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THE EFFECTS of SHOE TYPE on BIOMECHANICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES to STEPPING and INCLINED WALKING Ashley L

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THE EFFECTS of SHOE TYPE on BIOMECHANICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES to STEPPING and INCLINED WALKING Ashley L Northern Michigan University NMU Commons All NMU Master's Theses Student Works 5-2019 THE EFFECTS OF SHOE TYPE ON BIOMECHANICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO STEPPING AND INCLINED WALKING Ashley L. VanSumeren [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.nmu.edu/theses Part of the Biomechanics Commons Recommended Citation VanSumeren, Ashley L., "THE EFFECTS OF SHOE TYPE ON BIOMECHANICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO STEPPING AND INCLINED WALKING" (2019). All NMU Master's Theses. 576. https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/576 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at NMU Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in All NMU Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of NMU Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF SHOE TYPE ON BIOMECHANICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO STEPPING AND INCLINED WALKING By Ashley L. VanSumeren THESIS Submitted to Northern Michigan University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of MASTERS OF EXERCISE SCIENCE Office of Graduate Education and Research May 2019 ABSTRACT THE EFFECTS OF SHOE TYPE ON BIOMECHANICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO STEPPING AND INCLINED WALKING By Ashley L. VanSumeren The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hiking shoes and hiking boots on the biomechanical responses to a stepping task and physiological responses to an inclined walking task. Participants (n = 16) performed six two minute stepping trials at a stepping rate of 72 bpm; three trials in hiking boots and three trials in hiking shoes. Following the stepping task, participants (n = 19) walked at 3.0 mph and 10% grade for five minutes in hiking shoes and hiking boots. Lower limb joint angles and moments were calculated using Visual 3D. Physiological data was averaged over the last three minutes of the stepping task to determine mean variables during steady state exercise. Results showed that during the lowering phase of the stepping cycle, ankle ROM and ankle and knee moments were significantly greater in hiking shoes than hiking boots, indicating that no compensatory mechanisms of the knee and hip were implemented due to restricted ankle ROM. Additionally, VO2 and VE were significantly greater in the hiking shoe condition during the inclined walking task. While these variables are statistically significant, they may not be practically significant in an actual hiking scenario, as the magnitudes of differences observed in variables were minimal. Use of either shoe or boot may not result in an increased risk of injury, therefore leaving the choice of footwear up to the hiker’s personal preference. KEYWORDS: hiking, footwear, boots. i Copyright by Ashley L. VanSumeren 2019 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first and foremost like to thank all who have been involved in this research project, from those who helped with initial equipment setup and pilot testing to those who participated as a subject or assisted with data collection to those who provided moral support and cheered me on from the sidelines. Without the help of Jason Hawke, Stephanie Moore, and the many others involved, this project would not have been possible. Additionally, I would like to thank Northern Michigan University’s School of Health and Human Performance for allowing me to use the biomechanics lab and helping with subject recruitment. Lastly, I would like to thank my committee – Dr. Sarah Breen, Dr. Scott Drum, Dr. Jacqueline Medina, and Dr. Randall Jensen. Dr. Breen was an integral part of this project, as she allowed me to pursue my research passions, provided encouragement and feedback, and challenged me in new ways. Dr. Drum, Dr. Medina, and Dr. Jensen all provided an immense amount of support and feedback throughout the project. Funding for this research project was provided by the 2018 International Society of Biomechanics in Sports Student Mini Research Grant. Purchase of hiking shoes and hiking boots used in the study was also supported by Adidas™. This thesis follows format requirements specified by Northern Michigan University’s School of Health and Human Performance and the Journal of Applied Biomechanics, whose guidelines can be accessed at the link below. https://journals-humankinetics-com.nmu.idm.oclc.org/page/authors/jab. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: JOURNAL MANUSCRIPT ................................................................................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Participants .............................................................................................................................. 4 Experimental Set-up................................................................................................................ 4 Experimental Procedures ........................................................................................................ 5 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 7 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................................ 10 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Descriptive Data.................................................................................................................... 10 Kinematic Data ..................................................................................................................... 10 Kinetic Data .......................................................................................................................... 11 Physiological Data ................................................................................................................ 12 Discussion..................................................................................................................................... 12 Kinematic Data ..................................................................................................................... 13 Kinetic Data .......................................................................................................................... 15 Physiological Data ................................................................................................................ 16 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 21 Hiking Overview ................................................................................................................... 21 Epidemiology of Injury ......................................................................................................... 22 Physiological Responses ....................................................................................................... 24 Kinetic Responses ................................................................................................................. 26 Kinematic Responses ............................................................................................................ 29 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER III: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ 31 iv REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 33 TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... 37 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 55 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................... 55 Appendix B ........................................................................................................................... 57 Appendix C ........................................................................................................................... 60 Appendix D ........................................................................................................................... 63 Appendix E ........................................................................................................................... 64 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Moving segments, reference segments, and value assignments used in Visual 3D. ...... 37 Table 2. Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) of participants. ................................ 38 Table 3. Frequency data for the categorical question, “Approximately how many years have you engaged in outdoor hiking activities?” ......................................................................................... 39 Table 4. Frequency data for the categorical question, “What type of footwear most closely represents your current preference for outdoor hiking activities?” .............................................
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