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EQUITABLE REPRESENTATION IN THE DECENTRALIZATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA By Kristina Dimovska Submitted to Central European University Department of Political Science In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Supervisor: Professor Zsolt Enyedi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary June, 2014 Abstract This aim of this thesis is to find what factors can explain the variation in the level of ethnic minority representation in local government offices, among the different municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia. To answer the research question, I conduct exploratory mixed method analysis using both secondary sources and fieldwork data. In the first phase of the research I conduct multivariate linear regression on thirty four multiethnic municipalities, aiming to see whether any of Lijphart’s nine preferable conditions for enhancing consociationalism can explain the variation in the level of ethnic minority representation. During the second phase I engage in qualitative, thematic analysis on four municipalities, using concepts from the theory of representative bureaucracy, for the purposes of unravelling additional factors that affect the level of minority representation within local government offices. The statistical analysis yielded that socio-economic differences between groups, internal threat, size of municipality, size of the majority group and the number of ethnic communities explain almost half of the variation in the level of minority representation. The thematic analysis revealed that in all four municipalities the level of minority representation is influenced by economic and organizational determinants, by the role of the mayor, the historical experiences and the salience of ethnic identity. Allocation of economic resources is the most important in Petrovec, whereas the political parties matter the most in Mavrovo- CEU eTD Collection Rostusha. In Struga prevail the influence of the national government, while in Rosoman the historical experiences in combination with the socio-economic status of the groups. i Acknowledgements I dedicate this thesis to my father Metodija Dimovski and to the loving memory of my grandmother, Elena Dimovska, from whom I learned that being stubbornly persistent need not necessarily be a bad thing. I express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Zsolt Enyedi. His thoroughness in reviewing the drafts initiated long conversations which; at the final instance, improved the quality of this thesis. His attention to details transformed the way I think about concept formation, and his critical opinion and advice inspired me to develop additional ideas. I am thankful for the encouragement and invaluable advices I got from two of my professors - Levente Litvay and Lea Sgier, even when they were out of the country. I also thank Constantin Manuel Bosanciau for the willingness to solve my ‘troubles in paradise’ with ‘R’ on several occasions. I further thank John Harbord from the Center for Academic Writing, for reading and reviewing my drafts. I express my gratitude to all the mayors who agreed to take part in my research, providing a significant amount of the data this thesis relies on. I also thank those mayors who, albeit spending hours negotiating with me, refused to participate. Without them I would have undoubtedly finished the fieldwork research much faster and less stressful. I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support, encouragement and help CEU eTD Collection throughout these two years. I am especially grateful to my mother Valentina for her constant care and for accompanying me during some of the fieldwork trips. I am further grateful to my brother Damjan for being my motivation to complete the thesis faster, so “we see each other sooner and spend more time together”. The three of them keep me going further and wanting ii to improve more. Having the support from my entire family members and knowing they are with me no matter in which part of the world they are, is bliss. I thank my darling ladies DeeDee, Meri and Maja for often reminding me that I should not lose my mind and take some time for myself every once in a while; to Elena, Joana, Sani and Eli for inspiring my creativity through the dancer in me; Sergey Jakimov for being there to listen to my whining for two years and for all walks to Margaret Island so we can ‘let our brains breathe a little’. I am grateful to Panda Stojanovska, for being an amazing friend and often playing the role of my mom during my stay in Budapest; Damir Neziri for answering numerous thesis-related questions, Dusica Perisic from ZELS for providing some data and insightful comments on my initial thesis ideas and everyone else who helped me walk the road to graduation. I am further grateful to a certain someone for bearing with my frequent mood swings, for the patience, encouragement, support, motivation and for pushing my brain to think when I couldn’t do so myself. Last, but by absolutely no means least, I am tremendously grateful to Sanja Bogatinovska, a classmate, roommate, sister and a best friend. Having her to balance academic discussions and debates with chit-chat and laughter, as well as knowing we are there to support each other at all times made academia a very joyful period. I thank her for finding the time to read and provide comments to every draft of mine. Knowing that I am not the only one awake and agonizing in 5am has made thesis writing less stressful and much easier. I CEU eTD Collection could not have imagined going through these past two years without her. iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................ 6 1.1 THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: EQUITABLE REPRESENTATION BEFORE AND AFTER THE OFA.................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 The OFA Arrangements .................................................................................. 6 1.1.2 Development of Decentralization .................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Non-discrimination and Equitable Representation .......................................... 8 1.2 THE STATE OF THE ART: PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION IN DECENTRALIZED GOVERNMENTS ............................................................................ 10 1.3 DECENTRALIZATION: CONCEPTUALIZATION ........................................................... 15 1.4 PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION: CONCEPTUALIZATION ..................................... 15 1.5 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 16 1.5.1 Consociationalism ......................................................................................... 17 1.5.1.1 Consociationalism ‘Goes Local’.................................................... 18 1.5.1.2 Favourable Conditions for Consociational Democracies ............. 20 1.5.1.3 Linking Favorable Conditions with Proportional Representation ............................................................................... 21 1.5.2 Looking for Additional Factors: Representative Bureaucracy ...................... 22 1.6 HYPOTHESES, VARIABLES, QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 28 2.1 CASE SELECTION ..................................................................................................... 28 2.2 DATA GATHERING .................................................................................................... 30 2.3 FROM ABSTRACT CONCEPTS TO CONCRETE INDICATORS....................................... 31 2.3.1 Getting the Numbers ..................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Constructing ‘Grounded’ Questions .............................................................. 34 2.4 MIXED METHOD RESEARCH AND NESTED ANALYSIS ............................................. 35 2.4.1 Nested Analysis ............................................................................................. 36 2.4.2 Quantitative Tools – Multivariate Linear Regression ................................... 37 2.4.3 Qualitative tools – Thematic Analysis .......................................................... 37 CEU eTD Collection 2.4.3.1 Validity and Reliability of Qualitative Data .................................. 39 CHAPTER 3. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................
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