings. With the gradual recovery of the economy and the increasingly stable society, art education has become more and more concerned by the primary and secondary schools in the province. The Kunming Teachers College, which has been adhering to the spirit of the Southwest United University, has taken the lead in opening up art education.
    [Show full text]
  • Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau
    IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the International Actorness of China's Yunnan Province
    Beyond the Hinterland: Exploring the International Actorness of China’s Yunnan Province Song Yao Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Asia Institute The University of Melbourne September 2019 ORCID: 0000-0002-7720-3266 Abstract This study analyses the international relations of subnational governments, a phenomenon conceptualized as paradiplomacy. The scholarly literature on paradiplomacy tends to focus overly on subnational governments in federal systems, rather than those in unitary and centralized countries whose subnational governments have been increasingly proactive in international relations. China is one of these countries. Among the limited numbers of works on Chinese paradiplomacy, the majority are framed within the central-local interactions on foreign affairs and pay inadequate attention to how these provinces have participated directly in external cooperation, in line with their local interests. This body of works also displays a geographical bias, showing more interest in the prosperous coastal regions of China than its inland and border regions. This study, therefore, seeks to address the question of how Yunnan, a border province in the southwest of China, has become an international actor by exploring its international actorness. The thesis develops an original analytical framework. In contrast with previous analytical paradiplomacy frameworks, it combines the concept of paradiplomacy with the theory of actorness. After reviewing the relevant scholarly works, four dimensions of actorness have been considered: motivation, opportunity, capability, and presence. First, this study argues that, in the face of profound domestic developments and a complex external environment, Yunnan has been motivated to engage in cross-border cooperation and to consolidate its external affairs powers.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Relationship Analysis of 21 Walnut Varieties
    Molecular Plant Breeding 2021, Vol.12, No.9, 1-7 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb Research Report Open Access Genetic Diversity and Relationship Analysis of 21 Walnut Varieties Based on SSR Markers Xu Lingwen 1,2, Wang Yi 2 , Yuan Xiaolong 2, Lu Bin 2 , Hao Jiabo 2, Zhang Yu 2, Ma Jun 3, Wang Fei 3 1 College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China 2 Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland and The Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China 3 Kunming Forestry Technology Promotion Centre, Kunming, 650033, China Corresponding author Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Molecular Plant Breeding, 2021, Vol.12, No.9 doi: 10.5376/mpb.2021.12.0009 Received: 18 Feb., 2021 Accepted: 17 Mar., 2021 Published: 31 Mar., 2021 Copyright © 2021 Xu et al., This article was first published in Molecular Plant Breeding in Chinese, and here was authorized to translate and publish the paper in English under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Xu L.W., Wang Y., Yuan X.L., Lu B., Hao J.B., Zhang Y., Ma J., and Wang F., 2021, Genetic diversity and relationship analysis of 21 walnut varieties based on SSR markers, Molecular Plant Breeding, 12(9): 1-7 (doi: 10.5376/mpb.2021.12.0009) Abstract In order to grasp the germplasm resources of walnut in Yunnan province, the genetic diversity and relationship of 21 walnuts varieties commonly planted in Yunnan province were analyzed using SSR fluorescent labeling technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 6 List of Projects Approved Post-Registration Change Table 7 List of Registered Poa Projects Table 8 List of On-Going RCP Projects
    Updated till Ju.29th. , 2020 Table 1. List of PDD published on UNFCCC Table 2. List of monitoring Reports made available on UNFCCC Table 3. List of projects registered Table 4. List of projects Issued with CERs Table 5 List of projects approved renewal of crediting period Table 6 List of projects approved post-registration change Table 7 List of registered PoA projects Table 8 List of on-going RCP Projects Table 1. PDD published on UNFCCC 已在 UNFCCC 公示的项目信息 – 审定阶段 No. Project Title Open link 1 Liaoning Changtu Shihu Wind Power Project Open link 2 Shuangpai County Yongjiang Cascade Hydropower Project, Hunan, P.R.China Open link 3 Nanlao Small Hydropower Project in Leishan County, Guizhou Province, China. Open link 4 Jiaoziding Small Hydropower Project in Gulin County, Sichuan Province, China Open link 5 Hebei Weichang Zhuzixia Wind power project Open link 6 Yunnan Luquan Hayi River 4th and 5th Level Hydropower Stations Open link 7 Pingju 4MW Hydropower Project in Guizhou Province Open link 8 Shankou Hydropower Project on Ningjiahe River in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China Open link 9 Yunnan Gengma Tiechang River 12.6MW Hydropower Project Open link 10 Dayan River Stage I and Dayan River Stage II 17.6MW Bundled Hydropower Project Open link 11 Fujian Pingnan Lidaping 20MW Hydropower Expansion Project Open link 12 Qingyuan County Longjing Hydroelectric Power Plant Project Open link 13 Changchun Shuangyang District Heating Project Open link 14 Chongqing Youyang County Youchou Hydropower Station Project Open link 1 15 Hebei Zhuozhou biomass
    [Show full text]