ISUA IRON ORE PROJECT

ANNEX 1 OF THE EIA

THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE STUDY AREA

MARCH 2013

Orbicon A/S Ringstedvej 20 DK 4000 Roskilde Denmark Phone + 45 46 30 03 10

Version 5.0 Date 15 March 2013 Prepared FPJE

Preface

This document is Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Iron Ore Project. Annex 1 deals with the natural environment of the project area. Focus is on the terrestrial flora and fauna while the marine life of Godthåbsfjord is dealt with in Annex 3.

Annexes of the EIA

Annex Report title no. The natural environment of the study area 1

Caribou population in the study area 2

Marine mammals and sea birds in Godthåbsfjord 3

Air quality assessment 4

Noise assessment 5

Oil and chemicals and assessment of potential impacts of spills 6

Water management assessment 7

Geochemical characterisation and assessment of mine waste management 8

Hydropower Development –Preliminary Study. Technical Report. 9

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 10

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 2/90

TABLE OF CONTENTS

0 Summary ...... 9 1 Introduction ...... 11 1.1 The Isua Iron Ore Mining Project ...... 11 1.2 Purpose of Annex 1 ...... 11 1.3 Definition of scope and data collection ...... 12 1.4 The structure of this report ...... 14 2 The physical environment ...... 15 2.1 Godthåbsfjord and surroundings ...... 15 2.2 Geology of the study area ...... 16 2.3 Climate ...... 16 2.4 Hydrology...... 17 2.5 Sea ice ...... 18 3 Human land-use ...... 20 3.1 Population ...... 20 3.2 Fishing ...... 20 3.3 Hunting ...... 20 3.4 Recreation ...... 20 4 Vegetation ...... 21 4.1 Plant studies in the study area ...... 22 4.2 The vegetation in the lowlands ...... 22 4.2.1 Seashore ...... 22 4.2.2 Dwarf-bush Heath ...... 23 4.2.3 Steppe ...... 26 4.2.4 Ponds ...... 26 4.2.5 Saltmarsh...... 27 4.3 The upland vegetation ...... 29 4.3.1 Dwarf-bush heath ...... 29 4.3.2 Fell-field ...... 29 4.3.3 Snow-patch ...... 30 4.3.4 Fjeldmark ...... 30 4.3.5 Grassland ...... 30 4.4 The highland vegetation ...... 30 4.4.1 Dwarf-bush Heath ...... 31 4.4.2 Fell-field ...... 31 4.4.3 Snow-patch ...... 31 4.5 Rare plants and their associated plant communities ...... 32 4.5.1 Rare plants ...... 32 4.5.2 Rare plant communities ...... 33 5 Mammals ...... 34

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 3/90

5.1 Terrestrial mammals ...... 34 5.1.1 Caribou Rangifer tarandus ...... 34 5.1.2 Musk oxen Ovibos moschatus...... 42 5.1.3 Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus ...... 42 5.1.4 Arctic hare Lepus arcticus ...... 42 5.2 Marine mammals ...... 42 5.2.1 Hooded seal Crystophora cristata ...... 43 5.2.2 Harp seal Phoca groenlandica ...... 43 5.2.3 Ringed seal Phoca hispida ...... 43 5.2.4 Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae ...... 44 6 Birds ...... 46 6.1 Divers ...... 46 6.1.1 Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata ...... 46 6.1.2 Great Northern Diver Gavia immer ...... 46 6.2 Cormorants ...... 47 6.2.1 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo ...... 47 6.3 Geese ...... 48 6.3.1 Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris ...... 48 6.3.2 Canada Goose Branta canadensis ...... 52 6.3.3 Brent Goose Branta bernicla ...... 53 6.4 Ducks ...... 54 6.4.1 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos ...... 54 6.4.2 Common Eider Somateria mollissima ...... 54 6.4.3 Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus ...... 55 6.4.4 Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis ...... 57 6.4.5 Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator ...... 57 6.5 Birds of Prey ...... 58 6.5.1 White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla groenlandica ...... 58 6.5.2 Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus ...... 59 6.5.3 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus ...... 60 6.6 Gallinaceous birds ...... 60 6.6.1 Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus...... 60 6.7 Waders ...... 61 6.7.1 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula ...... 61 6.7.2 Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima ...... 61 6.7.3 Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus ...... 62 6.8 Gulls ...... 63 6.8.1 Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides ...... 63 6.8.2 Glaucous Gull Larus hyperoreus ...... 64 6.8.3 Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus ...... 64 6.8.4 Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla ...... 64 6.9 Auks ...... 65 6.9.1 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle ...... 65 6.10 Passerines ...... 65 6.10.1 Common Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe ...... 65 6.10.2 Raven Corvus corax ...... 65 6.10.3 Redpoll Carduelis flammea ...... 66

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 4/90

6.10.4 Lapland Bunting Calcarius lapponicus ...... 66 6.10.5 Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis ...... 67 7 Freshwater fish ...... 68 7.1 Arctic char Salvelinus alpines ...... 68 7.2 Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus ...... 69 8 Marine fish ...... 70 8.1 Atlantic cod Gadus morhua ...... 70 8.2 Greenland cod/uvak Gadus ogac ...... 70 8.3 Capelin Mallotus villosus ...... 70 8.4 Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippelglossoides ...... 70 8.5 Lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus ...... 71 9 Protected areas and threatened species ...... 72 9.1 Areas protected according to national legislation ...... 72 9.2 Areas protected according to international agreements ...... 72 9.3 Areas of conservation concern identified by NGOs ...... 72 9.4 Threatened species ...... 74 9.5 Areas important to rare plants ...... 75 9.6 Sea bird colonies ...... 75 9.7 Environmental importance and resource use of shorelines of the study area ...... 75 10 References ...... 79

Appendix 1

Flora list from seven localities in the study area

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 5/90

Table of figures:

Figure 1.1 The total study area of the Isua EIA study. This report deals with the terrestrial area and the adjacent marine areas. Godthåbsfjord study area is dealt with in Annex 3 ...... 11 Figure 1.2 The study area of this report ...... 12 Figure 1.3 The Isua iron one resource, July 2009 ...... 13 Figure 2.1 Isua - the tall mountain in the background is the iron ore resource ...... 15 Figure 2.2 The Kugssua River with silted water from the Saqqap Sermia glacier ...... 17 Figure 2.3 The sea covered sections of fjords in South West Greenland in January, March and May (from Mosbech et al. 2000) ...... 18 Figure 2.4 The edge of fast ice in the inner part of Godthåbsfjord, 8. May 2009 ...... 19 Figure 2.5 The inner part of Godthåbsfjord in late June 2008 with the Innajuattoq Mountain to the right ...... 19 Figure 4.1 Vegetation cover in the study area (Tamstorf 2001) ...... 21 Figure 4.2 The vegetation on the cliff at Taserârssuk (the port site) consists mainly of low, dry dwarf-bush heath ...... 23 Figure 4.3 Northern willow and flowering Labrador-tea on cliffs overlooking the Qugssuk Bay ...... 24 Figure 4.4 Dwarf-shrub with Labrador-tea ...... 25 Figure 4.5 Dry steppe and sand dune vegetation in the Narsarsuaq valley with dry dwarf shrub heath on the hill sides ...... 26 Figure 4.6 Large pond with northern bur-reed Sparganium hyperboreum ...... 27 Figure 4.7 Saltmarshes and grasslands surrounding the head of the Ilulialik fjord ...... 28 Figure 4.8 Marsh felwort Lomatogonium rotatum is a rare plant species in Greenland. In August 2011 it was recorded from raised marine clay along the shore of Ilulialik fjord ...... 28 Figure 4.9 The upland vegetation mostly consists of dry dwarf-bush heath with patches of grass-like vegetation ...... 29 Figure 4.10 The vegetation at 1,000 m altitude close to the inland ice cap is very restricted ...... 30 Figure 4.11 White Arctic bell-heather (right front corner) and moss heather are common at height altitude ...... 31 Figure 4.12 The small fern common moon-wort Botrychium lunaris is known only from a few places in the study area ...... 32 Figure 4.13 Several species of plants which are rare in Greenland are associated with the margins of salt marshes along the Ilulialik Fjord (marked in red) ...... 33 Figure 5.1 Female caribou with calf on northwards migration through the Narsarsuaq Valley, late June 2009 ...... 35 Figure 5.2 Male caribou move around alone or in small groups most of the year ...... 37 Figure 5.3 Distribution and numbers of caribou recorded during the field work in June-July 2008 (see text for details). The yellow markings show the areas covered by the survey ...... 39 Figure 5.4 A young caribou close to the Isua iron ore body showing little fear of the observer ...... 40 Figure 5.5 Humpback whales occur regularly in the inner parts of Godthåbsfjord during summer months ...... 44 Figure 6.1 Location of breeding pairs of divers recorded during the field survey in June-July 2008. The yellow markings show the areas covered by the survey ...... 47

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 6/90

Figure 6.2 Spring staging Greenland White-fronted Geese at Kangerlussuaq, May 2009 ...... 49 Figure 6.3 Numbers of Greenland White-fronted Goose observed at spring staging areas in the southern part of its range. Site 39, 42 and 43 are inside the study area (from Johansen et al. 2008) ...... 50 Figure 6.4 Sites with droppings and feathers of Greenland White-fronted Goose (red dots) recorded during field work in 2008. The blue square marks the site where a pair of Canada Geese with 3 young was observed. A pair with two young was observed on the same lake in July 2009. The yellow markings show the areas covered by the survey ...... 51 Figure 6.5 Goose droppings were typically found in grassy vegetations within 10-20 m of the shore of several upland lakes, including this one, suggesting that the sites were used for pre-breeding staging in early May (picture taken on 2. July 2008) ...... 52 Figure 6.6 The river/stream sections surveyed in 2009. The location of Harlequin duck observed in 2008 and 2009 are also shown. Rivers marked with red drain glacier lakes with high content of silt which makes them unsuitable as Harlequin duck breeding habitats ...... 56 Figure 6.7 Adult White-tailed Eagle ...... 58 Figure 6.8 Breeding sites of Peregrine Falcons and Gyrfalcons recorded during the field survey in 2008 ...... 59 Figure 6.9 Female Ptarmigan in summer plumage ...... 61 Figure 6.10 Possible breeding sites of Red-necked Phalarope and Purple Sandpiper recorded during the 2008 field study ...... 62 Figure 6.11 Red-necked Phalarope is the most common wader in the study area ...... 63 Figure 6.12 Lapland Bunting is one of the most common and widespread birds in the study area during summer ...... 66 Figure 7.1 Arctic char in a Greenland river ...... 68 Figure 9.1 Protected areas in West Greenland. Areas marked with red are protected according to national legislation (but none are designated in Godthåbsfjord). Areas marked with blue are protected according to local legislation. Areas marked with yellow are Ramsar Sites. Areas marked with green are Important Bird Area (IBA) – none in West Greenland (from Boertmann 2005) ...... 73 Figure 9.2 Shoreline map of the study area and surroundings (area 100-104) with indications of sensitivity to oil spill shown with different colours (from Mosbech et al. 2000). Small blues squares show archaeological sites. A “person” indicates places with important resources for human use. S17 marks the seabird colony at Iunajagtoa. The key environmental issues and resource uses for the different shoreline sections in the study area is listed in Table 9.2 ...... 76 Figure 9.3 Shoreline map of the study area and surroundings (area 105 – 108) with indications of sensitivity to oil spill shown with different colours (from Mosbech et al. 2000). Small blues squares show archaeological sites. A “person” indicates places with important resources for human use. “Lu” is a site important to lumpsucker. “Ca” is a site important to capelin. The key environmental issues and resource uses for the different shoreline sections in the study area is listed in Table 9.2 ...... 78

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 7/90

Table of tables:

Table 5.1 The annual cycle of the Akia-Maniitsoq population...... 37 Table 9.1 Species on the regional Greenland Red List of threatened species occurring in the study area ...... 74 Table 9.2 Ecological and human resource use of the shores of the study area ...... 77

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 8/90

0 SUMMARY

London Mining is currently exploring the potential of the iron ore deposit at Isua, 150 km north-east of Nuuk in South West Greenland. It is a requirement of The Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) under the Greenland Self-government that an Envi- ronmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report is prepared when a company plans to ex- ploit a mineral deposit in Greenland.

This report aims at providing essential background information for the EIA, regarding the natural environment, by drawing together the existing information on the terrestrial and marine flora and fauna. This exercise includes a literature study, based on pub- lished information from a wide range of sources. In addition, field work carried out during the environmental baseline studies at Isua between June 2008 and August 2011 is the basis for this Annex.

Particular focus is on Valued Ecological Components (VECs) which are particularly sensitive and/or important elements of the ecosystem of the project area. This in- cludes species of commercial value, as well as species of conservation concern in Greenland.

Based on the expected footprint of the mining project, a potential impact area, termed the “study area” has been defined. The study area comprises a wide range of typical habitats of South West Greenland; deep fjords with their associated marine and inter- tidal fauna, large valleys and mountains terrain. Within a 1,200 m altitudinal span, from Godthåbsfjord to the summit of Mount Isua, the study area further encompasses a wide range of the plant communities typical of South West Greenland.

By far the majority of animals, plants and habitats that occur in the study area are common and widespread in South West Greenland.

The vegetation is relatively species poor and mostly dominated by common and wide- spread species. An exception is the marine clay areas associated with the salt- marshes along the Ilulialik fjord. In this habitat three rare plant species (strict primrose, marsh felwort and water mudwort) were recorded during field work in 2011. Efforts should be made to avoid or limit any disturbance of this habitat.

Mammals are significant components of the ecosystem, although the number of spe- cies is low. Among the mammals are caribou, which are common and widespread throughout the study area.

28 bird species occur regularly, including a small number of seabird species which breed in two colonies. The bird fauna includes seven species listed on the regional Greenland Red List of threatened species: Great Northern Diver, Greenland White- fronted Goose, Common Eider, Harlequin Duck, White-tailed Eagle, Gyrfalcon, and Black-legged Kittiwake.

Two species of freshwater fish and large numbers of marine fish occur in the study ar- ea. Although little definite information is available, they are all believed to be common and widespread in south Greenland waters.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 9/90

No part of the study area is protected according to local or national legislation, or in- cluded in sites designated according to international nature protection conventions or nature protection NGOs (such as BirdLife International).

