Analysis of the Universal Immunization Programme and Introduction
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Vaccinator Training Module
SUPPLEMENTARY IMMUNIZATION ACTIVITIES Vaccinator Training Module Revised March 2005 Operations and Interpersonal Communication Prepared by National Polio Surveillance Project-India (A Government of India & World health Organization collaboration) 1 Ensure that you have covered all of the following issues in your training session 1. Introduced all the vaccinators and supervisors. 2. Reviewed the current status of polio eradication and complimented vaccinators on their achievements. 3. The pre-booth preparations including identification and interaction with local influencers. 4. Booth day preparations 5. VVM, open vial policy and Cold Chain management. 6. House to house activities including a. How to enter the home and initiate a dialogue with the family members b. Ensuring cordiality c. Key questions to be asked in each house d. Responding to queries from parents (with help of frequently asked questions and role plays) e. Procedure for immunizing the child f. Finger marking of the child g. House and tally sheet marking 2 BEFORE STARTING THE TRAINING SESSION Before conducting the training, make sure you have: Scheduled the training session in consultation with the Block Medical Officer. The date and time for the training and the venue has to be clearly conveyed to the vaccinators and supervisors. You will need the following materials: • Micro plan for the A team activities in the block/urban area to be covered with the names of the vaccinators and local influencers. • Vaccine carrier and ice packs to demonstrate proper use • OPV vials to demonstrate the VVM and proper administration of the vaccine • Marker pen to demonstrate finger marking • Chalk or geru to demonstrate house marking • Tally sheets to demonstrate how they should be filled in SESSION I KNOWING EACH OTHER REGISTRATION Before starting the session ensure that all participants are registered. -
Determinants of Childhood Immunisation Coverage in Urban Poor Settlements of Delhi, India: a Cross-Sectional Study
Open Access Research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013015 on 26 August 2016. Downloaded from Determinants of childhood immunisation coverage in urban poor settlements of Delhi, India: a cross-sectional study Niveditha Devasenapathy,1 Suparna Ghosh Jerath,1 Saket Sharma,1 Elizabeth Allen,2 Anuraj H Shankar,3 Sanjay Zodpey1 To cite: Devasenapathy N, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Ghosh Jerath S, Sharma S, Objectives: Aggregate data on childhood et al. Determinants of immunisation from urban settings may not reflect the ▪ childhood immunisation We report current estimates of childhood com- coverage among the urban poor. This study provides coverage in urban plete immunisation including hepatitis B vaccine poor settlements of Delhi, information on complete childhood immunisation coverage from representative urban poor com- India: a cross-sectional study. coverage among the urban poor, and explores its munities in the Southeast of Delhi. BMJ Open 2016;6:e013015. household and neighbourhood-level determinants. ▪ The sample size was large and therefore our doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016- Setting: Urban poor community in the Southeast effect estimates for coverage and determinants 013015 district of Delhi, India. were precise. Participants: We randomly sampled 1849 children ▪ We quantify unknown neighbourhood effects on ▸ Prepublication history and aged 1–3.5 years from 13 451 households in 39 this outcome using median ORs which are more additional material is clusters (cluster defined as area covered by a intuitively understood. available. To view please visit community health worker) in 2 large urban poor ▪ Based on the data, representative of only one the journal (http://dx.doi.org/ settlements. -
[KD 1574] APRIL 2001 Sub. Code: 3207 DIPLOMA in HEALTH
[KD 1574] APRIL 2001 Sub. Code: 3207 DIPLOMA IN HEALTH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION EXAMINATION PAPER I – COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL AND NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES Q.P. Code : 363207 Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 marks Answer ALL questions All questions carry equal marks 1. Discuss the application of the principles of anatomy and physiology in adolescent sex education. 2. Discuss the various channels of disease transmission with suitable examples. 3. Define “immunity”. Discuss the different types of immunity against poliomyelitis with their relevance to the eradication of the disease. 4. How will you organize a scabies eradication programme in a village? 5. Discuss the difference between and uses of “incidence” and “prevalence”. 