Technological Principles and the Policy Challenges of the Global Positioning System

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Technological Principles and the Policy Challenges of the Global Positioning System Technological Principles and the Policy Challenges of the Global Positioning System Marlee Chong Spring 2013 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 History 4 2.1 Location . .4 2.2 LORAN . .5 2.3 GPS Predecessors . .5 2.4 Developing GPS . .6 3 Technology 8 3.1 User Segment . .8 3.2 Control Segment . .8 3.3 Space Segment . .9 3.4 Signal . 10 3.5 Pseudoranging . 11 3.6 Errors and Accuracy . 12 3.6.1 Clock Errors . 12 3.6.2 Atmospheric Errors . 13 3.6.3 System Noise . 13 3.6.4 Multipath Errors . 13 3.6.5 Dilution of Precision . 14 3.6.6 Accuracy . 14 3.7 Vulnerabilities . 15 4 Applications 16 4.1 Military: Smart Bombs . 16 4.2 Positioning: Fault Monitoring . 16 4.3 Navigation: Mobile Phones . 17 4.4 Timing: Stock Exchanges . 17 4.5 Satellites: Nuclear Test Detection . 18 4.6 Signals: Weather Forecasting . 18 5 Policy 19 5.1 Domestic Governance . 19 5.1.1 Defense . 19 1 CONTENTS 2 5.1.2 Civil . 20 5.1.3 Privacy Issues . 21 5.2 Competing Systems . 21 5.2.1 USSR and Russia . 22 5.2.2 European Union . 22 5.2.3 China . 22 5.2.4 Japan . 23 5.2.5 India . 23 5.2.6 International Cooperation . 23 5.3 Modernization . 23 5.3.1 Space Segment . 24 5.3.2 Control Segment . 24 5.3.3 Replacement . 24 5.4 Future and Recommendations . 25 6 Conclusion 26 7 Acknowledgements 27 Chapter 1 Introduction The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become a part of everyday life. In the palm of their hands, users can take advantage of a network of orbiting satellites to determine their coordinates on Earth. However, GPS offers much more than a locator system. Users take advantage of its capabilities for timing, weather forecasting, and even military applications. In fact, GPS was developed during the Cold War through a combination of efforts by the US Navy and US Air Force. Owned and maintained by the United States Government, GPS is available for civilian and commercial use worldwide, free of charge, as a public utility. Still, the US military still has access to encrypted and more accurate signals for defense purposes. GPS has three components: the user segment, control segment, and space segment. The space segment consists of a minimum of 24 satellites, whose orbits are monitored and corrected by the control segment. Receivers in the user segment determine the time it takes the signal to travel from satellites. Despite the seeming ease of pushing a button to use GPS, the details are more convoluted. The system design makes it impossible to actually determine a receiver's position by measuring the time it takes for a satellite's signal to reach the receiver. Instead, a pseudorange is calculated with all of the errors that are implied. Although the system was designed for positioning, navigation, and timing purposes, GPS is also used for other applications. A sample of six applications demonstrate the incredible diversity of uses, some of which are expected while others of which appear to be unrelated. The first four are based on the military, positioning, navigation, and timing applications originally envisioned. The final two appropriate system components for their own purposes. As a dual-use system, GPS is governed by military and civilian agencies and is used for both defense and civil purposes. However, there are issues at the border with regards to privacy. Additional policy concerns come from compet- ing systems, particularly those in development, and the need for international cooperation to coordinate and allow for interoperability. This will remain a concern well into the future with the continued modernization of GPS. 3 Chapter 2 History The development of GPS is part of a long tradition of technologies and meth- ods for navigation. Throughout time, knowing one's location relative to other locations has been important for migration, trade, and the creation of regional boundaries. 2.1 Location Some of the earliest methods of navigation relied on landmarks as reference points. Even today, vestiges of this method remain in the way that we give di- rections, such as the \Left Bank" and \Right Bank" of the Seine River in Paris, and in the determination of borders based on geographic features, such as the Colorado River dividing California and Arizona or the Rio Grande River divid- ing Texas and Mexico. One method used was dead reckoning, which estimates a position based on a known location called a fix, estimated velocity, and elapsed time. However, this method is extremely vulnerable to the accumulation and propagation of errors. If there is a small error in the estimated starting position, velocity, or time, that error will remain in all later assumptions made to determine location using dead reckoning. To minimize the reliance on a small set of reference points to orient locations with each other, a standard