The following Valued Ecological Components (particularly sensitive and/or important elements of the ecosystem) were identified in the study area:

Great Northern Diver and White-tailed Eagle which are listed on the regional Green- land Red List of threatened species because their populations in Greenland are small. Both species are known to be very sensitive to disturbance during the breeding period. Scattered pairs of both species occur in the coastal region of the study area.

Gyrfalcon is also listed on the regional Greenland Red List of threatened species be- cause its population in Greenland is small. It is a widespread but low-density breeder in the study area.

Greenland White-fronted Goose is listed as “endangered” on the Greenland Red List. This migratory goose breeds outside the study area but in years with early snow melt, part of the population utilizes spring staging areas near Isua in May. Such spring stag- ing is very important for the geese to build up their reserves and thereby gain optimal reproduction potential after the migration. These geese are known to be sensitive to disturbances.

Harlequin Duck is a rare breeding bird in Greenland and listed on the Red List be- cause of the small breeding population. It breeds on fast-flowing streams with the nest usually hidden on mid-stream islands. Small numbers breed in the study area. This duck species is known to be sensitive to disturbance, sedimentation and contamina- tion of breeding streams. The Ujarassuit River appears to hold the only stable breed- ing population in the study area.

Two seabird colonies occur in the study area. The most significant is situated on the Innajuattoq Mountain in the Godthåbsfjord. A small colony of gulls also breeds on an island in the Kugssua River.

Caribou are common throughout the study area. The population has been large over the last 10-15 years but is now slowly declining, probably due to overgrazing of winter- ing areas. Caribou in the study area have no clear herd identity or coordinated migra- tion pattern. Instead the animals appear to have individual strategies, which they fol- low for several years. The animals typically move around alone or in small groups of 3-10 animals. Some caribou are almost stationary throughout the year but most make short distance movements between wintering grounds near the fjord or open sea and calving areas on mountain slopes further inland. Narsarsuaq Valley is an important wintering area while no specific calving areas are known within the study area. Some animals remain in the calving area during summer while others move to post-calving grounds. This behaviour results in large variations in annual home ranges and move- ments, but the individual caribou show a rather consistent pattern between years. Car- ibou are known to be sensitive to disturbances, in particular during calving, but also when moving with calves to and between feeding grounds during summer.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 10/90

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Isua Iron Ore Mining Project

London Mining is currently exploring the potential of mining the iron ore body at Isua, 150 km north-east of Nuuk, Greenland. It is the intention to excavate the iron ore body through open pit mining.

1.2 Purpose of Annex 1

It is a requirement of The Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) under the Green- land Self-government that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report is pre- pared when a company plans to exploit a mineral deposit in Greenland (BMP 2007). The present report (Annex 1) aims at providing essential background information for the EIA Report, regarding the natural environment of the study area.

Figure 1.1 The total study area of the Isua EIA study. This report deals with the terrestrial area and the adjacent marine areas. Godthåbsfjord study area is dealt with in Annex 3

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 11/90

Figure 1.2 The study area of this report

1.3 Definition of scope and data collection

Based on the footprint of the mining project, a potential impact area – in the following termed the “study area” - was initially defined. The extent of the study area is shown in Figure 1.2. The scope is therefore to draw together all existing information on the ter- restrial and marine flora and fauna from this area.

This exercise includes a literature study, based on published information from a wide range of sources. In addition, observations made during field work in connection with environmental baseline studies at Isua between June 2008 and August 2011 is the basis for this Annex.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 12/90

Figure 1.3 The Isua iron one resource, July 2009

In connection with the literature study and the field work particular attention has been on collecting information on Valued Ecological Components (VECs) which are the par- ticularly sensitive and/or important elements of the ecosystem of the project area. This includes species of commercial value as well as species of conservation concern in Greenland. For the purpose of this study the following Valued Ecological Components (VECs) were identified:

 The Akia-Maniitsoq herd of the Greenland caribou Rangifer tarandus groen- landicus

 The endangered Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris

 Threatened species listed on the 2007 regional Greenland Red List (other than the Greenland White-fronted Goose): Great Northern Diver Gavia immer, Common Eider Somateria mollissima, Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrioni- cus, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus, and Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla

 Important habitats for these birds

 Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus

 Rare and endemic plants

 Vulnerable plant communities including wetlands with fens, salt marshes and herb slopes

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 13/90

1.4 The structure of this report

The report is structured as follows:

 To provide a setting for the subsequent chapters on the natural environment, Chapters 2-3 start with brief accounts on the physical environment and human land-use in the study area.

 Chapter 4 describes the vegetation of the study area with focus on the key plant communities in the area and to what extent rare and threatened plant occur.

 Chapter 5– 8 cover the fauna, including all mammal and bird species that are either resident in the study area or regular visitors. In addition, information on freshwater fish and marine fish of commercial value in the study area is pro- vided.

 Chapter 9 gives an overview of the species, habitats and sites of special con- servation concern in the study area.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 14/90

2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Godthåbsfjord and surroundings

The study area is situated about 150 km north-east of Nuuk. To the north-east and east it is bordered by the inland ice cap and to the south by Godthåbsfjord.

Two valleys running north-south from Lake Taserssuaq to the fjord divide the study area into three separate mountainous areas:

The main mountain area is surrounded by the inland ice cap and the Sargap Sermia glacial tongue to the east and north, respectively. Lake Taserssuaq, the Kugssua Riv- er and Ilulialik Fjord make up the western limit, see Figure 1.2. A lowland area is found along the west bank of the Kugssua River and Ilulialik Fjord, but otherwise the eastern part of the study area consists of high mountainous terrain with many lakes and little vegetation. The altitude of the highlands is between 600 m and 800 m rising gradually to 1,000 m near the inland ice cap. The Kugssua River (Figure 2.2) brings large amounts of silted water from the Sargap Sermia glacial tongue and Lake Taserssuaq into Ilulialik Fjord, which is surrounded by large mudflats with saltmarsh (Figure 4.7).

Figure 2.1 Isua - the tall mountain in the background is the iron ore resource

The central mountainous range of the study area runs from Lake Taserssuaq in the north, southwards to form a peninsula that penetrates into Godthåbsfjord. This moun- tainous area generally rises to 400-500 m but has peaks of 850 m. The spectacular Innajuattoq Mountain (Figure 2.5) at the mouth of the Ilulialik Fjord rises to 1,200 m.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 15/90

Between Lake Taserssuaq and the Qugssuk Fjord runs the large, broad Narsarsuaq Valley (Figure 4.5) which separates the central mountain area of the study area from the western mountainous terrain.

The central mountain area of the study area is delimitated to the north and east by ex- tensive lowland areas, to the west by the Narsarsuaq Valley and to the south by the Qugssuk Fjord. The highest peaks of the central mountainous area rise to c. 800 m.

The coastal zone of the study area is dominated by bedrock shorelines with many skerries and small islands. Small bays with sand or gravel are found between the rocks in some sheltered areas.

2.2 Geology of the study area

The geology of the region is dominated by orthogneiss formed during several distinct episodes of crystal growth during the Archaean. These different-aged gneisses are thought to represent distinct small continental blocks that were amalgamated during the Neoarchaean under collisional tectonism similar to that seen in modern mountain belts (Hollis et al. 2006). Within, and often between, these different crystal blocks, or terranes, supracrustal belts made up of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks oc- cur. Some of these are known to potentially host minerals of economic interest, e.g. gold-mineralised supracrustal rocks on the island Storeø and magnetite-rich iron for- mations at Isua.

The Isua deposit is made of a magnetite-rich banded iron formation, intruded by basal- tic and dolerite dykes and sills, with greenstone schist on the footwall and quartzite on the hanging wall.

The Isua deposit forms part of a former nunatak (projection above ice level), which has become more fully exposed along the western flank of the receding inland ice sheet. The deposit (which takes its name from a Greenlandic term for “edge”) is cres- cent-shaped and outcrops in the central part, but is overlain by the ice sheet to the north-east and the south. The highest point is Isua Peak, which is 1,209 m above sea level. The inland ice sheet wraps around Isua and forms a glacier 5 km south-west of Isua.

2.3 Climate

Godthåbsfjord and its surroundings belong to the Arctic region, with mean average air temperatures below 10 °C in all months. The coldest month is February and the warmest month July. The study area is dominated by the proximity to the inland ice cap and has a continental climate, which means little precipitation annually and low snow depths in winter. The annual precipitation is about 600 mm in the Nuuk area but considerably lower further inland.

Generally, the number of days with calm or nearly calm weather in West Greenland is high. However, gale force winds (above 13.8 m/s) are also relatively common in, par- ticularly in winter. Furthermore, Foehn winds are quite common in the Isua area. These warm dry winds arise through adiabatic compression of dry air sweeping down from the inland ice cap. The relative humidity drops to 30-40% and temperatures can

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 16/90

easily rise by 15-20 °C within an hour and remain elevated for a day or two. In the fjords, the Foehn winds may be very strong, with gusts of hurricane force. The effects of Foehn winds are particularly marked in winter, when they result in rapid melting of snow and ice.

Asiaq now operates a weather station on behalf of London Mining that provides de- tailed climate data from the study area.

Figure 2.2 The Kugssua River with silted water from the Saqqap Sermia glacier

2.4 Hydrology

The study area consists of several water catchment areas. In particularly the large eastern mountainous area have a large number of lakes and is crisscrossed by an abundance of streams. Since precipitation is relatively low, the run off in most streams is low, except in spring. Rivers which are fed by the Inland ice cap are exceptions to this.

A significant hydrological element of the study area is the large Kugssua River (Figure 2.2), which brings silted water from the Saqqap Sermia glacial tongue and Lake Taserssuaq into Ilulialik Fjord. No large river runs through the Narsarsuaq Valley but a number on small streams drain the valley and the surrounding mountains.

Orbicon currently operates several hydrological stations on behalf of London Mining. These stations provide on-line flow data of the key rivers in the Isua area.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 17/90

2.5 Sea ice

The sea off South West Greenland, north to 65-67° N, is normally ice-free throughout the year. This open water area is primarily caused by the relatively warm north and north-west flowing West Greenland Current.

In the fjords, including Godthåbsfjord, the ice situation is different. Here two types of sea ice occur:

Fast ice, may occur in the inner parts of Godthåbsfjord during winter. Fast ice normally forms in January and melts in April depending on the severity of the winter. However, fast ice is extremely variable both within the winter period and between winters.

Figure 2.3 The sea covered sections of fjords in South West Greenland in January, March and May (from Mosbech et al. 2000)

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 18/90

Figure 2.4 The edge of fast ice in the inner part of Godthåbsfjord, 8. May 2009

Icebergs and growlers originating from several glaciers are common all year in the in- ner parts of Godthåbsfjord (Figure 2.5). Occasionally small icebergs calved in the fjord system are observed close to the coast, however, these ice masses normally melt quickly and only rarely affect offshore ocean areas.

Figure 2.5 The inner part of Godthåbsfjord in late June 2008 with the Innajuattoq Mountain to the right

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 19/90

3 HUMAN LAND-USE

3.1 Population

No permanent settlements are found in the study area. A few hunting cabins are lo- cated along the coast, and are mainly used during the Caribou hunting season in au- tumn and winter.

The nearest town to the study area is the Greenland capital Nuuk with about 16,000 inhabitants. The village Qoornoq on Qoornup/Bjørneø about 10 km south of the study area was abandoned in 1971 but many of the houses are still being used during the summer months and in the hunting season.

3.2 Fishing

Local subsistence fishery takes place along the coast of the study area. The most im- portant fish are Arctic char, capelin, lumpsucker and Greenland halibut.

3.3 Hunting

The study area is very important for caribou hunting, which takes place in autumn and winter. It is mainly citizens from Nuuk that hunt in the Godthåbsfjord area, including the study area. By far the majority of taken caribou are shot within 20 km of the coast (Johansen et al. 2008).

Hunting of birds also takes place in the study area. In particular Common Eiders are shot along the coast, mainly in the Qugssuk Fjord. Hunting of Thick-billed Murre and Ptarmigan also takes place.

3.4 Recreation

Besides fishing and hunting, the land is used for recreation, e.g. tours often combined with lodging in cottages, tents or boats. Such tours are often combined with hunting and fishing and other resource uses, such as picking berries (Johansen et al. 2008).

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 20/90

4 VEGETATION

In West Greenland the vegetation is largely determined by temperature and precipita- tion which generally follows a north-south gradient, an oceanic-inland/continental gra- dient and an altitude gradient.

The study area is situated in the Low Arctic with a distance to the open sea of 100-150 km. This implies that the climate has a clear continental element with relatively warm and dry summers and cold winters. The study area encompass a 1,200 m altitudinal span from the fjord to the summit of the Isua peak and can be divided into three major landscape units: (1) lowlands (from sea level to 200 m elevation) along the shore of Godthåbsfjord and in the large broad valleys near the fjord, (2) an upland element with an elevation of 200 - 600 m and (3) a highland element close to the Ice cap with an el- evation of 600 – 1,200 m. In general, the lushest vegetation is found in the lowlands and plant cover becomes sparser with rising altitude (Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1 Vegetation cover in the study area (Tamstorf 2001)

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 21/90

The vegetation of these major landscape elements can be further divided into a num- ber of plant communities, defined as assemblies of different species of plants growing together in a particular habitat. The distribution of the plant communities is closely re- lated to climatic conditions and the landscape units, but also the local soil conditions (type and moisture). Plant communities are usually characterized by the composition of vascular plant species, including their cover, but the cover of mosses and lichens is also considered.

4.1 Plant studies in the study area

Only few botanical studies have been made in the study area. Fredskild (1996) has identified five sites along the east coast of the Ilulialik Ford and in the Narsarsuaq Val- ley near the Qugssuk Fjord where rare plants occur, but the exact positions of the sites are not available (Johansen et al. 2008).

During the baseline field surveys in connection with the Isua project, ad hoc floristic recordings were made from 2008 to 2011. In August 2011, detailed vegetation and flo- ristic investigations was carried out at a number of sites within the study area (Bay 2011). Each site was studied for about 2-3 days and an estimate of the frequency of the species was made.

The study sites included the port site and surroundings, the site for the air strip, part of the planned road-pipeline alignment between the port and the air strip and the road- pipeline corridor along the shore of Lake Taserssuaq. A list of vascular plant species recorded at each site was compiled, and the frequency of the species was evaluated on the last day at each locality (see Appendix 1). A description of the vegetation was also made.

