Equitable Representation in Decentralization in the Republic Of

CEU eTD Collection In partial partial In

D ECENTRALIZATION IN T IN ECENTRALIZATION E QUITABLE QUITABLE fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of of degree the for requirements the of fulfilment Supervisor: Professor Zsolt Enyedi Zsolt Professor Supervisor: D Central European University University European Central epartment of Political Science Political of epartment Kristina Dimovska Kristina Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Masters of Arts of Masters R M Submitted to to Submitted EPRESENTATION IN IN EPRESENTATION June ACEDONIA By , 201

4 HE HE

EPUBLIC OF EPUBLIC

THE THE

CEU eTD Collection historical experienceshistorical the socio combination with in the Rosoman in while government, national the of influence the prevail Struga In Rostusha. in important most the historic i analysis thematic The representation. minority of level the in variation the of half almost explain communities s municipality, of size threat, internal offices. government local within representation minority of level the affect that factors additional bureaucracy, representative of theory the from concepts using qualitative in enhancing engage I phase second for the During conditions preferable nine t in variation Lijphart’s the explain can of consociationalism any whether see to aiming municipalities, multiethnic four thirty on regression linear multivariate conduct I research fieldwor and sources secondary both using analysis method Macedonia. of Republic the in municipaliti different the among offices, government local in representation minority ethnic s

nlecd b influenced h saitcl nlss ile ta socio that yielded analysis statistical The This Abstract

experiences and the salience of ethnic identity. ethnic of salience the and experiences aim

y of this thesis is to find to is thesis this of

cnmc and economic revealed that in all four municipalities municipalities four all in that revealed Petrovec, whereas whereas Petrovec,

To answer the research question, I conduct exploratory mixed exploratory conduct I question, research the answer To

organizational determinants, by the role of the mayor, the the mayor, the of role the by determinants, organizational z of ize what factors can explain the variation in variation the explain can factors what the

the the i oiia pris atr h ot n Mavro in most the matter parties political

he level of ethnic minority representation. representation. minority ethnic of level he thematic , majority group and the number of ethnic ethnic of number the and group majority - - economic status of the groups economic the of status economic differences between groups, groups, between differences economic A the level of minority representation minority of level the llocation of economic resources economic of llocation nlss n or municipalities four on analysis k data. In the first phase of the of phase first the In data. k

for the purposes of unravelling unravelling of purposes the for . the level of level the

vo es is is - , CEU eTD Collection sooner and spend more time together”. The three of them keep me going further and wanting and further going me keep them of three The together”. time more spend and sooner other each see “we so faster, thesis the complete to motivation my being for Damjan brother som during me accompanying for and care constant her for Valentina mother my to grateful especially am I years. two these throughout faster stressful. and less fieldwor the finished undoubtedly have would I them Without to participate. refused me, with negotiating hours spending albeit who, mayors those thank also I on. agr who mayors the all to gratitude my express I drafts. my reviewing and reading for Writing, Academic for Center the from Harbord John thank further I occasions. several on ‘R’ with Constantin thank professors concept and his formation, about think I way the transformed details to attention His thesis. this of quality the improved instance, final the at which; conversations long initiated drafts the reviewing in thoroughness eed to take part in my research, providing a significant amount of the data this thesis relies relies thesis this data the of amount significant a providing research, my in part take to eed a taku fr h ecuaeet n ivlal avcs gt rm w o my of two from got I advices invaluable and encouragement the for thankful am I su my to gratitude deepest my express I Acknowl a idbe t m prns o ter otnos upr, norgmn ad help and encouragement support, continuous their for parents my to indebted am I -

Levente Litvay and Lea Sgier, even when they were out of the country. I also also I country. the of out were they when even Sgier, Lea and Litvay Levente edgements

aul oaca fr h wliges o ov m ‘ruls n paradise’ in ‘troubles my solve to willingness the for Bosanciau Manuel memory grandmother, ElenaDimovska,whomI ofmy from learned that

I dedicate tomy thesis theloving father this Metodija andto Dimovski

critical andadvice opinion inspired additional metodevelop ideas. being persistent need stubbornly be notnecessarily abadthing.

e of the fieldwork trips. I am further grateful to my my to grateful further am I trips. fieldwork the of e ii

pervisor, Professor Zsolt Enyedi. His His Enyedi. Zsolt Professor pervisor, k research much much research k

CEU eTD Collection could have not goingyears imagined through thesetwo past without her. a and awake one only the Inot am that Knowing mine. of every draft to comments provide readand to time the finding for her thank I period. joyful very a academia made times all at other each support to balance to her Having friend. academic debates and discussions withchi best a and sister roommate, classmate, a Bogatinovska, Icouldn’t dosomyself. push for and motivation support, encouragement, patience, the for road tograduation. in thesis numerous answering for Neziri Damir Budapest; in stay my during mom my of role the playing often a breathe brains our ‘let can we so Island Margaret to walks all for and years two for whining my to listen to there being for Jakimov Sergey me; in dancer the through creativity my inspiring for Eli and not with me nomatter inwhichpartare,world of they the isbliss. Hav more. improve to ihfl omns n y nta tei ies n eeyn es wo epd e ak the walk me helped who else everyone and ideas thesis initial my on comments sightful

lose my mind and take some time for time some take and mind my lose I am further grateful to a certain someone for bearing with my frequent mood swings, swings, mood frequent my with bearing for someone certain a to grateful further am I I that me reminding often for Maja and Meri DeeDee, ladies darling my thank I

Last, but by absolutely no means least, I am tremendously grateful to Sanja Sanja to grateful tremendously am I least, means no absolutely by but Last,

- little’. I am grateful to Panda Stojanovska, for being an amazing friend and and friend amazing an being for Stojanovska, Panda to grateful am I little’. related questions, Dusica Perisic from ZELS for providing some data and and data some providing for ZELS from Perisic Dusica questions, related oiig n a hs ae hss rtn ls srsfl n mc ese. I easier. much and stressful less writing thesis made has 5am in gonizing

ing the support from my entire family members and knowing they are are they knowing and members family entire my from support the ing

t myself every once in a while; to Elena, Joana, Sani Joana, Elena, to while; a in once every myself - chat and laughter, as are and chat there knowingwe well iii

ing my brain to think when think to brain my ing

should

CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT Table ofContents 1.1 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2

......

3.2.1 P 3.1.2 3.1.1 P EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 2.4.3 2.4.2 2.4.1 M 2.3.2 2. F D C RESEARCH METHODOLOGY C H 1.5.2 1.5.1 T P D D T 1.1.3 1.1.2 1.1.1 AND AFTERBEFORE THE T CONCEPTUAL AND THEOR ......

...... HASE HASE ROM ROPORTIO HEORETICAL HE H ASE ONCEPTS ATA GATHERINGATA YPOTHESES ECENTRALIZATION ECENTRALIZED 3.1 IXED E CASETHEE OF S

S TATETHEOF

Nested Sampling Discussion Findings of Finding aFitting Model Qualitative tools Quantitative Tools N Constructing ‘Grounded’ Questions Getting Numbers the Looking Additional for Factors: Representative Bureaucracy Consociationalism Non Development Decentralization of The OFA Arrangements A ...... T O ELECTION M 1.5.1.3 1.5.1.2 1.5.1.1 2.4.3.1 ested Analysis BSTRACT

WO NE ...... ETHOD -

......

discrimination and Equitable Representation NAL : –

I ,

S ...... N V B

TATIS - Representation Linking Favorable Conditions with Proportional Favourable Conditions for Consociational Democracies Consociationalism ‘Goes Local’ Validity andReliability of Qualitative Data R ARIABLES DEPTH DEPTH ACKGROUND R

G ...... EPRESENTATION C R

...... ESEARCH ANDESEARCH OVERNMENTS A ONCEPTS TO ONCEPTS ...... EPUBLICOF ...... : ...... TICAL RT

......

A ONCEPTUALIZATION – : ......

OFA

P ...... NALYSIS Thematic Analysis – ,

ROPORTIO ......

Q Multivariate Linear Regression A ...... UALITATIVE

NALYSIS

......

...... iv

ETICAL FRAMEWORK ...... M C

...... N

...... ACEDONIA ONCRETE :

ESTED ESTED C NAL ONCEPTUALIZATION ......

......

...... R R

...... A ...... EPRESENTATIONIN ESEARCH

...... NALYSIS I

: ...... NDICATORS ......

E ...... QUITABLEREPRESENTAT ......

...... Q ...... UESTIONSAND

......

...... ION ION

...... VII

VI IV

50 50 47 42 41 41 39 37 37 36 35 34 31 31 30 28 28 25 22 21 20 18 17 16 15 15 10

8 7 6 6 6 1 I

CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX C: APPENDIX B: APPENDIX A: APPENDICES CONCLUSION

3.3 S S S S S S S S S S S ECTION ECTION ECTION ECTION ECTION ECTION ECTION ECTION ECTION ECTION ECTION

......

...... QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA E 2011 DATA L 3.2.7 3.2.6 3.2.5 3.2.4 3.2.3 3.2.2 VENT IMITATIONSTHEOF D: C: B: A: D: C: B: A: C: B: A:

...... D T C N C T T D L D C Locating Common Factors The Findings in a Nutshell Rosoman: ‘We are All Relatives Here’ asnot Friends Neighbors’ or Struga: ‘Macedonians and Albanians Mavrovo Petrovec: More Investments Infrastructure, in Less in Administration

...... EVELOPMENT ETHNICEVELOPMENT OF HEMATIC YPESOF ODING OR OPIC OPIC ISTOF D ESTED IAGNOSTICS ISTRIBUTION OF VARIAOF ISTRIBUTION OMMITTEE FOR 3.2.2.3 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.1 ATASET RELATION COEFFICIENT RELATION G I UIDE S S

NTERVIEWS - AMPLING CHEME V ...... sharing Institutions Historical Experiences Determine the Influence Power of The Mayor has Finalthe Word Regarding Employments No Money to Cor Rostusha: Religious Rather than Ethnic Differences M ; ...... IOLENCE

(ACLED);

AP ......

...... R

......

ESEARCH ...... I

NTER ......

......

C ...... ODEDIN THE

C - BLES C ODEBOOK v

OMMUNITY OMMUNITY M

......

...... rect the Mistakes Previous of Mayors S IN

......

...... ORITY ...... :

A ...... V ...... R RMED RMED Have Issues as Communities, ERSION ERSION R ......

EPRESENTATION FROM FROM EPRESENTATION ...... ELATIONS ...... C ONFLICT 1 ...... - ...... 2006 ......

......

...... L ...... OCATION AND OCATION ......

2006 ......

...... -

...... TO ......

......

97 96 82 81 77 77 76 74 74 71 71 69 68 68 68 68 65 63 62 60 59 58 56 56 55 53 52

CEU eTD Collection Figure 8. Figure 7. Figure 6. Figure 5. Figure 4. Figure 3. Figure 2. Figure 1. List of

Diagnostics for the Linear Regression Model I Distribution of Scores for the Socio Distribution of the Scores for Balance Be Distribution of the Scores for the Size of the Majority Distribution of the Scores for the Size of Municipality Distribution of the Scores for the Number of Minority Groups Distribution of the scores for the Level of Minority Representation Preconditions of consociatio Figures

nalism andits constitutive elements - economic Differences vi

tween Groups

......

76 73 73 72 72 71 71 21

CEU eTD Collection Table Table 11: Table 10: Table 9: Table 8: Table 7: Table 6: Table 5: Table 4: Table 3: Table 2: Table 1: List ofTables

Correlation coefficients of the explanatory variables Committee for Inter Employment the in local governments by ethnicity, per year Nagorichane Multivariate OLS Regression Coefficients Without Rosoman Staro and Multivariate OLS Regression Coeffici Correlation coefficients for the response with each of the explanatory variables Descriptive statistics for the response and all explanatory variables Municipalities with over Municipalities with medium proportional levelof representation Municipalities with almost exactlyor proportion Municipalities with noproportional representation

...... - Community Relations in the Municipalities from 2009to 2012 - representation of ethnic minorities ...... vii ents

...... al representation

......

76 75 75 74 74 68 68 45 43 42 42

CEU eTD Collection communities in particular, were local meant oncounty notonly be level, level, to implemented on too. but of principle the and provisions OFA the service civil the is implemented be should it where sectors crucial 2009) Miller consociatio and Stanisevski 2007; Ilievski 2005a; minorities ethnic the integrating by democracy, of development peaceful Ruiz and Alonso points consociational de the in changes with encompassed into Macedonia transforming country, the of system reforms, political the and structure organizational of process a of beginnings the conceived 2001 August in OFA) (hereinafter Agreement Framework Ohrid the of signing the by marked was conflict Macedonian the with dealing for path the setting Arm Macedonian the occurredbetween inter of pressure the relentedunder ‘rule’and this from exception an managebe not to Macedoniadid of Republic fro diversities, of plethora a with country multiethnic In the discourse of multiculturalism, inter multiculturalism, of discourse the In a Being conflicts. to prone often are cleavages of lines various across divided Countries Introduction Equitable representation was seen as one of the core means for integrating the ethnic ethnic the integrating for means core the of one as seen was representation Equitable

o a onr’ saiiy n dmcai development democratic and stability country’s a for nal democracies should go beyond the cabinet and the parliament, and one of the the of one and parliament, the and cabinet the beyond go should democracies nal , especially on the local level. level. local the on especially , –

documen a mocracy - uio 2007) Rufino -

ethnic disagreements. In January 2001, a small scale ethnic conflict conflict ethnic scale small a 2001, January In disagreements. ethnic (Ilievski an(Ilievski ltr rnpsd n h Cnttto o te country the of Constitution the in transposed later t Smlry the Similarly, . d Wolff 2011) d Wolff ed Forces and the Albanian National LiberationArmy, National Albanian the and Forces ed just and just 1 -

ethnic co ethnic In purpose of the OFA was to achieve further further achieve to was OFA the of purpose equitable representation representation equitable -

Albanian ethnic relations. The end of the the of end The relations. ethnic Albanian . other words, the goal was to achieve achieve to was goal the words, other

m cultural, religious to ethnic, the the ethnic, to religious cultural, m - existence is one of the fundamental the of one is existence Ipraty power Importantly, . (Kis 1996; Linz and Stepan; Stepan; and Linz 1996; (Kis (Li jphart 2008) jphart (Lyon 2011; Bieber Bieber 2011; (Lyon of ethnic minorities minorities ethnic of - . hrn in sharing . Likewise, Likewise, . The OFA OFA The

CEU eTD Collection implementation of the OFA was primarily a response to the ethnic Albanians’ demands. demands. Albanians’ ethnic the to response a primarily was OFA the of implementation equitable representation why straightforward rather seems it conflict, the after and to prior events the at affai own their managing over control of sense a have will minorities [...].” 13) government 2005, (O’Leary the in represented is segment significant each which in sharing power representation achieved not is inmost OFA,equitable the of implementation the yearsafter 13 why,puzzling remains it it, protect to existing mechanisms various the as well as system legal imp the in principle the of entrenchment More representation. minority ethnic of level high have groups ethnic different for intensity governments A, (Appendix noticed theAlbanian is for minority mino of level the in increase biggest the country, the in groups minorities. all for beneficial be to expected is principle aforementioned the country, the in groups ethnic all to refers OFA the that mind in Bearing part became also it Constitution, the in principle the to transposing addition in Hence, it. respect government the and institutions the ensure to as so laws, preserved be would integrity territorial and social self overall state’s the while improve, and local develop would Macedonian the segments, different the for solutions institutional ethnic of representation proportional Notwithstanding the progress towards proportional representation has a different different a has representation proportional towards progress the Notwithstanding of pursuit In For there a“meaningful cross democracytoconsolidate be should (Wolff 2010)

appears to be ‘a privilege’ of the ethnic Albanians. Namely, the creation and and creation the Namely, Albanians. ethnic the of privilege’ ‘a be to appears achieving proportionality, the principle had to be included in the relevant the in included be to had principle the proportionality, achieving . B y having their representatives in the local public administration, ethnic administration, public local the in representatives their having y .

(Risteska 2013) (Risteska of themunicipalities minorities 2

ihn h amnsrto. y providi By administration. the within , very few municipalities in Macedonia in municipalities few very , e, u o al non all of out Yet, ?

rity representation in the local local the in representation rity Section A, ortantly, regardless of the the of regardless ortantly, of of rs eea rlvn l relevant several - (Lyon 2011) (Lyon community executive Table 1). - majority ethnic ethnic majority - government government .

Looking aws ng ng . CEU eTD Collection 2 1 im found those than other factors on depend would representationproportional that intuitive seems it politics, levellocal level local on case national on representation proportional having 1995) Guinier 1996; Christiano 1967; Pitkin 2009; Ruedin 2010; Sachariew Ruiz and Alonso 2008; Karp andDonovan, Banducci, 1997; Cohen electoral through it explaining the smaller ethnic communities” non of accommodation the affected have law the of implementation in discrepancies where area another is locally envisaged arrangements out points others). 1.04% and Vlachs, 0.48% Bosnians, 0.84% Serbs, 1.78% Roma, 2.66% Turks, 3.85% Albanians, 25.17% Macedonians, 64.18% are there 2002, from census last the (acc groups minority smaller, other, the to compared rewards, the of piece biggest cleavages. the reinforced gerrymandering, using 2004 centrifugal in boundaries municipal the of redrawing state ri additional giving OFA, the in stipulated threshold 20% the from effects the Additionally,

State Statistical Office, 200 Office, Statistical State Agreement Framework from 6.6. the and Ohrid 6.5. 6.2., Articles See ghts to minorities making above 20% of the population the of 20% above making minorities to ghts (Kotevska and Novakova 2011; Lyon 2011; Rosulek 2011) Rosulek 2011; Lyon 2011; Novakova and (Kotevska Having said the above, it becomes clear why the largest minority in the country got the the got country the in minority largest the why clear becomes it above, the said Having M s literature ost

te po ad nosset mlmnain f h consociational the of implementation inconsistent and “poor the ,

powers in the state and emphasized the division of Macedonia along ethnic ethnic along Macedonia of division the emphasized and state the in powers Dhet n Shne 2007) Schenker and (Dehnert y far by 2

portant at country level. Thereupon, this thesis thesis this Thereupon, level. country at portant

laws, constitutional provisions and party structures party and provisions constitutional laws, addresses proportional representation on a national level, level, national a on representation proportional addresses (Lyon 2011,102)

- majority community needs, particularly those of those particularly needs, community majority 3 level does not imply that the same will be the the be will same the that imply not does level

. . Finally, given the different dynamics of of dynamics different the given Finally, .

1 , proved to be rather harmful for the the for harmful rather be to proved ,

. The latter, t latter, The - Rufino 2007; Protsyk and and Protsyk Rufino2007; investigates ogether with the the with ogether

. power sharing sharing power Nevertheless (Bird 2003; 2003; (Bird 2

ording to to ording s Lyon As

what , CEU eTD Collection explanatory factors,representative concepts using fromof the theory bureaucracy. in to turn then I can consociationalism enhancing government offices. ethnic local level in thevariationrepresentation minorityexplain of inthe for preconditions nine the of any if testing with begin acc assumptions theoretical the modifying By democracy. consociational of theory Lijpahrt’s from depart I representation, proportional of concept the 2006) Stick and Creswell, (Ivankova, not only beneficial ethnic for for the but minorities, democracywell. as adminis the within ethnicity, own their from representatives have to minorities ethnic of importance the from strives solely employments of (police, the only but education,etc.), administration public the in employments all for account not do I Consequently, ethnicities. Focusing onthesub two only of comprised are and homogenous more are others whereas groups, ethnic four or three of comprised are importan and Equally heterogeneous ethnically Turks. more are the municipalities or Roma, the be can it another be in can but municipality Macedonian, one in population the of majority the fashion, that By same. the are government the amongthedifferentRepublic Macedonia? municipalitiesin offices, of local in representation minority ethnic of level the in variation the explain can factors oa cvl servants civil local In order to increase the feasibility of this research, its scope had to be narrowed. narrowed. be to had scope its research, this of feasibility the increase to order In Macedonia in municipalities all not that see can one structure, ethnic their Zoominginto In answering the research question, I engage into into engage I question, research the answering In - et analysis depth - national level, ofanalysisnational the units thesi inthis , as denominated in the national legislation. Observing these these Observing legislation. national the in denominated as , employments in the local gov local the in employments of four deviant municipalities and look for additional additional for look and municipalities deviant four of

on thirty four multi four thirty on tration of the municipalities they live in. This is This in. live they municipalities the of tration 4

- exploratory ethnic municipalities. Zooming into into Zooming municipalities. ethnic ernment offices ernment rigt h oa ee raiy I reality, level local the to ording s are municipalities. , mixed method analysis analysis method mixed ,

or the employments employments the or

, some t,

CEU eTD Collection findingsa discussion. and chapter In approach. methodological research the explains chapter second The art. methodology the of state the enclosing by literature the in gap the identify I framework, theoretical and conceptual the providing Before OFA. decentralizati of dynamics The first chapter begins with a brief historical development of the events that shaped the the shaped that eventsthe of development historicalbrief a with chapter begins firstThe –

the case selection and scope of the research, the data gathering, as well as the the as well as gathering, data the research, the of scope and selection case the

on development and equitable representation, before and after the the after and before representation, equitable and development on three,

I present the empirical analysis along with the the with along analysis empirical the present I 5

CEU eTD Collection newly impl newly the of postulates the to accordance in institutions state of adjustments and reforms of process 1.1.1 signing theOFA. t the and Macedonian main two the with assured was conflict the of end community,the international the of pressure the Under country. the offramework legal the within changes several made government Macedonian the peace, back’ ‘bring to order 2 Bieber 2013; Atanasova 2013; Risteska 2011; Lyon 2011; Wolff and Ilievski 2007; th the in representation proportional more of reforms towards aimed a and government the of mostly decentralization university, state Albanian an founding were constitution, Albanians the by demands The conflict. Lyon and 2009;2007; Stanisevski Miller 2011) Albanians the to respect in especially sector, public the within groups minority underr resultingwith 1991, Constitutionfrom the in absent wasrepresentation administrative and political of right group the Yet, country. the of stability future the ensure indepe 1.1 CHAPTER 1.