frame of reference that system- atically orientated locations was necessary. A geographic coordinate system provided a solution, expanding the possibilities for navigation[22]. Our familiar geographic coordinate system can be traced back to Ancient Greece, where astrologers used latitude and longitude, in addition to time and location of celestial objects, at a person's birth to create natal horoscopes. Al- though latitude could easily be measured on land using the angle above the horizon to Polaris or sun declination and altitude tables, longitude was more difficult to calculate, and navigation in the West using latitude and longitude languished until the mid-fifteenth century. Because the 360 ◦ revolution of the Earth equates to only a 15 ◦ revolution per hour, longitude measurements re- 4 CHAPTER 2. HISTORY 5 quired accurate measurements of time. In fact, two measurements were needed: a fixed reference time, such as Greenwich Mean Time, and a local time[22] . Measuring time accurately required the development of a timepiece that did not need to be stationary. Other challenges included measuring the size of the earth and describing celestial and planetary motion as reference points.These challenges persisted through the 19th century. However, using latitude and lon- gitude to solve the problem of navigation was only one of many methods. Some modern attempts used radio waves, although the need to accurately measure time remained. 2.2 LORAN World War II witnessed the development of several well-known technologies by militaries, from atomic bomb to radar. A lesser-known terrestrial radionavi- gation systems, the Long Range Aid to Navigation (LORAN), was also devel- oped. A master station broadcasted synchronized radio pulses to two or more secondary stations, which then also transmitted the radio waves to the user, who could calculate the time difference between signals based on the known location of the transmitting stations and known emission delays. The time dif- ferences corresponded to hyperbolic lines of position, and the intersection of these defined the user's two-dimensional position. While the 1960s saw global coverage with the launch of the Omega system, improvements continued to be made to LORAN[18, p. 123-127]. Its successor, Loran-C, remained in operation until 2010 and could be integrated with GPS or used as a backup system, espe- cially in areas where incoming satellite signals where blocked[14, Termination of LORAN-C]. 2.3 GPS Predecessors The 1957 launch of Sputnik by the USSR not only transformed the space race into a race to put a man on the moon but also opened up possibilities for the applications of satellites. At John Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), physicists noticed a measurable Doppler shift in the satellite signal. Dr. Frank T. McClure realized that these measurements could be used to provide the location of a stationary observer. In 1960, physicist and president of the Aerospace Corporation Ivan Getting proposed that satellites could not only provide information about position but also improve navigation by land forces. That same year, APL developed a prototype satellite positioning system for the US Navy. By 1972, this functioned as the Navy's space-based navigation system called the Navigation Satellite System (NAVSAT, also known as Transit), which operated until 1996. The USSR developed Cicada, a system based on the same principles, but these systems were limited by the need to have an unobstructed line of sight due to the short wavelengths. Furthermore, the processing time and accuracy, while suitable for the needs of slow-moving naval vessels, were CHAPTER 2. HISTORY 6 insufficient for aircraft[23, p. 2]. Thus, the US Air Force had been investigating a competing idea, and together, their efforts led to the development of GPS. Transit was only the first of three important predecessors to GPS. The second was Timed Navigation (Timation), a program by Roger Easton at the Naval Re- search laboratory that improved the precision of clocks and ultimately brought atomic clocks to space. These stable space-based clocks improved the accuracy of timing information because like earlier terrestrial positioning methods, satel- lite positioning requires highly accurate timepieces to determine location. To determine the user's location, Timation used Side Tone Ranging, where a satel- lite broadcast a clear and obvious signal that could easily be jammed. However, each satellite would need to broadcast on a fundamentally different frequency [24]. The US Air Force's 621B program was the third competing design. A satel- lite positioning system designed to offer three-dimensional coverage and global service, 621B used digital signals. This meant that all of the satellites could share a spread spectrum signal, differing only due to Doppler shifts and avoiding inter-channel bias shifts. 621b also explored variations on number and configu- ration of satellites for a network providing global coverage[20].