Brief visits were also made to the site for the proposed processing plant, near the mine site, at 930 m altitude and to a lake about 10 km north of the Isua Container camp. Because of the short stays, no attempt was made to assess the frequency of plants.

Descriptions of the key plant communities in the three major landscape units of this report are based mainly on the field study from August 2011.

4.2 The vegetation in the lowlands

4.2.1 Seashore

A major part of the coastline of the study area is a rocky coast without flowering plants. However, beach ridges of pebbles and gravel can be found in some places. Here very open vegetation is found that includes common scurvy-grass Cochlearia groenlandica, seaside plantain Plantago maritima, and lyme-grass Elymus mollis.

The steep southwest exposed slopes (Figure 4.6) at the port area are covered by dwarf birch Betula nana-lichen heath with northern willow Salix glauca and black crowberry Empetrum hermaphroditum as the dominating species (Bay 2011).

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 22/90

Figure 4.2 The vegetation on the cliff at Taserârssuk (the port site) consists mainly of low, dry dwarf- bush heath

4.2.2 Dwarf-bush Heath

The major part of the lowlands near the fjord is covered by mossy Labrador-tea Le- dum groenlandicum- Betula nana dwarf-shrub heath (Bay 2011). The frequency of the dominating plant species of this community varies considerably as do the amount of li- chens and mosses is very variable.

Dry open vegetation occurs on south exposed slopes. Common juniper Juniperus communis, common harebell Campanula gieseckiana are common species, in addi- tion creeping thyme Thymus praecox, spiked oatgrass Trisetum triflorum, and weak Arctic sedge Carex supina ssp. spaniocarpa are found (Bay 2011). On north facing slopes, the following ferns were recorded: oblong woodsia Woodsia ilvensis, fragile fern Cystopteris vulgaris and spiny wood fern Dryopteris assimilis. In addition Canadi- an smallreed Calamagrostis langsdorffii was recorded (Bay 2011). Up to 2 meter tall copses of northern willow grow along water courses in the lowlands (Bay 2011). Mountain alder Alnus crispa dominated copses on the most protected places of south facing slopes, but this vegetation type has a very limited distribution – often as an el- ement in the northern willow copses (Bay 2011). The herb flora in the copses consists mainly of stiff club-moss Lycopodium annotinum and Canadian small-reed (Bay 2011).

The slopes of the Narsarsuaq valley are dominated by dwarf birch, Labrador-tea, nar- row-leafed Labrador-tea Ledum palustra and Arctic blueberry. Common herbs include roseroot Rhodiola rosea, three-toothed cinquefoil Potentilla tridentata, entire-leaved mountain-avens Dryas integrifolia, Lapland lousewort and large-flowered wintergreen.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 23/90

Figure 4.3 Northern willow and flowering Labrador-tea on cliffs overlooking the Qugssuk Bay

In Ilulialik Valley large parts of the lowlands are covered by dwarf shrub heath domi- nated by Labrador-tea, dwarf birch and black crowberry, with stiff sedge Carex bige- lowii and Lapland rhododendron Rhododendron lapponicum (Bay 2011). This includes the area where the air strip is planned to be located.

In addition to the Labrador-tea dominated dwarf shrub heath northern willow copses with stiff club-moss occur along streams (Bay 2011). Patchy herb slopes occur in open areas in the willow copses with the following species: rosebay willow-herb Chamaene- rion angustifolium, viviparous knotweed Polygonum viviparum, long-stalked starwort Stellaria longipes, American alpine speedwell Veronica wormskjoldii, and dandelion Taraxacum lacerum (Bay 2011). On protected south exposed slopes northern willow with mountain alder copses occur. The associated herbs are Canadian small-reed, brown sedge Carex brunnescens, common harebell, and common horsetail Equise- tum arvense (Bay 2011).

Along the south-east shore of Lake Taserssuaq the vegetation with the largest distri- bution is a low dwarf birch heath on level terrain (Bay 2011). In addition to dwarf birch, common species in this area are stiff club-moss, stiff sedge, Labrador-tea and brown- ish sedge (Bay 2011). In open places in the dwarf birch heath a low vegetation of brownish sedge, stiff sedge spiked wood-rust Luzula spicata, three-toothed cinquefoil Potentilla tridentata, common harebell, and common hair-grass Deschampsia flexuosa occur (Bay 2011).

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 24/90

Figure 4.4 Dwarf-shrub with Labrador-tea

Lush Labrador-tea dominated heaths occur outside the northern willow copses along streams. Copses up to 2 meters height occur along streams and are dominated by northern willow with few mountain alders and the herbs brownish sedge, stiff sedge three-leaved goldthread Coptis trifolia, and dandelion (Bay 2011).

Herb slope vegetation is found in open places in the copses with common moonwort Botrychium lunaria, alpine cinquefoil Potentilla crantzii, tree-toothed cinquefoil, Arctic eyebright Euphrasia frigida, common harebell, Canadian small-reed, alpine meadow- rue Thalictrum alpinum, and few procumbent sibbaldia Sibbaldia procumbens (Bay 2011). The vegetation at dry cliffs is composed of common juniper Juniperus com- munis, three-toothed cinquefoil, common harebell and spiked oat-grass Trisetum triflo- rum (Bay 2011).

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 25/90

Figure 4.5 Dry steppe and sand dune vegetation in the Narsarsuaq valley with dry dwarf shrub heath on the hill sides

4.2.3 Steppe

Open steppe vegetation with grass-like plants occurs in some parts of the lowlands, in particular in the Narsarsuaq Valley (Figure 4.5) with alkali-grasses Puccinellia spp. and Bellard’s kobresia Kobresia myosuroides

4.2.4 Ponds

Ponds and marshes are very common and widespread in the lowland and often cover large areas in association with ponds and lakes. The vegetation typically consists of the common dwarf-shrubs of neighbouring heaths but also Arctic cotton-grass Erioph- orum scheuchzeri, tufted club-rush Scirpus caespitosus and swamp cranberry Vaccin- ium oxycoccos.

Northern bur-reed Sparganium hyperboreum was found in some ponds and the very rare spring quillwort Isoetes echinospora occurred in a rock pool by a waterfall along the south-east shore of Lake Taserssuaq (Bay 2011).

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 26/90

Figure 4.6 Large pond with northern bur-reed Sparganium hyperboreum

Many ponds near the coast also have a rich vegetation of northern bur-reed Spargani- um hyperboreum, common mare’s-tail Hippuris vulgaris, and red pondweed Potamo- geton alpinus (Bay 2011).

East of Lake Taserssuaq, in the middle of a northeast going valley, a large fen was found in connection with a shallow lake with Sparganium hyperboreum, Hippuris vul- garis, and Menyanthes trifoliate (Figure 4.6). Fens of this size are very rare in the study area and are vulnerable habitats (Bay 2011).

4.2.5 Saltmarsh

The Kugssua river and in particular the inner section of the Ilulialik fjord is surrounded by large open salt marshes and grasslands (Figure 4.7). In association with the salt marsh, the following species were recorded: Pacific silverweed Potentilla egedii, red fescue Festuca rubra and lesser saltmarsh sedge Carex glareosa with marsh arrow- grass Triglochin palustre and creeping alkali-grass Puccinellia phryganodes occurring in the outermost zone. A rare vegetation type along the raised marine clay includes the rare species strict primrose Primula stricta and marsh felwort Lomatogonium rota- tum (Figure 4.8).

A few desiccated ponds on clayish soil close to the fjord have a special vegetation with the very rare species water mudwort Limosella aquatica and creeping spearwort Ranunculus reptans (Bay 2011). Water mudwort is a semi-aquatic species occurring in the margins of salt marshes along the Ilulialik Fjord.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 27/90

Figure 4.7 Saltmarshes and grasslands surrounding the head of the Ilulialik fjord

Figure 4.8 Marsh felwort Lomatogoni- um rotatum is a rare plant species in Greenland. In August 2011 it was recorded from raised marine clay along the shore of Ilulialik fjord

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 28/90

4.3 The upland vegetation

The upland area (200 – 600 m) of the study area has much more restricted vegetation than the lowlands. The landscape is dominated by large numbers of lakes, areas with bare rock and low vegetation, which is mainly confined to the lake shores, streams and other moist areas (Figure 4.9).

The vegetation mostly consists of a mixture of dry dwarf-bush heath, grass-line vege- tation, fell-field vegetation and fens in depressions.

4.3.1 Dwarf-bush heath

Key plant species of the dry dwarf-bush heath of the upland in the study area are white Arctic bell-heather Cassiope tetragona, mountain heath, Arctic blueberry and crowberry. Common herbs are sheep sorret Rumex acetosella, mountain sorrel Oxyria digyna, three-toothed cinquefoil, livelong saxifraga Saxifraga paniculata, entire-leaved mountain-avens, herb-like willow Salix herbacea, large-flowered wintergreen and al- pine arnica Arnica angustifolia.

Figure 4.9 The upland vegetation mostly consists of dry dwarf-bush heath with patches of grass-like vegetation

4.3.2 Fell-field

This vegetation is mainly found on wind-swept ridges with thin snow cover in winter and restricted water supply. The very sparse vegetation includes alpine azalea Loiseleuria procumbens and moss campion Silene acaulis.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 29/90

4.3.3 Snow-patch

The snow-patch vegetation occurs where snow accumulates and persists until mid- late summer. Typical plants in the study area included moss heather Harrimanella hypnoides and herb-like willow.

4.3.4 Fjeldmark

The most widespread plant community is the fieldmark plant community which covers most of the high ground of the project area. It also occurs at low altitude in areas with high wind exposure. It is dominated by various species of lichens and mosses with scattered grass and herbs. The coverage of plants is very low.

4.3.5 Grassland

Areas with moist grassland were mostly found on level land along the shore of lakes and along streams. Common plants were three-toed cinquefoil, broad-leaved willow- herb Chamaenerion latifolium, herb-like willow, Arctic marsh willow Salix arctophila, viviparous knotweed, common butterwort and Arctic cotton-grass.

4.4 The highland vegetation

The vegetation between 600 m and 1,200 m consist mostly of the same plant species as in the upland vegetation but the plant cover is even lower and more scattered.

The most prominent plant communities recorded at high altitude were dry dwarf-bush heath, fell-field and snow-patch.

Figure 4.10 The vegetation at 1,000 m altitude close to the inland ice cap is very restricted

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 30/90

4.4.1 Dwarf-bush Heath

The dwarf-bush heath at c. 1,000 m altitude near Isua included the following vascular plants tufted saxifraga Saxifraga caespitose, livelong saxifraga, broad-leafed willow- herb, herb-like willow, Arctic marsh willow, viviparous knotweed, alpine chickweed Cerastium arcticum, thrift armeria scabra, large-flowered wintergreen, white Arctic bell-heather, common harebell, Arctic harebell Campanula uniflora and Arctic-alpine fleabane Erigeron humilis.

4.4.2 Fell-field

Typically plants at high altitude included purple saxifrage Saxifraga oppositifolia, moss campion and entire-leaved mountain-avens.

4.4.3 Snow-patch

Snow-patch vegetation at high elevation included many mosses as well as herbs such as moss heather, herb-like willow and mountain sorrel.

Figure 4.11 White Arctic bell-heather (right front corner) and moss heather are common at height altitude

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 31/90

4.5 Rare plants and their associated plant communities

4.5.1 Rare plants

During the botanical survey in August 2011 the following rare species were recorded from the study area (from Bay 2011):

Arctic hawkweed Hieracium hyparcticum is endemic to Greenland where it is often common. In the study area this species is rare, and was recorded only in one site about 10 km north of the Isua container camp.

Strict primrose Primula stricta and marsh felwort Lomatogonium rotatum were only found along the shore of Ilulialik fjord on raised marine clay. Hitherto, strict primrose was only known from 4 localities in the Godthåbsfjord area, whereas marsh felwort was known from 8 localities (Fredskild 1996).

Common moonwort Botrychium lunaria is a rare species associated with dry herb slopes which was found in the Ilulialik valley and at the shore of Lake Taserssuaq

Figure 4.12 The small fern common moon-wort Botrychium lunaris is known only from a few places in the study area

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 32/90

Vernal water-starwort Callitriche palustris is rare in central West Greenland and was only found once during the field work.

Water mudwort Limosella aquatica was found for only the second time in the Godthåbsfjord area near the shore of the Ilulialik fjord. This inconspicuous species is very rare throughout its distribution area in Greenland.

Spring quillwort Isoëtes echinospora ssp. muricata was recorded from a small rock pool by a waterfall along the south-east shore of Lake Taserssuaq. It is a very rare plant in Greenland.

4.5.2 Rare plant communities

Most of the study area is characterized by relatively species-poor vegetation, domi- nated by common and widespread species. An exception is the marine clay areas as- sociated with the salt-marshes along the Ilulialik fjord (see Figure 4.13). In this habitat three out of the seven rare plant species (strict primrose, marsh felwort and water mudwort) recorded during the survey in 2011 were found. Efforts should be made to avoid or limit any disturbance of this habitat.

Figure 4.13 Several species of plants which are rare in Greenland are associated with the margins of salt marshes along the Ilulialik Fjord (marked in red)

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 33/90

5 MAMMALS

Three species of terrestrial mammals are resident in the study area: caribou, Arctic fox and Arctic hare. In addition, musk oxen are rare vagrants in the study area. Among marine mammals, three species of seal and two whale species regularly occur in the inner part of Godthåbsfjord.

5.1 Terrestrial mammals

Arctic fox and Arctic hare are widespread and common in Greenland. Caribou is lim- ited to West Greenland where it is common in many places. In addition to being a vital element of the natural environment it is also an important part of the local hunting tra- dition.

5.1.1 Caribou Rangifer tarandus

Introduction In Greenland, caribou has its main distribution along the west coast and in the south- west where several herds occur. A very isolated population is found in Inglefield Land in north-west Greenland, which is genetically different from other Greenland popula- tions (Landa et al. 2000). A unique subspecies of caribou that was widespread in north and north-east Greenland went extinct around 1900.

Caribou in West Greenland are usually divided into five populations (Cuyler & Linnell 2004) with little or no exchange. Caribou in the study area belong to the Akia- Maniitsoq or central population. This population occurs between the Sukkertoppen Ice Cap and Godthåbsfjord including the Ujarassuit Nunaat, Ivisartoq and Nunatarssuaq areas and is believed to be isolated from other caribou populations.