The Albanian dissatisfaction reached a reached dissatisfaction Albanian The of declaration the after structure institutional Macedonia’s constituting of essence The before and theafter OFA The case the of Republic ofMacedonia: Equitable representation Answering ethnic Albanians’ demands for a more proportional representation required a a required representation proportional more a for demands Albanians’ Answeringethnic OFAThe Arrangements ndence in 1991 was the inclusion of all ethnic communities so as to preserve and and preserve to as so communities ethnic all of inclusion the was 1991 in ndence emented Framework Agreement. This, in turn, would ensure attaining a peaceful peaceful a attaining ensure would turn, in This, Agreement. Framework emented

CONCEPTUAL AND THEOR

e public administration administration public e peak 6 .

in January 2001, escalating into and ethnic ethnic and into escalating 2001, January in ETICAL FRAMEWORK (Daskalovski 2004; Daskalovski Daskalovski 2004; (Daskalovski wo main Albanian parties parties Albanian main wo epresentation of epresentation (Daskalovski (Daskalovski 008)

. In In . CEU eTD Collection 4 Skopje Macedonia, 3 compet transferring was principles its of implementation towards participation inthe democratic life for respect promoting Siljanovska society diversified culturally and ethnically an in multiculturalism sustain 1.1.2 implementation ofthe OFA, issues inrespect these to two government Ilievski2008; Lyon and 2008; 2009; Stanisevski Miller 2007; Ragaru 2011) bargaining and compromise minorities, ethnic the of integration through environment Ibid, Ibid, of Gazette Official

Article1.5 Development Decentralization of being thesis this of focus The - - - - - Based suggests principles, fundamental theOFA onseveral thefollowing reforms: self local The to way a is decentralization of view of point the from development local Approaching

Freedomof theethni for expression Reforms theeducation and in theuse and oflanguages; groups; Special parliamentaryfor procedures of onissues concern voting direct totheethnic Non Development ofdecentralization; - , this chapter chapter this , akv 2009) Davkova -

discrim

the Republic of Republic the - government in Macedonia is a single a is Macedonia in government ination and equitable representationination andequitable non of the communities’ identity, as well as for encouraging citizens’ citizens’ encouraging for as well as identity, communities’ the address . The development of decentralization was found essential for for essential found was decentralization of development The .

Macedonia (2001) Framework Agreement, Government of the Republic of of Republic the of Government Agreement, Framework (2001) Macedonia es 4 .

the changes in the legal system of Macedonia, after the the after Macedonia, of system legal the in changes the equitable representation equitable

c groups’c identity 7

- . tier system. Post OFA, the first step step first the OFA, Post system. tier

in the in

- majoritariangroups; ethnic encies from national to local local to national from encies decentralized local self local decentralized .

Hrwt 2007; (Horowitz (Bieber (Bieber

- CEU eTD Collection Macedonia: Skopje Macedonia: 8 7 municipalities 6 5 interchangeablyt used be to are representation proportional of theory consociational the of context democracy the in understood is it setting Macedonian the core democracy, 2013) Bochsler 2005; Jovanovic 1998; Offe but language, and culture 1.1.3 2005 until start not did laws adopted newly the from provisions of implementation actual the extensive, self local of unit particular 124 from decreased was the municipalities which of with number adopted, was Organization Territorial on law new a 2004, in later, years level,with the enablednewLocal law on Self

T Local Self Lawon Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia of Republic the of Gazette Official rm 03 hr ae 0 uiiaiis a te uiiaiy f Kihcevo of municipality the as municipalities, 80 are there 2013 From he municipalities within the city of Skopje were reorganized and theirnumb and werereorganized cityofSkopje withinthe hemunicipalities goal the Agreement of

il e respec be will non of principle The 4.1. group that Acknowledging Non eq of definition precise a include not does OFA the Although business financingfor to public development.” access and enterprises, andpublic administration public in employment to respect - (Atanasova 2013) discrimination and Equitable Representationdiscrimination Equitable and

the principle of non of principle the -

namely, as proportional representation. Thus, the terms equitable and and equitable terms the Thus, representation. proportional as namely,

- Government , Official Gazette 05/02 OfficialGazette , Government e cmltl. hs rnil wl b apid n atclr with particular in applied be will principle This completely. ted

also to feel like they are a constitutive part of the state the of part constitutive a are they like feel to also (Lyon 2011) .

- governance. Nonetheless, as the reforms to be made were were made be to reforms the as Nonetheless, governance.

- discrimination and equal treatment of all under the law the under all of treatment equal and discrimination - - discrimination and equitable representation equitable and discrimination specific rights of ethnic groups allow them to maintain their maintain to them allow groups ethnic of rights specific

(2001 - ) Framework Agreement. Agreement. Framework ) Governance (henceforth LLS) from 2002 Governance (henceforth 8 , in line with the consociational theory of of theory consociational the with line in ,

o 84 to

hroughout the thesis. Accordingly, Accordingly, thesis. the hroughout 6 pu te iy f Skopje of City the plus ,

merged with three other adjacent adjacent other three with merged er increased from 7 to 10 to from 7 increased er Government of the Republic the of Government uitable representation, in representation, uitable

was seen as the the as seen was (Kranz 1974; 1974; (Kranz

5 7 . Two . Two

s a as

of of CEU eTD Collection 020, 520, 720, 920, 120, 120, 620, 6/08 620, 1/09 35/2010, 114/2009, 6/2009, 161/2008, 36/2007, 61/2006, 81/2005, 106/213 15/2013, 6/2012, 36/2011, 167/2010, 69/2004, 17/2004, 85/2003, 40/2003, 11 3/2009 107/2005, 10 9 governments local in representation equitable of state the about yearly reports issuing is Ombudsman the of Inter for Committees municipal protect for Agency the OFA, the of Implementation for Secretariat the Government: the by established bodies monitoring system merit the respecting time same ba the be to representation equitable and of issue equitable representation the addresses Constitution the from VI Amendment 8, Article framework. legal reflectshould minority’s that ofthe municipal population proportion the municipality, every within

Ibid

Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, Official Gazette 52/1991, 1/1992, 31/1998, 91/2001, 84/2003, 91/2001, 31/1998, 1/1992, 52/1991, Gazette Official Macedonia, of Republic the of Constitution ii Srat Lw Ofca Gzte 920, 1/00 3/011320, 320, 820, 17/2003, 98/2002, 43/2002, 34/2001,103/2001, 112/2000, 59/2000, Gazette Official Law, Servants Civil

Ensuring the implementation of the new rules, the foll the rules, new the of implementation the Ensuring of members of recruitment theunderrepresented […].” communities. through particular in administration, public take the will action of authorities inthecomposition tocorrect imbalances present administration. public govern that integrity and competence concerning rules the respecting while bodies, such within employment of levels all at and bodies public local and central all in communities of representation equitable assure to will administration public in employment regulating “Laws 4.2.

10 .

Article 3 of the Law on Civil Servants justCivil Law specifiesprincipleArticle the onof the 3of ion of the Rights of Minorities Bellow 20%, as well as the the as well as 20%, Bellow Minorities of Rights the of ion

- Community Relations (CICR). Finally, one of the core tasks core the of one Finally, (CICR). Relations Community proportion of employed people from the minority groups groups minority the from people employed of proportion

sic principle for employment of civil servants, at the the at servants, civil of employment for principle sic 11 9 . Equally important are the coordinative and and coordinative the are important Equally .

owing changes were made in the in made were changes owing .

include measures include

The

CEU eTD Collection character work (Ibid). territorial betterrigidconsociational with arrangements than decentralization Brcko of city (2 inter Nevertheless, acceptance countrywide bigger gain will institutions “otherwiseif theone foreclosedwhole undifferentiated countrybe territory” was would which them, for beneficial way a in government local own their manage to level, local sub creating politics. of perception positive rather a encouraging by groups societies divided 2007 Papagianni in conflicts ethnic preventing for mechanism re been has politics racewoven.” British of tapestry complex the that level local the at is it because fundamental are that UK the in politics race of dynamics local the is “[i]t that wrote 1.2 presentatives decision whobringperspectives and new policy1995). tothe making (Philips, 005b)

- ethnic relations depends on the engineering of the institutional design at the local level local the at design institutional the of engineering the on depends relations ethnic ihn h ltrtr o power on literature the Within Geddes and Saggar UK, the in representation political minority ethnic the to Referring Governments The State ofthe Art: Proportional Representation Decentralizedin Arend If

. i Br 20, 8) 2003, Bird (in

properly designed, decentralization can also benefit the majorities, as their state state their as majorities, the benefit also can decentralization designed, properly istics of consociational democracies, arguing that it enables all groups to participate to groups all enables it that arguing democracies, consociational of istics In that respect, Inthat

- national units allow groups that are minorities on national level, but majori but level, national on minorities are that groups allow units national ipat lcd rprinl ersnain mn te or fundamental four the among representation proportional placed Lijphart ibr rus ht h sces f h dcnrlzd oenet t improve to governments decentralized the of success the that argues Bieber n Msa, e ugss ht es oml feil sses f power of systems flexible formal, less that suggests he Mostar, and ; Horowitz 2007) Horowitz ;

albeit the post Dayton progress achieved in Bosnia, Bosnia, in achieved progress Dayton post the albeit . To put it differently, a diverse society presupposes inclusion of of inclusion presupposes society diverse a differently, it put To , as it influences positively on the behaviour of competing competing of behaviour the on positively influences it as , - sharing, decentralization is often perceived a suitable suitable a perceived often is decentralization sharing, 10

(Lake and Rothchild 20 Rothchild and (Lake According to Horowitz, Horowitz, to According Ljhr 19; 2008; 1991; (Lijphart by comparing the comparing by 05; Lyon 2011) Lyon 05; (2007, 958) - sharing sharing

ty on ty

[…] […] . .

CEU eTD Collection have either been excluded or marginalized from the decision the from marginalized or excluded been either have (2003) sub very the for minority, ethnic for opportunities political the determining in factors concur sub those in groups ethnic different the for significant sub national the for important are factors These micro observing 2010) variable syst electoral of type the take minorities ethnic of (2010) process electoral the within acceptable more being measures positive to due branch, judiciary legislati the in found be to rather is representation 2003) Lijphart 2003; Bird 2008; Karp and Donovan, Banducci, 1967; Pitkin 1997; Cohen 1996; Christiano regarding country participation and influence thatreflectssociety theirdemographic structure inthe give making decision of levels all at proportionality introducing that too service civil the in introduced be should proportionality spheres political the in justly . V In explaining the dynamics of minority groups in Canada, Bird notes that groups which which groups that notes Bird Canada, in groups minority of dynamics the explaining In I

. For that matter, l matter, that For .

r fw tde lo a te under the at look studies few ery ih id tee sub these Bird, with strongly se agr n Gde 20; i 20; oey 2008) Togeby 2004; Kim 2000; Geddes and Saggar (see (Cohen 1997; Alonso and Ruiz and Alonso 1997; (Cohen proportional representation is predominantly done on country level country on done predominantly is representation proportional . For example, For - level factors factors level ge with agree arger proportion of the studies assessing proportional representation representation proportional assessing studies the of proportion arger - Marc Weller and Katherine Nobbs find that guaranteed minority minority guaranteed that find Nobbs Katherine and Weller Marc ae Bird Karen that influence on the political opportunities of ethnic minorities. minorities. ethnic of opportunities political the on influence that nt pcfc sus r mr iprat hn h macro the than important more are issues specific unit 17; 91 19; 2008) 1996; 1991; (1975; - Rufino 2007; Ruedin 2009; Protsyk and Sachariew Sachariew and Protsyk 2009; Ruedin 2007; Rufino hn she when - ersnain f h dfeet rus ihn a within groups different the of representation 11

- nt a te rfet h eitn problems existing the reflect they as units em as their most important independent independent important most their as em ve branch than in the executive or the the or executive the in than branch ve points to the lack of empirical work work empirical of lack the to points - units units - (Lijphart 1991; 2008) 1991; (Lijphart making at the national level find find level national the at making . Agreeing with Lijphart that that Lijphart with Agreeing (2003) power, groups minority s and Wa i mr, n I and more, is What .

t he scholarly work work scholarly he

(Guinier 1995; (Guinier (1996) , Sisk adds adds Sisk , . - -

units level

CEU eTD Collection authors chief police the of role the and mayor the of ethnicity the programs, action affirma of (non)existence the minority, the of size the by explained be can representation governme socio and racial to responsive more mayor the that argues author The too. impact an has institutions municipal whil Accordingly, services public and (2007) expenditures government of distribution the as such factors to point businesses capita populat overall of level the government, the group minoritya to belonging mayora of existence loca on l the representation in minority variation the explain bureaucracy. to of factors different functioning use effective scholars different for However, crucial is proportionality that argues theory bureaucracy. transparent first and districts member single of usage predominant is there rights, voting no have citizens resident legally low: level the why explain accessible easily more politics of level local the The notion of proportionality is one of the key topics in the theory of representative representative of theory the in topics key the of one is proportionality of notion The Stein uses political, organizational, demographic and economic variables variables economic and demographic organizational, political, uses Stein .

observe nt (2004, 183) Sen 2009b) (Stein With an emphasis on the unelected officials unelected the on emphasis an With ion, the the ion,

h rl o pris agig ht oils ad s and socialist that arguing parties, of role the

of citizens belonging to a minority a to belonging citizens of e the demography of the city matters, the organizational form of the the of form organizational the matters, city the of demography the e of proportional representation for minorities in Canada is substantively is Canada in minorities for representation proportional of . population of the municipality the of population

- . Zhao and Lovrich argue the variation in proportional minority minority proportional in variation the argue Lovrich and Zhao . past minority members’ minority - the level. l - post electoral system and the party system itsel system party the and system electoral post - cnmc laae ta te cou the than cleavages economic Goodie 12

(2004) education as well as their percentage in the the in percentage their as well as education

n Baldwin and , the strength of labour unions, the form of form the unions, labour of strength the ,

community , the municipal outsourcing and the per the and outsourcing municipal the , . She further argues that three factors factors three that argues further She . (Evans 1974; Kennedy 2013) Kennedy 1974; (Evans (2005) ocial use variables such as the the as such variables use - democratic parties are are parties democratic ncil . Marschall and Ruhil Ruhil and Marschall . - manager form of of form manager - council form is form council (1998) s non is f (2009a) evel of of evel . Some Some . , the the , tive tive - - - . CEU eTD Collection equitable representation in the public service is by and large impossible impossible large and by is service public the in representation equitable circumstances which under affiliation, party on dependent representation thepublicadministration” in Consequently, job. their keepinguncertaintyof the to being exposed time same the at benefits,and privileges of line a lose will Macedonians ethnic some that mean indubitably would minorities ethnic and administration mean any by level, due is tothemech very whether some but later, came or origins earlier have either but Agreement, the by caused been not have today Macedonia they As problems. systemic the address been have system the in present inequalities the of some while that conclude Daskalovski and Risteska though, Interestingly re that agree scholars and Stewart(Ruedin Jones 2012) 2009; div that arguing factors, socioeconomic including context, cultural broader minorities to open more usually presented okn a Mcdna i dpcig te aa o eutbe ersnain numerous representation, equitable of saga’ ‘the depicting in Macedonia, at Looking nte ky on i te ih atsnhp rslig with resulting partisanship, high the is point key Another Facing

h non the Lo 21; itsa n Dsaosi 01 Aaaoa 03 Rsek 2013) Risteska 2013; Atanasova 2011; Daskalovski and Risteska 2011; (Lyon major s

hr hs en notable a been has there Mlsa Hitv, n Aaiv 2006) Ananiev and Hristova, (Maleska, - mlmnain f power of implementation

although politi large rate of unemployment in the country, employing people from the the from people employing country, the in unemployment of rate large have been compounded by the Agreement” Agreement” the by compounded been have cal and economic instability, people in Macedonia try to gain power power gain to try Macedonia in people instability, economic and cal

progress is visible, the non the visible, is progress anisms being ‘overly ambitious’ (Bloemraad and Schönwälder 2013) Schönwälder and (Bloemraad removed with the OFA, the OFA itself was not able to to able not was itself OFA the OFA, the with removed . religion, as such factors

ersity should not be disregarded, but rather embraced rather but disregarded, be not should ersity say

“decline of popular support for more equitable equitable more for support popular of “decline (Stanisevski andMiller 2009, 567;Memeti 2008) , “the main weaknesses of the political system in system political the of weaknesses main “the , - sharing mechanisms, especially those on local local on those especially mechanisms, sharing 13

- majority ethnic groups are still under still are groups ethnic majority De o crucial to Due .

(2011, 23) as Bieber observes Bieber as (2011, 23) (2011, employment being highly highly being employment einl differences regional . Other . .

(2008)

. They question question They . changes in the the in changes account for account . In this case, this In . -

achieving achieving

and the the . - .

CEU eTD Collection and proportional representation,asused inthe thesis. different the in representation, minority ethnic municipalit of level the on influence that factors organizations political other at issue level. local point Schönwälder the on minorities ethnic of representation proportional administration were for secured themonly. “ considered were Albanians ethnic the minorities, ethnic all of out period, system spoils the during that finds she Importantly, system. spoils the according employment of period and system, merit the to accordance in employments she Hence, applied. were criteria different time, in points different servants civil of recruitment the for government central the by and Kotevska 2011; 2013) Atanasova Risteska 2011; Lyon 2011; Novakova Marija 2007; Daskalovski 2006; Ananiev and proportionality, Hristova, achieving toward progress the in behind substantively falling affiliationfor as thekeycarrier at improving their 2003, in conducted survey a of results the to according the interests the neglecting leaders,and of agendas personal fulfilling towards directed is parties political the of incentive the In explaining why, compared to the other ethnic minorities, the Roma and the Turks a Turks the and Roma the minorities, ethnic other the to compared why, explaining In Overall, there Overall, ies inthe Republic ofMacedonia.

out

s a is , little effort has been made to go beyond parliaments and explore this explore and parliaments beyond go to made been has effort little , lacks lacks of coherent of of the ethnic minority groups for most of the time. In time. fact, the of most groupsminorityfor ethnic the of (2013)

. theoretical and research framework research and theoretical Considering In follows, what 14 , Marija Risteska analysed the criteria applied applied criteria the analysed Risteska Marija ,

(Petkovska insiders” and thus special places in the the in places special thus and insiders”

this gap, this majority of the citizens find party party find citizens the of majority -

Hristova 2003) I decentralization conceptualize (2013)

this thesis aims to aims thesis this distinguished a period of of period a distinguished

As . She found that in in that found She .

lera an Bloemraad

for assessing for (Maleska, (Maleska, i dentify re re d

CEU eTD Collection ersnain fraitc smoi ad ecitv. ot optbe o h way towhich ato the extent representative resembles those being represented the to compatible representation of type descriptive Most Pitkin’s is thesis this in used is representation descriptive. and symbolic formalistic, representation: ab perception researcher’s the on concept (1967) comprehensive most the gomust representation oneexplain upontheingeneral. ladderabstraction level and of 1.4 independent decision has level each where government, of levels multiple among power of division hierarchical “ as understood is decentralization research, affairs economic and social political, own their over control groups minority concentrated territoriallygiving as is conflict interchangeably thes in this citizens its to services political, provides s national, local process, a fiscal primarily and legislative is institutional, decentralization While literature. science political 1.3

Proportio ethnic reduces decentralization which in way understood commonly most the Perhaps self local and Decentralization Decentra To begin with, it seems intuitive that intuitive seems it with, begin To . She argues that that argues She .

(Pitkin 1967) (Pitkin lization: Conceptualization nal Representation: Conceptualization - making power over at least one issue poweroverarea making least at

representation can have a broader or a narrower meaning, depending depending meaning, narrower a or broader a have can representation ah ifrn uae f h tr poie a differ a provides term the of usage different each discussion discussion is aswell. (Lijphart 1977; Brancati 2008) Brancati 1977; (Lijphart Nhm 2009) (Nahem out it it out on political representation political on -

government are often used interchangeably within the the within interchangeably used often are government Dv 2011) (Dovi before 15 s a

. Nevertheless, the two terms will be used used be will terms two the Nevertheless, . se o gvrmn i wih hr i a is there which in government of ystem

defin . Pitkin defines three different types of of types different three defines Pitkin . elf - ing oenet s n nttto that institution an is government . Thereby, for the purposes of this of purposes the for Thereby, .

proportional representation, one one representation, proportional

.” is offered from Hanna Pitkin Pitkin Hanna from offered is

(Brancati 2008,6) (Brancati (1967) ent view of the the of view ent .

and it refers refers it and .

One of of One CEU eTD Collection Given the different demographic structure of the municipalities and the development of of development the and municipalities the of structure demographic different the Given adapte is it if implausible, not is level local to it Transferring inappropriate. seem may theory this using municipalities, not and countries for developed Being representation. proportional and nine the between relationship namely conditions, on theory Lijhart’s from start I ethn of issue the to related concepts theoretical several 1.5 reflects thestructure ofthe population. its and official elected an between relationship proportional way thesis: the the in of used is understanding representation the provide concepts Lijphart’s and Williams population the of structure the reflects that representation a is population that if historically group disadvantaged especially themselves, express to populations relevant enabling William Melissa instance, agent simple a be as not exclusively should understood representation democratic that claim authors some constituencies, its and

In overcoming the lack of coherent framework for analysing the analysing for framework coherent of lack the overcoming In Theoretical Background to refers representation proportional of concept the of understanding Lijpharts’ Finally, official elected an between relationship a as mostly representation at looking Despite Accounting for the preferable conditions is a god starting point, but it will solely not do. do. not solely will it but point, starting god a is conditions preferable the for Accounting d to fit theframework ford tofit research level. onthelocal proportionality proportionality age ta rpeetto sol b prevd s en for means as perceived be should representation that argues s preferable conditions for reinforcement of consociationalism consociationalism of reinforcement for conditions preferable c (2000) onsociational democracy, by zooming into one of the four four the of one into zooming by democracy, onsociational

n ii srie appointments service civil in

. rprinl ersnain nesod o js as just not understood representation Proportional

- rnia relationship principal 16

constituencies, rather as representation that that representation as rather constituencies, ic minority representation. To this end, this To representation. minority ic

(1996) .