Recommended publications
  • GNSS Applications Workshop: Seminar on GNSS Spectrum Protection and Interference Detection and Mitigation
    GNSS Applications Workshop: Seminar on GNSS Spectrum Protection and Interference Detection and Mitigation Course Introduction 20-21 March 2018 Satellite Navigation in the 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 4 Oct 1957 Dec 1958 Sputnik I The U.S. Launched Navy Navigation Satellite System (Transit) Approved and Funded 2 Satellite Navigation in the 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 13 April 1960 First Successful 5 Dec 1963 Jan 1964 Other Successful July 1967 Transit First Transit Experimental Transit Experimental Operational Became Satellites: Released Satellite (1B) Satellite Operational 2A, 22 Jun 1960 for 3B, 21 Feb 1961 Commercial 4A, 29 Jun 1961 Use 4B, 15 Nov 1961 - - - - Establishing U.S. Dual Use SatNav Policy Operational Transit Satellite 3 Satellite Navigation in the 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1978 GPS Launches April 1973 22 Feb, 13 May, Formation of the GPS 7 Oct, 11 Dec Joint Program Office (JPO) 1971 First Timation Receiver 1975 for the Naval Research First Concept Validation GPS Lab (NRL) Navigator, the GPS X-Set 4 Satellite Navigation in the 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 9 Oct ‘85 28 Jan ‘86 14 Feb ‘89 Last Block I Challenger Launches Launch Disaster Resume 1984 Commercial 5 Channel GPS Navigator 1986 6 Channel GPS Navigator 1985 1986 GPS + Transit + Omega WM101 GPS Satellite Surveying Set 5 Satellite Navigation in the 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 4 Apr ‘91 8 Dec ‘93 27 Apr ‘95 S/A Turned GPS IOC GPS
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 Annual Report
    2008 Annual Report NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING THE FUTURE 1 Letter from the President 3 In Service to the Nation 3 Mission Statement 4 Program Reports 4 Engineering Education 4 Center for the Advancement of Scholarship on Engineering Education 6 Technological Literacy 6 Public Understanding of Engineering Developing Effective Messages Media Relations Public Relations Grand Challenges for Engineering 8 Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society 9 Diversity in the Engineering Workforce Engineer Girl! Website Engineer Your Life Project Engineering Equity Extension Service 10 Frontiers of Engineering Armstrong Endowment for Young Engineers-Gilbreth Lectures 12 Engineering and Health Care 14 Technology and Peace Building 14 Technology for a Quieter America 15 America’s Energy Future 16 Terrorism and the Electric Power-Delivery System 16 U.S.-China Cooperation on Electricity from Renewables 17 U.S.-China Symposium on Science and Technology Strategic Policy 17 Offshoring of Engineering 18 Gathering Storm Still Frames the Policy Debate 20 2008 NAE Awards Recipients 22 2008 New Members and Foreign Associates 24 2008 NAE Anniversary Members 28 2008 Private Contributions 28 Einstein Society 28 Heritage Society 29 Golden Bridge Society 29 Catalyst Society 30 Rosette Society 30 Challenge Society 30 Charter Society 31 Other Individual Donors 34 The Presidents’ Circle 34 Corporations, Foundations, and Other Organizations 35 National Academy of Engineering Fund Financial Report 37 Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants 41 Notes to Financial Statements 53 Officers 53 Councillors 54 Staff 54 NAE Publications Letter from the President Engineering is critical to meeting the fundamental challenges facing the U.S. economy in the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Intelligent Machines at Deere &
