DOCSLIB.ORG

Catalpol in Diabetes and Its Complications: a Review of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Catalpol in Diabetes and Its Complications: a Review of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety molecules Review Catalpol in Diabetes and its Complications: A Review of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety Ying Bai 1 , Ruyuan Zhu 1, Yimiao Tian 1, Rui Li 1, Beibei Chen 1, Hao Zhang 1, Bingke Xia 1, Dandan Zhao 1, Fangfang Mo 1, Dongwei Zhang 1,2,* and Sihua Gao 1,* 1 Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; [email protected] (Y.B.); [email protected] (R.Z.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (B.C.); [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (B.X.); [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (F.M.) 2 Sino-Canada Anti-Fibrosis Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (S.G.); Tel.: +86-10-64286915 (S.G.) Academic Editor: Lars P. Christensen Received: 5 August 2019; Accepted: 9 September 2019; Published: 11 September 2019 Abstract: This review aimed to provide a general view of catalpol in protection against diabetes and diabetic complications, as well as its pharmacokinetics and safety concerns. The following databases were consulted with the retrieval of more than 100 publications through June 2019: PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, and web of science. Catalpol exerts an anti-diabetic effect in different animal models with an oral dosage ranging from 2.5 to 200 mg/kg in rats and 10 to 200 mg/kg in mice. Besides, catalpol may prevent the development of diabetic complications in kidney, heart, central nervous system, and bone. The underlying mechanism may be associated with an inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis through modulation of various cellular signaling, such as AMPK/PI3K/Akt, PPAR/ACC, JNK/NF-κB, and AGE/RAGE/NOX4 signaling pathways, as well as PKCγ and Cav-1 expression. The pharmacokinetic profile reveals that catalpol could pass the blood-brain barrier and has a potential to be orally administrated. Taken together, catalpol is a well-tolerated natural compound with promising pharmacological actions in protection against diabetes and diabetic complications via multi-targets, offering a novel scaffold for the development of anti-diabetic drug candidate. Further prospective and well-designed clinical trials will shed light on the potential of clinical usage of catalpol. Keywords: catalpol; diabetes; diabetic complications; pharmacology; pharmacokinetic; safety 1. Introduction Catalpol is an iridoid glucoside widely found in plants belonging to several families of the order Lamiales, such as Plantaginaceae [1], Lamiaceae, and Bignoniaceae [2]. It was named after plants of genus Catalpa, in which it was first discovered in 1962 [3]. In 1971, Kitagawa Hiroshi first isolated catalpol from Rehmannia glutinosa (Figure1) and proved its hyperglycemic e ffect [4]. With its origin distributed widely in the north and central part of China, Rehmannia glutinosa is one of the frequently used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine that was first recorded in Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic and had been clinically used for the management of diabetes for more than 1000 years [5,6]. Therefore, catalpol may assume the anti-diabetic action of Rehmannia glutinosa and has gained increasing attention for its potential contribution in controlling glycolipid metabolism and diabetic complications, making it a very promising scaffold for seeking new anti-diabetic drug candidate [7,8]. Molecules 2019, 24, 3302; doi:10.3390/molecules24183302 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2019, 24, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 attention for its potential contribution in controlling glycolipid metabolism and diabetic complications,Molecules 2019, 24, making 3302 it a very promising scaffold for seeking new anti-diabetic drug candidate [7,8].2 of 19 ABD C E HO O O O OH O OH HO OH OH IUPAC name of catalpol: (3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(1S,2S,4S,5S,6R,10S)-5- hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9-dioxatricyclo[4.4.0.02,4]dec-7-en-10- yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol Figure 1. Rehmannia glutinosa, Catalpol, and its chemical structure. (A) Rehmannia glutinosa,(B) Shengdi Figure(dry roots 1. Rehmannia of Rehmannia glutinosa glutinosa, Catalpol,), (C,D )and Crystallized its chemical powder structure. of catalpol, (A) Rehmannia (E) Chemical glutinosa structure, (B) Shengdiof catalpol. (dry Theroots International of Rehmannia Union glutinosa of Pure), (C, and D) AppliedCrystallized Chemistry powder (IUPAC) of catalpol, name (E) of Chemical catalpol: structure(3R,4S,5S ,6ofR )-2-[[(1catalpol.S,2 SThe,4S ,5InternationalS,6R,10S)-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9-dioxatricyclo[4.4.0.02,4]dec-7- Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name of catalpol:en-10-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol. (3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(1S,2S,4S,5S,6R,10S)-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9- dioxatricyclo[4.4.0.02,4]dec-7-en-10-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol. Diabetes mellitus (DM) [9] is a complex metabolic disorder caused by genetic and/or environmental factors,Diabetes and it ismellitus characterized (DM) by[9] sustainedis a complex