6. Write briefly about: a) Tetanus. b) Occupational Hazards. ******* [KH 1574] SEPTEMBER 2002 Sub. Code: 3207 DIPLOMA IN HEALTH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION EXAMINATION PAPER I – COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL AND NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES Q.P. Code : 363207 Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 marks Answer ALL questions All questions carry equal marks 1. Discuss the importance of immunity and its application in public health. 2. Discuss the mechanism of disease transmission by arthropods and discuss the role of a health educator in the prevention of arthropod bone diseases. 3. Discuss the role of a health educator in leprosy control/eradication programme. 4. Write briefly about: a) Levels of prevention. b) Structure and functions of the skin. 5. Role of a health educator in the blindness control programme. 6. Discuss the common types of cancers prevalent in India and discuss the epidemiology and prevention of any one of them. ******* [KI 1574] APRIL 2003 Sub. -
Annual Report(2006-07)
ANNUAL REPORT - 2006-2007 The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) is the nodal multi-media advertising agency of the Central Government. It caters to the communication needs of all Central Ministries/Departments and around 200 Public Sector Undertakings and Autonomous Bodies and provides them a single window cost effective service. It informs and educates the people, both rural and urban, about the Government's policies and programmes and motivates them to participate in development activities. DAVP reaches the people through different means of communication such as press advertisements, print material, audio-visual programmes, outdoor publicity and exhibitions. The thrust areas of DAVP's advertising and publicity are national integration and communal harmony, rural development programmes, health and family welfare, AIDS awareness, empowerment of women, upliftment of girl child, small savings, consumer affairs, literacy, employment, income tax, defence, environment, road safety, energy conservation, handicrafts etc. The set-up of DAVP at the headquarters consists of several wings like Administration, Budget & Accounts, Campaign, Advertising, Outdoor Publicity, Printed Publicity, Exhibition, Electronic Data Processing Centre, Mass Mailing, Audio-Visual Cell and a Design Studio with DTP facility. It has two Regional Offices at Bangalore and Guwahati to coordinate the Directorate’s activities in these regions. There are two Regional Distribution Centres at Kolkata and Chennai to look after the distribution of publicity material in eastern and southern regions respectively. DAVP has a network of 35 Field Exhibition Units spread all over the country. The Field Exhibition Units of DAVP act as a vital communication link between the Government and the people. The field functionaries hold exhibitions on social and developmental themes to far-flung areas of the country to disseminate information about the policies and programmes of the Central Government. -
A Study of the Knowledge and Attitude Towards Pulse Polio Immunization in Semi Urban Areas of South India
Australasian Medical Journal AMJ 2011, 4, 2, 81-86. A study of the knowledge and attitude towards pulse polio immunization in semi urban areas of South India Joseph N1, Subba SH 2, Nelliyanil M3, Kotian SM4, Haridath AC 5, Kishor N5, Attavar S5, Poornima P 5, Rane DV 5, Chaithali H 5, Husain J5 1 Assistant Professor, 2 Associate Professor, 4 Selection Grade Lecturer, 5 M.B.B.S students, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Light house hill road, Mangalore, India 3 Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine, Bangalore Medical College, Bangalore, India RESEARCH transmission of polio. More than one quarter of the study population were under the misconception that polio is a curable disease. The primary source of information about Please cite this paper as: Joseph N, Subba SH, Nelliyanil M, PPI in majority of participants was the television (n = 192; Kotian SM, Haridath AC, Kishor N, Attavar S, Poornima P, 60%). Two-hundred and eighty eight (90%) participants Rane DV, Chaithali H, Husain J. A study of the knowledge knew that the purpose of PPI was to eradicate polio. Only and attitude about pulse polio immunization in semi urban 128 (40%) participants knew that polio drops can be given areas of South India. AMJ 2011, 4, 2, 81-86 Doi: to children with mild illnesses and an identical number of http://dx.doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2011.532 participants knew that hot food stuff should not be given for at least half an hour following vaccination Corresponding Author: administration. Misconceptions such as PPI causing vaccine Dr. -
Why Is the Vaccination Rate Low in India?