. Combined, Mansbridge, Mansbridge, Combined, . I test to see if there is a a is there if see to test I Mnbig 2003) (Mansbridge research question research , I use Iuse , For . CEU eTD Collection groups to agree upon crucial issues calls for inclusion of all important minority groups, rather rather groups, minority important all of inclusion for calls issues crucial upon agree to groups if theyfulfill the following conditions: consociational cleavages of lines different across divided countries other for suitable is accommodation of model the Finally, countr the in groups divided to the between willing issues be the resolve to to need cooperate elites the but possible, indeed is consensus minimal a exists there democratic that points Lijphart 1.5.1 the theory ofrepresentative bureaucracy analysis. used inthe the explain I follows, what of concepts the explaining with proceed In then I it. of adaptation my and theory consociational bureaucracy. representative of theory the of concepts I the some of use reasons, these For action oraffirmative programs. influence, factors political for account also should one Consequently, municipalities. different in representation af decentralization

In Consociation Accordingly, for a country to be a successful consociationa successful a be to country a for Accordingly, - - - -

Minority vetoMinority inpoliticalProportionality representation an Autonomy ofthe groups (linguistic/ethnic/religious...), governmentsGrand coalition The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands, Netherlands, the in Democracy and Pluralism Accommodation: of Politics The ( 1975) . Accommodating the different groups and dealing with conflicts for which which for conflicts with dealing and groups different the Accommodating . – alism

ter the conflict, perhaps different factors influence proportional proportional influence factors different perhaps conflict, the ter deeply divided societies have the possibility of bein of possibility the have societies divided deeply despite in respectcrucial to rights andautonomy minority

xsig oil emnain, onre cn e tbe and stable be can countries segmentations, social existing ,

that have representatives of all major groups ofthat have all major representatives 17

d civil serviced civil appointments

l democracy, the failure of of failure the democracy, l g stable democracies democracies stable g (1996; 2008) 1977; y Ljhr 1975) (Lijphart , and

party party .

CEU eTD Collection 12 minor ethnic one least at have that municipality comprised of number equal of fromofthe present members each ethnicgroups the minority in speak grand ofa elected coalition. directly cannot we Hence, them. nominates that party the by predetermined but type, open of not is ele directly only the Whereas coalition’. ‘grand a of kind some have municipalities Macedonian responsibilities, 35) 1977, (Lijphart groups” rival the among mediators “impartial be to them allowing parties, political the and ca Swiss and Dutch the with cases The systems. parliamentary in cabinets of form the in be necessarily not need coalitions grand However, 31). 1977, (Lijphart, society the of segments significant all of leaders by similarities. level, national on present those to form institutional identical have not are (Lyon,of these the consociationalreplicated,While too characteristic do provisions 2011). analyzing 1.5.1.1 the key facto parties political all than

Ibid, line 2 Ibid, The prototypical example of example prototypical The in Macedonia, in exist consociationalism of characteristics basic four all While f Committee the is here important more is What

Consociationalism ‘GoesConsociationalism Local’

the mechanisms for minority protection at the local level one can also see that most most that see also can one level local the at protection minority for mechanisms the

r 12

(Lijphart 2008) . This body, a product of the OFA, should be established in all municipalities all in established be should OFA, the of product a body, This . cted functions are the Mayor and the Mayor’s Council, the Councilors list list Councilors the Council, Mayor’s the and Mayor the are functions cted Wie oeht ifrn i trs f tutr bt lo n em of terms in also but structure of terms in different somewhat While . (Lijphart 1996) (Lijphart . ies eosrt ter pca psto aoe h parliament the above position special their demonstrate binets

grand coalition grand ity group that makes at least 20% of the municipal municipal the of 20% least at makes that group ity . For this to happen, to this For .

is the grand coalition cabinet, comprised comprised cabinet, coalition grand the is or Inter or the principle of proportionality is proportionality of principle the - Community Relations (CICR), Relations Community

there are notable notable are there CEU eTD Collection 15 14 13 membersCouncil’s thatbelong community. toaminority the from majority a and meeting the at present members Council the from majority a with co of use the and establishment the population, municipal the of 20% least at make that groups minority by spoken are that alphabets and languages of use culture, to related Issues . minorities. ethnic the to interest of for majority, rule, elaborated below. majority ‘Badenter” the with ensured is autonomy segmental of kind certain a unreasonable, Since concern. their of issues for own ‘decentralizat their on decide or council own their choose to possessautonomy each municipality, within local would theminorities levelthat, wouldmean i federalism, adopted not has 41 (Ibid, autonomy segmental of form particular a being federalism 1977) them to issues those solving for suggestions give to entitled are and municipalities, the in groups minority ethnic municipalities” the within instit unique a represent “ it. upon agree mayor the and Council municipal the if so, do to allowed population

Law on Local Self Lawon line4 Local Self Lawon 14

Segmental autonomy Segmental veto Minority

. Law on Local Lawon –

rspoe te ioiy s be o ue tef n ra o ter ocr, with concern, their of areas in itself rule to able is minority the presupposes 13 Adtoal, uiiaiis ht r nt eal budd o om CC are CICR a form to bounded legally not are that municipalities Additionally, . ion within decentralization’ seems very complicated and admittedly highly highly admittedly and complicated very seems decentralization’ within ion the municipal Council, who is obliged to review the opinions and decide upon upon decide and opinions the review to obliged is who Council, municipal the - - Government, Official Gazette 05/02 Gazette Official Government, 05/02 Gazette Official Government,

Self in the municipalities is ensured with the so called so the with ensured is municipalities the in - Government, Official Gazette 05/02 Gazette Official Government,

utional frame for dialogue among the communities on the lo the on communities the among dialogue for frame utional (Koceski 2007, 120) 2007, (Koceski –

t is a decentralized state. However, segmental autonomy at the the at autonomy segmental However, state. decentralized a is t “the logical corollary to the grand coalition principle” coalition grand the to corollary logical “the

19 . The CICRs deal with issues of interest to the the to interest of issues with deal CICRs The . , Article 41, line 3 Article , 41, line 1 Article , 55, at of arms and the municipal flag municipal the and arms of at

, Article 55, line 4 Article , 55,

- 2. hl Macedonia While 42). “Badenter”, or double double or “Badenter”, These Committees Committees These 15

are voted are cal level, level, cal (Lijphart (Lijphart CEU eTD Collection background conditions are positive, and it is not impossible for it to succeed even if all of of all if even succeed to it for impossible the not is all it and if positive, are conditions even background fail can consociationalism at attempt “[A]n democracies. consociational necessa neither as regarded be to are conditions nine these Nevertheless, countries fulfill nine backgroundfactors 1.5.1.2 consociationalism’. it context, Macedonian the in Hence, level. local the at services civil the in employments to applies also groups minority ------if reinforced or implemented be to likely is democracy consociational Lijphart, For previously, demonstrated already as Finally, Lijphart finds the finds Lijphart - - -

(Lijphart 1977,55 A as autonomy, topromote and Geographical the of concentration Overarching loyalties There be should amutualexternal forthe groups, threat the decision making process, should population The total berelatively small beGroups should Absence many oftoo groups, Absence Absence majority ofasolid forFavourable Conditions Consociation tradition ofcompromise andaccommodationtradition of large socioeconomic differences thegroups, of large socioeconomic among

first two of the nine favorable conditions the most important most the conditions favorable nine the of two first – roughly 103; 1996,262

that coulddecrease loyalties,that theparticularistic seems feasible to speak about the existence of ‘local ‘local of existence the about speak to feasible seems

the same size, that wouldprefer majority ruleconsociationalism, over

so the negotiations among themare easer, :

–

groups, 263) 20

so there is abalance ofpoweramongso thereis them, al Democracies so there isapossibilityfederalism touse rprinl represent proportional ,

hence thecomplexity decreasing of that will fosterthat will consociationalism as might this promote unity,

ry, nor sufficient for for sufficient nor ry, ation

of all ethnic ethnic all of (2008)

CEU eTD Collection representation and minority veto are its constitutive elements (Figure 1). Logically, by by Logically, 1). (Figure elements constitutive its are proportional veto groups, minority the and of representation autonomy coalition, grand concept, a as consociationalism present be must characteristics one variation usethem explain inthe level to o ofrepresentation can how Then situations. conflict their manage and function countries well how for variables 1.5.1.3 todoinglimited an exploratoryconfirmatory insteadanalysis. of only as sa Having 5). (Ibid: negative” are conditions these By the consociational logic, the nine preconditions should be used as explanatory explanatory as used be should preconditions nine the logic, consociational the By In order for a country to be consociational democracy, all four consociational consociational four all democracy, consociational be to country a for order In

favorable Linking FavorableConditions withProportionalLinking Figure 1.

facilitating Preconditions of consociationalism and its constitutive elements . Consequently, the scope of the first phase of this research is research this of phase first the of scope the Consequently, Ljhr 19; 97 2008) 1977; 1996; (Lijphart 21

id this, we should observe these conditions these observe should we this, id Representation f ethnic minorities?

Teey i w lo at look we if Thereby, .

CEU eTD Collection Nicholson population the of representative is that administration 2009) opportunities equal on is emphasis the and reconciled are bureaucracy’ 1.5.2 than different between than rather at ethnicities, look to intuitive more is it Therefore, municipality. another from ethnicities the between conflict a as inside, from come modified be to the reality, local the fit to itself theory the of adaptation the to Similarly crise international Austria and M consociationalism. minority ethnic of level higher representation the civil service. within those have that will is conditions nine hunch the my meet Accordingly, who it. municipalities to related are conditions preferable nine the representation proportional in interested am I As characteristic. consociational constitutive elements. c influencing

external threat . Coined by Donald Kingsley, the term representative bureaucracy refers to to refers bureaucracy representative term the Kingsley, Donald by Coined . h sxh rfrbe condi preferable sixth The four the of each facilitate should preconditions the logic, above the Following This thesis relies on one of the three different approaches to ‘representative ‘representative to approaches different three the of one on relies thesis This Additional Looking for Factors:Representative Bureaucracy - Crotty, Grissom, and Nicholson and Grissom, Crotty, – –

onsociationalism, the preferable preconditions influence on each of its its of each on influence preconditions preferable the onsociationalism, .

have either initiated or strengthened the existing cartel of elites in times of of times in elites of cartel existing the strengthened or initiated either have the public administration literature, within which bureaucracy and democracy democracy and bureaucracy which within literature, administration public the Specifically s, especially during the First and Second World War War World Second and First the during especially s, .

any

countries , when speaking about municipalities, the threat is more likely to to likely more is threat the municipalities, about speaking when , in od that holds tion –

among which Holland, Belgium, Lebanon, Switzerland Switzerland Lebanon, Belgium, Holland, which among

- Crotty 2011) Crotty 22

external threat initiated or reinforced reinforced or initiated threat external . When the bureaucrats and citizens citizens and bureaucrats the When . (Kingsley 1944; Krislov 1974; 1974; Krislov 1944; (Kingsley Gonvl ad a d Walle de Van and (Groeneveld

sixth condition needs condition sixth Ljhr 2008) (Lijphart , I observe how how observe I , internal rather internal . CEU eTD Collection terms of terms lessradically, in enforcement ofmyresearch understood factor. context is Nevertheless, inthe representativeness their increase f then he act must a thatwouldencourage votefor in way municipal population to him. the electorate the of interest 2013) Schönwälder and issues minority ethnic for supportive more and minorities to open ideolo Party participation. f or gatekeepers passiveI representation,focusin the research. onlyused onthose int am represented passively being are who those and population, the 1993) importanceanalysingrepresentative of bureaucracy locally. groups minority the of needs and problems local the t develops Diversity Nicholson t for are that beneficial policies pursue to tend former the values, and characteristics demographic share o te iies Fr ntne ctzn mk ue f or sis gis mncplte to municipalities against suits court of use make citizens instance, For citizens. the rom . oiia parties Political Moshe by defined as representation, bureaucratic of types two are There Increasing minority representation can be initiated not only by the authorities, but also but authorities, the by only not initiated be can representation minority Increasing erested in the passive type of representation. While there are several determinants of of determinants several are there While representation. of type passive the in erested asv representation Passive citizens’ complaints citizens’ - rty 01 Jns n Seat 02 Bomad n Shnädr 2013) Schönwälder and Bloemraad 2012; Stewart and Jones 2011; Crotty he latter latter he acilitators” he most at the local level, through the local authorities’ responsiveness to to responsiveness authorities’ local the through level, local the at most he active representation representation active

. Finally, the role of the mayor as an elected official is to represent the represent to is official elected an as mayor the of role the Finally, . are one of the most important factors, as they can act as “either “either as act can they as factors, important most the of one are (Zhao and Lovrich1998) (Zhaoand gy plays an important role as well. Leftist parties are usually more more usually are parties Leftist well. as role important an plays gy Kaz 94 Sle 19; Nicholson 1997; Selden 1974; (Kranz Bomad n Shnädr 03 574) 2013, Schönwälder and (Bloemraad

to the mayor i mayor the to

h epoes eebe h dmgahc characteri demographic the resemble employees the (Stein 2009a) (Stein (Meier 1993, 393) 1993, (Meier -

n respect to unemployment issues. On the other other the On issues. unemployment to respect n bureaucracy whose outcomes are beneficial for for beneficial are outcomes whose bureaucracy 23 . Thus, .

, and if he is to secure another term in office in termsecure another to is he if and , enforcement Jns n Seat 2012) Stewart and (Jones

. Given the scope of the thesis, I thesis, the of scope the Given .

(Eelbode 2010; Bloemraad 2010; (Eelbode

makes another important important another makes - Crotty, Grissom, and and Grissom, Crotty,

of minority groups’ groups’ minority of r , hence the the hence , (in Meier Meier (in stics of of stics

. CEU eTD Collection cannot be tested, rather explored throughcannotratherexplored betested, qualitative inquiry. quantitativ the in tested be will that hypotheses the (Eelbode 2010;Bloemraadand wouldSchönwälder2013) communities groups ethnic ethnic other to other so do would they the than more group example, ethnic particular that marginalize for conflict armed as such reasons to signif experiences historical making country, a of regions different in vary groups ethnic different the Schönwälder issues 2009a) 2013;Stein minority towards tolerant more it makes population the of status 2009a) Stein 2007; Ruhil and hires Marschall new 2005; Baldwin for resources available more the institution the richer the economic thestatus, to comes it When (Ibid). sectors different the run to needed are employees bran more with institutions hand, constituen minority their recognize to need would officials elected the thus increase, would pool labour the of part their structure, demographic the of part larger make group(s) minority the If issues. ethnic to institution the of responsiveness the members value toincrease market. onthe their labour 1998) Lovrich and candidates (Zhao minority hiring for programs action affirmative adopt can governments hand, rae clua context cultural broader icant In order to get ‘the big picture’ one needs to go beyond formal institutions and look at look and institutions formal beyond go to needs one picture’ big ‘the get to order In The Having identified additional factors to help answering the research question, I present present I question, research the answering help to factors additional identified Having

structure and economic status economic and structure (Ruedin 2009) (Ruedin . Similarly, if the ethnicity of a certain group is socially salient due due salient socially is group certain a of ethnicity the if Similarly, .

r hy a ognz tann cms n smnr fr minority for seminars and camps training organize can they or

Bomad n Shnädr 2013) Schönwälder and (Bloemraad .

ches have a more complicated structure; therefore more more therefore structure; complicated more a have ches

of both the institutions and the population infl population the and institutions the both of 24

e analysis, and those hypotheses that that hypotheses those and analysis, e Smlry hge socio higher Similarly, . cies cies

(Stein 2009a) (Stein . The relations between between relations The . (Bloemraad and and (Bloemraad . On the other other the On . (Goode and and (Goode - economic economic uence CEU eTD Collection the analysis. of phase second the for concepts and questions research the and phase first the for variables hypotheses includes analysis quantitative sub and question research a by guided is research qualitat 1.6

3 The H3: level ofproportional representationofethnic minorities. the higher groups,the the between differences socioeconomic the smaller The H2: proportional of representation ethnic minorities. smaller The H1: and quantitative the for different is ‘hypothesizing’ research, method mixed In Hypotheses, Variables, Qualitative Research Questions and Concepts 6 Te xsec o a itra tra wl ices te ee o minority of level the increase representation. will threat internal an of existence The H6: minority ethnic of level the representation. higher the municipality, the smaller The H5: representation. minority of level the higher the groups, the between balance the bigger The H4: representation. v aayi. n h fre, n itoue hptee, hra fr h lte, the latter, the for whereas hypotheses, introduces one former, the In analysis. ive Uihy 91 Cewl 2003) Creswell 1991; (Ulichny

higher the number of ethnic groups, the higher the level of minority minority of level the higher the groups, ethnic of number the higher

h sz o te tnc aoiy te ihr h lvl of level the higher the majority, ethnic the of size the testing hypotheses testing . 25 In the following, I present the hypotheses and and hypotheses the present I following, the In

and qualitatively and - questions

(Creswell 2003) (Creswell - oriented analysis oriented . Consequently, Consequently, . generates generates

CEU eTD Collection determinants in organized I research, the in utilized theories obtain information onmore specific issues,are there threesub governments? local in representation minority of level the well as determinants, cultural and demographic economic, organizational, political, the of compromise mu of size balance, group municipality,the in groups five

explanatory variables: size of majority, socioeconomic differences, number of ethnic ethnic of number differences, socioeconomic majority, of size variables: explanatory as that of overarching loyalties and territorial concentration of ethnic groups, over groups, ethnic of concentration territorial and loyalties overarching of that as ethnicmunicipalities? across minorities a Which is inquiry qualitative the guiding question central The are There representation. minority ethnic of level is variable response the Accordingly, m of level the representation increase will administration municipal the in groups ethnic the of accommodation and compromise of tradition a of existence The H7: n the In with on most the impacts What with l the on most the impacts What low high

and accommodation . eod hs o te research, the of phase second seven re the most common determinants that affect the level of representation of representation of affectlevel the that commondeterminants most the re The level ofrepresentation?

level ofrepresentation? political

groups:

determinants include the party influence, the role of the mayor, mayor, the of role the influence, party the include determinants oiia, raiainl eooi, eorpi ad cultural and demographic economic, organizational, political, . the l the

collected data on several determinants, which determinants, several on data collected

evel of minority representation minority of evel representation minority of evel

26 udd y h tertcl ocps rm both from concepts theoretical the by guided

nicipality, internal threat internal nicipality, what is the influence (if at all) at (if influence the is what - questions: udd y h mtvto to motivation the by Guided

in municipalities in municipalities in

and tradition of tradition and inority ha ve been ve

CEU eTD Collection and analyzing thedata. gathering for used methodology the present and variables, of operationalization the selection, next the In municipalities. different at impact different have will determinants the of rest the that assume I Finally, representation. minority of level low and high both with municipalities in one key the be will determinant minority fu I on investigated. impact be to an municipalities all have across will representation determinants cultural and economic the that assume experiences ethnic and the the Lastly, population. the of socio the and groups ethnic the of size the groups, of concentration territorial the of constitute development economic municipality The system. merit the example for process, employment organization, institutional programs action affirmative and enforcement ie te hoeia faeok bt lo ae o m hnhs s n isdr, I ‘insider’, an as hunches my on based also but framework, theoretical the Given

the the size of the municipal workforce, municipal the of size the

identity of ethnic group.identityethnic of economic cultural cultural hpe I cuit h rae wt te rcs o case of process the with reader the acquaint I chapter determinants refer to overarching loyalties, historical historical loyalties, overarching to refer determinants determinan 27 .

The The

organizational ts. Demographic but also to issues related to the the to related issues to also but rther assume that the latter latter the that assume rther

determinants refer to the the to refer determinants

determinants are the the are determinants - economic status status economic CEU eTD Collection ocnrto o te lain populati Albanian the of concentration to according boundaries th which under conditions some to research asSkopje one municipality, a is it as sample, self local of particular unit the from omitted is yet conditions, two the satisfies that municipality cases of number the delimiting OFA), the in municipal population. group. minority ethnic Additionally one least at have to had municipality a research, the of part be to phase this 2.1 two and one phase for methodology, research the respectively. of step each explain I following minority ethnic develop towards steps first the in variations examines make to try modestly I here, that approached view of point the from level local on representation research previous no Having MMR). CHAPTER 2.

The two research phases follow different sampling logic. In c In logic. sampling different follow phases research two The S Case research the answer to as So Although I set two conditions with which municipalities had to comply to had municipalities which with conditions two set I , the minority minority the ,

election

stld ih 10% with settled I the above above the

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

n not and While my initial

h picpe f gerrymandering of principle the - governance, further divided in ten municipalities. Instead of taking taking Instead of municipalities. ten in divided further governance,

rtro fr ae eeto limits selection case for criterion I municipalities separately. tenconstitutive observed its group(s) mncpl etutrn ws done. was restructuring municipal e o l muni all to ing a generalizable theory for consociational countries. In the the In countries. consociational for theory generalizable a ing to

question I employ a mixed method research ( research method mixed a employ I question

ic cosn te omr would former the choosing since should ok with work

hunch iaiis n Macedonia, in cipalities n n oe at o te country the of parts some in on

ae t es o equ or least at make 28 was to was

The capital city of Skopje is the only only the is Skopje of city capital The gowith a

ie at aimed

threshold of 20% (as stipulated 20%threshold (as of stipulated

the inferential power power inferential the

hoosing hoosing al to 10% of the overall overall the of 10% to al it T

ioig h municipal the ailoring

is accomplish .

In the first phase first the In adequat mean significantly significantly mean municipalitie “nitn on “Insisting . e

ing henceforth henceforth given the the given

of of higher higher s , as , the for for

CEU eTD Collection municipality from all findings. empirical the to respect in outliers as appear that municipalities data the were statistics descriptive the at looking representation of level 90% and 0% municipaliti between those all representation; of level proportional exactly or almost with municipalities representation; of 0% with municipalities into analysis multivariate and Chucher Struga, Sopishte, Mavrovo Kumanovo, Krushevo, Konche, Brvenica, Gostivar Orizari, Shuto Chair, Baba, Gazi Butel, country. diverse ethnically min ethnic of variation the explain would that factors potential map the Therefore, lines. 2011, 79) ethnic alongside borders decentralization municipality the over initiated results census bargaining The sides. both on nationalism reinforces and principle citizens’ municipalit of boundaries four Nevertheless, In the second phase, I conduct purposeful sampling, sampling, purposeful conduct I phase, second the In Gaso Dbr Dja, onn, eeioo Jgnve Karbinci, Jegunovce, Zelenikovo, Dolneni, Dojran, Debar, Gradsko, , the Consequentially, . categories

es with over with es - Sandevo is

rcs i acrac ih h F a pifl o oh sides.” both for painful was OFA the with accordance in process contrary to the general trend showed trend general the to contrary Staro Nagorichane, Staro municipalities where municipalities

this does not make the overall research invalid as such, as it still aims to aims still it as such, as invalid research overall the make not does this (App

four conducted in the first phase. First, all 34 municipalities municipalities 34 all First, phase. first the in conducted .