hyperglycemia metabolic due disorder to deficient caused insulin by secretiongenetic inand/or islets environmentalor insulin resistance factors, in and the it peripheral is characterized target organsby sustained [9,10]. hyperglycemia DM has now become due to onedeficient of the insulin major secretionepidemics, in andislets there or insulin will be resistance approximately in the 629 peripheral million diabetictarget organs patients [9,10]. around DM the has world now become by 2045 one [11]. ofThe the current major countermeasures epidemics, and forthere DM will may be run approximately into bottlenecks 629 for million the potential diabetic side patients effects, whicharound needs the worldpersisting by 2045 search [11]. for The new current drug candidates countermeasures [12,13]. Forfor thisDM purpose,may run weinto reviewed bottlenecks the currentfor the potential advances sideof catalpol effects, in which the management needs persisting of diabetes search andfor diabeticnew drug complications, candidates [12,13]. its pharmacokinetic For this purpose, profiles, we reviewedand safety the concerns. current advances of catalpol in the management of diabetes and diabetic complications, its pharmacokineticTo accomplish thisprofiles, goal, and weretrieved safety concerns. the following databases, including PubMed (www.pubmed. com),To Chinese accomplish National this Knowledge goal, we Infrastructure retrieved (www.cnki.netthe following), WanFangdatabases, Data including (www.wanfangdata. PubMed (www.pubmed.com),com.cn/), and Web of ScienceChinese (www.isiknowledge.comNational Knowledge Infrastructure). The following (www.cnki.net), words and/ orWanFang phrases Data were (www.wanfangdata.com.cn/),used in various combinations, “catalpol”,and Web of “diabetes”, Science (www.isiknowledge.com). “insulin resistance”, “hyperglycemia”, The following “diabetic words and/ornephrology”, phrases “diabetic were used cardiomyopathy”, in various combinations, “diabetic atherosclerosis”,“catalpol”, “diabetes”, “diabetic “insulin encephalopathy”, resistance”, “peripheral“hyperglycemia”, neuropathy”, “diabetic “diabetic nephrology”, osteoporosis”, “diabetic “diabetic cardiomyopathy”, retinopathy”, “diabetic “diabetic atherosclerosis”, gastroparesis”, “diabeticand “diabetic encephalopathy”, erectile dysfunction”. “peripheral More than neuropathy”, 100 scientific works“diabetic of literatureosteoporosis”, were consulted “diabetic by retinopathy”,June 2019. “diabetic gastroparesis”, and “diabetic erectile dysfunction”. More than 100 scientific works of literature were consulted by June 2019. 2. Physicochemical Properties of Catalpol 2. Physicochemical Properties of Catalpol In addition to mainly sourcing from Radix Rehmanniae, catalpol is also distributed in Lancea tibeticaIn [addition14] and Radix to mainly Scrophulariae sourcing[15 from]. As aRadix kind Rehmanniae of iridoid glycoside, catalpol with is also a polar distributed structure, in catalpol Lancea tibeticais soluble [14] in and water. Radix However, Scrophulariae catalpol [15]. is As unstable a kind of under iridoid high glycosid temperaturee with a [16 polar] and structure, degrades catalpol rapidly isat soluble 100 ◦C (2–6in water. h) [17 However,]. Besides, catalpol catalpol isis unstable less stable under in the high acidic temperature environment [16] and compared degrades to alkalinerapidly atones 100 [ 18°C]. (2–6 h) [17]. Besides, catalpol is less stable in the acidic environment compared to alkaline ones The[18]. content of catalpol depends on different processing and parts of plants [19]. It has been demonstratedThe content that of catalpol catalpol content depends is about on different 3–4% in proc freshessingRehmannia and parts glutinosa of ,plants 1.79–2.28% [19]. inIt has dry roots,been demonstratedand only around that 0.27% catalpol after co steaming.ntent is about Moreover, 3–4% exceptin fresh the Rehmannia roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, glutinosa1.79–2.28%, the in stems dry roots,and leaves and only of this around plant 0.27% are also after rich st ineaming. catalpol Moreover, [20]. Xu etexcept al. [21 the] found roots that of Rehmannia the leaves glutinosa of Rehmannia, the stemsglutinosa andcontained leaves of aroundthis plant 3.81~24.51 are also mgrich/g in of catalpol catalpol. [20]. This Xu discovery et al. [21] provided found that a supplementary the leaves of source for the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rehmannia Glutinosa
    Zhu et al. Chin Med (2016) 11:25 DOI 10.1186/s13020-016-0096-7 Chinese Medicine RESEARCH Open Access Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of catalpol extracted from Rehmannia glutinosa (Di Huang) on rat diabetes induced by streptozotocin and high‑fat, high‑sugar feed Huifeng Zhu1,2, Yuan Wang1,2, Zhiqiang Liu3, Jinghuan Wang1,2, Dong Wan4*, Shan Feng1,2, Xian Yang1,2 and Tao Wang1,2 Abstract Background: Diabetes, associated with hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress, would lead to an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Rehmannia glutinosa (Di Huang) is widely used to nourish yin, invigorate the kidney (shen), and treat xiao ke (a diabetes-like syndrome in Chinese medicine). This study aims to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of catalpol from R. glutinosa on rat diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat, high- sugar feed. Methods: Rats (eight rats in each group at least) were induced diabetes