    THE 2018 CT HALL OF FAME CES 2019 PREVIEW NOVEMBERDECEMBER 2018 BLOCKCHAIN NEW WAYS TO TRANSACT SMART CARS MONITORING DRIVERS TECH CONNECTING DOCTORS WITH PATIENTS SENIOR VP, INTELLIGENT SOLUTIONS GROUP John Stone Creating Intelligent Machines at Deere & Co. i3_1118_C1_COVER_layout.indd 1 10/24/18 3:50 PM MEET THE MOST IRRESISTIBLE NEW POWER COUPLE EVERYBODY’S TALKING Sharp’s all-new, modern and elegant, built-in wall oven features an edge-to-edge black glass and stainless steel design. The SWA3052DS pairs beautifully with our new SMD2480CS Microwave DrawerTM, the new power couple of style and performance. This 5.0 cu. ft. 240V. built-in wall oven uses True European Convection to cook evenly and heat effi ciently. The 8 pass upper-element provides edge-to-edge performance. Sharp’s top-of-the-line Microwave Drawer™ features Easy Wave Open for touchless operation. Hands full? Simply wave up-and-down near the motion sensor and the SMD2480CS glides open. It’s just the kind of elegant engineering, smart functionality and cutting-edge performance you’d expect from Sharp. NEW TOUCH GLASS CONTROL PANEL EDGE-TO-EDGE, BLACK GLASS & STAINLESS STEEL OPTIONAL 30" EXTENSION KIT SHOWN Simply Better Living www.SharpUSA.com © 2018 Sharp Electronics Corporation. All rights reserved. Sharp, Microwave Drawer™ Oven and all related trademarks are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of Sharp Corporation and/or its affi liated entities. Product specifi cations and design are subject to change without notice. Internal capacity calculated by measuring maximum width,
    [Show full text]
  • L-G-0015436434-0054602840.Pdf
    Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Ekram Hossain, Editor in Chief Jón Atli Benediktsson David Alan Grier Elya B. Joffe Xiaoou Li Peter Lian Andreas Molisch Saeid Nahavandi Jeffrey Reed Diomidis Spinellis Sarah Spurgeon Ahmet Murat Tekalp Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century Integrated Satellite Navigation, Sensor Systems, and Civil Applications Volume 1 Edited by Y. T. Jade Morton, University of Colorado Boulder Frank van Diggelen, Google James J. Spilker, Jr., Stanford University Bradford W. Parkinson, Stanford University Associate Editors: Sherman Lo, Stanford University Grace Gao, Stanford University Copyright © 2021 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes of the 18Th Meeting of the National Space-Based Positioning
    NATIONAL SPACE-BASED POSITIONING, NAVIGATION, AND TIMING (PNT) ADVISORY BOARD Eighteenth Meeting December 7-8, 2016 Crowne Plaza Redondo Beach, Peninsula and Pacific Ballrooms 300 N. Harbor Drive, Redondo Beach, CA 90277 John Paul Stenbit James J. Miller Chair Executive Director National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board 18th Meeting December 7-8, 2016 Crowne Plaza Redondo Beach, Peninsula and Pacific Ballrooms 300 N. Harbor Drive, Redondo Beach, CA 90277 Agenda WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2016 9:00 - 9:05 BOARD CONVENES Call to Order & Announcements Mr. James J. Miller, Executive Director, PNT Advisory Board, NASA Headquarters 9:05 - 9:30 18th Meeting Focus based on October 27 PNT EXCOM Priorities Spectrum Repurposing & Existential Threats to GPS/GNSS Services Mr. John Stenbit, Chair; Dr. Bradford Parkinson, 1st Vice-Chair; Gov. Jim Geringer, 2nd Vice-Chair 9:30 - 10:00 U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Civil GPS/PNT Update GPS Adjacent Band Compatibility (ABC) Assessment VIEW PDF (1 MB) Ms. Karen Van Dyke, Director for PNT, DOT Office of the Secretary, Research and Technology 10:00 - 10:15 Policy Update and Recent PNT EXCOM Topics National Coordination Office (NCO) Interagency Perspectives VIEW PDF (420 KB) Mr. Harold "Stormy" Martin, Director, National Coordination Office for Space-Based PNT 10:15 - 10:45 Global Positioning System (GPS) Status & Modernization Milestones GPS III Satellite Vehicle and OCX Progress & Plans VIEW PDF (3 MB) Col Gerard "Gerry" Gleckel, Deputy Director, GPS Directorate, Space & Missile Systems Center 2 10:45 - 11:00 BREAK 11:00 - 11:30 U.S. International Activities Update: Multilateral and Bilateral Advances 11th Meeting of the International Committee on GNSS & Intl.