The caribou population in West Greenland has fluctuated considerably in numbers with several boom and crash cycles since the 1700’s (Meldgaard 1986).

Caribou have no natural predators in West Greenland but have been hunted for at least 3,500 years (Melgaard 1986). The hunting season is from 1 August to 15 No- vember and again from 1 January to 1 March but is liable to local changes. The hunt- ing has been regulated by quotas in years with low (or supposed low) caribou popula- tion but became open (unlimited) in 2003 due to high numbers.

Caribou in West Greenland normally occur between sea level and 800 m altitude, lo- cally up to 1,000 m (Cuyler & Linnell 2004). Caribou eat a wide range of plants. During winter, lichens are generally very important and highly digestible forage. In Greenland, lichens belonging to the genera Cladonia and Cetraria are favoured by caribou (Han- sen 2000a). However, where lichens are few or lacking, caribou will feed on dwarf- bushes and grass. It is often observed that the caribou shift from predominantly feed- ing on lichens in the first part of the winter, to include more dwarf-bushes later on (Lund et al. 2004). This is probably mainly due to overgrazing of the lichens (Lund et al. 2004).

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 34/90

The Akia-Maniitsoq Caribou population – range, number and trend

The Akai-Maniitsoq caribou population may have been steadily increasing in numbers from the 1950s, when it was scarce, to reach a population peak around 2000 (Cuyler et al. 2002, Cuyler et al. 2005). The growth of the population accelerated during the 1970s, and by 1990 caribou was common in most parts of its range (Cuyler et al. 2002). Since 2000 the population has declined slowly. In March 2005, the pre-calving population was estimated at c. 36,000 animals, which was c. 10,000 animals less than the 2001 (Cuyler et al. 2005). In March 2010 the pre-calving population was down at c. 24,000 caribou (Cuyler et al. 2011/2012). Since methods between the surveys did not differ, the results probably reflect the true decrease in animal numbers over the period.

Figure 5.1 Female caribou with calf on northwards migration through the Narsarsuaq Valley, late June 2009

Winter abundance and herd structure of Akia-Maniitsoq caribou, including the Isua ar- ea, was surveyed by helicopter in March 2001, 2005 and 2010. Within the range of the population, a low density area and a high density area have been identified. The high density area covers the southern part of the range, including the Isua area.

Overall, the density of caribou has been declining in the Isua area from 2001 to 2010; in March 2010 the caribou density was estimated to 1.6 caribou/sq. km (Cuyler et al. 2011/2012) compared to 3.0 caribou/sq. km in March 2005 (Cuyler et al. 2005) and 4.0 caribou/sq. km in 2001 (Cuyler et al. 2002).

In March 2010 particularly high densities were recorded in the coastal areas at Nar- sarsuaq Valley which underlined the importance of this area as wintering grounds. High densities were also recorded in some places further inland in 2001 but not in

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 35/90

2005. The mean group size increased in the same period from 3.2 animals in 2001 (Cuyler et al. 2002) to c. 5 caribou in 2010 (Cuyler et al. 2011/2012).

In 2010 the late winter calf percentage was 14%, and the annual recruitment 23 calves per 100 cows (Cuyler et al. 2011/2012) which was almost identical to the values re- corded in 2005 (Cuyler et al. 2005). This is low compared to herds elsewhere and strongly suggests an elevated natural mortality among calves, and a decreased fe- cundity of adult females (Cuyler et al. 2005). Caribou calf mortality increases with high population density and grazing pressure independent of climate and genetics, (Valkenburg et al. 2000). The findings therefore could indicate that the population has exceeded its theoretical carrying capacity and is an expression of greatly increased natural mortality due to overstocking (Cuyler et al. 2005).

Although our knowledge of the carrying capacity on West Greenland ranges is imper- fect, over-abundance of caribou within the range may be a current problem and if spe- cifically winter ranges are destroyed by overgrazing, then caribou stocks can be ex- pected to crash in the future (Cuyler et al. 2005).

Annual cycle of the Akia-Maniitsoq population Movements of eight female caribou belonging to the Akia-Maniitsoq population and equipped with satellite transmitters were followed from April 1997 to March 1999. The following description of the behaviour of these tagged animals is based mainly on Cuyler & Linnell (2004).

Of the eight caribou, three were stationary in a small area both years while the other five animals made annual movements between wintering grounds and calving areas. The spring migration started in mid-April. Excluding the three stationary animals, the average migration distance was 61 km (range 18 – 95 km). However, the animals showed large individual differences and a well-defined migration pattern that com- prised the whole population was not observed. The animals that made annual migra- tions shifted between well-defined areas during the year. The movements and the tim- ing for shifts between areas were very different between the individual animals. For in- stance, some animals remained in the calving areas after the calf was born, while oth- er moved to post-calving grounds. Similarly, some animals remained almost stationary during winter while others moved between several areas. In spite of the apparent large individual difference in behaviour, individual animals appeared to follow the same mi- gration pattern both years.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 36/90

Figure 5.2 Male caribou move around alone or in small groups most of the year

The annual home range of the eight tagged animals showed large variation but the in- dividual animals showed a rather consistent pattern between years.

The results of the satellite study suggest that the caribou belonging to the Akia- Maniitsoq population has no clear herd identity or coordinated migration pattern. Alt- hough the annual home-range of some of the tagged animals overlapped, each of the studied animals seemed to move around on its own without seasonal congregations of animals (as is seen among for instance most North American barred-ground caribou). The lacking herd identity is further illustrated by the spring movements with took place over a long period and with very different durations.

Table 5.1 The annual cycle of the Akia-Maniitsoq population. Period Level of daily movements

Spring migration Mid-April – early May High

Calving season End May – mid June Low

Post-calving season Mid June – mid July Medium

Summer Mid July – end September Low

Rut October Medium

Winter Start November – end March Low

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 37/90

Among the satellite tagged animals, 3 out of 8 spend the winter near the north coast of Godthåbsfjord, between Sardloq and the Narsarsuaq Valley. The animals stayed in the lowlands under 300 m above sea level. The direction of spring migrations was north and east (in land). The calving areas were scattered in areas over 300 m.a.s.l.

The rate of movements during the year showed considerable variation. During winter, most of the animals moved little. This was followed by considerable movements in April, followed by declining movement in May and during calving in June. After calving, the movement increased in July, but was low again in August and September. A high rate of movement was again observed in October in connection with the rut. The tagged animals showed no significant difference in the rate of movement before, dur- ing and after the hunting season.

The most significant changes in behaviour, location and activity over the year of the Akia-Maniitsoq population are summarized in Table 5.1.

Calving areas

Caribou are sensitive to human activities (i.e. Nellemann & Cameron 1996, 1998). In areas with generally low human disturbance, such as in most of West Greenland, the activities in connection with hunting are the most disturbing factors to the population (Skogland & Grønvan 1988).

Caribou are usually most sensitive to human activities during the calving period. In or- der to locate the calving grounds and to determine if specific high density calving are- as exist, a number of surveys have been carried out in recent years.

A transect survey by plane was carried out in May 1995 in order to map the calving grounds of caribou in West Greenland (Aastrup & Nymand 2004). This survey also covered the study area. Caribou with calves were recorded in several parts of the study area, in particular in the northern and western parts. However, it is generally be- lieved that this study only located a part of the calving grounds in the area and that several areas went undetected (Johansen et al. 2008).

A helicopter survey in June 2009, which covered the entire study area just after the calving period, found that calving that year had taken place throughout the surveyed area with indications of a slightly higher density of cows with calves in areas with high ground close to the ice cap (Nymand et al. 2010). The cows also seem to prefer to give birth on mountain slopes rather than in valleys (J. Nymand pers. com. 2011). No or very little calving seemed to have taken place close to the fjord. The data from the June 2009 survey also indicate that an area north west of the mine site had higher concentrations of calves than other parts of the range. This area has previously been designated as “Important area for wildlife” by DCE because of many calving caribou (see Annex 2)

Observations of caribou in June-July 2008 The field survey by Orbicon staff in 2008 took place from the 26 June to the 5 July, which was during the post-calving season (see Table 5.1). Caribou was observed in most parts of the study area, but in highly differing densities.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 38/90

In the Taserârssuk area no caribou were observed during 26-27 June while large groups of animals were seen in the Narsarsuaq Valley on the 28-30 June (see Figure 5.3). This included many small groups of animals, including females with calves. In addition, two large groups were observed. The largest consisted of 580 caribou, in- cluding 220 calves. The other comprised some 60 animals of which 19 were calves. All these caribou were moving in a north – north-easterly direction.

In particular the two large groups were moving in a fast and seemingly coordinated way. In the lowland area to the west of the Ilulialik Fjord, more large groups of caribou were observed on the 30 June and 1 July (see Figure 5.3). This included a group of c. 450 caribou, including at least 180 calves, and another of 106 caribou including 40 calves. All animals were moving to the north in a fast and coordinated way.

Figure 5.3 Distribution and numbers of caribou recorded during the field work in June-July 2008 (see text for details). The yellow markings show the areas covered by the survey

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 39/90

Further inland caribou were found to be widespread, but less numerous than close to the fjord, and only single animals and small groups were recorded. This included males but also single females and small groups of females with calves. A female with calf was observed just a few hundred meters from the inland ice cap near Isua at 950 m on the 4 July.

The relatively large numbers of caribou with calves moving north through the Narsar- suaq Valley and at Ilulialik in late June early July suggests that the animals were mak- ing coordinated movements away from calving grounds further south near the coast of Godthåbsfjord. These areas have not previously been noted as particularly important calving grounds, but are known to be important wintering grounds. The size of the groups were also unexpected, as caribou belonging to the Akia-Maniitsoq population are usually observed in small groups of 3 – 10 animals (Thing & Falk 1990, Yderman & Petersen 1999) or in groups averaging 4.3 in winter (Cuyler et al. 2005). It is un- known if the observed congregations were exceptional, or if they reflect an annual oc- currence which is rarely observed.

Figure 5.4 A young caribou close to the Isua iron ore body showing little fear of the observer

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 40/90

From the area where the congregations were observed and the directions in which the animals moved, it seems likely that the female caribou and their calves were moving towards inland summer grounds at higher altitude. A caribou tagged with a satellite transmitter was member of the largest congregations and the movements of this ani- mal may therefore give an indication of the migration route taken by this congregation (assuming that the tagged animal stayed with the 580 other caribou).

Observations of caribou in June-July 2009 Observations of Orbicon staff of caribou were also carried out during June-July 2009, but on an ad hoc basis only. The field work was carried out in the same period as in 2008 and in general the same pattern was recorded although the number of observed animals was lower.

No caribou were seen in the coastal area of Qugssuk and Taserârssuk on the 25-27 June. Further inland in the Narsarsuaq Valley, several small groups, mainly females with calves were observed moving slowly northward. The largest group consisted of about 100 females with calves seen on the 28 June. Overall, the number of caribou in the Narsarsuaq Valley was much lower in late June 2009 that in the previous year. An explanation could be that the animals had moved inland earlier in 2009 than in 2008.

Near Lake Taserssuaq and inland, northwards to Isua, several small groups of ani- mals - including many females with calves - as well as single animals were commonly observed.

Recent caribou studies by Greenland Institute of Natural Resources In order to learn more about the movements of caribou belonging to the Akia- Maniitsoq population, 40 animals were marked with satellite transmitters in April-May 2008 by the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. Although data from this satellite tracking study is only partly analysed, the overall pattern of movement seems to be the same as in the 1997-1999 study; with large individual variation in the behaviour of tracked animals (J. Nymand pers. com. 2011).

Summary of the occurrence of caribou in the study area Caribou in the study area belong to the Akia-Maniitsoq population which is isolated from other caribou populations in Greenland. The Akia-Maniitsoq caribou population has been large during the last 10-15 years, but is now declining, probably due to over- grazing of wintering areas.

Greenland caribou has no clear herd identity or co-ordinated migration pattern. In- stead, animals appear to have individual strategies they follow over several years. The animals typically move around alone or in small groups of 3-10 animals. Some caribou are almost stationary throughout the year, but most make short distance movements between wintering grounds near the fjord or open sea and calving areas on mountain slopes further inland.

Caribou is common throughout the study area. Most spend the winter near the coast and the rest of the year further inland. No specific calving areas are known within the project area but there are indications that an area in the north-west corner of the study area has higher than average density of calving caribou in some years. Some animals remain in calving areas throughout summer while others move to post-calving grounds

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further inland. Many caribou usually occur in Narsarsuaq Valley and at Ilulialik during summer (and rut) and in some years also in winter.

5.1.2 Musk oxen Ovibos moschatus

Musk oxen occur naturally in North and East Greenland but were introduced to the Kangerlussuaq/Søndre Strømfjord area in the 1960s. This population has subsequent- ly grown and in recent years musk oxen have occasionally been observed far south of Kangerlussuaq including in the study area. A large male was for instance observed by caribou hunters near the Kangilinguata glacier, close to Aninganeq, in September 2009. Although the number of musk ox observations in the study area seems to be in- creasing, it is believed to be wanderers and so far there are no indications of a stable population.

5.1.3 Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus

Arctic fox is widespread and generally common throughout Greenland. The size of the population is unknown but large (Boertmann 2007). It is generally protected during the summer months. However, in some parts of Greenland hunting can be permitted all year.

Arctic fox occurs in two colour morphs in Greenland: the white fox which is mainly con- fined to north-east Greenland where it feeds on lemmings; and the blue fox, which is associated with the coastal zone in the rest of Greenland (Bugge & Christensen 2003). The blue fox feeds mainly on fish, mussels and birds.

During the fieldwork, foxes have been observed several places and it is assumed that it is relatively common throughout the study area.

5.1.4 Arctic hare Lepus arcticus

Arctic hare is distributed throughout most of Greenland, only missing in the south-east. Numbers fluctuate between years, mainly due to varying winter conditions. It is most common in the north-east of Greenland. In western Greenland it is mostly confined to mountainous areas and is usually very shy, probably due to intensive hunting here. Arctic hare is generally protected in May – July but hunting all year can locally be permitted.

During the field study only a few hares were observed but it is believed that the spe- cies occur throughout the study area in small numbers.