- representation endix B, Section C Section B, endix ies conditioned on an ethnically based census, the OFA avoids OFA the census, based ethnically an on conditioned ies

categories sample ofthe consists following

( will bewill selected. pedx , eto C Section B, Appendix Studenichani, . and important for the stability of the democracy in the in democracy the of stability the for important and Initially, a Initially, - Rostusha, Petrovec, Radovish, Radovish, Petrovec, Rostusha, ) 29 based on the on based

fter conducting the statistical analysis statistical the conducting fter

Tear

in the multivariate re multivariate the in aadv, aieo Vrapchishte, Vasilevo, Valandovo, ce, Tetovo, ce, ir scores on the response variable response the on scores ir )

I , 3 based upon the results of the the of results the upon based 4

municipalities: il look will Centar ority representation in in representation ority

for municipalities municipalities for – Rosoman, Accordingly gression, that is, is, that gression, Zhupa, Chashka Zhupa,

were

(Rosulek Kichevo,

divided divided Resen, Resen, ; and and ; , [the]

and and one :

CEU eTD Collection Appendix im found were that issues additional exploring in flexibility enough provided guides topic of type This topic a using done werequotes used constructinginEnglish translated map for thethematic verbatim transcribed fully and audiotaped during obtained interest, of municipalities the municipalities. four in interviews phenomenon l in representation of Organization Territorial fromMunicipalities 2004. on Law the with municipalities of reorganization territorial the outdated, fairly seems Project Data Event & Location Conflict Armed the ( Self Local of Units the of Association Ombudsman’s analysis quantitative 2.2 2012

), the ), With the intention to look for other factors that influence the level of ethnic minority ethnic of level the influence that factors other for look to intention the With The D ata ata gathering portant for each of the four municipalities. four the of each for portant

C, SectionC, D. data data

data for unemployment from the from unemployment for data

Cewl 20; 09 Iakv, rsel ad tc 2006) Stick and Creswell, Ivankova, 2009; 2003; (Creswell eot n qial Rpeetto in Representation Equitable on Report ahrn ws through was gathering - guide ocal governments and gain a more complete understanding of the the of understanding complete more a gain and governments ocal data ,

of semi of

State Statistical Office has update has Office Statistical State

was The data The - structured nature structured acquired - Governmen eodr sources secondary . While the transcriptions are in Macedonian, those those Macedonian, in are transcriptions the While .

body

Agency for Employment for Agency 30 rm the from

consist of consist pi ad May and April

. o te eulc of Republic the of t (Berg 2009) (Berg The list of all interviews can be found in found be can interviews all of list The While u While oa Governments Local last four

and sing data from the 2002 C 2002 the from data sing d the d country interviews , divided into topical stages. topical into divided , fieldwork fieldwork ,

2014. data

(2012), as well as from from as well as (2012),

. Census Census in accordance in T Macedonia

l o te were them of All with the mayors o mayors the with he interviews were hewere interviews

research ( 2012 , I conducted conducted I , ( 2002 ) , . fr

- F om the the om

) or the the or ZELS to the to , ensus the the f

CEU eTD Collection government office. emplo be should that proportion the words,other in ormunicipality the in self local where Thedone formula: calculationis according tothe following of level the see to group minority or number self local the in people employedof number the extent of the34municipalities separately. self then were numbers population the of 10% to equal or least at make that group(s) minority the to belonging I separately, municipality each for data Census the 2.3.1 quantitative analysisthe questions obtaining designed andfor data. thequalitative the for used variables the of operationalization the presents section This analysis. of type v measurable 2.3 -

government employees from the minority group minoritygovernment the from employees

h f The the Calculating Getting the Numbers create and concepts theoretical abstract from depart must one analysis, conducting In From Concepts Abstract to Concrete Indicators

A is the percentage of people belonging to ethnic minorities that are employed in the in employed are that minorities ethnic to belonging people of percentage the is A - government office, and B is the percentage of people belonging to ethnic minorities minorities ethnic to belonging people of percentage the is B and office, government inal step step inal ariables and observable indicators observable and ariables

convert minority

a combining was level of level ( s ed into percentage into ed )

from the population in each municipality. This would This municipality. each in population the from ersnain n ah uiiaiy atcltd n percentages. in articulated municipality, each in representation ethnic minority ethnic These numbers werealsoThese numbers h dat the

fo te is to tp, o s o see to as so steps, two first the from a

. representation

The next step next The

(Adcock and Collier 2001) Collier and (Adcock

( s ) -

government offices reflects the overall overall the reflects offices government (that pass (that obtained the number of inhabitants inhabitants of number the obtained

was a threefold step. threefold a was transformed percentages into was

the 10% threshold), for each each for threshold), 10% the getting yed in the local self local the yedin the number of local local of number the ,

depending on the the on depending

First enable me enable to what what to ,

using . All . .

- CEU eTD Collection municipality, during the 2001 armed conflict. The data was obtained from obtained was data The conflict. armed 2001 the during municipality, from for data The accommodation. and compromise of tradition a is there whether of indicator good a is it Hence, minorities. ethnic the concerning issues the for have but to, obliged legally not are estab who municipalities are there hand, other the On chapter yetestabl not has or has ofthethe size largestgroup. minority and majoritythe of size the between difference Ithe calculated group, minorityone than more municipal In percentages. in group, minority the of size the and majority the of size municipalities the of separately. equal municipality the in groups ethnic majority the pictureeach ofwhere of standsinterms municipality general. in depe minorities the ethnic operationalizing Thereby, of representation the at looking rather but research, the of lished it so as to ease the negotiations between ethnic groups and to show understanding understanding show to and groups ethnic between negotiations the ease to as so it lished the Community Development Institutethe CommunityDevelopment For the For variables. explanatory following the for data the provided Census 2002 The aim the not is separately minority ethnic each for representation of level the at Looking Internal Threat Threat Internal o 0 fo te population the from 10% to , is mandatory for some municipalities only, yet not all of them have established it. it. established have them of all not yet only, municipalities some for mandatory is ,

S ize o i percentages) (in Compromise and and Compromise f municipality separately. ees to refers ished a CICR. The establishment of this of establishment The CICR.a ished a a was

A is o

ccommodation hte o nt iet ilne a ocre i a given a in occurred has violence direct not or whether , I , Group balance balance Group perationalized asperationalized the

dn vral acrig o hs oml gvs clear a gives formula this to according variable ndent ray ie i te Census. the in given lready added the number of number the added icuig h majority) the (including

variable is calculated as the difference between the the between difference the as calculated is minority number of overall population for each population for each ofoverall number , I looked at whether the municipality municipality the whether at looked I , ethnic , for for ,

representation.

body, as explained in the firstthe in explained body,as

groups that make at least or or least at make that groups F hs varia this ah f h municipalities the of each r h variable the or

Version One of One Version ble

was obtained obtained was The number of of number ities with ities size of size

the the

CEU eTD Collection groups, I calculated the difference between the unemployment level of the majority and that of the minority minority the of that and majority the minority of the level with of unemplo group lowest unemployment some the than between rate difference the unemployment calculated bigger I a groups, minority had the majority of the that if and Conversely, majority rate. the unemployment of level unemployment the between difference the 17 16 minoritywith highest unemployment orlowest the of that and majority the of level unemployment the between difference the calculated I group, minority one than more with municipalities In group. minoritythe of that and majority the between difference the of value absolute the as calculated and in unemployment resources. to access surveys. and expensive lengthy requires indicators abovementioned three the on data household per precise, resources” to access disag occupation and education income, combining measure has occurred’. In conflict’. all where dichotomous, as constructed violence of Conflic Armed

Available at: Available If the majority ethnic group had a smaller unemployment rate than some of the minority groups, I calculated calculated I groups, minority the of some than rate unemployment smaller a had group ethnic majority the If reements on how to best operationalize it, “the fundamental conceptualization involves conceptualization fundamental “the it, operationalize best to how on reements The data data The

Finally, the socioeconomic status of a person or group is usually conceptualized as a a as conceptualized usually is group or person a of status socioeconomic the Finally,

( municipalities where there was no violence, it was coded as ‘no direct violence direct ‘no as coded was it violence, no was there where municipalities http://www.acledd pedx , eto C Section A, Appendix

t Location Location t was obtained from the Agency for Employment, upon request, for 2012 year 2012 for request, upon Employment, for Agency the from obtained was

level t h sm ime same the At Therefore, Aeia Pyhlgcl soito 20, 5) 2002, Association Psychological (American yment rate.

between & Event Data Project Data Event & ata.com/data/versions

socio

ethnic groupethnic

- economic differences economic ) , employment means getting income, which provides provides which income, getting means employment , , for the purposes of the research this variables was was variables this research the of purposes the for , seven seven s, per municipality s, per 33 - 1 level 16 -

3 ye wr cdd s ocrec o direct of ‘occurrence as coded were types . While the dataset accounts for seven types seven for accounts dataset the While . - data 17 . -

1997

(see Grusky 2008) Grusky (see - 2012/archived are opera are , in percentages. unemployment level of the the of level unemployment tionalized as tionalized . - data/ Nevert . Albeit the ongoing the Albeit .

group with highest highest with group ees g heless,

differences etting CEU eTD Collection determinants, the to regard In determinants. cultural and demographic economic, organizational, activities a have mayors important more group ethnic their of being loyalties, overarching of terms In employers. think were They territory. the around dispersed are they or the municipality of regions different in lived groups ethnic different the whether me tell to mayors the t power about in questions few assessed a asking After were interviews. they them, for available data no was there and quantify to difficult Democracy get to information about. wished I which concept theoretical separate a covered guide topic the from theme Each separately. municipality each for them adjust and questions, main the of ordering the stru semi The collected. was mayor 488) 2002, Hermanowicz warm with started I questions, main ‘grounded’ the asking to with turning yet and enough specific concise, terminology, short, be should they questions, 2.3.2

Since for two of the nine favourable conditions from the theory of Consociational Consociational of theory the from conditions favourable nine the of two for Since the wording to attention of lot a requires interviewing for guide topic a Constructing Questions Constructing ‘Grounded’ The rest of the main questions were organized around examining the political, political, the examining around organized were questions main the of rest The this influence this , they toanswer competent thisquestion. were – (Berg 2009, 112 2009, (Berg

I asked questions about the influence of the mayor and the political pa political the and mayor the of influence the about questions asked I n open n ertra cnetain f h groups the of concentration territorial

the

day for m for day inter

through which some background, contextual information about the the about information contextual background, some which through - ethnic relations among the citizens as well as on the municipal the on as well as citizens the among relations ethnic – 116 ; Legard and Keegan 2003, 155 ; Weiss 1994, 74 ) 74 1994, Weiss ; 155 2003, Keegan Legardand ; 116 eetings with eetings ctured nature of the topic guide enabled me to ‘play’ with ‘play’ to me enabled guide topic the of nature ctured citizens and they get involved in their day their in involved get they and citizens

than 34 we discussed whether the citizens citizens the whether discussed we

that -

sharing institutions in general, I asked asked I general, in institutions sharing f h mncplt i gnrl A all As general. in municipality the of

and - p questions up vrrhn loyalties overarching asked to speak how they they how speak to asked (Berg 2009, 113; 113; 2009, (Berg find the well the find

political . Before . rties on rties – - to

were were - day day he he - CEU eTD Collection view of view 2.4 guide isprovided inAppendix group(s). minority the of ethnicity the about attitude group’s majority the municipality, every their groups ethnic inthe living relations between the the about questions addition, inter the influences si the also but population, municipal the of size workforcegathering helpede in aboutthe information municipal the of size the on influence these the for how and resources economic candidates of allocation from required is what and employment unfolds employment of process the how discussed further We representation. proportional of issue the to related work, CICR’s the and the what outcomes from such programs andwere. them had has municipality the whether programs, action affirmative about thei about wereasked Furtherquestions complaints. theseresolve to actionsany municipality undertakes complain citizens the whether asked I addition, influenced to interested was I representation. minority ethnic of level the

Another cluster of cluster Another assessing For ‘Marrying’ the quantitative and qualitative method seems reasona seems method qualitative and quantitative the ‘Marrying’ MethodMixed Research and Nested Analysis avoid

e icse te socio the discussed we , what was the intensity of the influence and what and influence the of intensity the was what , . The questions about the economic development of the municipality, the the municipality, the of development economic the about questions The . ing

limitations or - ethnic relations and hence, indirectly, proportional representation. In In representation. proportional indirectly, hence, and relations ethnic cultural ganizational questions addressed the addressed questions of

C, SectionC, A

determinants included discussions about the history of the the of history the about discussions included determinants using - economic status of the municipal population. Finally, the the Finally, population. municipal the of status economic

determinants, I asked question about the municipal council council municipal the about question asked Ideterminants,

one

method .

demographic demographic solely e f h mjrt ad minority and majority the of ze conomic conomic

(Caruth 2013) (Caruth

the consequences of it were it of consequences the

determinants. know how these two these how know determinants. I asked how the how asked I determinants. r unemployment and if the the if and unemployment r . Albeit its complexity, its Albeit ble from the point of point the from ble -

dayintera The complete topic complete The

ctions and ctions and

( if at all at if groups . In In . )

CEU eTD Collection rcs taig f asl his ihn ae ars tm, n i wih h relationship the which in betwee and time, across cases within chains causal of tracing process (Ibid: model” “ult should LNA sample large the within contained cases more or one of (SNA) 2012) Creswell 2.4.1 phenomenon the about knowledge general some determining Nevertheless Macedonia in turning governments local in representation minority ethnic in variation de the in variation the predict can ju 2012) Robbins carefully be must they MMR, employ to decision 2013) Onwuegbuzie and Frels 2009; Creswell viewpoints of diversity a obtain to or method, one knowle achieve to aim 2013) Onwuegbuzie Frelsand 2013; Caruth Espelage2012; for allowing a into research the embedding

The De Nested Analysis n theory and facts is captured form factslargelyinnarrative and n theory dge gained from a prior method prior a from gained dge o in to eoe b Lieberman, by veloped

relatively small relatively . In . words, other ,

- of generation further choos et aayi o svrl uiiaiis ht r extreme are that municipalities several of analysis depth 436 . , combining large N statistical analysis (LNA) and in and (LNA) analysis statistical N large combining ,

complementarity imately lead to quantitative estimates of the robustness of a theoretical theoretical a of robustness the of estimates quantitative to lead imately ), whereas with SNA one can proceed with “comparisons of cases and/or and/or cases of “comparisons with proceed can one SNA with whereas ), ing which municipalities municipalities which ing

sample size does not allow allow not does size sample quantitative analysis precedequantitative analysis MMR , completeness, to develop additional question, question, additional develop to completeness, , nested pendent variable. Thereupon, variable. pendent more questions questions more

enables , to compensate for the weaknesses of employing only only employing of weaknesses the for compensate to ,

nlss s n o te ifrn tps f MMR of types different the of one is analysis 36

. richer insight into the phenomenon of phenomenon the into insight richer hud e nlzd in analyzed be should Whatever the reasons behind the researcher’s the behind reasons the Whatever

overall trend and the the and trend overall Cewl 20; 09 21; og and Hong 2012; 2009; 2003; (Creswell using many explanatory variables that that variables explanatory many using Vnaeh Bon ad aa 2013; Bala and Brown, (Venkatesh, stified s

. . the qualitative analysis.the qualitative ” (Ibid: p. Using MMR is motivated by the bymotivated the is UsingMMR

(Lieberman 2005) (Lieberman finding (Benge, Onwuegbuzie, and and Onwuegbuzie, (Benge, - - depth, small N analysis N small depth, depth must come after after come must depth

the reasons behind the the behind reasons the 436 ).

dynamics of the the of dynamics or The SNA can be canThe SNAbe

outlier cases. cases. outlier . xad the expand Ideally, the Ideally,the

require interest

(see s ,

CEU eTD Collection tnc ioiy ersnain n oe hn n mncplt, apply I municipality, one than more in representation minority ethnic 2.4.3 same time explaining a of ‘good’ portion one, by one va explanatory seven the used I results, yield robust and data the fit would yet enough, parsimonious be would that model a finding For feasible. and adequate is statistics descriptive with analysis the of results the combining and dichotomous variables two but all that given However, fit. not would analyses regression on thedependent variable” to statistics descriptive simply or analysis, bivariate/correlation (FsQCA); set/qu fuzzy analysis; regression multivariate use may One terms. deterministic or probabilistic in understood is relationship hypothesized the whether data 2.4.2 N analysis” (Ibid: p.436). “Model is SNA of type appropriate the analysis, quantitative the from results “Model is phase next the then results, robust yields analysis statistical the If LNA. the from results the on depending types, two of

– ie te aue f y aa n te eaiey ml sml, ope multivariate complex sample, small relatively the and data my of nature the Given C Tools Quantitative With the purpose of unravelling additional, common factors that influence the level of of level the influence that factors common additional, unravelling of purpose the With toolsQualitative

“depending on whether the outcome is understood to be graded or dichotomous, and dichotomous, or graded be to understood is outcome the whether on “depending hoosing

until I until -

are measured on a continuous scale, conducting multivariate linear regr linear multivariate conducting scale, continuous a on measured are the type of of type the find riables and I remove I and riables

– a fitting model that passe that model fitting a

Thematic Analysis

–

ehd f akad selection backward of method (Lieberman 2005,438)

Multivariate Linear Regression quantitative analysis should depend mostly on t on mostly depend should analysis quantitative - the variance variable. inthe response etn Small testing

the variable the

s .

the threshold of the p the of threshold the - s Aayi. Convers Analysis. N

I start I . with the smallest predicting power predicting smallest the with

alitative comparative analysis analysis comparative alitative

ih model a with - cross value < 0.05, at the the at 0.05, < value analyse he nature of the the of nature he - l, ih weak with ely,

building Small building - case including –

hc are which the scores scores the

thematic thematic ession ession

all all - ,

CEU eTD Collection C, SectionC, B latent underlying, levels both at at occuring data the investigating and with familiarized getting After bureaucracy.representative on theory the and consociational the both from arise 229) 2012, inductively and deductively Lewis(Ritchie andCreswell2008) et al.2007;Gibbs 2003; information, mu using simultaneously conditions, contextual the and setting their details, cases Itbyparticular describing is representation. minorityethnic of levelinfluence the that cross p than on put is accent the thus speech, the of content the is interest the analysis, 2008) Gibbs 2006; Clarke and Braun 2003; Lewis and an erform either alysis. how - h cdn o te aa olw a yrd co hybrid a follows data the of coding The I cases, extreme or outliers as appear municipalities some why understanding For case analysis, the case studies will be utilised for finding municipality finding for utilised be will studies case the analysis, case

within

semantic or latent level latent or semantic directly from the data. What is more, unlike the usual practise of identifying themes themes identifying of practise usual the unlike more, is What data. the from directly it issaid it

This type of analysis will enable identifying existing patterns or themes or patterns existing identifying enable will analysis of type This . Using a Using . .

that an in an that .

- I try to go beyond the semantic co semantic the beyond go to try I case thematic analysis thematic case

present (Riessman 2008) ‘ theory guided inquiry guided theory - depth understanding of the phenomenon of interest can be provided provided be can interest of phenomenon the of understanding depth ideas (Ibid). The complete coding scheme is presented in Appendix in presented is scheme coding complete The (Ibid). ideas Ban n Cak 20, 88 2006, Clarke and (Braun (Braun and Clarke 2006) Clarke and (Braun .

(Ritchie and Lewis 2003; Gibbs 2008, 48) 2008, Gibbs 2003; Lewis and (Ritchie ’

(Riessman 2008, 74) 2008, (Riessman 38

n eal, cdd h ‘novel the coded I details, in

ntent of the interview data and examine the examine and data interview the of ntent ding logic. I derive the themes both both themes the derive I logic. ding

that appear in the data. In thematic thematic In data. the in appear that , – the occurring themes are identified identified are themes occurring the .

9 Gbs 08 42 2008, Gibbs 89; , I first code the themes that that themes the code first I , what ltiple sources of sources ltiple -

specific factors factors specific themes

is said, rather rather said, is –

6 Saldana 46; . Unlike the the Unlike

(Ritchie (Ritchie (Ibid) ’ in in

CEU eTD Collection answers I would get might have bee have might get would I answers group. ethnic an behavior desirable of socially part me makes also ‘insider’ an Consequently, being and extent certain a to reliability making be and explored be to concepts the of conceptualization from about havingor heard themedia. them in read ab was I as extent 2008) Hammersley sources possible, where used was Triangulation conclusions. and explanations any 96) questions expres freely potential Therefore, re the reflects analysis qualitative 2.4.3.1 .

B To ensu To issues key the are reliability and Validity Thinking about internal reliability, what one can only do is provide clear clear provide is do only can one what reliability, internal about Thinking yg

sure they really reflect what the data shows data the what reflect really they sure

o hc wehr h otie ifrain a true was information obtained the whether check to Validity and Reliability Validity Reliability and of Data Qualitative oing back and forth through the data I could double I datacould throughthe forth andback oing , however, is however, , apig bias sampling (Weiss 1994;Legard(Weiss Keegan and 2003)

the sampling procedure was procedure sampling the ter iw wtot nerpig hm o akn double asking or them, interrupting without views their s ality, one must have an unbiased sample frame sample unbiased an have must one ality, re internal validity, I fo I validity, internal re the

le to recognize particular events and situations mentioned by the mayors mayors the by mentioned situations and events particular recognize to le . As a Macedonian citizen, being an ‘insider’ helped me to a significant significant a to me helped ‘insider’ an being citizen, Macedonian a As . interviewees (Marsh and Stoker 2002, 203) 2002, Stoker and (Marsh harder to deal with. Ethnic issues will always be be always will issues Ethnic with. deal to harder

o cran extent certain a to Fdy 1993) (Foddy could try to provide provide to try could n different, different, n llowed based . If my ethnicity was other than Macedonian, the the Macedonian, than other was ethnicity my If . Additionally, .

the constant comparison approach comparison constant the

39 upon the upon

. probably .