    [Show full text]
  • Nov 2019 Advisory Board Minutes
    NATIONAL SPACE-BASED POSITIONING, NAVIGATION, AND TIMING ADVISORY BOARD Twenty-Fourth Meeting November 20-21, 2019 November 20-21, 2019 Hilton Oceanfront Cocoa Beach, Florida ADM (Ret. USCG) Thad Allen, Chair Mr. James J. Miller, Executive Director (page intentionally left blank) 2 Agenda (https://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/meetings/2019-11/) WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2019 8:30 - 8:35 BOARD CONVENES Call to Order, Logistics, & Announcements Mr. James J. Miller, Executive Director, National Space-Based PNT Advisory Board, NASA Headquarters 8:35 - 9:30 Welcome & Kick-Off of 24th PNTAB Meeting Priorities & Proposed Topic Focus Areas Concise Roundtable Discussion VIEW PDF (3 MB) ADM Thad Allen, Chair; Hon. John Stenbit, Deputy Chair; Dr. Bradford Parkinson, 1st Vice- Chair; Governor Jim Geringer, 2nd Vice-Chair 9:30 - 9:45 National Coordination Office (NCO) for Space-based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) PNT Policy Activity Update VIEW PDF (554 KB) Mr. Harold 'Stormy' Martin, Director, National Coordination Office for Space-Based PNT 9:45 - 10:00 Update on Air Force Space Command Reorganization Activities Role of GPS Integration Office VIEW PDF (992 KB) Lt Gen David Thompson, Vice-Commander, Air Force Space Command 10:00 - 10:30 GPS Program Status & Modernization Milestones IIIF, OCX, & Emerging Capabilities for Users VIEW PDF (1 MB) Lt Col Ken McDougall, Chief, GPS Integration Branch, GPS Integration Office, Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) 10:30 - 10:45 BREAK 10:45 - 11:10 U.S. Dept. of Transportation (DOT) Developments on PNT Resiliency VIEW PDF (2 MB) Dr. Andrew Hansen, DOT Liaison to the GPS Program Office 11:10 - 11:35 3 DHS S&T PNT Program and Conformance Framework Science & Technology Directorate (S&T) Update VIEW PDF (630 KB) Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the GPS Program the Global Positioning System
    History of the GPS Program The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the principal component and the only fully operational element of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The history of the GPS program pre-dates the space age. In 1951, Dr. Ivan Getting designed a three-dimensional, position-finding system based on time difference of arrival of radio signals. Shortly after the launch of Sputnik scientists confirmed that Doppler distortion could be used to calculate ephemerides, and, conversely, if a satellites position were know, the position of a receiver on earth could be determined. Within two years of the launch of Sputnik the first of five low-altitude “Transit” satellites for global navigation was launched. In 1967, the first of three “Timation” satellites demonstrated that highly accurate clocks could be carried in space. In parallel with these efforts, the 621B program was developing many of the characteristics of today’s GPS system. In 1973 these parallel efforts were brought together into the NAVSTAR-Global Positioning System, managed by a joint program office headed by then-colonel Dr. Brad Parkinson at the United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Organization. This office developed the GPS architecture and initiated the development of the first satellites, the worldwide control segment and ten types of user equipment. Today, it continues to sustain the system as the Global Positioning System Directorate of the Space and Missile Systems Center. All performance parameters for the system were verified during ground testing by 1978. Ten development satellites were launched successfully between 1978 and 1985 and the initial ground segment that would provide the critical uploads to the satellites was also developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Reliability Monitoring of GNSS Aided Positioning for Land Vehicle Applications in Urban Environments