5.2 Marine mammals

Several marine mammals are common in Godthåbsfjord during the summer months. In addition, harp seals are common until January and some young harp seals and oc- casionally also a few humpback whales may stay in the fjord throughout the winter. The ringed seal, which has its main occurrence in ice covered areas, will also stay in the inner parts of the fjord year round.

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5.2.1 Hooded seal Crystophora cristata

This large seal is only present in South West Greenland for parts of the year. In June- July, hooded seals gather in large numbers to moult off the southeast coast of Green- land (Rosing-Asvid 2010). Following the moulting, many of the adult seals migrate to feeding areas off the west coast of Greenland and a few of these seals also enter the fjords (Rosing-Asvid 2010), including Godthåbsfjord. In late winter the hooded seals belonging to this population leave Greenland waters and swim to breeding grounds off Newfoundland. The Hooded Seals that come to West Greenland are part of the West Atlantic population, which numbers about 500,000 animals (A. Rosing-Asvid in litt.).

When the hooded seals are in Godthåbsfjord, they are believed to feed mainly on large fish such as cod, Greenland halibut and in particular redfish caught at large depths (down to 800 m or even deeper) (Rosing-Asvid 2010).

In the inner sections of the Godthåbsfjord system, the number of hooded seals that occur along the shores of the study area is believed to be small, but definite infor- mation is lacking.

5.2.2 Harp seal Phoca groenlandica

This is a common non-breeding visitor to Godthåbsfjord during the summer months. Harp seals breed and moult off Newfoundland and subsequently large numbers of an- imals from this population move north to Greenland waters, where they arrive in May. In late autumn – early winter the harp seals leave Greenland waters again and return to the breeding grounds (Rosing-Asvid 2010).

The population of harp seal is very large (about 6 million animals) and stable (A. Ros- ing-Asvid in litt.).

During summer, the harp seal is the most numerous seal in Godthåbsfjord, and they penetrate deep into the fjord. The harp seals typically form summer feeding groups of 5 – 20 animals that mostly prey on capelin in the upper layer (down to 100 m) (Rosing- Asvid 2010).

Groups of harp seal have been observed in July at Qugssuk during the field studies in 2008-2011 and this seal is probably a regular and relatively common summer visitor along the shores of the study area.

5.2.3 Ringed seal Phoca hispida

This small seal species has a circumpolar distribution and occurs in all waters sur- rounding Greenland but it is most plentiful along the north and east coasts. The pre- ferred breeding habitats are associated with land-fast ice or drifting pack ice covered by a deep snow. Here the females construct lairs and give birth to a single pup in March-April.

The population size is unknown but considered very large and with no clear signs of decline (Boertmann 2007). It is subject to large scale unregulated hunting and is regu- larly on sale at the local market “brættet” in Nuuk.

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This is the only species of seal known to occur in Godthåbsfjord throughout the year. Several ringed seals were observed during the field study between 2008 and 2011 and it is by far the most common and widespread marine mammal in the study area.

Some ringed seals probably leave Godthåbsfjord in spring and follow the retreating sea ice northwards. Little is known about the specific diet of ringed seals in Godthåbsfjord. However, ringed seals appear to be generalist feeders, with a diet dominated by fish and medium-sized crustaceans (Rosing-Asvid 2010).

5.2.4 Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae

The humpback whale is probably the only species of whale that regularly enters Godthåbsfjord in any numbers. It is a common summer visitor along the West Green- land coast; where it feeds on krill and small fish e.g. capelin and sand eels (Larsen & Hammond 2000). Humpbacks feed only in summer and migrate to tropical or sub- tropical waters in the winter to breed and give birth.

Humpback whales have been protected since 1955 with prohibition of commercial (non-subsistence) hunting in the North Atlantic Ocean. The species have subsequent- ly not been hunted except for a small subsistence harvest in Greenland of up to 10 per year until 1980.

In West Greenland, humpbacks occur from the southern tip of Greenland to Avanersuaq in the north but are abundant only between c. 62º N and c. 66º N (Larsen & Hammond 2000).

Figure 5.5 Humpback whales occur regularly in the inner parts of Godthåbsfjord during summer months

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Humpback whales are usually observed in West Greenland waters from June to No- vember and most frequently in July and August (Kapel 1979). However, some animals have been observed year round including in the Godthåbsfjord system.

Most humpbacks spend the summer offshore near the continental slope in areas with depths around 200 m, but some whales also regularly move into the central West Greenland fjord systems (Dietz et al. 2002).

In Godthåbsfjord, humpback whales are typically present from late spring to late au- tumn (Heide-Jørgensen and Laidre 2007). The humpback whales in Godthåbsfjord appear to be an “open population” meaning that the whales move in and out of the fjord during the season (Boye et al. 2008).

The number of humpback whales in the Godthåbsfjord system varies significantly from year to year. Most seem to occur near the mouth of the fjord, but in July 2008 an Orbi- con field team observed a humpback whale at Qugssuk for several days.

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6 BIRDS

This chapter provides information on the status of the 28 species of birds that are known or believed to breed in the study area or occur regularly here, on migration.

6.1 Divers

6.1.1 Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata

This is the most widespread and numerous diver in Greenland with a breeding range that covers the entire country. The population has been estimated to 5,000 – 30,000 pairs. Red-throated Diver is protected in Greenland.

It mostly breeds on lakes close to the sea. The diet consists almost entirely of fish. Sometimes Red-throated Divers breed at lakes without fish and therefore have to fish elsewhere.

It arrives in the breeding areas of South West Greenland during May. In autumn, the Red-throated Divers move from the lakes to nearby fjords in August before migrating to the coasts of Western Europe in September-November (Salomonsen 1967).

During the field study several breeding pairs were observed at lakes in the lowlands close to Godthåbsfjord (Figure 6.1).

Red-throated Diver is believed to be a common breeder at lakes close to the fjord throughout the study area. It is less common away from the fjord, where it seems to occur at lakes up to 400-600m altitude.

6.1.2 Great Northern Diver Gavia immer

The Great Northern Diver is a widespread but rather uncommon species in Greenland. Its breeding range covers most of West Greenland, north to Upernavik and on the east coast north to Danmark Fjord (Boertmann 2007). The size of the Greenland population is unknown but estimated to c. 685 pairs (Boertmann 2007).

Great Northern Diver is listed as “Near threatened” on the regional Greenland Red List because of a small (and vulnerable) breeding population (Boertmann 2007). It has an open season from1. September to 15 October.

Great Northern Diver usually breeds on small islands in large, deep, undisturbed lakes. The diet consists of fish, in particular Arctic char. When the nest is situated near the coast, the Great Northern Divers often fish in the sea.

Arrival to the breeding grounds occurs in May-June and departure is in October. Some birds winter along the south-west coast but most are believed to leave Greenland and winter along the east coast of Canada and the US.

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Figure 6.1 Location of breeding pairs of divers recorded during the field survey in June-July 2008. The yellow markings show the areas covered by the survey

During the field work in 2008 two pairs of Great Northern Diver were observed at lakes near Taserârssuk in June (Figure 23). In both cases the divers where observed at lakes which also had pairs of breeding (incubating) Red-throated Diver. In 2009, pairs of Great Northern Diver were observed at the same two lakes. In addition, on the 7 Ju- ly a single Great Northern Diver was observed feeding on a large inland lake, halfway between Aninganeq/Container Camp and Isua.

The Great Northern Diver probably breeds in low numbers at large lakes close to the fjord throughout the study area.

6.2 Cormorants

6.2.1 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo

Several small Cormorant colonies occur on the Greenland west coast between the Godthåbsfjord and Upernavik municipalities. The breeding population is estimated to

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5,000 pairs and is increasing (Boertmann 2007). The Cormorant has an open season from 1. September to 31. March.

In Greenland the Great Cormorants breed on steep cliffs and on low islands along the outer coast and in fjords. The food consists almost entirely of fish.

Cormorants arrive to breeding sites in early April and leave in August, to winter along the south-west coast of Greenland (Salomonsen 1967).

In the study area, small numbers of Cormorants have been breeding on the south side of Innajuatog Mountain for many years. In 1998, 30 Great Cormorants were observed (Grønlands havfuglekolonier database 2008).

During field work by Orbicon in 2009 specific observations of breeding seabirds on the Innajaatog Mountain were carried out in late June. Up to 20 adult Cormorants were observed at the colony and 7 active nests were spotted. In 2010 29 birds and 8 nests were observed (Juul-Pedersen et al. 2011).

The colony at Innajuattoq is most likely the only breeding site of the Great Cormorant in the study area.

6.3 Geese

6.3.1 Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris

Greenland White-fronted Goose is a subspecies of the White-fronted Goose which on- ly breeds in West Greenland. The population is small and declining and with very low recruitment of young. The Greenland White-fronted Goose is listed as “Endangered” in the regional Greenland Red List (Boertmann 2007).

The breeding area is limited to Southwest Greenland between the Sukkertoppen Ice Cap and the southern part of Upernavik Municipality at c. 72.30 dg N – that is outside the study area.

During the 1980s and 1990s the breeding population increased to reach about 35.000 birds in 1999 (Fox & Francis 2006). However, since then the population has declined and was estimated to 25.000 individuals in spring 2006 (Fox & Francis 2007) and only 23,200 in spring 2008 (Fox and Francis 2008), which is the most recent estimate available. Most of these birds are not breeding. Only 8% to 16% of the population breed annually (Glahder 1999), which correspond to between 1.850 and 3,700 birds.

Greenland White-fronted Geese winter in Scotland and Ireland and migrate via Iceland to South West Greenland across the Greenland ice cap. The geese spend a couple of weeks on Iceland during the spring and autumn migrations to restore fat deposits be- fore the onwards migration.

Arrival to Greenland From Iceland the geese migrate across the Denmark Strait and the Greenland inland ice cap to arrive in South West Greenland in the first week of May (Glahder et al. 1999). Most geese probably arrive in South West Greenland close to the breeding ar-

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eas but a considerably number cross the ice cap further south and subsequently mi- grate north along the coast.

Figure 6.2 Spring staging Greenland White-fronted Geese at Kangerlussuaq, May 2009

Upon arrival in South West Greenland, the geese first gather at specific spring staging areas before moving on to the breeding grounds (Glahder 1999). Most spring staging sites are close to the breeding areas, but some staging sites are situated several hun- dred kilometres south of the breeding range.

Spring staging Spring staging areas in Greenland are utilized during a three weeks period with aver- age stays of about 9 days for individual birds (Glahder et al. 1999, 2002). The spring staging is very important for the geese to build up their reserves in order to obtain op- timal reproduction output after migrating over the ocean between Iceland and Green- land and across the Greenland ice cap (Glahder 1999). Following the one-two weeks of fattening in the spring staging areas, the geese continue to the breeding areas.

Most known spring staging areas are located close to Kangerlussuaq, just south of the main breeding area. In this area the snow cover is usually thin and the geese can therefore normally easily access lake-related plants when they arrive in early May, even if the lakes are still frozen (Figure 6.2).

Before 2008, only three spring staging areas were known from the Godthåbsfjord area (Glahder 1999, Glahder et al. 2002) – see Figure 6.3. In connection with a helicopter survey in May 1995 small flocks of geese numbering 9 to 16 birds were observed at

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these sites (Glahder 1999). The sites were situated at low altitude close to the shore of the fjord.

Figure 6.3 Numbers of Greenland White-fronted Goose observed at spring staging areas in the southern part of its range. Site 39, 42 and 43 are inside the study area (from Johansen et al. 2008)

Spring staging at Isua - observations in 2008 During the field work of June-July 2008, clear signs were observed of several previ- ously unknown spring staging areas in the study area. The sites were identified by large numbers of geese droppings and feathers. A dead Greenland white-fronted Goose found at a site with large numbers of droppings further points to this species. Droppings and feathers were found along the shores of lakes of very different sizes and at altitudes between 600 and 850 m, including lakes just a few kilometers from the ice cap at Isua and Ivisaartoq (Figure 26). The concentration of droppings did not sug- gest very high goose density at any particular site, but rather that geese were present in pairs of small groups along the shores of a large number of lakes. No signs of Greenland white-fronted Geese or geese droppings were found at lower altitudes (be- low 600m) including at “Site 43” (Figure 25) which was visited in June/July 2008.

The geese droppings and feathers were typically found within 10-20 meters of lake shores. In early July, these areas were characterized by a relatively lush vegetation of grasses, Carex spp. cotton-grass and a few other plants (see Figure 27). These areas most likely have early snow melting and therefore provide a feeding opportunity for geese arriving to West Greenland in early May. The staging areas situated only a few kilometers from the ice cap suggest that some of the geese landed immediately upon their arrival to West Greenland and started to explore the available food resources, even at relatively high altitudes.

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Figure 6.4 Sites with droppings and feathers of Greenland White-fronted Goose (red dots) recorded dur- ing field work in 2008. The blue square marks the site where a pair of Canada Geese with 3 young was observed. A pair with two young was observed on the same lake in July 2009. The yellow markings show the areas covered by the survey

The number of geese that have utilized the staging areas and the duration of their stay are not known. However, due to the high number of sites with clear signs of spring staging, observed geese and the small overall breeding population (c. 3,000 birds), the Isua area appears to be important for a significant part of the breeding population.

Following the one-two weeks of fattening in the spring staging areas, the geese con- tinue northwards to the breeding areas and no White-fronted Geese were observed in the study area in June-July.

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Figure 6.5 Goose droppings were typically found in grassy vegetation within 10-20 m of the shore of several upland lakes, including this one, suggesting that the sites were used for pre-breeding staging in early May (picture taken on 2. July 2008)

Aerial survey in May 2009 In order to determine the importance of spring staging near Isua – namely the number of geese involved and the extent of the area –an aerial survey was carried out on the 8 May 2009 (Jensen 2009a). However, spring was unusually late in South West Greenland in 2009 and deep snow and sub-zero temperatures still prevailed in the Godthåbsfjord - Isua area in mid-May. This meant that all potential staging areas in the inland were covered by deep snow and were unavailable to the geese and no spring staging was observed.

Two flocks of Greenland White-fronted Geese (8 and 15 birds) were observed on the coast of Godthåbsfjord but this was probably migrants resting briefly before continuing to staging areas further north.

It was concluded that the snow conditions around Godthåbsfjord and in the Isua high- land with deep snow regularly occurring in early May excludes this area from being an essential spring staging area for the breeding population of Greenland White-fronted Geese (Jensen 2009a). Rather, the area is utilized opportunistically with flocks of geese stopping over to spring stage only in years with little snow cover and early melt- ing.