by an initial high-fat high-sugar feed for 3 weeks, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of STZ (30 mg/kg) for 3 days, and rats were fasted overnight before treatments. Catalpol at a dose of 0, 5, 10, 20 or 50 mg/kg was administrated through bolus intravenous injection to the experimental rats to find the most effective anti-hyperglycemic dose of catalpol to further study body weight loss, water intake, and food intake. The most effective catalpol dose was given to the diabetic model rats with hyperlipi- demia, and the levels of blood sugar, plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cho- lesterol (HDL-C) were measured after catalpol administration once a day for 2 weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibitory Potencies of Several Iridoids on Cyclooxygenase-1, Cyclooxygnase-2 Enzymes Activities, Tumor Necrosis Factor-A and Nitric Oxide Production in Vitro
    Advance Access Publication 3 December 2007 eCAM 2010;7(1)41–45 doi:10.1093/ecam/nem129 Original Article Inhibitory Potencies of Several Iridoids on Cyclooxygenase-1, Cyclooxygnase-2 Enzymes Activities, Tumor Necrosis factor-a and Nitric Oxide Production In Vitro Kyoung Sik Park, Bong Hyun Kim and Il-Moo Chang Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28-Yungun-dong, Jongro-ku, Seoul 110-460, Korea To verify the anti-inflammatory potency of iridoids, seven iridoid glucosides (aucubin, catalpol, gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, geniposide, geniposidic acid and loganin) and an iridoid aglycone (genipin) were investigated with in vitro testing model systems based on inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/-2 enzymes, the tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) formation and nitric oxide (NO) production. The hydrolyzed-iridoid products (H-iridoid) with b-gludosidase treatment only showed inhibitory activities, and revealed different potencies, depending on their chemical structures. Without the b-gludosidase treatment, no single iridoid glycoside exhibited any activities. The aglycone form (genipin) also did not show inhibitory activities. To compare anti-inflammatory potency, the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in each testing system were measured. The hydrolyzed-aucubin product (H-aucubin) with b-gludosidase treatment showed a moderate inhibition on COX-2 with IC50 of 8.83 mM, but much less inhibition (IC50, 68.9 mM) on COX-1 was noted. Of the other H-iridoid products, the H-loganin and the H-geniposide exhibited higher inhibitory effects on COX-1, revealing IC50 values of 3.55 and 5.37 mM, respectively. In the case of TNF-a assay, four H-iridoid products: H-aucubin, H-catalpol, H-geniposide and H-loganin suppressed the TNF-a formation with IC50 values of 11.2, 33.3, 58.2 and 154.6 mM, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalpol Induces Cell Activity to Promote Axonal Regeneration Via the PI3K/AKT/Mtor Pathway in Vivo and in Vitro Stroke Model
    756 Original Article Page 1 of 14 Catalpol induces cell activity to promote axonal regeneration via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in vivo and in vitro stroke model Jinghuan Wang1#, Dong Wan2#, Guoran Wan3, Jianghong Wang2, Junhui Zhang4, Huifeng Zhu1 1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; 2Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; 3Department of Clinic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; 4Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China Contributions: (I) Conception and design: H Zhu, D Wan, J Zhang; (II) Administrative support: H Zhu, D Wan, J Zhang; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: H Zhu, J Wang, G Wan; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: J Wang, G Wan; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: J Wang, H Zhu; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. #These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Dr. Huifeng Zhu. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. Email: [email protected]. Dr. Junhui Zhang. Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. Email: [email protected]. Background: To investigate the role and mechanism of catalpol on neuronal cell activity to promote axonal regeneration via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway after stroke. Methods: In vivo the effect of catalpol (2.5, 5, 7.5 mg/kg; i.p) or vehicle administered 24 h after stroke and then daily for 7 days on behavior, Map-2+/p-S6+ and Map-2+/GAP-43+ immunofluorescence were assessed in a rat model of stroke.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships
    Schäferhoff et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:352 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/352 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences Bastian Schäferhoff1*, Andreas Fleischmann2, Eberhard Fischer3, Dirk C Albach4, Thomas Borsch5, Günther Heubl2, Kai F Müller1 Abstract Background: In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur, and some lineages possess drastically accelerated DNA substitutional rates or miniaturized genomes. However, understanding the evolution of these phenomena in the order, and clarifying borders of and relationships among lamialean families, has been hindered by largely unresolved trees in the past. Results: Our analysis of the rapidly evolving trnK/matK, trnL-F and rps16 chloroplast regions enabled us to infer more precise phylogenetic hypotheses for the