    5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS Khairol Amali BIN AHMAD le jeudi 11 juin 2015 5JUSF Surveillance de la fiabilité du positionnement par satellite (GNSS) pour les applications de véhicules terrestres dans les milieux urbains Reliability Monitoring of GNSS Aided Positioning for Land Vehicle Applications in Urban Environments ²DPMF EPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité ED MITT : Réseaux, télécom, système et architecture 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF Équipe d'accueil ISAE-ONERA SCANR %JSFDUFVS T EFʾÒTF M. Christophe MACABIAU (directeur de thèse) M. Mohamed SAHMOUDI (co-directeur de thèse) Jury : M. Michel BOUSQUET - Président M. David BÉTAILLE M. Philippe BONNIFAIT M. Roland CHAPUIS M. Maan EL-BADAOUI EL-NAJJAR - Rapporteur M. Bernd EISSFELLER - Rapporteur M. Christophe MACABIAU - Directeur de thèse M. Mohamed SAHMOUDI - Co-directeur de thèse Abstract This thesis addresses the challenges in reliability monitoring of GNSS aided navigation for land vehicle applications in urban environments. The main objective of this research is to develop methods of trusted positioning using GNSS measurements and confidence measures for the user in constrained urban environments. In the first part of the thesis, the NLOS errors in urban settings are characterized by means of a 3D model of the ur- ban surrounding. In an environment with limited number of visible satellites, excluding degraded signals could result in not having enough number of acceptable measurements for a position fix or adversely affect the satellites geometry. Using a GNSS simulator together with the 3D model, NLOS signals are identified and their biases are predicted.
    [Show full text]
  • '57 Class of 1957 Briefing Notes “Gentlemen of the Air-Minded Brigade” CLASS HISTORY the Class of 1957 Entered Into Th
    ‘57 Class of 1957 Briefing Notes “Gentlemen of the Air-minded Brigade” CLASS HISTORY The Class of 1957 entered into the United States Naval Academy in 1953. Graduated 7 June 1957 Graduates 848 Midshipmen Non-Graduates 287 Midshipmen Back in the day . the days of no air conditioning, marching to classes and to mandatory church services, no bothersome choices to make academically (except for which dago to study for two years), blue cap covers all winter (so easy to keep neat), folded raingear capes, no booze inside and no liberty outside seven miles, sympathetic jimmylegs at the gates, our M-1 rifles all stowed in Dahlgren, slide rules, drag houses and the flying squadron, garters and detachable starched collars, no cell phones (no phones!), and tea fights at Carvel Hall, where many lifelong romances began. And the academics: A recitation/quiz and grade every day, every subject; grades to two decimal places posted every week, along with standing in each course. While we were here, Eddie Erdelatz took the Team Named Desire to the Sugar Bowl and there beat Ole Miss on national TV. Hurricane Hazel sank the yacht Vamarie and tore the Reina Mercedes from her moorings. Home football games were in Thompson Stadium, and we were the first to graduate in the new Halsey Field House. Upon graduating, 848 strong (down from 1200 entering), we entered a Cold War environment, with Korea over and nuclear holocaust looming; with virtually all ships and submarines driven by diesel, diesel/battery or oil-fired steam turbines – and almost a quarter of our Class - 206 - commissioned in the Air Force.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Transcript
    Sue Nelson Hello, I'm Sue Nelson and this is a rather special edition of the Create the Future podcast because my guests are the winners of the 2019 Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering, awarded for the development of the Global Positioning System – GPS. It's the first global satellite radio navigation system, a huge engineering infrastructure, and if you've got a smart phone it gives you both your exact location, and the precise time within billions of a second. It's used for everything from navigation and banking to precision farming and science. As you might imagine, there are several crucial components to GPS: it uses a constellation of orbiting satellites, ground stations, a receiving device, and an atomic clock. I'm delighted to be joined by three of the engineering pioneers who spearheaded the advances that culminated in an invention