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The Council of the European Union Rue De La Loi/Wetstraat 175 1048 Bruxelles/Brussel 1952–2012: Sixty Years of Law- BELGIQUE/BELGIË Tel QC-31-12-311-EN-C EN Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 175 1048 Bruxelles/Brussel The Council of the European Union BELGIQUE/BELGIË Tel. +32 22816111 1952–2012: Sixty years of law- www.consilium.europa.eu GENER AL SECRETARIAT OF THE COUNCIL and decision-making YEARS 60THE COUNCIL OF THE 1952–2012: 60 YEARS OF LAW EUROPEAN UNION AND DECISION-MAKING 1952 1973 ‘The Council shall consist of a representative of each Member1981 State at ministerial level’ Article 16(2) of the Treaty on European Union 1986 1995 2004 The Council, 2007 a key decision-maker 2013 n on i legislates Un n ea op European Unio © with the © Eur Council meeting with 27 Member States — 3 155th session, The Justus Lipsius building has been hosting Agriculture and Fisheries, Brussels, 19 and 20 March 2012 European Parliament Council meetings in Brussels since 1995 60meets in 10 configurations acts by General Affairs is presided over by simple majority Foreign Affairs (presided over by the High Representative) each Member State on qualified majority Economic and Financial Affairs a 6-month rotation unanimity Justice and Home Affairs Enlargements Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs from 6 to 27 Member States Competitiveness (Internal Market, Industry, Research and Space) ➌ Transport, Telecommunications and Energy is assisted by BE DE FR IT LU NL Agriculture and Fisheries Coreper (Committee of Environment Permanent Representatives of the DK IE UK governments of the Member States) Education, Youth, Culture and Sport EL Committees and working parties www.consilium.europa.euGeneral Secretariat of the Council ES PT AT FI SE CZ EE CY LV LT her c s doi:10.2860/96217 Fi atty HU MT PL SI SK oto: B rg. Ph ou b m BG RO uxe Théo Mey L o: e de l l Phot g. r and soon 28 Member States ou de la Vi b m ue uxe L de expected Photothèq HR © de la Ville The ‘Cercle municipal’ in Luxembourg hosted meetings of the ue Special Council of the European Coal and Steel Community Photothèq between 1952 and 1967 © n Union ea Chancellor Adenauer (centre) presided over the first session of the Special op r u Council of the European Coal and Steel Community, © E Luxembourg, 8 September 1952 Origins 2 Union, © European from three Councils to one Council 1952 Special Council of the European Coal and Steel Community — 012 ISBN 1958 Council of the European Economic Community 978-92-824-3724- Council of the European Atomic Energy Community The Merger Treaty creates a single The Ravenstein building hosted Council meetings in Brussels ARCHIVE SERIES 1967 Council of the European Communities between 1958 and 1971 7 — doi:10.2860/85140 on ni U n ea The Maastricht Treaty renames it op r 1993 u Council of the European Union © E Council meeting with six Member States — 163rd session, Financial Affairs, Brussels, 19 August 1971 ar ch i v e s — QC-30-12- h i s t or i c a l s e r i e s 619-EN-P JULY 2013 Notice HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS This brochure is produced by the General Secretariat of the Council and is intended for information purposes only. Free publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); For information on the European Council and the Council, you can consult the following • at the European Union’s representations or delegations. You can obtain websites: their contact details on the Internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending www.european-council.europa.eu a fax to +352 292942758. www.consilium.europa.eu Priced publications: or contact the Public Information Department of the General Secretariat of the Council at: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 175 Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Official Journal of the 1048 Bruxelles/Brussel European Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the BELGIQUE/BELGIË European Union): • via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Tel. +32 22815650 Union (http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm). Fax +32 22814977 www.consilium.europa.eu/infopublic More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013 ISBN 978-92-824-3801-5 doi:10.2860/96217 © European Union, 2013 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON ECOLOGICAL PAPER 60 The Council of the European Union 1952–2012: Sixty years of law- and decision-making The Council must uphold the interests of the Community in the same way as the interests of the individual States, and strike a balance which does justice to both. Address by Chancellor Adenauer at the inaugural meeting of the Special Council of the European Coal and Steel Community (Luxembourg, 8 September 1952) 2 Table of contents Foreword . 4 Introduction . 5 Origins and development . 6 1952 Special Council of the European Coal and Steel Community . 6 1958 Council of the European Economic Community Council of the European Atomic Energy Community . 8 Times of political upheaval . 60. 10 The “empty chair” crisis . 10 The Luxembourg compromise . 12 1967 Council of the European Communities . 