Lamiales. Relationships among the nine first-branching families in the Lamiales tree are now resolved with very strong support. Subsequent to Plocospermataceae, a clade consisting of Carlemanniaceae plus Oleaceae branches, followed by Tetrachondraceae and a newly inferred clade composed of Gesneriaceae plus Calceolariaceae, which is also supported by morphological characters. Plantaginaceae (incl. Gratioleae) and Scrophulariaceae are well separated in the backbone grade; Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae appear in distant clades, while the recently described Linderniaceae are confirmed to be monophyletic and in an isolated position. Conclusions: Confidence about deep nodes of the Lamiales tree is an important step towards understanding the evolutionary diversification of a major clade of flowering plants. The degree of resolution obtained here now provides a first opportunity to discuss the evolution of morphological and biochemical traits in Lamiales.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Structure and Eco-Geographical Differentiation of Lancea Tibetica in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Genetic Structure and Eco-Geographical Differentiation of Lancea tibetica in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Xiaofeng Chi 1,2 , Faqi Zhang 1,2,* , Qingbo Gao 1,2, Rui Xing 1,2 and Shilong Chen 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (Q.G.); [email protected] (R.X.) 2 Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810001, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.Z.); [email protected] (S.C.) Received: 14 December 2018; Accepted: 24 January 2019; Published: 29 January 2019 Abstract: The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) had a profound impact on the plant speciation rate and genetic diversity. High genetic diversity ensures that species can survive and adapt in the face of geographical and environmental changes. The Tanggula Mountains, located in the central of the QTP, have unique geographical significance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the Tanggula Mountains as a geographical barrier on plant genetic diversity and structure by using Lancea tibetica. A total of 456 individuals from 31 populations were analyzed using eight pairs of microsatellite makers. The total number of alleles was 55 and the number per locus ranged from 3 to 11 with an average of 6.875. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.2693 to 0.7761 with an average of 0.4378 indicating that the eight microsatellite makers were efficient for distinguishing genotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Selected Iridoid Glycosides As Effective Components of Hydrogel Formulations
    materials Article Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Selected Iridoid Glycosides as Effective Components of Hydrogel Formulations Marta D ˛abrowska* and Izabela Nowak Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-61-829-1745 Abstract: One possibility of improving active ingredient penetration into deeper skin layers to enhance the cosmetic product effectiveness, is the application of lipid nanoparticles. The aim of the study presented in this paper was to evaluate the potential of hydrogel formulations enriched with iridoid glycosides-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Lipid nanocarriers were produced using an emulsification-ultrasonication method based on multiple emulsions. The encapsulation efficiency was determined at the level of 89% and 77% for aucubin and catalpol, respectively. The next stage was the incorporation of the obtained dispersions of lipid nanoparticles into hydrogel formulations, followed by determination of their physicochemical properties, shelf-life stability, and application properties (in vivo tests). The introduction of lipid nanoparticles increased the stabilization of the consistency of the obtained hydrogel formulations, and was confirmed by viscosity measurements. No effect of lipid nanoparticle incorporation on shelf-life stability of the hydrogels was detected. In vivo studies showed improvements in moisture content of the epidermis, transepidermal water
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Centranthera Grandiflora Benth Transcriptome Explores
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Analysis of Centranthera grandiflora Benth Transcriptome Explores Genes of Catalpol, Acteoside and Azafrin Biosynthesis 1,2, 1,2, 1 3 4, Xiaodong Zhang y, Caixia Li y, Lianchun Wang , Yahong Fei and Wensheng Qin * 1 College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (L.W.) 2 Food and Bioengineering College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China 3 Yuxi Flyingbear Agricultural Development Company Limited, Yuxi 653100, China; [email protected] 4 Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-807-343-8467 These authors contribute to this article equally. y Received: 14 September 2019; Accepted: 27 November 2019; Published: 29 November 2019 Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of health loss in the world. Prevention and treatment of this disease by traditional Chinese medicine is a promising method. Centranthera grandiflora Benth is a high-value medicinal herb in the prevention and treatment of CVDs; its main medicinal components include iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and azafrin in roots. However, biosynthetic pathways of these components and their regulatory mechanisms are unknown. Furthermore, there are no genomic resources of this herb. In this article, we provide sequence and transcript abundance data for the root, stem, and leaf transcriptome of C. grandiflora Benth obtained by the Illumina Hiseq2000. More than 438 million clean reads were obtained from root, stem, and leaf libraries, which produced 153,198 unigenes. Based on databases annotation, a total of 557, 213, and 161 unigenes were annotated to catalpol, acteoside, and azafrin biosynthetic pathways, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamiales – Synoptical Classification Vers
    Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.6.2 (in prog.) Updated: 12 April, 2016 A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales Version 2.6.2 (This is a working document) Compiled by Richard Olmstead With the help of: D. Albach, P. Beardsley, D. Bedigian, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, J. Chau, J. L. Clark, B. Drew, P. Garnock- Jones, S. Grose (Heydler), R. Harley, H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, B. Li, L. Lohmann, S. Mathews, L. McDade, K. Müller, E. Norman, N. O’Leary, B. Oxelman, J. Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, D. Tank, E. Tripp, S. Wagstaff, E. Wallander, A. Weber, A. Wolfe, A. Wortley, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and many others [estimated 25 families, 1041 genera, and ca. 21,878 species in Lamiales] The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete (comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, my near- term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at [email protected], or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Redefining Phrymaceae: the Placement of Mimulus, Tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma1
    American Journal of Botany 89(7): 1093±1102. 2002. REDEFINING PHRYMACEAE: THE PLACEMENT OF MIMULUS, TRIBE MIMULEAE, AND PHRYMA1 PAUL M. BEARDSLEY2 AND RICHARD G. OLMSTEAD Department of Botany, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA Chloroplast trnL/F and nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS sequence data were used to analyze phylogenetic relationships among members of tribe Mimuleae (Scrophulariaceae) and other closely related families in Lamiales. The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) The Australian genera Glossostigma and Peplidium and the taxonomically isolated Phryma join four genera of tribe Mimuleae to form a well-supported clade that is distinct from other families in the Lamiales. We refer to that clade as the subfamily Phrymoideae. (2) The genera Mazus and Lancea (tribe Mimuleae) together form a well-supported clade that we recognize as the subfamily Mazoideae. Mazoideae is weakly supported as sister to Phrymoideae. We assign Mazoideae and Phrymoideae to a rede®ned family Phrymaceae. (3) Mimulus is not monophyletic, because members of at least six other genera have been derived from within it. In light of the molecular evidence, it is clear that species of Phrymaceae (about 190 species) have undergone two geograph- ically distinct radiations; one in western North America (about 130 species) and another in Australia (about 30 species). Phylogenetic interpretations of morphological evolution and biogeographical patterns are discussed. Key words: ETS; ITS; Mimuleae; Mimulus; Phryma; Phrymaceae; Scrophulariaceae; trnL/F. Species in the genus Mimulus have become model systems Mimulus, though in subsequent works, Pennell placed Mimu- for the study of evolutionary processes in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phrymaceae: a Narrowed Circumscriptions for Mimulus , New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations
    Barker, W.R., G.L. Nesom, P.M. Beardsley, and N.S. Fraga. 2012. A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus , new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations. Phytoneuron 2012-39: 1–60. Published 16 May 2012. ISSN 2153 733X A TAXONOMIC CONSPECTUS OF PHRYMACEAE: A NARROWED CIRCUMSCRIPTION FOR MIMULUS, NEW AND RESURRECTED GENERA, AND NEW NAMES AND COMBINATIONS W.R. (B ILL ) BARKER State Herbarium of South Australia, Kent Town SA 5071, AUSTRALIA; and Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5000, AUSTRALIA [email protected] GUY L. NESOM 2925 Hartwood Drive Fort Worth, Texas 76109, USA [email protected] PAUL M. BEARDSLEY Biological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California 91768, USA [email protected] NAOMI S. FRAGA Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont, California 91711-3157, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT A revised taxonomic classification of Phrymaceae down to species level is presented, based on molecular-phylogenetic and morpho-taxonomic studies, setting a framework for ongoing work. In the concept adopted, the family includes 188 species divided into 13 genera. All species as currently understood are listed and assigned to genera and sections which in several cases have new circumscriptions requiring many new combinations. Four main clades are recognized. Clade A. An Asian-African-Australasian-centered clade of 7 genera: Mimulus L. sensu stricto (7 species) of North America, Asia to Africa, and Australasia is sister to an Australian-centered group that comprises Elacholoma (2 species), Glossostigma (5 species), Microcarpaea (2 species), Peplidium (4 species), Uvedalia (2 species) and a new monotypic genus Thyridia , described here.