that revolutionized the world and benefited humanity. They are Bradford Parkinson, Dick Schwartz, and Hugo Fruehauf. First of all, congratulations to you all. The Queen Elizabeth Prize is as a considerable accolade. Is it special winning a prize like this? Brad Parkinson Well I would say it is without a doubt a prize that is unexcelled by anything else, particularly for engineers. We don't win Nobel’s because, generally, we make stuff that works. That's supposed to be a joke but, nonetheless, I am deeply, deeply honoured. The ceremony was impressive, and the whole reception was obviously well rehearsed. It gave me a great feeling about what a team of engineers have produced. Sue Nelson Did you ever think, Dick, that you would be at Buckingham Palace? Dick Schwartz No, I never thought I'd visit Buckingham Palace.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Positioning System
    The Global Positioning System Assessing National Policies Scott Pace • Gerald Frost • Irving Lachow David Frelinger • Donna Fossum Donald K. Wassem • Monica Pinto Prepared for the Executive Office of the President Office of Science and Technology Policy CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE R The research described in this report was supported by RAND’s Critical Technologies Institute. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The global positioning system : assessing national policies / Scott Pace ... [et al.]. p cm. “MR-614-OSTP.” “Critical Technologies Institute.” “Prepared for the Office of Science and Technology Policy.” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8330-2349-7 (alk. paper) 1. Global Positioning System. I. Pace, Scott. II. United States. Office of Science and Technology Policy. III. Critical Technologies Institute (RAND Corporation). IV. RAND (Firm) G109.5.G57 1995 623.89´3—dc20 95-51394 CIP © Copyright 1995 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve public policy through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Cover Design: Peter Soriano Published 1995 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Internet: [email protected] PREFACE The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of orbiting satellites op- erated by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes of the 16Th Meeting of the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board
    NATIONAL SPACE-BASED POSITIONING, NAVIGATION, AND TIMING (PNT) ADVISORY BOARD Sixteenth Meeting October 30-31, 2015 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Center Green Conference Center (CG1) 3080 Center Green Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80301 John Paul Stenbit James J. Miller Chair Executive Director National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board Sixteenth Meeting October 30-31, 2015 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Center Green Conference Center (CG1) 3080 Center Green Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80301 http://www2.ucar.edu/campus/center-green-campus Agenda Friday, October 30, 2015 9:00 - 9:05 BOARD CONVENES Call to Order & Announcements Mr. James J. Miller, Executive Director, PNT Advisory Board, NASA Headquarters 9:05 - 9:20 Welcome Members to the 16th Meeting! Mr. John Stenbit, Chair; Dr. Bradford Parkinson, 1st Vice-Chair; Gov. Jim Geringer, 2nd Vice-Chair Mr. Badri Younes, Deputy Associate Administrator, Space Communications & Navigation, NASA Headquarters 9:20 - 9:50 Opening Remarks & Introduction of Issue Areas Outcome from Sep. 3 PNT Executive Committee (EXCOM) & Current Objectives Mr. John Stenbit, Chair; Dr. Bradford Parkinson, 1st Vice-Chair; Gov. Jim Geringer, 2nd Vice-Chair 9:50 - 10:10 PNT National Coordination Office (NCO) Policy Update PNT EXCOM Focus Areas VIEW PDF (1 MB) Mr. Harold "Stormy" Martin, Director, National Coordination Office for Space-Based PNT 2 10:10 - 10:40 Global Positioning System (GPS) Status & Modernization Progress Service, Satellites, Control Segment, and Military User Equipment · GPS 2F-11 - Launch: 10:17 a.m. MDT (1617 GMT) Col. Shawn Brennan, GPS Transition Director, GPS Directorate, U.S. Air Force 10:40 - 11:10 U.S.
    [Show full text]