6.3.2 Canada Goose Branta canadensis

The Canada Goose is a recent immigrant to West Greenland. A few scattered breed- ing records were made during the 1970s and 1980s but it was only in the 1990s it started to breed regularly. During the recent two decades it has expanded considera- ble both in numbers and breeding range (Boertmann 1994, Fox et al. 1996). The

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population in Greenland was estimated as 2,500 to 10,000 pairs in 2004 (Boertmann 2007). Canada Goose has an open season in Greenland between 15 August and 15 October..

Currently, the breeding range of the Canada Goose is roughly between Godthåbsfjord at 65° N and Upernavik Municipality at 72° 30` N but the exact limits are not known. The breeding range of Canada Goose in Greenland is now more or less the same as the Greenland White-fronted Goose and there are indications of competitive interac- tions between the species, which seem to displace the White-fronted Geese (Kristen- sen & Jarrett 2002).

The Canada Goose is migratory and winters in North America. It arrives to Greenland in May and does not seem to have pre-breeding spring staging areas.

The breeding habitat of the Canada Goose in Greenland is wide river valleys with lush wetland vegetation (Madsen 2004). In addition to the breeding birds large numbers on non-breeding birds (mainly immature birds) spend the summer in the same habitats, where they perform flight feather moulting. Because the flight feathers are shed simul- taneously the geese lose the ability to fly for about three weeks, while the new flight feathers are growing. These non-breeding birds usually occur in large flocks, while the breeding pairs with chicks occur more dispersed. In addition to the Greenland popula- tion it is believed that some non-breeding Canada Geese migrate from Canada to West Greenland to moult. Most non-breeding Canada Geese probably moult north of the Kangerlusuak fjord, but some may also moult further south (Johansen et al. 2008). Breeding pairs also lose the ability to fly when moulting flight feathers, and this hap- pens when the chicks are small.

During the field study in 2008, a pair of Canada Geese with three small chicks was observed on a lake at Ivisartoq on 7 July (see Figure 22). In July 2009 a pair with two young was observed on the same lake. This appears to represent one of the most southern breeding records of this species in Greenland.

A flock of 12 Canada Geese was observed flying over Qugssuk on 28 June 2008, and could either be local non-breeding birds or non-breeding birds on their way from Can- ada to moulting areas somewhere in West Greenland.

The Canada Goose is probably a rare breeder in the study area, it is mainly found on plateaus with lakes at 400 – 600 m. No moulting areas seem to occur in the study ar- ea.

6.3.3 Brent Goose Branta bernicla

The East Canadian High Arctic population of Light-bellied Brent Goose Branta bernicla hrota breeds mainly in Canada with the great majority wintering in West Europe (Rob- inson & Colhoun 2006). However, since 2006 small numbers have also been recorded breeding in north-west Greenland (Boertmann 2007). This population of Brent Geese migrates through Greenland in spring and autumn, with most flocks passing over west Greenland, north of the study area (Boertmann 2007).

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During spring migration, the geese rarely stop-over in West Greenland, but during au- tumn migration flocks are often recorded feeding and resting on intertidal mud- and sand flats and marshes (Boertmann 2007). This includes the study area, where flocks have been recorded regularly in September at Ilulialik (Casper Christoffersen pers. com).

In connection with field work in the study area in September 2009, a flock of 280 light- bellied Brent Geese were observed staging on the intertidal mud flats of the Ilulialik Bay. This observation together with other observations from the same locality sug- gests that Ilulialik Bay is probably a regular staging area for the East Canadian High Arctic population of Light-bellied Brent Goose during autumn migration.

6.4 Ducks

6.4.1 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

Mallard is the only dabbling duck that regularly breeds in West Greenland. It is a wide- spread and relatively common breeding bird at lakes and shallow coasts. Most Mal- lards are believed to stay in Greenland during winter, where they are found along pro- tected coasts. Mallard has an open season between 1. September and end of Febru- ary.

During the field work in 2008 and 2009 single birds and small flocks were regularly observed at lakes and ponds throughout most of the surveyed areas and it appeared to be absent only at high altitudes, close to the inland ice cap.

Small numbers probably breed throughout the study area at low to mid-altitude.

6.4.2 Common Eider Somateria mollissima

Common Eider has a widespread but fragmented breeding population in Greenland, typically breeding on small islets and skerries along the coast. The West Greenland population was estimated to 12,000 – 15,000 pairs in 2002 (Boertmann 2007). The Common Eider has declined dramatically during the last 50-100 years due to intensive unsustainable hunting, and the West Greenland population is now listed “Vulnerable” in the regional Greenland Red List (Boertmann 2007). This Common Eider has an open season Between 15 October and 15 March.

The Nuuk area is a key wintering area for Common Eider in South West Greenland, with an estimated 25,000 birds located at the outer coastal area and 32,000 in the ad- joining fjord system (Merkel et al. 2002). A study, covering late winter and spring, showed that some Eider also winter in the inner fjord, including at Qugssuk (Merkel et al. 2006). Eider wintering in the inner fjord feed only at night, which presumably is an anti-predator strategy resulting from White-tailed Eagle activity (Merkel & Mosbeck 2008). Eiders wintering in Godthåbsfjord system feed mainly on the clam Mya eideri and the polychaete Pectinaria spp. (Merkel et al. 2007).

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No indication of breeding Common Eider was observed during the field work in 2008 or 2009. A flock of c. 250 Common Eider on Qugssuk Fjord on the 27 June 2008 was probably young non-breeding birds.

6.4.3 Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus

This is a relatively rare breeder in West Greenland north to Upernavik. A breeding population is also found in East Greenland. The size of the Greenland breeding popu- lation is unknown but could consist of only 2,000 pairs (Bortmann 2007). Due to this small breeding population the Harlequin Duck is adopted on the regional Greenland Red List as “Near Threatened” (Boertmann 2007). The Harlequin Duck is protected in Greenland.

During the breeding season, Harlequin Ducks feed on clear, clean streams of low acidity. Here the ducks take macro-invertebrates, in particular midge (Simuliidae) lar- vae. The nest is typically situated on mid-stream islands. From Canada and the US, Harlequin Ducks are known to exhibit high breeding fidelity, low reproduction rates, and delayed reproduction with males and females typically not breeding until they are at least three years old (Wiggins 2005). All these traits contribute to making Harlequin Duck populations sensitive to - and slow to recover from - habitat degradation or loss.

Harlequin Ducks breeding in Greenland are short distance migrants that spend the winter near rocky shores along the southern coasts. They usually arrive to the breed- ing areas quite late in May-June. The males leave the breeding area when the fe- males start to incubate in July and move to the outer coasts to moult. The females leave the breeding area with the ducklings in July-August (Salomonsen 1967). Later (presumably in September-October) they also move to the outer coasts.

During the fieldwork in 2008 two male Harlequin Ducks was observed on the 3 and 4 July at a small turbulent stream at c. 650 m (Figure 6.6). Although no females were seen, it is likely that they had just started incubating nearby and that the males thus represented two breeding pairs, which were about to leave the breeding area.

In June-July 2009 a large number of potential breeding areas were surveyed as part of the baseline sampling field work (see Jensen 2009b for a full description of the sur- vey). Hiking surveys were carried out along rivers and streams that could be reached from the tented camps which were used during the ecological baseline field-work. In addition, helicopter surveys covered sections of streams between campsites, when camps were moved, and a selection of other promising rivers too far from the camps to be reached on foot.

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Figure 6.6 The river/stream sections surveyed in 2009. The location of Harlequin duck observed in 2008 and 2009 are also shown. Rivers marked with red drain glacier lakes with high content of silt which makes them unsuitable as Harlequin duck breeding habitats

The surveyed river/stream sections are shown in Figure 6.6. Harlequin ducks were recorded on two occasions only:

 Three females were observed in a bay at Taserârssuk on the 27 June. This small group was probably aggregated at a particularly rich feeding site before dispersing to upstream breeding areas.

 A single female was observed on the Ujarassuit River on the 8 July. The be- haviour of the bird strongly suggested that it had briefly left a nearby nest to

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feed. In June 2007 two Harlequin Duck were recorded on the same river (Jo- hansen et al. 2008).

From the available information it is concluded that Harlequin Ducks occur in low densi- ties along a few scattered breeding streams in the study area. Harlequin Ducks have been recorded more than once only on the Ujarassuit River, indicating that this river has a stable breeding population. However, small, more or less stable, breeding popu- lations may have been overlooked on other rivers within the study area.

6.4.4 Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis

Long-tailed Duck breeds commonly at lakes, shallow coasts and on small islands throughout Greenland. The size of the breeding population is unknown but roughly es- timated to 10,000 to 30,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Long-tailed Duck has an open season between 1 September and end of February but the number of birds shoot is believed to be small (Boertmann 2007).

Long-tailed Ducks arrive at the breeding grounds in April. They leave again in Sep- tember to November where large numbers migrate south along the Greenland west coast to the large banks off the south-west coast. Some continue to the shallow wa- ters of West Europe.

During the field survey in June-July 2008 and 2009 Long-tailed Duck was found to be a common and widespread breeding bird at lakes in most parts of the study area oc- curring from sea-level to c. 850 m at Isua. Most of the birds observed inland were probably breeding birds, while flocks of 40-60 birds observed at Qugssuk Fjord proba- bly were non-breeders.

Long-tailed Duck is a common breeder at lakes throughout the study area.

6.4.5 Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator

Mergansers are quite common in West Greenland where they breed at the fjords but also at inland lakes. The size of the breeding population is unknown.

The Mergansers arrive to the breeding areas in May or early June. The winter is spent along the coast of South West Greenland. They feed primarily on fish.

During the field survey in 2008 a pair of Red-breasted Merganser was observed on a lake near the Qugssuk Fjord on the 26 June.

Red-breasted Merganser probably breeds in low numbers along the fjord and at lakes close to the fjord throughout the study area.

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6.5 Birds of Prey

6.5.1 White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla groenlandica

White-tailed Eagle is confined to the southern part of Greenland’s west coast north to the Disko Bay and belongs to an endemic subspecies. Its main stronghold is in the south-west of this area. White-tailed Eagle is protected in Greenland.

During the 20th century many White-tailed Eagles were shot by sheep farmers and the population declined to app. 50 pairs. In recent decades it has partly recovered as the hunting pressure has eased, and the population is now estimated to 150-200 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Due to the small population size the Greenland White-tailed Eagle is listed as “vulnerable” on the regional Greenland Red List (Boertmann 2007).

Greenland White-tailed Eagles are mainly found in coastal areas where they feed on fish. The nest is typically placed on ledges on steep cliffs. The adults normally remain within breeding areas throughout the year, while the young birds move to the outer coastal areas during winter. Breeding White-tailed Eagles are present at the nest from around 1. March to early September. Egg-laying typically takes place at around 1. April. The eagles are known to be very sensitive to disturbance during breeding.

Figure 6.7 Adult White-tailed Eagle

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 58/90

Between 3 and 5 eagle territories are situated along the coast of the study area (Jo- hansen et al. 2008).

During the field survey between 2008 and 2011 White-tailed Eagles (adults and sub- adults) were regularly observed near the coast of Godthåbsfjord and a few times also 10-20 km inland.

6.5.2 Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus

This large falcon occurs throughout Greenland, but is not common. In areas where it occurs alongside the Peregrine Falcon, it is mostly confined to coastal areas. The population in South Greenland is mainly sedentary.

Figure 6.8 Breeding sites of Peregrine Falcons and Gyrfalcons recorded during the field survey in 2008

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 59/90

The size of the Greenland breeding population is estimated to c. 500 pairs. Due to the small population Gyrfalcon is listed as “Near Threatened” in the regional Greenland Red List (Boertmann 2007). Most Gyrfalcons in southern Greenland are sedentary but some falcons breeding in the north move to South Greenland to overwinter. Gyrfalcon nests on ledges on steep cliff sides. It primarily feeds on large birds such as gulls.

During the field work in 2008 a nest with three young was observed in the study area on a cliff ledge (Figure 30). The site was visited again in 2009, but that year there were no sign of breeding. In 2011 the nest was occupied again.

Gyrfalcon is believed to be a rare breeder in the study area.

6.5.3 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus

Peregrine Falcon is a relatively common and widespread bird of prey in most of Greenland and occurs along the entire west coast and at the east coast north to Tasi- laq/Ammassalik. The size of the breeding population is unknown, but estimated to 1,000 – 10,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007).

The species is common in South West Greenland where it typically nests on ledges on steep inland cliffs. Peregrines are migrants that arrive in May and depart in August- November. They mainly feed on birds such as Ptarmigan and gulls, but also take Snow Buntings and other passerines (Salomonsen 1967).

Several breeding pairs of Peregrines were observed during the 2008 field season (Figure 30). Breeding pairs were also observed in 2009. This included several new sites compared to 2008. Overall, the Peregrine is believed to be a relatively common breeder throughout the study area.

6.6 Gallinaceous birds

6.6.1 Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus

Ptarmigan is the only gallinaceous bird species in Greenland. It is widespread and common throughout the country, but subject to marked annual fluctuations in num- bers. Ptarmigan has an open season from 1 September to 30 April..

In summer it occurs in most habitats from sea-level to hills and low mountains. In win- ter it usually descends to lower altitudes. The food is entirely plant material.

During the field survey in 2008 and 2009 Ptarmigans were observed at several occa- sions and it is believed to be a widespread and common species throughout the study area.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 60/90

Figure 6.9 Female Ptarmigan in summer plumage

6.7 Waders

6.7.1 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula

This wader breeds almost all over Greenland but is most common in the High Arctic. The Greenland breeding population is estimated to 30,000 – 60,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Ringed Plover is protected in Greenland.

Ringed Plover typically breeds on sand beaches and gravel fields along the coast but can also do so inland. It arrives to Greenland in May, and the last birds leave in early October.

This species was not observed during the field work in 2008 to 2011. However, it is very likely that small numbers breed along the coast, in particular at river deltas with areas covered by sand and gravel.

6.7.2 Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima

Purple Sandpiper is a relatively common and widespread wader in Low Arctic Green- land. The population is estimated to 10,000 – 20,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is pro- tected in Greenland.