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.21.21250216; this version posted February 18, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Why is the Vaccination Rate Low in India? First Version: 21st January 2021 This Version: 15th February 2021 Pramod Kumar Sur Asian Growth Research Institute (AGI) and Osaka University [email protected] Abstract India has had an established universal immunization program since 1985 and immunization services are available for free in healthcare facilities. Despite this, India has one of the lowest vaccination rates globally and contributes to the largest pool of under-vaccinated children in the world. Why is the vaccination rate low in India? This paper explores the importance of historical events in shaping India’s current vaccination practices. We examine India’s aggressive family planning program implemented during the period of emergency rule in the 1970s, under which millions of individuals were forcibly sterilized. We find that greater exposure to the forced sterilization policy has had negative effects on the current vaccination rate. We also find that institutional delivery and antenatal care are currently low in states where policy exposure is high. Together, the evidence suggests that the forced sterilization policy has had a persistent effect on current health-seeking behavior in India. Keywords: Vaccination, family planning, sterilization, institutional delivery, antenatal care, persistence JEL Classification: N35, I15, I18, O53, Z1 NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. -
A Brief History of Vaccines & Vaccination in India
[Downloaded free from http://www.ijmr.org.in on Wednesday, August 26, 2020, IP: 14.139.60.52] Review Article Indian J Med Res 139, April 2014, pp 491-511 A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India Chandrakant Lahariya Formerly Department of Community Medicine, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior, India Received December 31, 2012 The challenges faced in delivering lifesaving vaccines to the targeted beneficiaries need to be addressed from the existing knowledge and learning from the past. This review documents the history of vaccines and vaccination in India with an objective to derive lessons for policy direction to expand the benefits of vaccination in the country. A brief historical perspective on smallpox disease and preventive efforts since antiquity is followed by an overview of 19th century efforts to replace variolation by vaccination, setting up of a few vaccine institutes, cholera vaccine trial and the discovery of plague vaccine. The early twentieth century witnessed the challenges in expansion of smallpox vaccination, typhoid vaccine trial in Indian army personnel, and setting up of vaccine institutes in almost each of the then Indian States. In the post-independence period, the BCG vaccine laboratory and other national institutes were established; a number of private vaccine manufacturers came up, besides the continuation of smallpox eradication effort till the country became smallpox free in 1977. The Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) (1978) and then Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) (1985) were launched in India. The intervening events since UIP till India being declared non-endemic for poliomyelitis in 2012 have been described. Though the preventive efforts from diseases were practiced in India, the reluctance, opposition and a slow acceptance of vaccination have been the characteristic of vaccination history in the country. -
IJPP Hemotology 9-2-08
2009; 11(1) : 1 INDIAN JOURNAL OF IJPP PRACTICAL PEDIATRICS • • IJPP is a quarterly subscription journal of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics committed to presenting practical pediatric issues and management updates in a simple and clear manner • • Indexed in Excerpta Medica, CABI Publishing. Vol.11 No.1 JAN.