To ensure the produced knowledge produced the ensure To

causing (Ritchie and Lewis 2003) Lewis and (Ritchie oily eial ases or answers desirable socially regression findings, findings, regression

depending on the ethnicity of the the of ethnicity the on depending I ensured the interviewees could could interviewees the ensured I atos in cautious -

check the content beforemaking content checkthe ‘crisis (Ritchie and Lewis 2003, 274) 2003, Lewis and (Ritchie Rthe n Lws 2003; Lewis and (Ritchie in legitimation’ within within legitimation’ in

nepeig findings, interpreting culturally embedded culturally - which neutralized which barreled, leading leading barreled, using . The external external The . (Gibbs 2008, (Gibbs external external exhibit indeed indeed .

CEU eTD Collection integrate and cautiousconscious itand be about it. Imayorinterviewed.

Nevertheless, as it is impossible to completely eliminate my bias, Icompletelyto my is impossibleeliminate bias, it asNevertheless, 40

try to to try CEU eTD Collection ofall variableswith distribution can a established municipalities fro go differences socioeconomic while 72.33%, to 9.25% from ranges group ethnic smallest the and largest the between balance The 67%. aboveslightly is majority the of size mean the and 40% roughly makes smallest the a majoritymakes biggest The 484. 105 biggesthas the 56%. almost is representation of level seven in found 0%, variables. 3.1 di by municipalities. influenced is representation minority ethnic whether exploring for used be also will latter the The factors. from additional depicting by findings analysis statistical obtained the to contribute will analysis thematic qualitative the while unravel local in minorities ethnic of representation CHAPTER 3.

Before turning to analysis of the data, I present the descriptive statistics for all the the all for statistics descriptive the present I data, the of analysis to turning Before OnePhase on impact an have factors which find to aims analysis exploratory methods mixed The whether any of the nine preferable conditions influence the phenomenon of phenomenon the influence conditions preferable nine the of any whether As CICR shown in shown n h sml ae opie o o of comprised are sample the in

EMPIRICAL

– municipalities (

Appendix Statistical Analysis T able

A , the most frequent level of ethnic minority minority ethnic of level frequent most the , ,

(Figure Section B Section ANALYSIS

be found in be

The smallest municipality has 3426 inhabitants while inhabitants 3426 has municipality smallest The

1 ) 00% o 13% Fnly m Finally, 21.39%. to 0.02% m , the high the , ) and and )

41 governments

Appendix B, Section A Appendix

l oe ethnic one nly did not experience not did lmost 90% of the municipal population, population, municipal the of 90% lmost est level is 224.77%, whereas the whereas 224.77%, is level est . The multivariate multivariate The . frn fcos n different in factors fferent minority

direct conflict. direct .

group representation i representation regression ost of the the of ost , have not not have

interest, interest, Figures mean mean

will will s CEU eTD Collection response. no is there that see variables. explanatory the of each and variable response the between analyses correlation with start I representation, minority 3.1.1 CICR Socioeconomic Differences Group Balance Number Ethnic of Minorities Size Majority of (%) Size Municipality of Level of Minority Representation (%) Variable 1:Table Internal Threat Note: Note: *CICR established is

Socio Balance Internal Threat Committee for Inter Number ethnic minorities of Size majority of ethnic group (%) Size municipality of Independent Variable 2:Table In looking for a relationship between Lijphart’s between relationship a for looking In aFittingFinding Model

Descriptive statistics for the

- economic Differences

between the Groups

Correlation coefficients for the response with each of explanatorythe variables

bivariat -

Community Relations

;

**Conflict has not occurred

e relationship e

G response

iven the small correlation coefficients (Table 2) one can can one 2) (Table coefficients correlation small the iven Mode 2** 1* 1 / / / / /

between between

and all explanatory variables

42 24696.32 Level ofLevel Ethnic Minority Representation Correlation

Mean coefficient 45.09 67.47 55.84 6.24 - - - - 0.04885 0.09082 0.01636 0.1396 0.1475 0.1172 0.1385 / / /

any of the of any

preferable conditions and the level of level the and conditions preferable

6.062146e+00 2.051193e+01 1.327323e+01 2.749559e+04 5.302359e+01 5.054327e St. Deviation

explanatory variables and the the and variables explanatory p 0.4311 0.7838 0.4348 0.6095 0.4050 0.9268 0.5091 / /

- value - 01

Valid SampleValid 35.90 Min. 3426 0.02 9.25 0.00 1 / /

34 34 34 34 34 34 34

105484 224.77 21.39 72.33 89.21 Max.

3 / /

CEU eTD Collection 18 indicating themodel representation, estimates, citizens hundred therefore variabl explanatory the of increase every for representation, of Moreover, (Table results Note for Internal threat (2) CICR (2) Socio Size majority of Number minority of groups Size municipality of (in 100 citizens) Intercept Model 2 Internal threat (2) CICR (2) Socio Size majority of Number minority of groups Size of Intercept Model 1 3:Table

The recoding was done by dividing the number of inhabitants with 100 with100 ofinhabitants number the wasdividing by recoding done The - - h first The

economic differences economic differences municipality

both models: N=34; R

Multivariate OLS Regression Coefficients I recoded the variable the recoded I their beta coefficients indicatingzero, beta areclosechanges verytheir inthelevel to thatthe h epaaoy aibe epan only explain variables explanatory the

3 and utvrae ier regression linear multivariate

, Model Model , 18 ised o n (Table one to instead ,

the p the is unfitting. -

1 value of the overall model fit does not pass the threshold of threshold the pass not does fit model overall the of value

idct that indicate ) - squared =0.09;squared p

size of municipality in a way that one unit change refers to refers change unit one that way a in municipality of size

- - - 1.001e+00 2.839e+01 - - 8.705e 2.067e 2.467e+01 3.707e+00 3.042e+01 28.39487 - Estimates 24.67183 30.42168 1.00059 0.87048 0.02067 3.70700

oe f h vrals are variables the of none 3 Mdl 2). Model , - - 01 04 - 43 value= 0.83 oe includes model

2.644e+01 2.762e+01 1.732e+00 1.130e+00 2.650e+01 9.360e+01 3.902e 26.43796 27.61828 26.49537 93.59515 1.73221 1.13023 0.03902 St.Error 9 % of the variance at the level of of level the at variance the of %

hl te eoig i yed higher yield did recoding the While

- 04

es for one unit, are very small, small, very are unit, one for es

all explanatory variables. The The variables. explanatory all

------t 0.578 0.770 1.072 0.530 0.578 0.770 1.072 0.530 - 0.933 0.134 0.325 0.933 0.134 0.325 value statistically significant. significant. statistically

Pr(>|t|) 0.359 0.894 0.568 0.448 0.293 0.601 0.748 0.359 0.894 0.568 0.448 0.293 0.601 0.748

<.05,

CEU eTD Collection smaller than 0.12 standard deviations. standard 0.12 than smaller defin what for threshold conservative more a follow I respectively. 19 fr excluded be to needs variables only, group minority one and majority one of comprised are sample the in municipalities the of most As the between .96) = (r correlation 0.0000 to 0.1 from five Factor Inflation andmunicipalities be analyse toremove two these themin it diagnostics, explained above the ( representation of level high their to due outliers assumption my diagnostics, the on based 36%) municipalities other the to compared munici the dependent regard inthesample. cases in variable, totheother predictors best the not are variables likely, Most model. the of value predictive smaller the hence error, more representation 1) slightly is residuals

T . Doleneni, Rosoman and Staro Nagoricane are 0.2, 0.6 and around 0.17 standard deviations from the mean, mean, the from deviations standard 0.17 around and 0.6 0.2, are Nagoricane Staro and Rosoman Doleneni, moderate , ee s a is here oks itne Po 5 idcts hr are there indicates 5) (Plot distance Cook’s Looking test To yet this is not a good enough reason to exclude it from the model the from it exclude to reason enough good a not is this yet palities Dolneni, Rosoman and Staro Nagorichane Staro and Rosoman Dolneni, palities n cn e wy hs to aibe ae orltd I ay way, any In correlated. are variables two these why see can one

for

(Plot 2) (Plot correlations between the explanatory variables explanatory the between correlations at the diagnostics ( diagnostics the at (VIF) slight deviation from normality for the higher values of the level of of level the of values higher the for normality from deviation slight uiclnaiy ewe the between mulitcolinearity , which is not problematic. What appears problematic is the almost perfect perfect almost the is problematic appears What problematic. not is which , skewed to the left the to skewed , and the Correlation Coefficients (Appendix (Appendix Coefficients Correlation the and and their and

predictedvalu size of majority of size Appendix B, Section D Section B, Appendix

om the model. While While model. the om seems the first step toward step first the seems

for the for

and linear regression linear and h sz o te aoiy rus s ey ml (almost small very is groups majority the of size the

is that is cases that are not expected to have high scores on scores high have to expected not are that cases 44 es are slightly scatteredareslightly es

explanatory

a Rosoman and Staro Nagorichane appear as as appear Nagorichane Staro and Rosoman 224.77 nd group balance group es an outlier (D<4/n), in my case is should be be should is case my in (D<4/n), outlier an es

% ) 19 he outliers three , one can see that see can one , - ru balance group

. Dolneni seems to be an outlier as outlier an be to seems Dolneni . depth. and 112.82 and

assumes normal distribution normal assumes variables,

s finding a fitting model would model fitting a finding s significant at α levels ranging ranging levels α at significant

B ,

significant at α=0.0000. α=0.0000. at significant , , indicating that there is is there that indicating ,

% used I Sect

. respectively). n h model the in

has a smaller VIF VIF smaller a has On the On the distribution of distribution the ion B ion these expla these

both Variation Variation both one of these these of one ). other hand, other

There are are There natory natory Given Given

, the the , (Plot (Plot

CEU eTD Collection backward sele important pr most former. coefficient than Table 4:Table Internal threat (2) Socio Number of Size municipality of (in 100 citizens) Intercept Model 5 Internal threat Socio Size majority of Number minority of groups Size municipality of (in 100 citizens) Intercept Model 4 Internal threat (2) CICR (2) Socio Size majority of Number minority of groups Size municipality of Intercept Model 3 - - - aig eoe te w otir ad the and outliers two the removed Having economic differences economic differences economic differences

Multivariate OLS Regression Coefficients Without Rosoman andStaro Nagorichane crig o Lijphart to ccording minority groups (2) ction,

size of majority size of

eferable conditions

removing

the ,

, guided by the theoretical framework, I , guided theoretical by framework, the h eitne f non a of existence the

variables with the variables withthe

(2008) - - - Estimates 28.03405 10.49026 18.31428 56.86101 18.30085 53.55685 - - - 28.09180 23.33602 23.30343 1.65344 0.04583 1.42156 0.04601 1.62761 0.04578 0.52565 0.58319 3.19283 , which iswhat which 45

Note: N=32;Note: R

Note: N=32;Note: R N=32;Note: R

ru balance group least power predictive 14.01695 50.02129 12.91421 10.43299 18.10146 13.60762 13.75667 46.59023 13.86581 15.23617 0.92912 0.61511 0.02066 0.88614 0.02033 0.90382 0.54021 0.02027 St.Error - dominant majority is one of the two two the of one is majority dominant

size ofmajority -

squared =0.485; p squared

- -

squared =0.46; p squared =0.49; p squared

Significance code: * 0.

Significance codes: *0. Significance codes: *0.

variable - t - - - - - 1.780 1.306 2.219 1.071 1.604 2.687 2.263 0.580 1.801 1.331 2.258 1.220 -

2.175 1.715 1.080 0.210 1.681 0.855 value

decided to exclude the the toexclude decided , one by one

measures.

I proceed I ,

- - - value= 0.001676 value= 0.002728 value= 0.006576 0.0358 * 0.0122 * 0.0326 * 0.0385 * 0.0319 * 0.0873* 0.0983* 0.0833* Pr(>|t|) 0.4009 0.2036 0.2945 0.1053 0.8357 0.1203 0.5670 0.2903 0.1946 0.2332 0 5 1 1

; ; **0.01 **0.; **0.; .

with

* * *

05 05

CEU eTD Collection variation in variation of threeexplanatory variables. instead five with model a choose to natural seems it representation, minority ethnic on impact variables present atthe R six’s and four model glance, first on appropriate most the as appear may occurred effect this if even municipalities, 32 the in effect an has group ethnic majority the of size the that seems it model, fifth and fourth the between Regardless variables the If significantvariable least the removes ifone appear in Model 4, five significant of variables the out Although three only yet 3, p the and variable response the for variance explained Internal threat (2) Number minority of groups Size municipality of (in 100 citizens) Intercept Model Out of the of Out Pr by 6 eoa o lat infcn variables significant least of removal

ovided that the idea behind this research is to unravel as many factors as possible that that possible as factors many as unravel to is research this behind idea the that ovided

are statistically significant statistically are CICRs the of influence the removing

the level of of level the of the marginal difference in the explained variance (slightly less than 3%) 3%) than less (slightly variance explained the in difference marginal the of

four

linear models, models, linear former ethnic minority representation is explained by the size of municipality municipality of size bythe explained is representation minority ethnic -

size of m of size squared and absent intheand Thereupon,

wih ons o h iprac o te w additional two the of importance the to points which , ajority

(Model 6) (Model - I find I 32.43728 13.79470 26.72082 0.04186 - with 95

from the model, the explained variance decreases. decreases. varianceexplained the model, the from oe 4 Model 46 ,

Note: N=32;Note: R internal threat internal then the explained variance further decreases. decreases. further variance explained the then proceeds proceeds latter

% confidence, we can%we confidence, s 13.24303 10.34442 18.48230 0.02073

model. there is there - (Table 4) (Table values until until randomly

- squared =0.41; p squared are

becomes lot 9% almost Significance code: * 0.

ecig mdl hr all where model a reaching o etems dqae Its adequate. most the be to

roughly similar with Model with similar roughly . Finally, wh Finally, . - 3.136 2.019 0.746 2.018 significant at significant ay difference between between difference

that 48.9% of the the 48.9%of that - value= 0.001765 ile model six six model ile 0.0040 ** 0.0533 * 0.0531 * 0.4617 0 5; **0.01

α = 0. = α

1 .

CEU eTD Collection rather embraces, in the spirit of cooperationrather of embraces, minorityaccommodation of inthespirit theethnic and needs communities inter friendly group” status higher a to move Consequently, to them allow will investments other and education, work, hard that and permeable are groups between boundaries the feel they b group current their with identify to likely less are possible is mobility social believe less fear resources unemp 2013) Schönwälder and Bloemraad 2009a; (Stein towards tolerant more the groups ofethnicfor level representation1.63. minority 1%, forthe increases fa other all for accounting economic expectations, the yet 2008) socio small 3.1.2 socio the and groups differences aswell as bytheexistenc between them, minority of number the group, majority the of that and

. Perhaps having higher having Perhaps theory Lijphart’s the to back Going of Discussion omn rts ml ta sm ehi cmuiis ae eue their secured have communities ethnic some that imply rates loyment Seemingly,

fet f the of effect differences - economic differences economic in the civil service becomes something that the majority gr majority the that something becomes service civil the in - appears ethnic life within the municipalities. municipalities. the within life ethnic tnc dniiain become identification ethnic these two factors are indeed important indeed are factors two these h ohr groups other the Findings

is ie f h mjrt group majority the of size ethnic groups ethnic

statistically significantα=0.1at ctors, for every increase of the socio the of increase every for ctors, unemployment differe unemployment

are the two the are in , allowing for the latter’s employment in the civil service service civil the in employment latter’s the for allowing , Yt a Cog n Km ugs, []dvdas who “[i]ndividuals suggest, Kim and Chong as Yet, . infcn. n h ohr ad te fet of effect the hand, other the On significant. ,

, hence with 90% confidence we can say that, after after saycanconfidencethat, 90% we with hence , he points points he s

less salient, creating a more cooperative and and cooperative more a creating salient, less most important preferable condition preferable important most

, albeit in accordance with the theoretical theoretical the with accordance in albeit , nces makes the group which is better off better is which group the makes nces e ofinternal threat. . that s result a As Additionally, higher differences in in differences higher Additionally,

for the Macedonian municipalities, municipalities, Macedonian the for non - - economic differences between between differences economic oiat aoiy ru and group majority dominant employment ,

oup does not oppose, not does oup

20, 337 (2006, s - ces to access economic of ethnic ethnic of (Lijphart ecause ecause socio ) . . -

CEU eTD Collection chances for building a cooperative relationship between them between relationship cooperative a building for chances 2003) Hoddie violence ethnic in involved been have groups where municipalities in higher state the of integrity territorial provi selfargue,carefully designed Wolf and Weller As surprise.a ascome not does representation minority ethnic of level the over conflict direct experiencing of influence vio direct experienced that the by affected directly not were that municipalities that, those if positions job particular for people additional employing avoid often and budgets smaller have usually 2009b) (Stein it. manage higher yield municipalities representation bigger that think to counterintuitive pr making is groups underpinnings. theoretical the to contrast in is however, 0.04 for representation municipality of that insignificant. statistically appears assumptions, theoretical size of municipality of size de a ‘genuine self ‘genuine a de holding all other variables constant, variables other all holding The influence of of influence The the of effect The expected to be easier be to expected ocess Subsequently . The smaller Macedonian munic Macedonian smaller The . . hne c hence ,

To begin with, a bigger municipality municipality bigger a with, begin To

is less complicated there complicated less is for 100 citizens translates into an increase of the level of minority minority of level the of increase an into translates citizens 100 for tasks

can be employees. done by theexisting after , - reating a common political process for all groups can enhance the the enhance can groups all for process political common a reating nenl threat internal

governance’ to the minority groups are a good way to preserve the the preserve to way good a are groups minority the to governance’ is significant is , larger administrations provide more employment opportunities opportunities employment more provide administrations larger , ubr f ioiy groups minority of number lence. accounting for all other variables. other all for accounting in municipalities with smaller inhabitants, since inhabitants, smaller with municipalities in (2005)

Taking into account the historical events, the positive positive the events, historical the account into Taking at α=0. at ht s oe h cacs fpltcl edok are deadlock political of chances the more, is What .

s h scn v second the is the level of representation is for 23.34% lower in lower 23.34% for is representation of level the (Lijphart 1977, 55 1977, (Lijphart 0 48 ipalities, especially those located in rural areas, areas, rural in located those especially ipalities, 5.

More specifically, e specifically, More needs larger municipal administration to administration municipal larger needs conflict, compared to to compared conflict, a , ariable significant α=0.05. It appears appears It α=0.05. significant ariable tog i ln wt te expected the with line in lthough

However, the the However, While While –

(Rothchild 2008) (Rothchild 103; 1996, 262 1996, 103;

The direction of the effect, effect, the of direction The accommodating minority minority accommodating very increase in increase very - governments which which governments level of minority minority of level analysis uncovers uncovers analysis the municipalities municipalities the – . Given that in in that Given . 263) Hrzl and (Hartzell the decision the , it is not is it , the size the - CEU eTD Collection of ethnic minority representation portion ofexplained socio the significance the decreases variables two remaining the omitting significance, statistically are factor fifth and fourth first, differences economic socio the and groups minority of number the group, majority the of size the size, municipal the by explained is representation minority ethnic of level the in variation the of 50% almost Therefore, hypothesised t refuted. are hypotheses fifth and second the while six, confirmhypothesis findings predictors three socio most the models preconditions the by explained is representation minority ethnic of level the in a they that Lijphart with extent significant a to municipalities Macedonian in representation proportional cooperate ethnic and integratethe minority. re of fear th by affected municipalities the of most e ieto o te fet of effects the of direction he - h fnig idct that indicate findings The In a nutshell, a In economic differences and the internal threat. threat. internal the and differences economic

(Table statistically - the first and the third hypotheses third first beconfirmed. andthe cannot the occurring violence apparently had a positive effect on the elites’ agreeing to to agreeing elites’ the on effect positive a had apparently violence occurring the ,

4 ) is in line with the theoretical framework, namely internal threat. internal namely framework, theoretical the with line in is , it seems that ‘the more the merrier’ holds true as well. as true merrier’ holds the more ‘the that seems it ,

data does not show enough evidence for for evidence enough show not does data the regression analysis reveale analysis regression the variation significant between them, and by the existence of internal threat. While only the the only While threat. internal of existence the by and them, between re not re .

sufficient The next explanatory factor factor explanatory si .

e f majority of ze - oe f the of some economic differences and internal threat internal and differences economic step is (2008) e conflict the dominant minority is the Albanian, the Albanian, the is minority dominant the conflict e

49 locating additional factors impact the level that .

What is more, looking at how much variance much how at looking more, is What n the and d statistical d

is the size of the municipality, the of size the is rfrbe odtos indeed conditions preferable Ho ee, t em ta only that seems it wever, ubr f ioiy groups minority of number ly significant results at α=0.05 at results significant ly ihr f h to variab two the of either

Interestingly though, Interestinglythough, , as well as ,

in the diff the in , yet I concur I yet , followed by followed Hence, the Hence,

one of the the of one influence

r as are While as the the as erent les. les.