It typically breeds in shrub heath and meadows along fjords or near the outer coast (Salomonsen 1967). Some of the birds breeding in West Greenland are sedentary while others migrate to Iceland and the British Isles. Outside the breeding season

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 61/90

Purple Sandpiper occurs mostly along the outer coast, where they forage in the inter- tidal zone.

During the field surveys in 2008 to 2011 several breeding birds and young of this wader were seen, and it appears to be widespread throughout the study area.

6.7.3 Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus

This is a common and widespread wader in the Low Arctic and found throughout Greenland. The population is estimated to 20,000 – 40,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.

Figure 6.10 Possible breeding sites of Red-necked Phalarope and Purple Sandpiper recorded during the 2008 field study

Red-necked Phalarope typically breeds at small, shallow ponds surrounded by grass vegetation. It arrives to the breeding grounds in late May, and the adults and the

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 62/90

young leave the breeding grounds again in mid-July to move to the sea coast. In Au- gust – early September the Phalaropes leave Greenland (Salomonsen 1967).

During the field studies from 2008 to 2011 Red-necked Phalaropes were observed commonly throughout the study area from near the coast to 800 m above sea level close to the inland ice cap (Figure 6.10).

Figure 6.11 Red-necked Phalarope is the most common wader in the study area

6.8 Gulls

6.8.1 Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides

This is a common and widespread gull in most of Greenland only missing in the north- ern-most parts. The breeding population is estimated to 300,000 – 500,000 pairs and is probably stable (Boertmann 2007). Iceland gull has an open season in Greenland between 1 September and 30 April but the number of birds shoot is believed to be small.

Iceland Gull is a marine species breeding on rocky shores, mainly in fjords where it typically nests on steep high cliffs but sometimes also on low skerries. It often breeds in association with other seabirds. Iceland Gull from breeding areas further north along the west coast of Greenland move south to spend the winter along the outer coast and in fjords of South West Greenland (Salomonsen 1967).

In 1928 about 2,000 pairs were breeding on the steep south side of the Innajuattoq Mountain. In 1974 this number had declined to 400-500 pairs and in 1998 birds were present, but not counted (Grønlands havfuglekolonier database 2008). In 2008 –

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 63/90

2010 around 1,500 birds have been recorded (Juul-Pedersen et al. 2011), suggesting a breeding population of at least 750 pairs.

6.8.2 Glaucous Gull Larus hyperoreus

This is the other common and widespread marine gull in Greenland. It occurs throughout the country. The breeding population is estimated to 300,000 – 500,000 pairs and is probably stable (Boertmann 2007). Glaucous gull has an open season in Greenland between 1 September and 30 April.

Like the Iceland Gull, Glaucous Gull breeds on steep high cliffs but sometimes also on low skerries. It often breeds in association with other seabirds. Glaucous Gull from breeding areas further north along the west coast of Greenland move south to spend the winter along the outer coast and in fjords of South West Greenland (Salomonsen 1967).

A small island in the middle of the Kugssua River near its outlet in the Ilutialik fjord - is the only known breeding site of this gull in the study area. 34 breeding pairs were rec- orded in 1949 (Grønlands havfuglekolonier database 2008) and at least 25 Glaucous Gulls were seen at the island on the 1 July 2008, although no definite proof of breed- ing was observed.

6.8.3 Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus

This large marine gull is widespread along the Greenland west-coast north to Uperna- vik. The breeding population is estimated to 3,000 – 5,000 pairs and increasing (Boertmann 2007). Great Black-backed Gull has an open season in Greenland be- tween 1 September and 30 April..

It typically breeds in pairs or in loose colonies on small islands along the outer coasts. Small numbers also breed in the fjords.

Great Black-backed Gulls have been recorded to breed in the Glaucous Gull colony on the island in the Kugssua River. However, in 2008 no sign of this species was rec- orded at Kugssua. A few Great Black-backed Gulls were observed in Qugssuk Fjord during the field work in June 2008.

6.8.4 Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla

Large numbers of Black-legged Kittiwake breed in Greenland.. The present breeding population is estimated to 80,000 – 100,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). The Kittiwake has declined much in numbers in Greenland during the last decades, including in the south-west Greenland where the breeding population have more than halved since the 1970s-1980s (Boertmann 2004). The main reason for the decline is believed to be un- sustainable hunting. Due to the large decline the Black-legged Kittiwake is listed as “vulnerable” in the regional Greenland Red List (Boertmann 2007). The hunting sea- son is from 15 August to end of February.

The Kittiwake breeds in colonies on high cliffs where it often occurs in mixed colonies with other seabird species. Very small numbers overwinter in Greenland waters and

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 64/90

the majority either move south along the east coast of Canada or towards the waters of Western Europe. Outside the breeding season the Kittiwakes are largely pelagic and remain offshore most of the time.

A colony of Kittiwakes is found on the steep cliffs of the Innajuattoq Mountain. In 1928 the population was estimated to 8,000 pairs but had declined to 200-250 in 1974. Kit- tiwakes were still present in 1998 but it was unknown if they were breeding (Grøn- lands havfuglekolonier database 2008). During 2008-2010 between 300 and 450 pairs have been observed at the colony (Juul-Pedersen et al. 2011).

6.9 Auks

6.9.1 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle

This is a very widespread species in Greenland which breeds in small to medium sized colonies along most coasts. The population is estimated to 25,000 – 100,000 pairs which could be an underestimate (Boertmann 2007). The hunting season is from 1 September to 31 March.

It is usually strictly sedentary only leaving the breeding areas when forced away by ice. It feeds mainly on small fish.

Small numbers were recorded at Innajuattoq in May 1998 (Grønlands havfugle- kolonier database 2008) suggesting a small breeding colony. In 2010 the number of Black guillemots at Innajuattoq was 112 (Juul-Pedersen et al. 2011).

6.10 Passerines

6.10.1 Common Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

Common Wheatear occurs in most of Greenland only missing in the north-east. The size of the breeding population is unknown but probably comprises more than 500,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Common Wheatear is protected in Greenland.

Common Wheatear typically breeds in dwarf-scrub heath with large stones and cliffs. It is migratory leaving Greenland in August-September and returning in May (Salo- monsen 1967).

Common Wheatear is very common throughout the study area.

6.10.2 Raven Corvus corax

Raven occurs in most of Greenland, but is rare or missing in the far north. The size of the population is unknown but estimated to 50,000 pairs and probably increasing (Boertmann 2007). The hunting season is from 1 September to end of February.

Raven is found in almost all habitats. The nest is typically situated on steep cliff sides. It is partly migratory with northern birds moving to southern Greenland in winter.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 65/90

Raven is common throughout the study area although less so away from the fjord.

6.10.3 Redpoll Carduelis flammea

Redpoll occurs along the entire west coast of Greenland and on the southern part of the east coast. The size of the population is unknown but large, probably up to 500,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Redpoll is protected in Greenland.

Redpoll is mainly found in areas with scrub of willow and birch. It is therefore most common in the inland at low to medium altitude. Most Redpolls leave Greenland in August-October and return in April-May but small numbers remain in the southwest (Salomonsen 1967).

Redpoll is very common throughout the study area up to c. 700 m altitude, less so at higher altitudes.

6.10.4 Lapland Bunting Calcarius lapponicus

Lapland Bunting is a common to very common breeder along the west coast and also occurs in south-east Greenland. The size of the population is unknown but may ex- ceed 1 million pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.

Figure 6.12 Lapland Bunting is one of the most common and widespread birds in the study area during summer

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 66/90

Lapland Bunting is mainly found in areas with dwarf-bush heath. It is migratory leaving Greenland in August-September and returning in between late April and early June (Salomonsen 1967).

Lapland Bunting was very common in the study area at altitudes up to c. 600 m but was not found at higher altitude.

6.10.5 Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis

Snow Bunting is the most common land bird in Greenland occurring throughout the country. The size of the population is unknown but probably about 1.5 million breeding pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.

The key breeding habitat of Snow Bunting in Greenland is rocky terrain with scattered low vegetation, but it is very adaptive, occurring in towns as well as on isolated rocks deep within the inland ice cap. The majority of Snow Buntings are migratory but small numbers remain in South West Greenland. The first migrants usually arrive in March. Departure is in September-October.

Snow Bunting is very common throughout the study area at all altitudes.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 67/90

7 FRESHWATER FISH

Only four species of freshwater fish occur in West Greenland. Two of these are known from the study area.

7.1 Arctic char Salvelinus alpines

This is primarily a freshwater fish that is found in streams and lakes throughout Green- land. Some populations are stationary and remain in freshwater while in others the adult fish conduct feeding movements along the coast during the summer months.

Figure 7.1 Arctic char in a Greenland river

Arctic char that migrate into the marine environment grow much faster than those which stay in rivers and lakes. It is therefore primarily the char that migrate into the fjord which are subject to human utilization. Seven rivers are important for Arctic char fishery within the study area.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 68/90

During the field survey in 2008 to 2011 Arctic char was found to occur in many lakes near the fjord. However, further inland and at high altitudes it appeared to be lacking from most lakes.

7.2 Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus

The stickleback has a wide distribution in west and south-east Greenland. It occurs in lakes, streams and in the sea.

During the field survey in 2008 sticklebacks were observed in many lakes within the study area, in particularly at low altitudes near the fjord.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 69/90

8 MARINE FISH

A large number of fish species occur in the Greenland fjords but generally little is known about the species that are not utilized commercially or in connection with local subsistence fishery (Pedersen and Kanneworff 1995).

The following chapter therefore focuses on the key fish species that are utilized for these purposes in the fjords of the study area.

8.1 Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Atlantic cod is common and widespread in Greenland waters north to Qeqertarsuup Tunua. It is found from the coast down to about 600 m, and is found both close to the bottom and pelagic (Bugge Jensen & Christensen 2003). During the 20th century the cod population fluctuated much in number and distribution, which is believed to be partly due to the fact that it has its northernmost distribution in Greenland and conse- quently is sensitive to climatic changes.

Godthåbsfjord and the Kapisillit branch are known to be important spawning areas for Atlantic cod (Storr-Paulsen et al. 2004). During the field survey in 2008 Orbicon staff found Atlantic cod to be common along the shores of the study area, in particularly in the Kapisillit Fjord.

8.2 Greenland cod/uvak Gadus ogac

Greenland cod or uvak occurs along the coast and fjords north to Upernavik and is common in the fjords of South West Greenland. In commercial fisheries it is consid- ered inferior compared to Atlantic cod, but it has some subsistence importance.

Greenland cod seemed to be rather uncommon along the coasts of the study area in 2008.

8.3 Capelin Mallotus villosus

Capelin is widespread along Greenland’s coasts and it is an ecological key species because it is an important food resource for larger fish, seabirds and marine mam- mals. It is also exploited for subsistence fishery.

Capelin spawns at specific sites along the coast in May-June. Two important spawn- ing grounds for capelin occur along the coast of the study area (S18 and S19 on Fig- ure 9.3) (Mosbech et al. 2000).

8.4 Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippelglossoides

This is a common species in the waters surrounding Greenland. It is most frequently found on soft bottom at depths of 200 to 2,000 m (Jørgensen 1997). It is among the most economic important fish species in Greenland and is exploited both commercially and for subsistence fishery.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 70/90

Godthåbsfjord is an important area for Greenland halibut (Riget and Bøye 1988) in- cluding Qugssuk Fjord – see Figure 35 (Mosbech et al. 2000).

8.5 Lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus

This is a common and widespread fish in South West Greenland that spends most of the year in deep offshore waters, but in spring and early summer seeks into shallow coastal waters to spawn. The spawning takes place at specific sites along the coast. In these areas, local subsistence fishery of female lumpsucker takes place before they spawn.

Within the study area, in particular the coast-line areas 101, 103, 106 and 107 and 107 (see Figure 9.2 & 9.3) are important spawning areas and fishery takes place here in May-June (Mosbech et al. 2000).

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 71/90

9 PROTECTED AREAS AND THREATENED SPECIES

This chapter aims at giving an overview of which species and habitats are of special concern in the Isua study area. Furthermore, it describes to what extent protected ar- eas, designated according to national and international nature legislation, are situated in or close to Isua.

Finally, information from a NERI report on the ecological and human importance of the shores of the study area is presented. This study aimed at identifying areas along the Greenland shores of special concern in case of oil spills at sea. Potential oil spills in connection with the Isua project are dealt with specifically in Annex 6 of the EIA, but since the NERI report includes valuable information regarding the biodiversity and the significance of the various shore sections to fishery and hunting, it is also included here.

9.1 Areas protected according to national legislation

A number of nature reserves and a single national park (the Northeast Greenland Na- tional Park) have been designated according to the Greenland nature protect law. This includes a number of sites protected according to national and local regulations. All protected areas in South West Greenland are shown in Figure 9.1.

None of the protected areas are located in or close to the study area.

9.2 Areas protected according to international agreements

Greenland is a signee of the Ramsar Convention on projection of wetlands and their biodiversity and has designated 11 areas to be included in the list of Wetlands of In- ternational Importance (Ramsar Sites) (Egevang & Boertmann 2001).

None of the Greenland Ramsar Sites are situated in the proximity of the study area (Figure 9.1).

9.3 Areas of conservation concern identified by NGOs

The global non-government conservation organization BirdLife International has identi- fied 55 “Important Bird Areas” – IBA’s– for Greenland (BirdLife International 2007). The criteria for an IBA is that the site either holds significant numbers of one or more globally threatened (bird) species, is one of a set of sites that together hold a suite of restricted-range species or biome-restricted species, or has exceptionally large num- bers of migratory or congregatory species.

None of the proposed IBAs for Greenland are situated in or close to the study area.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 72/90

Figure 9.1 Protected areas in West Greenland. Areas marked with red are protected according to national legislation (but none are designated in Godthåbsfjord). Areas marked with blue are protected according to local legislation. Areas marked with yellow are Ramsar Sites. Areas marked with green are Important Bird Area (IBA) – none in West Greenland (from Boertmann 2005)

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 73/90

9.4 Threatened species

Seven species – all birds – listed on the regional Greenland Red List of threatened species (Boertmann 2007) occur in the study area, see Table 9.1.

Greenland White-fronted Goose is the only “Endangered” species which occurs in the study area. In years with early snow melting, spring staging of this goose species takes place in the Isua area during a few weeks in May. During spring staging these geese are very sensitive to disturbances. The geese are not known to breed in the study area.