-MAR.2009 Dr. K.Nedunchelian Dr. S. Thangavelu Editor-in-Chief Executive Editor CONTENTS FROM THE EDITOR'S DESK 3 TOPIC OF INTEREST - TOXICOLOGY Organophosphate, carbamate and rodenticide poisoning 6 - Rajendiran C, Ravi G, Thirumalaikolundu Subramanian P Hydrocarbon and related compounds poisoning 15 - Utpal Kant Singh, Prasad R, Gaurav A Common drug poisoning 22 - Suresh Gupta Corrosive poisoning 37 - Jayanthi Ramesh House hold material poisoning 41 - Shuba S, Betty Chacko Cardiotoxins 53 - Rashmi Kapoor Narcotic poisoning 64 - Kala Ebinazer Journal Office and address for communications: Dr. K.Nedunchelian, Editor-in-Chief, Indian Journal of Practical Pediatrics, 1A, Block II, Krsna Apartments, 50, Halls Road, Egmore, Chennai - 600 008. Tamil Nadu, India. Tel.No. : 044-28190032 E.mail : [email protected] 1 Indian Journal of Practical Pediatrics 2009; 11(1) : 2 GENERAL ARTICLES Intrauterine growth retardation : Journey from conception to late adulthood 68 - Neelam Kler, Naveen Gupta Child adoption 82 - Ganesh R, Suresh N, Eswara Raja T, Lalitha Janakiraman, Vasanthi T DERMATOLOGY Ichthyosis - An approach 86 - Anandan V PICTURE QUIZ 91 RADIOLOGIST TALKS TO YOU Disorders of ventral induction and similar conditions - I 92 - Vijayalakshmi G, Elavarasu E, Vijayalakshmi M, Venkatesan MD CASE STUDY Unusual complication of nasogastric tube insertion in a child 95 - Poovazhagi V, Shanthi S, Vijayaraghavan A, Kulandai Kasturi R Congenital miliary tuberculosis 97 - Vijayakumari, Suresh DV CLIPPINGS 14,21,52,63,81,94 NEWS AND NOTES 85,90 FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION * The views expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsor or publisher. -
Strategy for COVID-19 Vaccination in India: the Country with the Second Highest Population and Number of Cases ✉ Velayudhan Mohan Kumar 1, Seithikurippu R
www.nature.com/npjvaccines PERSPECTIVE OPEN Strategy for COVID-19 vaccination in India: the country with the second highest population and number of cases ✉ Velayudhan Mohan Kumar 1, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal 2 , Ilya Trakht3 and Sadras Panchatcharam Thyagarajan 4 Free vaccination against COVID-19 commenced in India on January 16, 2021, and the government is urging all of its citizens to be immunized, in what is expected to be the largest vaccination program in the world. Out of the eight COVID-19 vaccines that are currently under various stages of clinical trials in India, four were developed in the country. India’s drug regulator has approved restricted emergency use of Covishield (the name employed in India for the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine) and Covaxin, the home- grown vaccine produced by Bharat Biotech. Indian manufacturers have stated that they have the capacity to meet the country’s future needs for COVID-19 vaccines. The manpower and cold-chain infrastructure established before the pandemic are sufficient for the initial vaccination of 30 million healthcare workers. The Indian government has taken urgent measures to expand the country’s vaccine manufacturing capacity and has also developed an efficient digital system to address and monitor all the aspects of vaccine administration. npj Vaccines (2021) 6:60 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00327-2 1234567890():,; INTRODUCTION eight vaccine candidates, currently undergoing clinical trials in A year has passed since the first case of novel coronavirus India, is shown in Table 1 and their technical details are given in 13 infections was detected in China’s Wuhan province. -
JANUARY 2014 S. No Principal Investigator Department Title Fund
LIST OF STUDIES WITH RESPECTIVE FUNDING AGENCY JANUARY 2006 – JANUARY 2014 Principal S. No Department Title Funding Agency Investigator A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study to determine whether, in patients with type 2 diabetes at AACT – Academic 1 Dr. Nihal Thomas Endocrinology high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, aliskiren, on top of Alliance for Clinical conventional treatment, reduces cardiovascular and renal Trials morbidity and mortality. This prospective, open label, multi –center, observational, single- 2 Dr. Sunil Chandy Cardiology arm registry is designed to XIENCE VEECSS continued safety and Abbott Vascular effectiveness during commercial use in real world settings. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, Dr. Debashish Clinical Immunology multicenter, parallel group study to assess the efficacy, safety and 3 Actelion Danda & Rheumatology tolerability of macitentan in patients with ischemic digital ulcers associated with systemic sclerosis. Targeted Second- Generation Resequencing for the Molecular 4 Dr. Nihal Thomas Endocrinology Genetic Diagnosis of Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young Actelion (MODY). A randomized, active therapy controlled phase 2 study to assess Advaxis Inc, North 5 Dr. Subhashini John Radiation Therapy the safety and efficacy of ADXS11-001 with or without Cisplatin Brunswick as 2nd line therapy for the treatment of recurrent cervix cancer. A multicentre, open label, parallel group, randomized, phase IIB Adventrux Dr. Raju Titus clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CofactorTM and 6 Medical Oncology Pharmaceuticals, Chacko 5-FU versus Leucovorin and 5-FU in subjects with Metastatic USA colorectal carcinoma. FORTIS-M: A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study of oral talactoferrin in addition to best 7 Dr. -