– -

CEU eTD Collection group are expected to perform bad in terms of minority representation. minority of terms in bad perform to expected are group m results, regression the to according representation minority (Appendix 8.18% of score a with all variable. response the on scores their to according municipalities, 3.2.1 sample offour municipalities. C Section scheme coding complete The determinants. organizational the within subtheme a became administration CICRs the of whereas determinants, economic interviews the importance inthe municipalities withi that theory bureaucracy found representative I dynamics, political the Examining inter that is research fieldwork the during learned have I What analysis. 3.2 municipalities

mncpl diitain Amtel though, Admittedly administration. municipal n tnc sus uh s ioiy ersnain ipy y sn quantitat using by simply representation minority as such issues ethnic Aftergettingfamiliarized withthe data, cross and within both conducting on focuses research the of phase This Two:Phase In Following Nested Sampling . Before I proceed with the thematic analysis, I explain how I derive the nested nested the derive I how explain I analysis, thematic the with proceed I Before . Allocation of economic resources was added as a subtheme within the the within subtheme a as added was resources economic of Allocation .

n particular in s well as the sampling procedure explained in chapter tw chapter in explained procedure sampling the

with no ethnic minority representation and the municipality of Petrovec, Petrovec, of municipality the and representation minority ethnic no with - depth Analysis s h teai map thematic the as , were added to the political determinants. Lastly, inherited inherited Lastly, determinants. political the to added were ,

the influence of power of influence the B indeed influence on the level of minority representation representation minority of level the on influence indeed , Sec tion C tion

50 I constructed a b fud n Appendix in found be can

). Considering what leads to higher level of of level higher to leads what Considering ). the -

sharing institution and the influence influence the and institution sharing o al atr ar factors all not additional themes determinants adopted from the the from adopted determinants ost of the municipalities the of ost o, I construct five groups of of groups five construct I o, one cannot assess complex complex assess cannot one The first group first The Petrovec

C, Section B and and B Section C,

e of the same same the of e that prevailed in prevailed in that - case thematic thematic case ive analysis. analysis. ive

however, consists of consists

in this this in is is

CEU eTD Collection they “have several layers of shields that can keep social scie social keep can that shields of layers several “have they elites about said Adler and Adler what confirmed Tetovo of mayor the to access Getting phone. the over interviewed be to agree to willing they were nor fieldwork, the conducted period the in available not were Nagorichane Staro and Chair of mayors The task. difficult very a as proved me with meet to agree to them of some getting mayors, alsowill beanalyzed second of phase inthe regression models (Appendix an interesting case for in representation, proportional completely with municipality only the Being levelthis ofrepresentation (Appendix to besubjec municipality second the becomes it said, being This (77.92%). variable response the on score high relatively a has yet representation, minority high to lead that characteristics the of one Section B, socio h relatively has Petrovec say could one municipalities, other the to compared addition, municipa only the - aty rmte ru o uiiaiiswt over with municipalities of group the from Lastly, the to Going (Appendix representation minority of level moderate with are municipalities Seventeen A economic differences, y economic differences, s this phase of the research included conducting interviews with the municipal municipal the with interviews conducting included research the of phase this s

C). The municipality of municipality The C). B, Section B, , eto C Section B, t ofin - – qualitative exploratorydepth, analysis. lity

Rosoman third C), two have been already selected on the basis of being outliers in the the in outliers being of basis the on selected already been have two C), ih non a with - ) depth analysis.

ms o te uiiaiis opy ih the with comply municipalities the of most ,

ru o municipalities of group yield et, the et, the

and ed by the regression analysis regression ed by the - Staro Nagorichane Staro oiat aoiy n mr ta to tnc groups ethnic two than more and majority dominant Chair level representation ofminority

seems the most interesting of all, as it possess only possess it as all, of interesting most the seems the researchthe 51

with . The municipality remaining .

- lot proportional almost repres , except for Brvenica, exceptand for Tetovo. ntists at bay” bay” at ntists entation of ethnic minorities minorities ethnic of entation

is very closeis verytozero. necessary Tetovo (Adler and Adler Adler and (Adler uig hc I which during

representation

seems like like seems conditions –

Struga

In . igh igh -

CEU eTD Collection determinants matter the most for the representation of ethnic minorities in all four four all are in loyalties minorities overarching that ethnic indicated mayors of all While representation municipalities. the for most the matter determinants 3.2.2 of theyareroughly interms of same their size the group and is Macedonian experience conflict Tetovo) in 70% and group majority Albanian an having of be of level satisfying while (37.47%.) representation Rostusha Mavro with replaced was Chair Finally, research. my in part take to mayors municipal the was factor decisive the methods, mixed in selection Tetovo municipalities for looked I outliers, two only the were they Rosoman proved inany way. impossible 520) 2012,

Petrovec, Mavrovo partly explained partly

Mavrovo with together as Nagorichane, Staro replace to municipality other no was there While h cross The Locat in of subjectbe to municipalities of sample finalThe

and representation. Nevertheless, representation.

(hereinafter Mavrovo) Nt ny ol I o itriw h ma the interview not I could only Not . ing Commoning Factors Chair. Chair.

is an interesting case on its own as it it as own its on case interesting an is - case thematic analysis revealed that that revealed analysis thematic case . In both Rosoman and Staro Nagorichane, on the other hand, t hand, other the on Nagorichane, Staro and Rosoman both In .

done through Struga and Rosoman. andthrough Strugadone Notwithstanding my commitment to the methodological ‘rules’ of case case of ‘rules’ methodological the to commitment my Notwithstanding and a Macedonian minority. T minority. Macedonian a and , Struga , Struga almos and

t the same size in both places,t the same in size , but no replacement was, butnoreplacement foundfor Tetovo.

Rosoman. of what happens in Tetovo and Staro and Tetovo in happens what

roughly the same size (approxima size same the roughly

he of three

52 .

h fv fcos that factors five the o, u ee gtig n oc wt her with touch in getting even but yor, hey are both large cities large both are hey has has

Tetovo and Struga are similar in terms in aresimilar Struga and Tetovo

the economic and organizational organizational and economic the - rather willingness and and willingness depth, qualitative analysis consists consists analysis qualitative depth, the minority group is Serbs, and group and the minority is Serbs, low level of ethnic minority minority ethnic of level low

to be studied instead of instead studied be to should should - Nagorichane tely

availability of the the of availability

present in their their in present

and had direct direct had and 60% in Struga Struga in 60% ed o hig to lead he majority majority he could could vo h - CEU eTD Collection problems” ( problems” changes drastic making of reluctant are they imbalances, inherited administration all groups ethnic of employment of situation current determinants’ economic the of explanation the precede must determinants organizational of influence the explaining groups. ethnic of representation of level proportional 3.2.2.1 be therole mayor. of the to seems Mavrovo, but municipalities all in determinants, political the from factor influential significant as prevail municipalities different for municipality, employed new staff.” ( employed staff.” new expelle was nobody here, still all are they staff, the of all inherited “I To vn huh l fu myr hv epoe svrl e cvl evns o i the fix to servants civil new several employed have mayors four all though Even interna known toall is situation the now And said. I as 2005, until system new the and system former over “This there.”proportionality is no ( employees four had I office in came I “When zerowas representation] (Interv percent.” [minority it came, I When structures. previous the from inherited is that “Well,

No Money of toCorrectMistakes Previous the Mayors start off, off, start Interview the - employment of a certain ethnic community […] community ethnic certain a of employment influence l c o eooi resou economic of ack

4) n l municipalities, all in :

influence. In that respect, that In influence. since tional here.” factors ( . of this factor on minority representation has a different intensity intensity different a has representation minority on factor this of H Interview 1 Interview istorical experiences istorical

employing new st new employing Interview 3 )

cs s emnl te an upi for culprit main the seemingly is rces

53 huh n dfeet way. different a in though ) Interview 4 Interview iew 2

aff would have to come at the expense of the of expense the at come to have would aff and influence of power of influence and

when asked what is the reason behind the the behind reason the is what asked when out )

Yet, for understanding the big picture, picture, big the understanding for Yet,

of which 50% were Serbs, there Serbs, were 50% which of mayors as )

“they do not want to cause social social cause to want not do “they

one t te prob the to pointed

is inherited from the from inherited is - sharing institutions institutions sharing d and I even I and d Finally, the most most the Finally, h non the e of lem - CEU eTD Collection of ethnic minority representation is affected by the economic and organizational determinants organizational and economic the by affected is representation minority ethnic of 2009a)and 2007;Stein Baldwin2005;Marschalland Ruhil economic of importance ethnic of representation is research this projects other undertaking for money little very with members majority employing that saymayors consequently improve the believe mayors the municipalities this new the pay to resources financial ensure 2). employees” (Interview to need I course. of overnight, everything do cannot I but […], minorities ethnic of members several hired I years past the in office, in to respect notgowill firs m their work will they whom with team a with along run not do they office, for run mayors structures these take not does one staff old t impression they leave they impression t

reflects Three These findings raise several questions several raise findings These Struga In andate. Given that their aim is aim their that Given andate.

and , the municipal the

considering into firinginto oldadministrative staff soonasthey as the the footin set

mayors some of the the of some . differently In Mavrovo and Petrovec, where there is low level of minority representation, representation, minority of level low is there where Petrovec, and Mavrovo In and Rosoman on the other hand other the on Rosoman and eotd they reported ht nraig h ivsmns il pn e jb oiin and positions job new open will investments the increasing that

the Macedonian case Macedonian the statements statements workforce resources and their influence on proportional representation proportional on influence their and resources current minority Although

vr h epomn of employment the over (Zhao and Lovrich 1998) Lovrich and (Zhao employees

for granted for employment (Interview 1,2). (Interview 2, 3, 4), 3, 2, (Interview cone fr tnc diversity ethnic for accounted

financial resources financialresources

govern more than one term, mayors are careful with the the with careful are mayors term, one than more govern minorities, minorities, . It wo It . ,

would have to be expelled be to have would the above claims above the 54 , for , so as to achieve proportionality will leave them them leave will proportionalityachieve to as so

, where the where ,

uld be interesting to observe how the level the how observe to interesting be uld politicians are politicians

. Therefore, it seems intuitive that they that intuitive seems it Therefore, . (Interview 3, 4) 3, (Interview

these two cases further enhance the the enhance further cases two these but as one of them said, “since I c I “since said, them of one as but are tnc minorities ethnic

. problem in al in problem

majority

keen on blaming the former the blaming on keen not come at surprise. When When surprise. at come not

hn making when

is underrepresented, underrepresented, is . Although the focus of of focus the Although (Interview 1 (Interview l four municipalities, municipalities, four l

in office h different the changes in in changes ). .

(Goode (Goode Even if if Even during during ame ame the the CEU eTD Collection group (Interview 4). (Interview group also can suggestions they 2), (Interview employments minority mayor’s. the be will decision final the employments, Asmunicipalities. one ofthe mayor decisions employment determinants. depend but municipalities, the for common programs action affirmative 3.2.2.2 change after adrastic theimplementationwent through ofstaff theOFA. of governments. local the in employments ther and mayors different by done workforce administrational the in changes the Struga, of mayor the of claims the by inspired mino ethnic of level the be can research further for hypothesis one Thereupon, time. over wr atr h ipeetto o te F, rsi cags ee ae ihn the within made were changes drastic OFA, the of implementation the after were e Looking at the political determinants, it appears that the influence of political parties, parties, political of influence the that appears it determinants, political the at Looking The above interview excerpt illustrates excerpt interview above The easy.” off you vote also can they but easy, (Interv very you vote can citizens the forever, not is position This success. you bring will that team a be to it want you how that’s stake, at is head candidat the chooseI if and me, for work will They fire’. ‘on be will headmy 5 from choose to have we “If

The Mayor

(Interview 2) (Interview iew 3)

That notwithstanding, notwithstanding, That

h However, this does not imply that in municipalities municipalities in that imply not does this However, as the Finalas the Word

rity representation in the local governments in Macedonia. in governments local the in representation rity h myr aff mayor the ,

or set or te ainl government national the , specific hiring requirements that will benefit particular ethnic particularethnic benefit will that requirements specifichiring we say here. And that is true, if true, is that And here. say we s tells - 6 candidates, I should choose, because at the end the at because choose, should I candidates, 6 en te esn h hs h fnl od in word final the has who person the being ects the level of minority representations representations minority of level the ects Thus, : Regarding

on the existence of other factors, such as such factors, other of existence the on that 5

5 conducting a longitudinal study can trace back back trace can study longitudinal a conducting another hypothesis can be be can hypothesis another

if economic resources are available for new new for available are resources economic if

Employments

s uh s they as much As n te iies cmlit i not is complaints citizens’ the and

disregard foreign investments increase increase investments foreign

you create your team your create you

h CICR’s the with lower levels or or levels lower with

the administration the can

hw whether show initiate ethnic ethnic initiate

e, my my e, in all four four all in epc to respect Similarly, candidate cultural cultural

CEU eTD Collection of foreign investments he has arranged will result with a complete proportional representation representation proportional complete a with result will arranged has he investments foreign of for initiatives the that 2), (Interview Insisting his exclusively are member minority employing municipality. the in representation minority ethnic of 3.2.3 within the municipal case studies. of results the present I following, the over determinants, the across found be can pattern particular no representation of level the affect factors these While representation. power of influence 3.2.2.3 are inoffice. one only term they when or mandate, second their in are they when intensity same the with is representation whe examine to challenging be would that influence determina economic ofthe inter are factors These representation of level higher th less influence mayors the representation minority

accounting for inter and intra and inter for accounting

the level of minority representation will be assessed for eac for assessed be will representation minority of level the Regardless belonging to different groups of determinants, historical experience and the the and experience historical determinants, of groups different to belonging Regardless Given mayor. the of role the about detail much reveal not do however, findings, These The mayor of Petrovecarguofmayor The Petrovec:

Historical ExperiencesInfluence the Historical Determine ofPower some pattern is pattern some

More Investments in Infrastructure,More in Lessi Investments - sharing institutions are tightly related in influencing the level of minority minority of level the influencing in related tightly are institutions sharing

- related and we cannot fully isolate the role of the mayor from the the from mayor the of role the isolate fully cannot we and related

, as these decisions do not do decisions these as , likely ed - group dynamics is not is dynamics group

nt, as showed inthe above quotation. nt, asshowed that he has the most important role in increasing the level increasinginlevel role the important most the has he that to be found. be to ther the mayors’ influence on the level of minority minority of level the on influence mayors’ the ther 56 cases

For this reason, the impact impact the reason, this For . Nonetheless, . - case thematic analysis, through four four through analysis, thematic case n hy o o n uiiaiis with municipalities in so do they an wi solely thin the scope of this research, it it research, this of scope the thin n Administrationn

he believes that the great deal deal great the that believes he

depend on the mayors’ will. mayors’ the on depend h

municipality separately. separately. municipality in combination with other other with combination in - in all four four all in sharing Institutions sharing

of these factors these of municipalities

In ,

CEU eTD Collection infrastructure. Having set that as a priority, the mayor acknowledged that there is lack of of economic sources forpeople. hiringnew lack is there that acknowledged mayor the priority, a as that set Having infrastructure. comes representation Petrovec in minority of level low extremely the behind reason main municip the that me to seems it Nevertheless, the in employments for pressure less put and government local the in represented proportionally being about concerned less people made proud citizens power Consequently, 2). (Interview either Petrovec of citizens Albanian the and Macedonian the between tensions no were there the for municipality, themayorall ethnic accounts for indeed care communities their about citizen the to gratitude his express to Accordingly, municipality. ack ribbon a was there whenever or Muslim is ethnicity the if matter “no areas, inhabited all infrastructure draft a made municipality the that pointed he Nevertheless, run. long the on olde n spot i wr. Seemingly, work. his support and nowledge program, whose aim is to increaaim isto program, whose ly. Petrovec did not experience dir experience not did Petrovec it However, basic some have already that knowledge (Interview field.” inaparticular 2) people young educate further will professors are we and We their footsteps […] following us, of ahead step The a are soon. they it, realized has already be Ilinden will of municipality it and programme that drafted already have “We

- Perhaps the Perhaps

w a “we and and e mncplt t tk a eape from” example an take to municipality a re less seems that seems non

on improving the minority representation. minority the improving on - violent past, goodinter past, violent the mayor’s f mayor’s the - cutting event, citizens of all ethnic groups would show up to up show would groups ethnic all of citizens event, cutting is due to is due - se the citizens’ valuese onthe the citizens’ hrn isiuin ae perceive are institutions sharing ect violence during the 2001 conflict, and as it appears, it as and conflict, 2001 the during violence ect will

allocating the municipal resources resources allocating municipal the

ocus ocus build anew buildin build 57

is predominantly on improving the municipal the improving on predominantly is - ethnic cooperation and overarching loya overarching and cooperation ethnic

vrrhn lylis o xs i the in exist do loyalties overarching al administration on the mayor. mayor. the on administration al g for that purpose,that g for where Itriw ) od h mayor the told 2) (Interview O He pointed He labor too” Itriw 2) (Interview rthodox” (Jones (Jones and Stewart 2012) d positively among the the among positively d

market: market: n

affirmative action action affirmative

that he invests in invests he that in improving the the in improving

lties and and .

CEU eTD Collection (Interview 1). com ethnic Albanian or Turkish the of member a as declared he and Macedonian, is group particular a to belonging of feelings people’s representati the However, municipality. the in Albanians educated of level the increase to as so program action affirmative an initiated never languages.in multiple Nevertheless, needall workingto would increaseasmaterialsrather will finds it themunicipal costs proportio from particularly benefit will municipality the that think not does mayor the Additionally, ethnicity. than religion of terms in more communities between differences the perceive elite municipal the and citizens both because partly and employment is This representation minority of issue the to respect in bodies municipal the between coordination (Int well” Albanians and Macedonians between distrust the specifically level ethnicities that said 3.2.4

C Mavrovo Albeit primary education, ahigh ormaximum near the in live them of Most employed. be could and educated are who Albanians many not are there that noted be should it although matte would ethnicity how see really not do we resources, more were there “If -

omprised of three ethnic communities: Macedoni communities: ethnic three of omprised aty eas tee s o mc pressu much not is there because partly the mistrust between some, let’s say not nationalities, rather religions, more more religions, rather nationalities, not say let’s some, between mistrust the

erview 1). I have come to learn from the interview that there is very little little very is there that interview the from learn to come have I 1). erview power (Papagianni 2007, Boo 2007, (Papagianni on

aig ih h prob the with facing

in the in - Rostusha: - sharing institutions indeed increased the trust and cooperation among among cooperation and trust the increased indeed institutions sharing

fact ethnic belonging is a not a fixed attribute, but rather depends on the the on depends rather but attribute, fixed a not a is belonging ethnic fact

Religious RatherReligious Ethnic than Differences

se, 2005 in) 2005 se, mayor locates the locates mayor e o under of lem as the mayor points: mayor -

58 school diploma.” (Interview 1) school diploma.” yet

- dctd people, educated “the dynamics characteristic for the national national the forcharacteristic dynamics“the

: “You may employ someone thinking he he thinking someone employ may “You : e rm h ntoa gvrmn about government national the from re main reason for the low level of of level low the for reason main

ans, Turks and Albanians, Albanians, and Turks ans, - by villages and only have have only and villages by -

are reflected in our region as as region our in reflected are the mayor admitted they they admitted mayor the

nal nal representation;

the mayor the minority minority munity” munity” be print r,

he he .

CEU eTD Collection pressure on their constituencies. However, the tensions between the Macedonian and and Macedonian the between tensions Albanian present elites are still andvisible: the However, constituencies. their on pressure el during ethnic only the visible pointed, becomes mayor citizens the of As belonging ‘we’. with ‘them’ and ‘us’ replaced quickly citizens invisible, Macedonian the between relations the tightened conflict 2001 the off, start To influence. government’s national the and experiences historical ethnicity, of salience the namely municipality, the in representation matter 3.2.5 how itis”(Interview 1). is that And party. the for working actively were who people the acknowledge to members, party employ to you wants leadership party “the power: to came party Turkish or Albanian can representation minority ethnic of level the that acknowledged workforce municipal proportional employments,

In Struga, a municipality with an Albanian majority Albanian an with municipality a Struga, In or Neighbors’ Struga: importantly, More nothing wrong i wrong nothing is There […]. politics my with bad something did I if would, I apologize. they that time is it nation; this to apologize to Minister Prime the or minister a see don’t the of think I ex system And system. that of work the of consequences the bear still “We

h ms. hv lctd he ms iprat atr ta ifune h le the influence that factors important most three located have I most. the if one had the chance to visit Struga shortly after the conflict, one could see the the see could one conflict, the after shortly Struga visit to chance the had one if ‘ which confirms that under such circumstances the chances chances the circumstances such under that confirms which Macedonians and Albanians Macedonians isting up to 2001, when there was no just and equitable representation. I representation. equitable and just no was there when 2001, to up isting

n that, n that, it (Interviewis civilized.” 4)

it appears that in Mavrovo there is a high party pressure regarding regarding pressure party high a is there Mavrovo in that appears it s

n te Albanian the and

are very unlikely very are

59 H s. ave

hl tnin a tensions While I (Bieber 2008) (Bieber ssues as ections (Interview 4) as parties put put parties as 4) (Interview ections

cultural and political determinants determinants political and cultural C ommunities

be possibly increased, if an if increased, possibly be . og iies ee not were citizens mong What is more, the mayor mayor the more, is What of having a more more a having of , notasFriends vel or or vel CEU eTD Collection Macedo the between experiences historical the Given interesting. particularly is Rosoman of case 3.2.6 blocked being are we this like because citizens], [the them of all includes that and constituencies, our for something vote to us “preventing for means a became majorization preventing of instead decision preventing to budget, the Struga; in administration community, Albanian the with experiences i ethnic Schö and Bloemraad 2010; Eelbode 2009; (Ruedin of saliency the of significance the demonstrates which Tetovo, including I ‘insider’, Struga 4). employmentsfor financesnew (Interview consequentlyproviding more to allocate money, the municipality. the to returns government national i amount this Subsequently,if the taxes of amount the be to seems to almost even mayor the conflict, majority, the yearsafter fourteen Albanian an is there where municipality a in even elite, Albanian

making municipal decision regarding allocation of economic resources. economic of allocation regarding decision municipal making

To this end, it becomes apparent that the high level of ethnic minority representation in representation minority ethnic of level high the that apparent becomes it end, this To D Being the municipality with the highest level of representation of ethnic minorities, the the minorities, ethnic of representation of level highest the with municipality the Being Rosoman:

i isappointed

s a result of the influence of the national government. Based on my knowledge as an an as knowledge my on Based government. national the of influence the of result a s nian majority and the Serbian minority, they live they minority, Serbian the and majority nian for everything”for(Interview 4). assume ‘ We All are

by the Macedonian elite for looking at ways to prevent the work of the the of work the prevent to ways at looking for elite Macedonian the by hs s h cs i every in case the is this the Macedonian government government Macedonian the ncreases, the municipality will be able to plan on their own how how own their on plan to able be will municipality the ncreases, Relatives s from being voted utilizing the Badenter rule Badenter the utilizing voted being from s

Here

explained how their hands are tight when it comes comes it when tight are hands their how explained ’ 60

so as to prevent the work of the municipal municipal the of work the prevent to as so

other other nwälder 2013) nwälder rdmnnl Abna municipality Albanian predominantly uses happily

various means, from control over control from means, various . As a result of the historical historical the of result a As . in cohesion, as the mayor the as cohesion,

The main problem main The ,.