Harlequin Duck, listed as “Near Threatened” on the Greenland Red List, is an un- common breeding bird in the study area. The available information, including the re- sults of a survey carried out in June-July 2009, suggests that Harlequin Duck occur in low densities along a few scattered breeding streams in the study area. Harlequin Duck has been recorded more than once only on the Ujarassuit River, indicating that this river has a stable breeding population. However, small, more or less stable, breeding populations may have been overlooked on other rivers within the study area. Harlequin Duck is known to be very sensitive to disturbances, sedimentation and con- tamination of the breeding streams.

Table 9.1 Species on the regional Greenland Red List of threatened species occurring in the study area Importance of Period of Greenland red- Species Status Main habitat study area to occurrence list status population

Near Threat- Great Northern Diver Breeding May-October Large lakes Medium ened

Greenland White- Shore of lakes Visitor May Endangered Low/Medium fronted Goose in highland

Common Eider Visitor Year round Coastal Vulnerable Low

May-June to Near Threat- Harlequin Duck Breeding Streams Low/Medium Aug-Sept ened

White-tailed Eagle Breeding Year round Coastal Vulnerable Medium

Near Threat- Gyrfalcon Breeding Year round Throughout Low ened

Coastal, off- Black-legged Kittiwake Breeding April - October Vulnerable Low shore

Great Northern Diver and White-tailed Eagle are listed “Near-threatened” on the Greenland Red List, and are known to be very sensitive to disturbance during the breeding period. Both species breed in the study area in low densities – the diver on large lakes and the eagle mainly along the coast.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 74/90

Gyrfalcon, listed as “Near Threatened” on the Greenland Red List, is a widespread but low-density breeder in the study area. This species is mainly sensitive to disturbance near the nest.

Common Eider, listed as “Vulnerable” on the Greenland Red List, is not known to breed in the study area but flocks of non-breeding- and wintering birds are common along the shores of Godthåbsfjord, in particular in the Qugssuk area.

A colony of Black-legged Kittiwakes breeds on the steep cliffs of Innajuattoq. These gulls feed exclusively over the sea and spend the non-breeding season offshore.

9.5 Areas important to rare plants

Most of the study area is characterized by a relatively species poor vegetation domi- nated by common and widespread species.

An exception is the marine clay areas associated with the salt-marshes along the Ilu- lialik fjord. In this habitat three rare plant species (strict primrose, marsh felwort and water mudwort) were recorded during field work in 2011. Efforts should be made to avoid or limit any disturbances of this habitat.

9.6 Sea bird colonies

Sea bird colonies are generally vulnerable to disturbance during the breeding period of the birds. In the study two colonies of sea birds are known:

The steep cliffs of Innajuattoq in the inner part of Godthåbsfjord are one of the most important breeding sites for the sea birds in Godthåbsfjord. In 2010 the following breeding populations were recorded (from Juul-Pedersen et al. 2011):

 Great Cormorant: 29 birds,

 Black Guillemot: 112 birds

 Iceland Gull: 1535 birds

 Black-legged Kittiwake: 375 pairs.

In addition, small numbers of Glaucous Gulls breed on an island in the Kugssua River near its outlet to the Ilutialik fjord

9.7 Environmental importance and resource use of shorelines of the study area

The report “Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland Coastal Zone” published by NERI (Mosbech et al. 2000) includes, among other things, an as- sessment of the importance of West Greenland shore lines from an ecological and human use perspective. Although the study is part of the preparation for exploratory oil/gas drilling off the coast of South West Greenland, it offers useful information on the occurrence of fish and sea birds along the shores of the study area.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 75/90

Figure 9.2 Shoreline map of the study area and surroundings (area 100-104) with indications of sensi- tivity to oil spill shown with different colours (from Mosbech et al. 2000). Small blues squares show archaeological sites. A “person” indicates places with important resources for human use. S17 marks the seabird colony at Iunajagtoa. The key environmental issues and resource uses for the different shoreline sections in the study area is listed in Table 9.2

In the NERI report the shoreline has been divided into “areas”. The shores of the study area comprise the areas 100 – 108 (see Figure 9.2 and 9.3).

The important ecological features and the human resource uses identified in the NERI study are shown in Table 9.2 for the shore sections of the study area.

A number of “Selected Areas” (S) have also been identified within the study area (S17, S18 and S19) see figure 9.2 and 9.3. These areas are selected for priority in an oil spill situation because of their environmental values and/or their importance for human resource use. The seabird colony mentioned for area 104 in the NERI study is the col- ony at Innajuattoq which is also discussed in section 9.4.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 76/90

Table 9.2 Ecological and human resource use of the shores of the study area

Area Ecological and human importance Number

One river with fishery for Arctic Char 100 Areas with important fishery for Capelin Occasional hunting and fishing

Two river outlets with Arctic Char fishery (one important). 101 Areas with fishery for Lumpsucker. Occasional fishery and hunting.

102 No significant resource use

Small fishing area for Lumpsucker 103 Eider hunting area

Sea bird colony with breeding (or possible breeding) of Great Cormorant, Iceland Gull, 104 Kittiwake and Black Guillemot.

Important fishing and spawning area for Capelin. One river outlet with important fishery for Arctic Char. 105 Hunting area for Eider. Occasional hunting for other species.

Important area for Capelin and Lumpsucker fishery. One river with important fishery for Arctic Char. 106 Fishery for Halibut. Occasional hunting.

Important area for Lumpsucker fishery. 107 Occasional hunting. Fishery for Halibut.

Two river outlets with important fishery for Arctic Char. 108 Coastline with Capelin fishery. Occasional hunting.

Most of the shores of the project area are expected to be largely unaffected by the ac- tivities in connection with the Isua project. The exception is the shore of the Taserârs- suk Bay (part of shore area 106) where the port facility is expected to be constructed. This shore area has been identifies as important for fishery of capelin, lumpsucker, Arctic char and halibut and for occasional hunting (Table 9.2). Fishery for these four species takes places along a very large number of shores in West Greenland and the fishery near Taserârssuk is not known to be particularly important.

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 77/90

Figure 9.3 Shoreline map of the study area and surroundings (area 105 – 108) with indications of sensi- tivity to oil spill shown with different colours (from Mosbech et al. 2000). Small blues squares show archaeological sites. A “person” indicates places with important resources for human use. “Lu” is a site important to lumpsucker. “Ca” is a site important to capelin. The key envi- ronmental issues and resource uses for the different shoreline sections in the study area is listed in Table 9.2

Annex 1 to the EIA of the Isua Project 78/90

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Appendix 1

Flora list from seven localities in the study area

The plants were recorded by Christian Bay during fieldwork from 1 - 13 August 2011. The sampling localities: 1: Port site; 2: Ilulialik Valley (around proposed site for Air strip); 3: South-east shore of Lake Taserssuaq; 4: Valley east of Ilulialik fjord; 5: 10 km transect through area north of container camp; 6: Highland near Isua peak (930 m altitude); 7: Highland area with lakes about 10 km north of container camp (Figure A1).

The frequency of the species was evaluated after a five point scale: 5 = very common, 4 = com- mon, 3 = scattered occurrence, 2 = rare (3-5 finds), 1 = very rare (1-2 finds). The frequency of taxa at locality 6 and 7 is not evaluated.

Figure A1. Location of flora sampling localities

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Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Agrostis mertensii 2 3 3 2 3 X Alnus crispa 3 4 2 4 1 Angelica archangelica ssp. norvegica 2 1 1 2 1 Antennaria angustata X Antennaria canescens 2 3 X X Armeria scabra ssp. sibirica X Artemisia borealis 1 Bartsia alpina 1 3 3 Betula glandulosa 2 3 Betula nana 5 4 5 5 4 X Botrychium lunaria 1 1 Calamagrostis langsdorffii 3 4 3 4 3 X Calamagrostis neglecta 2 3 2 1 2 Calamagrostis hyperborea 1 Callitriche palustris 1 Campanula gieseckiana 3 4 4 3 3 X X Campanula uniflora 1 X Cardamine bellidifolia 2 X Cardamine pratensis 5 Carex bigelowii 5 5 5 5 X X Carex brunnescens 3 5 2 3 X Carex canescens 3 4 2 2 2 Carex capillaris 3 2 X X Carex capitata ssp. arctogena 2 1 3 Carex deflexa 3 3 3 2 3 Carex glareosa 1 1 Carex gynocrates 1 1 Carex lachenalii 1 3 X X Carex macloviana 1 Carex misandra X Carex nardina X Carex norvegica 1 2 2 Carex rariflora 3 3 2 4 2 X Carex rufina 1 Carex rupestris X X Carex saxatilis 1 4 4 3 3 Carex scirpoidea 3 3 3 2 3 X Carex subspathacea 1

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Carex supina 1 1 1 1 ssp. spaniocarpa Cassiope tetragona 3 X X Cerastium alpinum 2 3 4 2 2 Cerastium cerastoides 2 X X Chamaenerion angustifolium 2 3 3 3 2 Chamaenerion latifolium 3 2 1 X X Cochlearia groenlandica Comarus palustre 3 Coptis trifolia 1 3 3 2 X Corallorhiza trifida 1 1 1 Cystopteris fragilis 1 1 2 1 1 Deschampsia flexuosa 3 4 3 4 4 X Deschampsia pumila X Diapensia lapponica ssp. lapponica 1 3 X X Diphasiastrum alpinum 1 1 4 X Diphasiastrum complanatum 2 4 3 3 1 Draba aurea 1 Draba cana 1 Draba cinerea 3 Draba glabella 1 Draba nivalis 1 X Draba sp. 1 Dryas integrifolia 4 X Dryopteris assimilis 1 1 1 1 Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum 5 5 4 5 4 X Epilobium anagallidifolium 1 1 X Epilobium palustre 1 Equisetum arvense 4 5 1 4 2 Equisetum sylvaticum 2 3 1 Equisetum variegatum 1 Erigeron humilis X Erigeron uniflorus 1 2 X Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum 5 4 4 4 2 X X Eriophorum scheuchzeri 1 3 3 2 1 X X Euphrasia frigida 1 2 3 3 1 Festuca brachyphylla 3 3 2 2 1 X Festuca rubra 1 Festuca vivipara 1 1 Gentiana nivalis 1 Gnaphalium norvegicum 1 1

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Gnaphalium supinum 2 X Gymnocarpium dryopteris 2 3 4 3 1 Harrimanella hypnoides 3 X X Hieracium hyparcticum 2 1 Hierochloë alpina 1 2 1 2 X X Hippuris vulgaris 4 4 2 3 1 Huperzia selago 3 2 3 3 3 X X Isoëtes echinospora ssp. muricata 1 Juncus arcticus 3 4 2 1 Juncus biglumis X Juncus castaneus 3 4 1 3 2 X Juncus trifidus 3 3 3 3 3 X Juncus triglumis X Juniperus communis ssp. alpina 3 3 3 3 2 Kobresia myosuroides 1 Koenigia islandica 1 X Ledum groenlandicum 4 5 3 4 3 X Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens 4 4 3 1 3 X Leymus mollis 1 Limosella aquatica 1 Loiseleuria procumbens 2 3 3 X Lomatogonium rotatum 1 Luzula arctica X Luzula confusa 3 2 3 3 2 X X Luzula groenlandica 3 Luzula multiflora 2 3 1 X Luzula parviflora 3 4 1 3 1 Luzula spicata 2 2 2 2 2 X X Lycopodium annotinum 4 4 5 3 X Menyanthes trifoliata 3 1 1 Minuartia biflora 1 X X Minuartia groenlandica 1 Minuartia rubella X Oxycoccus palustris ssp. microphyllus 2 1 Oxyria digyna 1 1 1 1 2 X Papaver radicatum X Pedicularis flammea 2 1 2 X X Pedicularis labradorica 4 1 Pedicularis lapponica 3 1 1 2 Phegopteris connectilis 1 2 Phippsia algida X

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Phyllodoce coerulea 1 1 4 X Plantago maritima ssp. borealis 1 1 Poa alpina 2 2 2 1 1 X X Poa glauca 3 4 3 3 3 X Poa pratensis 2 4 3 3 X X Polygonum viviparum 3 4 4 4 X X Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolia 3 1 Potentilla crantzii 1 1 3 X Potentilla egedii 1 1 Potentilla hookeriana X Potentilla tridentata 3 4 5 5 3 X Primula stricta 1 1 Puccinellia phryganodes 1 1 Puccinellia sp. 1 1 Pyrola grandiflora 3 1 2 1 X Pyrola minor 3 3 2 2 X Ranunculus hyperboreus 1 X Ranunculus pygmaeus 2 X Ranunculus reptans 1 Rhododendron lapponicum 3 4 1 2 X X Rhodiola rosea 2 1 3 3 Rumex acetosella 1 1 Sagina intermedia 1 X Salix arctophila 3 4 4 4 3 X X Salix glauca 5 5 5 5 4 X X Salix herbacea 2 3 X X Saxifraga caespitosa X Saxifraga cernua 1 1 1 1 X Saxifraga foliolosa X Saxifraga hyperborea X Saxifraga nivalis 1 1 1 1 X Saxifraga paniculata 2 2 Saxifraga oppositifolia 1 X Saxifraga tenuis X Saxifraga sp. (tenuis/nivalis) 1 Saxifraga tricuspidata X Scirpus caespitosus 3 3 3 1 3 Sibbaldia procumbens 1 3 X Silene acaulis 1 1 3 X X Sparganium hyperboreum 3 3 4 2 1 Stellaria calycantha 1 1

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Stellaria crassipes 1 Stellaria humifusa 1 Stellaria crassipes 2 X Stellaria humifusa 1 Stellaria longipes s.l. 3 3 4 3 Stellaria sp. 2 Taraxacum lacerum 1 1 4 Taraxacumsp. 3 3 X Thalictrum alpinum 2 1 4 X Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus 2 1 Tofieldia pusilla 3 4 1 1 3 X Triglochin palustre 1 Trisetum spicatum 1 3 X Trisetum triflorum 1 4 4 3 2 X Vaccinium uliginosum 4 5 4 5 4 X X Vahlodea atropurpurea X Veronica alpina 1 2 X Veronica wormskjoldii 1 3 X Viola sp. 3 1 Viscaria alpina 3 2 4 3 3 X Woodsia ilvensis 3 4 4 2 2 Total number of vascular plant species 94 83 89 98 103 60 64

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