13 1993 Council of the European Union . 13 Enlargement . 15 Voting in the Council . 16 Preparing the work of the Council . 17 Coreper . 17 Committees and working parties . 20 General Secretariat . 21 Sixty years of decision-making . 23 Annex I: The Council of the EU - Sixty years through Treaty Articles . 25 Annex II: The Council of the EU - Sixty years of qualified majority voting . 37 Annex III: The Secretaries-General and the General Secretariat . 43 Annex IV: The Council of the EU - Documents of historical interest . 45 3 Foreword This booklet focuses on the origins and history of the Council of the European Union, one of the seven Institutions of the European Union . It is accompanied by the poster “The Council of the European Union – 1952–2012: 60 years of law and decision-making”, which is part of the Archives’ Historical Series . The booklet is aimed at academics and researchers, but also anyone who is interested in the history of European integration . All Council documents mentioned in this brochure are available at the Council’s archives (archives centrales@consilium. europa. eu). Further literature on the Council, Coreper and the General Secretariat is available at the Council’s Central Library (bibliotheque .centrale@consilium .europa .eu) . You can e-mail us with comments or suggestions at: dgf2 transparency@consilium. europa. eu. 4 Introduction On 8 September 1952, the Special Council of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) met for the first time, in Luxembourg . When they sat at the table, Chancellor Adenauer and the other five ministers representing the founding Member States (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) had two, seemingly contradic- tory, roles: on the one hand, to protect their own national interests and, on the other, to pull national resources together in a compromise that would benefit the newly founded Community as a whole . Sixty years have passed since and the Council,60 like the European integration process itself, has changed dramatically: • In 1958, two new Communities were set up – the European Economic Community and the European Community for Atomic Energy – followed by the European Union in 1993 . • The number of members has increased almost fivefold – from 6 to 28. • Areas of responsibility have grown steadily, and at times dramatically, from the joint administration of two strategic resources (coal and steel) to an “ever closer union” dealing with a wide range of policies, comparable only with the remits of nation states . • Decision-making procedures have become increasingly complex. Despite all these changes and developments, however, the mandate of the Council and of the Ministers it comprises, has remained the same throughout its 60 years of existence: to jointly decide. The 60th anniversary of the Council provides an opportunity to take a brief look back at the history of this institution which, since its inaugural meeting in 1952, has been at the heart of European policy-making . 5 Origins and development 1952 Special Council of the European Coal and Steel Community The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), signed in 1951 in Paris, created an institutional framework comprising a High Authority, a Special Council, an Assembly and a Court . The Council’s main role was to exercise control over the High Authority’s activities by issuing opinions . The Special Council held its inaugural meeting on 8 September 1952, at the Hôtel de Ville in Luxembourg . It was the second institution to begin work, the High Authority having been set up five months before . The Foreign and the Economic Affairs Ministers of the six founding Member States were present . The meeting was chaired by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, on the basis of an innovative system providing for each Member State to chair the Council on a three-month rotation . Germany was the first country to hold the Presidency, in line with the alphabetical sequence foreseen in the Treaty . First Members of the Council 1952 Belgium Paul Van Zeeland, Minister for Foreign Affairs Jean Pierre Duvieusart, Minister for Economic Affairs Federal Republic of Germany Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor and Minister for Foreign Affairs Photo: Théo Mey Ludger Westrick, Secretary of State for Economic Affairs . France Robert Schuman, Minister for Foreign Affairs Jean-Marie Louvel, Minister for Trade and Industry Italy Alcide De Gasperi, Minister for Foreign Affairs Pietro Campilli, Minister for Trade and Industry Luxembourg © Photothèque de la Ville de Luxembourg Joseph Bech, Minister for Foreign Affairs Chancellor Adenauer and other ministers going up Michel Rasquin, Minister for Economic Affairs the steps of the Hôtel de Ville in Luxembourg to Netherlands attend the inaugural meeting of the Special Council Johan Willem Beyen, Minister for Foreign Affairs Jelle Zijlstra, Minister for Economic Affairs 6 During that inaugural meeting, the Council adopted rules of procedure and established a secretariat, appointing Christian Calmes, a diplomat from Luxembourg, as Secretary- General of the Council .
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