    [Show full text]
  • The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae Are Further Lineages Distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales)
    Research Paper 1 The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further Lineages Distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales) R. Rahmanzadeh1, K. Müller2, E. Fischer3, D. Bartels1, and T. Borsch2 1 Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany 2 Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany 3 Institut für Integrierte Naturwissenschaften ± Biologie, Universität Koblenz-Landau, Universitätsstraûe 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany Received: July 14, 2004; Accepted: September 22, 2004 Abstract: The Lamiales are one of the largest orders of angio- Traditionally, Craterostigma, Lindernia and their relatives have sperms, with about 22000 species. The Scrophulariaceae, as been treated as members of the family Scrophulariaceae in the one of their most important families, has recently been shown order Lamiales (e.g., Takhtajan,1997). Although it is well estab- to be polyphyletic. As a consequence, this family was re-classi- lished that the Plocospermataceae and Oleaceae are their first fied and several groups of former scrophulariaceous genera branching families (Bremer et al., 2002; Hilu et al., 2003; Soltis now belong to different families, such as the Calceolariaceae, et al., 2000), little is known about the evolutionary diversifica- Plantaginaceae, or Phrymaceae. In the present study, relation- tion of most of the orders diversity. The Lamiales branching ships of the genera Craterostigma, Lindernia and its allies, hith- above the Plocospermataceae and Oleaceae are called ªcore erto classified within the Scrophulariaceae, were analyzed. Se- Lamialesº in the following text. The most recent classification quences of the chloroplast trnK intron and the matK gene by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG2, 2003) recognizes (~ 2.5 kb) were generated for representatives of all major line- 20 families.
    [Show full text]
  • Gulzar Khan Post Doctorate
    Gulzar Khan Post Doctorate Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Cell: +92–3123332119 Department of Biology, Email: [email protected] Federal University of Sao Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, Or [email protected] CEP 18052.780, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Education Post Doctorate in Molecular Genetics and Evolution, (May, 2015–June, 2018) Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Department of Biology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, CEP18052.780, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Doctorate (Ph.D.) in Molecular ecology, adaptation and Evolution, (Sep, 2011–Jen, 2015) Northwest Institute of plateau Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China. Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) in Plant Sciences, (Sep, 2007–Aug, 2009) Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quid–I–Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Master of Science (M.Sc) in Botany, (Sep, 2004–Aug, 2006) Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. Peer Reviewed Publications 1. Perez MF, Franco FF, Bombonato JR, Bonatelli IAS, Khan Gulzar, Romeiro–Brito M, Fegies AC, Ribeiro PM, Silva GAR, Moraes EM. 2018. Structure by distance: inaccurate population structure estimates by unaccounted isolation by distance can hinder conservation strategies. Diversity and Distributions. Accepted. IF. 4.391. 2. Hairui Liu, Qingbo Gao, Faqi Zhang, Gulzar Khan, Shilong Chen. 2018. Westwards and Northwards dispersal of Triosteum himalayanum (Caprifoliaceae) from the Hengduan mountains region based on chloroplast DNA phylogeography. PeerJ. 6:e4748. IF. 2.20. 3. Gulzar Khan, Paulianny MR, Isabel ASB, Manolo FP, Fernando FF, Evandro M.M. 2018. Weak population structure and no genetic erosion in Pilosocereus aureispinus: a microendemic and threatened cactus species from eastern Brazil. PLoS ONE. 13(4): e0195475.
    [Show full text]