Modelling the Impact of a Smallpox Attack in India and Influence of Disease Control Measures
Open access Original research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038480 on 13 December 2020. Downloaded from Modelling the impact of a smallpox attack in India and influence of disease control measures Biswajit Mohanty,1 Valentina Costantino ,2 Jai Narain,1 Abrar Ahmad Chughtai,1 Arpita Das,2 C Raina MacIntyre 2 To cite: Mohanty B, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Costantino V, Narain J, et al. Objectives To estimate the impact of a smallpox attack Modelling the impact of a in Mumbai, India, examine the impact of case isolation ► The model takes into account heterogeneity of age, smallpox attack in India and ring vaccination for epidemic containment and test and influence of disease disease transmission and immunological levels. the health system capacity under different scenarios with control measures. BMJ Open ► Age- specific rates of immunosuppressive condi- available interventions. 2020;10:e038480. doi:10.1136/ tions were estimated for Mumbai and included in Setting The research is based on Mumbai, India bmjopen-2020-038480 the model. population. ► This study does not include different route of trans- ► Prepublication history and Interventions We tested 50%, 70%, 90% of case mission than airborne. additional material for this paper isolation and contacts traced and vaccinated (ring is available online. To view these ► Other aspects that could influence transmission in- vaccination) in the susceptible, exposed, infected, files, please visit the journal clude seasonality, or vaccination effectiveness such recovered model and varied the start of intervention online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. as vaccine refusal were not included in the model. -
The Estimated Health and Economic Benefits of Three Decades of Polio Elimination Efforts in India
R E S E A R C H P A P E R The Estimated Health and Economic Benefits of Three Decades of Polio Elimination Efforts in India ARINDAM NANDI, DEVRA M BARTER, *SHANKAR PRINJA AND #T JACOB JOHN From The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington, USA; *School of Public Health, Chandigarh, India; and #Retired Professor of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, TN, India. Correspondence to: Dr Arindam Nandi, The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington, USA. [email protected]. Received: December 28, 2015; Initial review: February 08, 2016; Accepted: May 27, 2016. Objective: In March 2014, India, the country with historically the averted 3.94 million (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.89–3.99 highest burden of polio, was declared polio free, with no reported million) paralytic polio cases, 393,918 polio deaths (95% CI: cases since January 2011. We estimate the health and economic 388,897– 398,939), and 1.48 billion DALYs (95% CI: 1.46–1.50 benefits of polio elimination in India with the oral polio vaccine billion). We also estimate that the program contributed to a $1.71 (OPV) during 1982-2012. trillion (INR 76.91 trillion) gain (95% CI: $1.69–$1.73 trillion [INR Methods: Based on a pre-vaccine incidence rate, we estimate the 75.93–77.89 trillion]) in economic productivity between 1982 and counterfactual burden of polio in the hypothetical absence of the 2012 in our base case analysis. Using the GNI and DALY method, national polio elimination program in India. We attribute the economic gain from the program is estimated to be $1.11 differences in outcomes between the actual (adjusted for under- trillion (INR 50.13 trillion) (95% CI: $1.10–$1.13 trillion [INR reporting) and hypothetical counterfactual scenarios in our model 49.50–50.76 trillion]) over the same period.