The latter, latter, The dentity , CEU eTD Collection disputes. disputes. inter The no and resources. Serbs the of financial integration complete a their with resulted secure experiences historical citizens all plantations, their Having factors. the peachesgrapes and constant and theyincome: have r mayor the As municipality. the of wealth that is Rosoman be to seems representation excepti the for factor crucial the cohesion, this to addition In lines, ethnic along separate and at what notlook themselves more, is asMacedonians they do orSerbs: determinants: withjoytold 3).(Interview The over Even more interesting, the mayor reported that the citizens have never felt the need to to need the felt never have citizens the that reported mayor the interesting, more Even not Macedonian aSerbfind without ancestors.”(Interv will you Today Rosoman. of population the with mix constantly they since, ever and twenties the around somewhere movedhere Serbs The mixed.completely hav I So relatives. all are we Rosoman in but Serbs, and Macedonians like us perceive may “Outsiders problems, ethnic any had never Rosoman of residents the that emphasized mayor The The above quotation can be utilized to demonstrate a demonstrate to utilized be can quotation above The very, very rare. are latter the But […] too. lazy someone sometimes cases, social are who those me, to work cannot that people only Now, lot. a influences welfare economic said marriage about the say they like is it then economy, the in when good So is everything income. personal average high quite have Rosoman of citizens “The re are money, there are no quarrels. […] No one complains now. That is why I why is That now. complains one No […] quarrels. no are there money, are re Taking into account that almost all fa all almost that account into Taking cultural, demographic and economic.

it produces 1% of the world production of production world the of 1% produces it ” ( ” Interview 3) Interview the soci the which is which mn Srin osn, aeoin s el w are we well, as Macedonian cousins, Serbian many e o

- - “the key for success” (Interview 3) in their municipality. their in 3) (Interview success” for key “the economic status of the groups. the of status economic representation oftherepresentation group minority appears tothree due eported, the vast majority of the residents grow grow residents the of majority vast the eported, 61

milies are of mixed origin, mixed of are milies

iew 3) particular peaches (Interview 3), thus the the thus 3), (Interview peaches

onally high level of minority minority of level high onally An interesting fact about about fact interesting An pattern of influences of of influences of pattern

ethnic belonging ethnic –

if - ethnic ethnic

CEU eTD Collection oe f h myr perd s h ms iprat oiia dtriat, hl te other the while determinants, political important most the as appeared mayor the of role staff. new employ to able be to order in resources economic of lack facing municipalities. four now are all and mayors previous in from administration the representation inherited have mayors minority all Seemingly ethnic or level the on impact have 3.2.7 Inmuch more the is Skopje situation complicatedand complex. a also is there municipality former the In Skopje. to not certainly most same and Kumanovo, the to applies that conclude to jump not would I However, municipality. former the in group th with explained M the Serbs, and Macedonians between relationship Rosoman of citizens 20 Schönwälder ethnicity towards tolerant more even residents the made has status economic over the about the or complain Serbs of to representation anyone for trivial seems is wealthy, are people and salient became acedoniansKumanovo and Nagoricane: Stato inSkopje,

not do they places; these visit to chances themselvesdifferentiate (Interview ethnicity.” by 3) the Staro had have in I Macedonian. even a is Skopje, and Kumanovo in who know never you them, visit to often go I where Nagoricane Even Macedonians Macedonia. and Serbs in between tension anywhere a is there that think don’t I “Well, The thematic analysis revealed that lack of economic and organizational determi organizational and economic of lack that revealed analysis thematic The aNutshell in Findings The n Albanian minority and the municipality had a direct experience of the 2001 conflict. 2001 the of experience direct a had municipality the and minority Albanian n I believe the overrepresentation of Serbs in the municipality of Staro Nagoricane can be Nagoricane be can Staro intheof municipality I ofSerbs overrepresentation believethe irrelevant for the citizens of citizens the for irrelevant 13; Stein 2009a) Stein 13; aefcosa i Rosoman, in as factors same e

Itriw 3) (Interview

under . Nevertheless, what truly matters matters truly what Nevertheless, .

- Rosoman . representation of Macedonians. of representation Interestingly 62

(Interview 3) (Interview

given that the Serbs are the only minority minority only the are Serbs the that given mayor

though

made a parallel with the Serbs and and Serbs the with parallel a made

. Therefore, when ethnicity is not not is ethnicity when Therefore, . , in describing the harmonious harmonious the describing in

is that the employees are employees the that is

is a Serb and who and Serb a is Maybe the high socio high the Maybe What is more, the more, is What

(Bloemraad and and (Bloemraad nants nants - - CEU eTD Collection models to be performed using more explanatory variables. That being said, applying the same same the applying said, being That variables. explanatory more using performed be to models unemploymentgroups. of theminority majo the of level unemployment the between difference socio the example, For operationalized differently. were analysis quantitative the in used variables the of some if performed b a Second, qualitatively. investigated four the to in municipalities similar representation minority influencing factors same the find would we that concluding in 3.3 economicgroups, result statusofthewithover socio high the with combination in experiences historical the hand, other the on Rosoman, over of mostly dynamics what the is government determines national the of influence The employments. other for room econo of lack the enough leave not does members, with party employ to mayor the Combined on pressure party the resources, parties. political of influence the be to appears Mavrovo in In hiring. investments new on for budget resources no economic leaving infrastructure, of allocation the is Petrovec in representation representationminorities. ofethnic of level the on effect an have subsequently and governments, local within institutions sharing eth of salience and experiences historic that revealed analysis qualitative the Lastly, municipalities. different in intensity different have factors

Limitations the of Research level low the for reason main the that found I municipalities, different the at Looking Moreover, the sample size is a limitation itself, as it does not allow for more complex complex more for allow not does it as itself, limitation a is size sample the Moreover, jump to fasttooseems it First, to limitations. immune not is one this researches,Like all

- ersnain f h Mcdna mnrt grou minority Macedonian the of representation - economic differences could be operationalized as the the as operationalized be could differences economic

63 - representation of the Serbian minority group. oftheminorityrepresentation Serbian

iiy hp te nlec o power of influence the shape nicity rity group and the weighted level of of level weighted the and group rity - Rostusha, the main factor factor main the Rostusha, etter analysis could be be could analysis etter p. In In p. mic mic of of

- - CEU eTD Collection provide a more in o validity the increase will It selected. be would group each from municipalities two least at example, for where, sample, larger a on applied be also caninquiry a nalysis on all 84 municipalities in Macedonia may reveal additional findings. The qualitative qualitative The findings. additional reveal mayMacedonia in municipalities 84 all on nalysis

- depth understanding ofthe phenomenon interest.depth 64

f the findings and it would it and findings the f

CEU eTD Collection on i mncplte wee iet ofit a ocre, odn al te variables other all holding minority of level the that Ifound factors, other all for accounting after Additionally,constant.. occurred, had conflict direct where municipalities in found that and increase, group the of differences 50% of inthe thevariation level ofethnicrepresentation minority hunches my confirmed results thirty representation proportional namely consociation decided to u of shortcomings the overcoming of pursuit In Macedonia. in governments local the within representation minority ethnic in levels different inspired has level local the on representation proportional the OFA, comply notall municipalities withit. after years fourteen almost Nevertheless, level. local and national both on administration the In OFA. the of assum principle goal the particular, core the as seen were minorities ethnic of representation equitable document, s on Based OFA. the of signing the with - satd off started I T the after back peace Bringing Conclusion fud ht h lvl f ioiy ersnain nrae a te socio the as increases representation minority of level the that found I four municipalities, municipalities, four e ak f oeet n cmrhnie theoretic comprehensive and coherent of lack he engage exploratory into the Republic of Macedoniathe Republic alism

have an impact on one of consociationalofdemocracies’ onecon on impactan have

with a hunch that maybe the nine preferable factors for enhancing enhancing for factors preferable nine the maybe that hunch a with using the nine preferable conditions as explanatory variables. The The variables. explanatory as conditions preferable nine the using ed proportional representation of the ethnic communities within communities ethnic the of representation proportional ed –

some of the prefer the of some mixed methodresearchmixed . I begun by conducting multivariate linear regression, regression, linear multivariate conducting by begun I .

Macedonian begun the reformatory the process. begun

higher level of representation are more likely to be be to likely more are representation of level higher vrl udmna picpe cnand n the in contained principles fundamental everal 65

sing a single method research framework, framework, research method single a sing - lain ofit rm 2001 from conflict Albanian able conditions indeed explained almost explained indeed conditions able .

me al framework for assessing assessing for framework al

across municipalities. across to find what explains the the explains what find to Non - discrimination and discrimination and stitutive element, stitutive

a ensured was - economic economic

on I

CEU eTD Collection the appointed mayors party. belong toaleftist issue minority ethnic for supportive more usually are that claim Schonwalder’s and Bloemraad test to interesting be would it party, party same the of member are mayors current the of most As employments. minority for allocated are resources economic circumstances what under questions municipalities. minority investigated four of the dynamics in least the at understanding representation, for point starting solid a provide they believe not would I While level. local on minorities ethnic of representation the studying for theory generalizable socio governmentnational the parties political of inve sa organizational minori of level the and municipalities: Bureaucracy Representative of theory the variance oftheare model, they significant. notstatistically explained overall the increase do explain groups minority of number the and group majority representation ine f tnc dniy Furthermore, identity. ethnic of lience stments in infrastructure in stments - Albeit the limitation of the study, these can be the first steps towards developing a more more a developing towards steps first the be can these study,the of limitation the Albeit revof purposes Forthe economicthe groups statusof for further fruitful discussions fruitful further for

up no aig neecs rm h fnig o te ulttv aayi, I analysis, qualitative the of findings the from inferences making into jump icess s h sz o mncplt icess to Wie h sz o the of size the While too. increases, municipality of size the as increases s determinants, by the role of the mayor, the the mayor, the of role the by determinants, Petrovec, Mavrovo Petrovec,

ty representation in influenced by the by influenced in representation ty matters the most in Mavrovo in most the matters , while in Rosoman the Rosoman in while ,

ealing additional ealing is the most important factor in Petrovec, whereas the whereas Petrovec, in factor important most the is - . Rostusha, Struga and Tetovo. The analysis The Tetovo. and Struga Rostusha,

To begin To fud ht loain f cnmc eore on resources economic of allocation that found I 66 factors,

historicalexperiencesin

- Rostusha. In Struga prevail th prevail Struga In Rostusha.

with, i with, I applied thematic analysis on four four on analysis thematic applied I

I used five determinants borrowed from borroweddeterminantsfrom five used I (2013) lack of economic of lack – t would be challenging to examine to challenging be would t

VMRO DPMNE DPMNE VMRO

in another time where some of of some where time another in historic experiences and and experiences historic The idns open findings combination with the with combination resources and by by and resources -

a e influence of of influence e leftist parties parties leftist revealed that revealed conservative conservative influence influence

lt o lot a the the f CEU eTD Collection topic. the on pro research in engage to person one studying least at inspired and level, local the on of representation importance the emphasize to managed least at have I that hope lo woven.” the been has politics race British oftapestry complex at is it because […] fundamental are that UK the in politics race le be community. can research ethnic additional an is there where such in and reside Macedonians experienc Rosoman, of vel of minority representation in municipalities municipalities vel in ofminoritywith differentethnic representation of minorities. number Finally, I will return to return will I Finally, mayor the by reside Serbs where municipalities other with comparison the by Inspired

es and level of minority representation in municipalities where only Serbs and and Serbs only where municipalities in representation minority of level and es it

also ol be would done on examining the influence of the national government over the the over government national the of influence the examining on done

Saggar and Geddes who wrote that “[i]t is the local dynamics of of dynamicslocal the is “[i]t that wrote who Geddes and Saggar interesting

to compare the relationship between historical historical between relationship the compare to 67

(in Bird 2003, 8) 2003, Bird (in .

a lvl ht the that level cal With this study, I study, this With portional portional

F urther urther

CEU eTD Collection Source: Community Development Institute, 2011 (8) Not Established ( Established 6:Table 26) Source: Civil Servants Agency, Yearly NumberTotal Did not say Other Vlachs Roma Turks Bosniaks Serbs Albanians Macedonian Ethnic Group 5:Table

Section A: APPENDIX A Appendices Section

Committee for Inter

Employment

1824 2006 to 2011 Development of ethnic Minority Representation from 2006

84,1 : (%) in the local governments by ethnicity, per year 2,4 0,5 0,2 1,2 0,3 1,4 9,9 Committee Interfor

ue, hi, ht Oiai Bvnc, Valandovo, Karbinci, Jegunovce, Brvenica, Zelenikovo, Dolneni, Orizari, Dojran, Debar, Shuto Gostivar, Chair, Butel, Centar Zhupa Ba Gazi Chucher Sanevo Sopish Kichevo,

- Community Relations in the Municipalities DATA

e Struga, te, a Gaso Vslv, aoih Rsmn Rsn Tearce, Resen, Rosoman, Radovish, Vasilevo, Gradsko, ba, Konche, 2030 2007 12,6 82,1 (%) 1,1 0,8 0,3 1,2 0,3 1,3

Reports from the Registry Civil of Servants

tr Ngrcae Sueihn, eoo Chashka, Tetovo, Studenichani, Nagorichane, Staro Krushevo, 68

- Community Relations 2008 2481 14,7 77,2 (%) 1,5 0,3 1,4 0,8 0,8 0,3 3

Kumanovo, Mavrovo Kumanovo,

2009 2563 14,8 78,7 (%) 1,3 0,3 1,4 1,7 0,7 0,8 0,3

from 2009from to 2012 2010 2784 15,8 (%)

1,5 0,3 1,2 2,3 0,7 0,7 0,3 - 77 Rostusha, Petrovec, Rostusha,

Vrapchishte, 2011 2792 13,6 79,8 (%) 1,5 0,2 1,2 1,9 0,7 0,7 0,3

CEU eTD Collection 20 rebels the to aftergainingrebels theof date territory ifitis be must territory regaining government of date The occurring. still is conflict the 2) or win rebels the 1) unless event territory regains government matching a have must events territory literature the in noted dates other or agreement peace a of day the at coded is event this Whether side. governing the over control to returned is territory that is this of point Although state. the of control the to returned be point, some at should, territory all conflict, the wins rebel Itrebel isfor since only holdings, military. the with battle a after area an of control in is rebel the that notes literature the when is broken’,necessarily must it a contain violent be event ceasefire ‘the e.g. parties, the involving encounters/events of kinds different describe to here used is ‘battle’ term the although that Note chosen. be regaining should type event government battle this territory, the in result not does it and territory controlled rebel in battle Ifa result transfer. there innoterritory is all battles the government. specificallynoted, Unless ter of transfer no notes literature

Available at Available 3 2 1 Section C 4 - - - -

A battle resulting in no change of territory nochange in of resulting A battle Another event Another A battle resulting in a transfer of territory to the rebel actor rebel the to territory of transfer a in resulting battle A A battle resulting in government forces recapturing rebel held territory held rebel recapturing forces government in resulting battle A http://www.prio.org/Global/upload/CSCW/Data/Code_book.pdf

at an unknown date. This event is necessary because not every territory transfer transfer territory every not because necessary is event This date. unknown an at a battle technically should occur, it is not completely necessary as the main main the as necessary completely not is it occur, should technically battle a :

and Eventand Dataset; (ACLED) Types of Violence Coded in the type, which is more of an associated footnote, associated an of more is which type,

ritory. By default, all territory belongs to and is controlled by controlled is and to belongs territoryall default, By ritory. by default, all territorycontrolledby default, by thestate. is

69 the same territory.the

. This event describes a battle in which the in whichthe a event battle describes . This ing actors. attwo least ;

Codebook Armed Conflict Location

. This event is recorded is event This .

is :

Version 1 a territorial transfer transfer territorial a

, all rebel all , . Unless the the Unless .

- 2006 - held held 20 the the

CEU eTD Collection be recorded must violence as presence rebel fromdifferent is designationevent This etc. killings,injury or includes Violence people/civilians. unarmed upon violence perpetrated actors government violence andgovernment rebels, rebels, between civilians. and rebels orrebels and town a in active be may rebels that the unlike However, rebels. the counteract to presence military without active were rebels were instances of lot a note will literature the a If than bases. battle). a without or (with headquarters more of are headquarters as field notes orthe in this note established, headquartersis base a establish and territory a over military event This type isrestored). due israrely chosen information. tothe lack of by control territorial (when territory regaining government precede must events These form. da This date. previous a at occurred had having as noted be will event transfer territorial this point, that At or found. recorded is lost been having it of record no but forces governing the by back won was so At literature. the in found be will rebels to 6 5 7 - - -

A rebel base or headquarters established headquarters or base rebel A Rebel activity that is not battle related/ Rebel presence Rebel related/ battle not is that activity Rebel n Sdd Violence Sided One

in this instance.in this te will be somewhat arbitrary and should be noted as such in the notes the in such as noted be should and arbitrary somewhat be will te

. This event type records all activity where either rebel or or rebel either where activity all records type event This -

hiding, recruiting, organizing etc organizing recruiting, hiding, event type one typeevent 70 me point, the literature may note that territory territory that note may literature the point, me

. This event is coded when the rebels take take rebels the when coded is event This . - sided violence, rebel presence notes presencenotes rebel violence, sided . This event is necessary as as necessary is event This . -

without reference to to reference without

importance importance

CEU eTD Collection 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 100 150 200 250 50 0

Section A: APPENDIX B: Butel Valandovo

Gazi Baba Vasilevo Figure 2. Chair Figure 3. Gradsko Shuto-Orizari Dojran Brvenica Zelenikovo Karbinci Valandovo Distribution of the scores for the Level of Minority Representation

Vasilevo Radovish Distribution of variables

Vrapchishte Distribution of the Scores for the Number of Minority Groups Petrovec Gradsko Chashka QUANTITATIVE

Dojran Vrapchishte Level of Ethnic Minority Representation Zelenikovo Butel

Jegunovce Number of Minority Groups Gazi Baba Karbinci Jegunovce Kichevo MavrovoRostusha Konche Sopishte

71 Kumanovo Centar_Zhupa

Radovish Studenichani Rosoman Kumanovo

Resen Kichevo DATA Sopishte Debar

Struga Konche

Staro Nagorichane Shuto-Orizari

Tearce Tearce Tetovo Resen Centar_Zhupa Chair Chashka Brvenica Gostivar Krushevo Debar Gostivar Krushevo Dolneni

MavrovoRostusha Tetovo

Petrovec Chucher Sandevo Studenichani Struga Chucher Sandevo Staro Nagorichane Dolneni Rosoman

CEU eTD Collection 100 100000 120000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 20000 40000 60000 80000 0

0 Dolneni Chucher Sandevo Dojran MavrovoRostusha Konche Petrovec Gradsko Figure 4. Kichevo Figure 5. Karbinci Jegunovce Zelenikovo

Struga Propotion of the Majority from the overall population (in %) Rosoman

Chair Staro Nagorichane Distribut Chashka Distribution of the Scores for the Size of the Majority Centar_Zhupa Debar Sopishte Sopishte Chashka Kumanovo Petrovec ion of the Scores for the Size of Municipality Shuto-Orizari Chucher Sandevo Size Size of Municipality Brvenica MavrovoRostusha Zelenikovo Krushevo Jegunovce 72 Butel Valandovo Krushevo Vasilevo Gostivar Dolneni Studenichani

Brvenica Tetovo Resen Gazi Baba Studenichani Resen Debar Dojran Shuto-Orizari Gradsko Tearce Karbinci Vrapchishte

Centar_Zhupa Radovish Staro Nagorichane Kichevo Vasilevo

Butel

Valandovo Struga Vrapchishte Chair Radovish Gazi Baba Tearce Gostivar Konche Tetovo Rosoman Kumanovo

CEU eTD Collection 15,00 20,00 25,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 10,00 0,00 5,00 0,00

Vrapchishte Dolneni Butel Jegunovce

Chair Figure 7. Chucher Sandevo Tearce MavrovoRostusha Figure 6. Chashka Chashka Tetovo Kichevo

Kumanovo Brvenica

Dojran Distribution of Scores for the Socio Struga Distribution of the Scores for Balance Between Groups Sopishte Socio Sopishte Dolneni Petrovec - Gazi Baba economic Differences Between Groups Shuto-Orizari

Zelenikovo Zelenikovo Balance Between Groups Rosoman Chair Shuto-Orizari Kumanovo Jegunovce Butel 73 Centar_Zhupa Debar Radovish Krushevo Kichevo Gostivar Studenichani Tetovo Brvenica Studenichani

MavrovoRostusha economic Differences Gazi Baba Petrovec Staro Nagorichane Valandovo Karbinci

Konche Vasilevo Karbinci Dojran Staro Nagorichane Resen Gostivar Gradsko Gradsko Centar_Zhupa Chucher Sandevo Radovish

Vasilevo Konche Struga Vrapchishte Krushevo Valandovo Resen Tearce Debar Rosoman

CEU eTD Collection N =34 indicate a significant correlation NumbersNote: in Differences economic Socio Balance Group Threat Internal CICR minorities Number of majority (%) Size of municipality Size of 7:Table Petrovec Radovish Karbinci Zelenikovo Dojran Gradsko Vasilevo Valandovo 8:Table Municipality -

Section C: Section B:

Correlation coefficients

Municipalities with noproportional representation

municipality Representation Representation Size ofSize Level ofLevel brackets indicate the p 1

8.18

(%)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Correlation coefficients Nested Nested Sampling majority(%) (0.4773) - Size ofSize 0.1261 Municipality 1 Size ofSize 28244 12122 11890

8255 4012 4077 3426 3760

(m of 3

the explanatory variables )

Numberof - minorities - (0.6083) - value (3e 0.09112 0.5822 Majority Majority Size ofSize 51. 79. 61. 77. 77. 82. 82. 84. 1 - (%)

04)

44 76 86 09 77 15 67 ; ; The correlation coefficients and p

Numberof Minorities

- (0. ( - ( 0.07907 0.5709 0.6567 0.2917 4e CICR

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0942 1 -

04)

) )

CI Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No CR ( (0.3848) (0.2015) (0.0179) - Internal 0.1539 0.1539 0.2247 0.4158

0.4039 Threat

Occurrence Occurrence 1 ofConflict

No No No No No No No No

)

(0.0996) (0.0139) (0.0000) (0.5403) - - ( Balance Balance 0.2872 0.5929 0.9615

0.1088 0.4181 Group Group 2e thegroups - between between Balance Balance values in bold 1 - 28.58 69.72 61.61 32.28 65.36 64.33 71.46

04 65.4

)

Differences 0.006754 economic differences (0.6439) (0.3626) ( (0.1026) (0.9698) (0.3025) 0.08222 0.07988 - economic 0.1611 0.2848 0.6534 0.1822 Socio Socio Socio 11.60 13.20 7.23 3.75 8.53 1.79 0.96 8.15 1

–

)

CEU eTD Collection Tetovo Dolneni Gostivar Krushevo Brvenica Municipality 9:Table Chair Resen Tearce Shuto Konche Debar Kichevo Kumanovo Studenichani Centar Sopishte Mavrovo Jegunovce Gazi Baba Butel Vrapchishte Chashka Municipality 10:Table Sanevo Chucher

Orizari

Zhupa

Municipalities with medium of level proportional representation Municipalities

Representation Representation Representation Level ofLevel ofLevel 100.60 104.78 97.74 97.45 94.20 93.28 43,68 43,58 42,67 41,65 37,47 34,87 32,53 28,19 18.67 17,88 77,92 68,35 68.04 58,05 56,33 53,34 45,52 (%) (%)

with almost or exactly proportional representation Municipality Municipality 105484 86580 13568 81042 15855 Size ofSize ofSize 64733 16825 22454 22017 19542 30138 17246 28244 72617 36154 25399 9684 8493 3536 6519 6565 8618 7673 (m (m 3 3 ) )

Majority Majority Majority Majority Size ofSize Size ofSize 70. 66. 62. 61. 47. 83.18 76. 84. 5 53. 60. 68. 60. 50. 55. 73. 62. 57. 35 60 85. 80 (%) (%) 8. 57 32 . 68 79 62 32 07 39 . 07 55 43 38 . 18 46 26 67 25 28 9 6 1 1

75 Numberof Numberof Minorities Minorities

1 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

CI CI Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No CR CR

Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence ofConflict ofConflict Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No

thegroups the between between between between Balance Balance Balance Balance 70.74 18.76 47.16 47.09 41.48 24.37 32.87 65.39 72.19 30.28 70.37 38.06 23.02 34.56 49.33 67.68 25.84 19.36 12.24 56.45 37.06 22.05 9.25 groups

differences differences economic economic Socio Socio Socio Socio 12.82 10.59 19.08 19.82 21.39 0.62 1.67 5.80 0.44 0.53 2.93 8.44 3.82 0.84 4.83 3.64 1.10 6.04 3.50 1.71 0.35 0.02 0.55

– –

CEU eTD Collection Rosoman Struga Nagorichane Staro Municipality 11:Table Section D:

Municipalities with over

Representation Representation Level ofLevel 224,77 112.82 196

(%) Figure 8.

Diagnostics Municipality

63376 Size ofSize 4141 4840 (m - Diagnostics for Linearthe Regression Model I representation of ethnic minorities 3 )

Majority Majority Size ofSize 89 56. 80 (%) . 21 85 . 7

76 Numberof Minorities

1 1 1

CICR Yes Yes No

Occurrence Occurrence ofConflict No No No

thegroups between between Balance Balance 72.33 24.76 61.57

differences economic Socio Socio 14.49 2.59 9.51

–

CEU eTD Collection permission to quote to permission integrity. your affect way any in or reputation way any In Enyedi. and me to available be will I interview the of transcript I While transcribed. i significantly have to star Central the at Studies Political of Department further analyzed qualitatively. the of municipalities at only not relevant affect conditions the of thirtyfour analysisperforminga on statistical fully proportional interested particularly in representation t , I would like to ask for your oral consent to consent oralyour for ask to like would I , I am conducting this conducting am I factors map to aims research This Section A: APPENDIX achieved research or opee nwr ad eeat eal o or conversation our of details relevant and answers complete your representation of ethnic groups ethnic of representation , including , poe h qaiy f analysis of quality the mprove The .

I conduct I

h lcl government local the , I would like would I , some of your answers, if necessary if answers, your of some

C il e h ol pro wo il ae ces to access have will who person only the be will eerh s odce i to phases two in conducted is research the the ing Topic GuideTopic :

o investigate to this one this

interviews with the mayors the with interviews research for the purposes of my Master thesis myMaster of purposes the for research the maintenance of the stability of of stability the of maintenance the ainl t oa level local at national QUALITATIVE DATA

, are particularly inte particularly are , ensure you ensure

why s , which influence on the level of ethnic minority minority ethnic of level the on influence which within within , while in others this principle has not yet been been yet not has principle this others in while , 77 . The The . multiethnic municipalities, municipalities, multiethnic Nevertheless, I would also like to like also would I Nevertheless, int this that out oe municipalities some European University in Budapest. Before we we Before Budapest. in University European

audiotape the interview the audiotape too. , h mncplte i te country. the in municipalities the audiotaped

resting. Therefore resting. of those municipalities those of , to support to ,

h results The to

my . The first phase phase first The . consociational erview will will erview neves wil interviews supervisor supervisor

my arguments elaborated elaborated arguments my have have indicated . I . . , to test That That in the

am a student at student a am not influence not indeed - phase second the

democracies , which will be will which , ui tape audio Prof be l will will whether some some whether ,

osse of consisted ask that which will will which essor Zsolt Zsolt essor

enable ae fully later achieved for several I am am I the , your your

are are me me the

CEU eTD Collection 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. respected. basis voluntary ask to free If response. detailed and complete ofthe thesis, the text analysis the in

In general, it general, In youDo ofthe citizens municipality meetproblems? the often with totalk abouttheir youIn arewhatyour of kind activities mostly, participating as mayormunicipality? of yoursignificant mandate? during proj Which mayor. as term years) (insert your is This thepublicadministration?within yourcareer youand about moresomething me tell youto asking by start to like would I questions The (Dependingof representation): onthelevel you would What say isthemainreasonfor that? your in representation minority ethnic of level The you do What findnecessary for representation? proportional from representation having proportional minorities? ofethnic and just of eq principle the respect to need municipalities the OFA, the to According this with case the is municipality? this say you Would groups. ethnic the between cooperation uitable representation. What benefits do think your municipality has (would have) have) (would has municipality your think do benefits What representation. uitable

If youIf any have questions o a for . If you If . ,

and if you wish to withdraw from it it from withdraw to wish you if and

oe eald explanation detailed more

is considered that power that considered is but wl ak r o open of are ask will I agree to be qu be to agree as ' the

Mayor of you do not unders not do you oted, I will not refer to you by your first and last name in in name last and first your by you to refer not will I oted, prior to the start ofprior it tothe start

the municipality the - sharing institutions create trust and increase the the increase and trust create institutions sharing 78 . - ne ntr, thus nature, ended or atcpto i ti itriw s n a on is interview this in participation Your

at any time any at tand some of the questions, please feel feel please questions, the of some tand , "

municipality is very low/very high. high. low/very very is municipality I

ects would you say were the most most the were say you would ects will will be happy to be happy to , your decision will be fully fully be will decision your ,

I encourage you to give give to you encourage I answer .

CEU eTD Collection 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10.

In respect to the territorial concentration territorial the to respect In a. differentgroups?ethnic the between relations the influencing is inhabitants of number the say you would How Does themunicipal ever Council of proportional discuss the question represe youHow can do help establishing in theCICR representation? think proportional yourCICR in municipality? ev you Have minority ethnic of situation the with representation the municipal administration? within familiar are cities the that say you Would b. a. ethnic minority representation? of level the influence municipality this of development economic of level the Does a. in the municipality well the or well the important: more find citizens say you would What b. a. groupsthe ethnic of concentrated inparticularparts themunicipal territory?

low ethnic minority representation? the Did to lead that initiatives anyachieving level this ofrepresentation? make positions executive at employees the Did pr the to resepct in groups ethnic different the between differences any there Are employees? inter the over influence it does And Does thataffect the inter communicate well? and other each know groups ethnic different from citizens the say you Would evious question? er taught of establishing a CICR?/ How would you explain the work of the the of work the explain you would How CICR?/ a establishing of taught er employees at executive positions make any initiatives to solve the issue of of issue the solve to initiatives anymake positions executive at employees

- - being of the municipality itself? being ofthe municipalityitself?

ethnic relations inthe municipality? 79

of ethnic communities in the municipality, are are municipality, the in communities ethnic of

- ethnic relations among the the among relations ethnic

- being of their ethnic group group ethnic their of being

ntation? municipal municipal

CEU eTD Collection 28. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 18.

a. proportional representation? of issue the about members other the with talk you do party, your of meetings the At municipality? your in administration municipal the in employment to respect in say final the has Who regarding representa proportional questions on decide to government national the from free yourrelatively municipality Is a. wasWhat b. a. youDo your meeting of openfor withthe have citizens municipality? days governmentthe local office? a for important most find you do What Are inthenumber therefrequent ofemployees changes inthemunicipal administration? representation themunicipal in administration? th you Do increasing ofemployees thelevel who belong toanethnic group? minority of purposes the for programs discrimination positive any implemented ever you Have a. relatedreprese toproportional projects about NGO an or organization international an with cooperated ever you Have ethnic particular a to community administration? at the municipal belong that people employ to pressures party any there Are

Which ethnicWhich groupcomplains about themost unemployment? Do theyunemployment?complain about (where applicable) What wascooperation? theresult ofthat aretheotherWhat theopinionsof youDid way influence in any tochange thatsituation? the level minority ofethnic at representation of the time thepreviousmayor? n te ie f h mjrt gop nlecs h lvl r minority or level the influences group majority the of size the ink

ntation ofethnic minorities? tion?

80 candidate to possess in order to be employed in in employed be to order in possess to candidate party members?

CEU eTD Collection 2. 1. 32. 31. 30. 29.

a. Economic determinants Section B: discuss? i something out missed have I that think you do Finally, ethnic minority the municipal within representation administration? of level the about react will groups ethnic the think you do run, long the at Looking b. a. (depending onthele municipal administration changes? Doesof theethnicemployeeschange structure when employees thenumber inthe of e. d. c. b. a. determinantsPolitical b.

iii. ii. i. achieve proportionality i to take would it think you do long how municipality, your of work the Knowing ethnic minority change? should representation of situation current the that think you do municipality, your of work the Knowing Power Affirmative Enforcement ofRole thePoliticalparties ofRole theMayor Allocation of economicresources Economic municipality development of

Benefits ofproportionality CICR Influence

- sharing institution sharing institution

Coding Scheme action programs action

vel orrepresentation):vel

n employment administration? inthe municipal

mportant that you would like to like would you that mportant

CEU eTD Collection 5. 4. 3. Mayor Political determinants

Section c. b. a. Demographic determinants c. b. a. Cultural Determinants c. b. a. Organizational Determinants

Saliency ethnicity of Historical experiences Inherited administration Employment criteria Change economic workforce ofmunicipal in determinants?) (here inSize or Territorialgroups of ethnic concentration Socio ofthe ethnicSize groups OverarchingLoyalties C: -

economic groups statusof

Thematic Map uks wmn fr h frt ie ad h drco as o the of also director the and time, first the for woman, a employee one Turkish have I driver, Urban for of Bosniak a Department Albanian, the an in Planning, Albanian, an director a employed I So a as fiction, because they the people are the same. (Interview 1) the that, do also can we whoelse, So us. with problem a has know there that Ombudsman, don’t I anyone nor me ask would Secretariat the three Albanians as the declare33 of out people to satisfy or to behold, are and criteria do the and can maybe Turks, Ias themselves declare to people ten to tell frankly, can I administration, talking are we Now say that I realise it 80%, because of that I pass the second candidature second the pass I that of because 80%, be it realise I that say will there that promised I major] [for employmentallnationalitie of ran I when all, above So want. (Interview 2) they what do and want they whatever talk can they practice, in out it everyt do, and discuss we whatever say:’ always members] CICR [the They EmploymentInitiatives: No, it's only my initiative (Interview 2) Albaniansof (Interviewtoo 2) representation have to look I activities, all in say, to so one, do n I now was it yesterday until and Bosniak, a is Utility Municipal

hing is in the hands of the mayor’. But I respect that, and I cary I and that, respect I But mayor’. the of hands the in is hing

– 82

34 we have, and there the criteri the there and have, we 34

s. In the first term what IInpromised, firstwhat termthe Is. can

a are met. Neither met. are a ot. Well, ot.

–

five CEU eTD Collection Parties

Why do I say this, I think these people should correspond most, and most, correspond should people these think I this, say I do Why will I I forBut if selection let’s a I face thatone post say, still too. choose to have knew people promised, amanto I lie can You me. trust people And years. what four next the in it accomplish Because easily. so Rights, etc., what is embedded in the Constitution, in the Municipality the in Constitution, the in embedded is what etc., Rights, democratic a was Macedonia Humanon Conventionthe although Agreementfor, theratified had that country 2005, until is problem The willthus have nosuch prejudices as wehave them now (Interview 4) citiz the of language the speak should works who administrator round, way other the that then called... is what are citizens thatbelieve still not we here because and citizens the serving is administration still we that see I logic, the be should that and is, administration the that logic the by go we If administration.municipal the in language, Turkish or languageMacedonian and Albanian the both of knowledge the request I example, for if settled be easilycould it now for example, For not happen. (Interview 3) would it think I and pressure no was there now until And works. that something change I would why year, every budget the increasing citiz I'm the because before me, from coming expected is result the ultimately because me, to bragged would something then him, replace I should why for, paid being is out works that staff worthy a is it If do. to what decides who know you me, tell to one no is there Well with stay you years for if they dotheir well. job (Interview 3)also will they but successful, not are you if you with leave will you with bring you position executive at people The do. to work me. with leave and over have not will come you Then they financier, the lawer, the policeman, the where model, American that support I different. be would it then and polls, the to it with go and managementteam his in bring to needs mayor the think I problem. a have we ZELS, at this said even I us, for vote thinkthat Istill Buteasy.can youoff vote also can they very but easy,you citizens the forever, not is position This success. you bring t your create you I true, is I that if and me, for work will They And here. saywe how that’s stake, at is mycandidate, the head choose fire’. ‘on be will head my end the 5 from choose to have we If opportunity select, to I have would chose the given am I if However,them. evaluate tocompetent be would who still. And the people here are a special problematic, You may employ may You problematic, special a are but here people views, the And of still. point political a from employments at look we Maybe mayor 1) the the will there whethermor parties... political be is,the or decide may it still whether units, political, of is heads decisionmaking are that those perhaps not that, And initiatives. such many so really i parties, not are otherwise there political administration communities, the ethnic showing other from are especially initiatives such more Honestly, the representation is improved. (Interview 4) employment, new each Albanian, an mayor a is there since onwards, 20 until Albanians employ to forbidden was Struga of

once, not a second time (Interview 2) 83

can not escape of what was in the past, that thethat past, the in was what of escape not can n fr etn. o f ucin el i I’m if well, function if So testing. for ens - - 6 candidates, I should choose, because at because choose, should I candidates, 6 representation and you and representation eam you want it to be a team that will that team a be to it want you eam e politics is deciding... (Interview deciding... is politics e (Interview 3

why, because I'm the one the I'm because why,

in the announcement,the in

will have enough have will

05. Since 2005 Since 05. te public the n en and en

CEU eTD Collection National government

h pry edrhp at yu o mly at mmes to members, party employ that is how to it is (Interview 1) you wants And party. the for workingactively were who people the acknowledge leadership party The the Turkish of member a as declared he and Macedonian, is he thinking someone wy u, ie hs o. ny n uh wy w cn develop can we way, a such in Only not. this like out, way a have might Macedonia way, this in Only vote. to right the have to but CICR this that So too. consensus with budget the endorse to democracy, problems.consensual real a these for asking areout We sort to order iin seek, we agreement new a with be will which I laureates, those of names all interesting (Interview 4) Poetsy, the of put Nights Struga we’ll the laureates, of laureates have we example for etc., Albanians, the of names the with go to have not do we although fro parties political their by told are they So, want. don’t they whyNow, that. do to want not do Theystreets. the of names the change to vote to need them of half need, they vote, should i Even an economist, hemust be a lawyer (Interview 3) I is who Municpality the in lawyer a by since hire can’t I Party. the from interference anyone sure, without exclusively I'm be Even administration municipal not. the are there Really, all. bargain at not no, No, basis (Interview 3) national that on us divide not do we question, that to answer no have I Again, Serb. a child, young a by ourdone was analytics of the Particularly 20% maybe there, see, have, not do We our resolveto them (Interview 2) So land. construction ‘upstair’, at language common finding into are we resolving, are problems land agricultural of conversion the prob our and problems our about grumble we go we time every [...] issues such about projectsinvestments, and of implementation the abouth investors, of arrival the about projects, the of organization about has municipality the that problems discu always is it meetings such to go we when now for ethnic another of Albanians orderin to get employed (Interview 1) party the from community.thenpressMaybe thelywill register themto or themselves as municipality, period, the longer a of needs leadership it know, don’t I Well, n s o, u tee s o uh rsue Ms o te rsue are pressure the of Most pressure. the such type no the of usually or is there OFA but the on, so of and Secretariat the gro ethnic on staff fromenough have not do we here that Ombudsman, often comes it seeks Perhaps party Albanian Turks, employing employing Albanians (Interview 4) wants party the Turkish too. in representation VMRO equitable the all in about representation institutions of Statethe (Interview 4) equitable the about talk talk is more is municipalities, Little talk. part is it representation, eqitable about talk always we that normally regard, this In evenly. Macedonia n my Party, it is discussed, and one member of my party has comemyoutmember one has discussed, of is partyand myit Party, n f it passes at the first majority, afterwards only the Macedonianstheonly afterwards majority,first the at passes it f ed with the municipal committee here, that the employment in employment the that here, committee municipal the with ed - PN rqie epoig oey Macedon solely employing requires DPMNE or Albanian ethnic community. (Interview 1) 84

–

mostly mine, someone me, to close someone hire

lems are the development of projects, of developmentthe are lems f ht gemn, s’ i. o we So, it. isn’t Agreement, that of

is not onl not is m the center not to do it, do to not center the m

y an advisory body, advisory an y ebr ae Serbs. are members cag o the of change a a, n SDSM and ian, ssed about the about ssed

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f ietr, uh s h drco o te ulc tlt o i the in not or and mo quality utility at for be look publicthey what to is that all people, the corrupted above of looking are director they the So, Municipality. as such directors, of appointment the in Even administration. in least at absolutely, no, No, it is like that... ((Interview 1) with, and if you have the money, and the money are with the central the with are money the and money, the have you if and with, pro this regulate to want we if done, be can this a in are unfortunately,Now, positions. job we these fill to need but we when situationAlbanians, with only done is this that think not do I use to free something are newthat I am certain saying. (Interview 4) you name, my use of not would you said development you said, clearly of and loudly development be should the the this And municipality. prevent another to hand, stimulate other the on such and to municipality, require lead are government, policies to the central when difficult and aspect, is every in it centralized already are municipalities that, when municipalities, the you by responsibility telling I’m Therefore well ((Interview 3) such, as are relationships the naturally that see They matter. Until that for that. complained years like these something in one or no now, there, problem a is there say to has called one no far, so and this seeing are They nonstop. reports send we the and Ombudsman the to both sent is dat that representation, proportional the on information as have youwhat too, they think I No, one the opposite, their father Macedonian (Interview 3) t the But, in that, Rosoman. think from both inspector, sanitaryInspectorate, the of part the I in And party. one another and his woman one employed they Agriculture, of) here (Ministry have they because state, person two were there Indeed, [...] minorities for so, think not do we now, Until me.... tell to and me call to someone that, like anything experienced not haveSo I far, it. do to how and what us tell to now until interfered has Nobody the from nor I have don’t any problems so government central therefore and things the the see realistically I that know They Councelors. from neither pressure, any myhaveareliberty is decision.personal athere, fullynot soit IWe do such thing suggestotherwiseone,or onedon’t to therewas takethat no reallythis too, Party the for beneficial is it successful, is person a if So too. party the help to thus and be, will they where place the at work successfuly o i te uiia amnsrto te at aig s f the of funds. no is are ther if saying hire not can last municipality the but the employment, administration municipal munic the in No, it have don yet, because Ithey are not letting me hire (Interview to 4) which staff, other some need I there and kindergarten, You year. t last of all lottery select they the And needed? that like was enterprise, something forest the was in remember, what it make to as competitions, announce to this, like Not too. municipality the includes proport this settle all for and the once to plan to action an adopt to goes have they now and Strugagovernment central in paid VAT the of % 97.5 because government, he girl's father is Macedonian, the mother is Serbina. The other The Serbina. is mother the Macedonian, is father girl's he plt. h cnrlgvrmn hs ti yu r tlig about talking are you if it has government central The ipality. oe n ae eln m, ’o hr sm 5 laes n the in cleaners 5 some hire c’mon me, telling are and hose ((Interview 1) 85

s in Rosoman employed with the quotas by the by quotas the with employed Rosoman in s

ional representation everywhere, and that and everywhere, representation ional far (Interview 2) and if it is all good, to let go let to good, all is it if and

blem, this can be done be can this blem, st. Active, that will that Active, st.

t ti i not is this it,

y the by CICR, CEU eTD Collection programs Affirmative Action

F fr eetaiaino pwr sml vrtig s centralized, is everything simplu power, of decentralization for the OFA with made was that Agreement the (....) one is What centralized. municipalitie because municipalities, the about talk to begin should we institutions, the about talk we When (Interview 4) hr poesr wl frhr dct yn pol ta aray have purpose, alreadysome knowledge basic a in particular field. ((Interview 2) that that people for yong building educate new further a will professors build where to plan we But yet. that for for job particular centers for people educating made already They footsteps. their following are we and us, of ahead step a are they it, has already Ilinden of municipality The soon. realised be will it and programme that drafted already have We Macedonians, anding with the Romas .(Inte theall, startingwith Bosnians, of but Albanians the and the only of not future the the is there made hectares, 202 have Macedonia, in zone I industrial biggest so made, I that zones industrial those exactly Well Well, now, it is not educated ... not educated .(Interview 1) So noinvestment in educating andpreparing a of new staff regard, some we project, did have. not (Interview 1) initi own However, them. accept we institutions, other or ZELS from is it whether coming, are that initiatives and ideas so, We, a havingare amulti is It schools. the in toleranceweyears,areseveralmeaningthat involvedproject for schools the that interethnic the for project one was There projects. such had we whether know not do I ... know not do I they get only 3or 4%. (Interview 4) by contributing accordinbudget, fillingthe are citizens These budget. the the government, adopts central that the Assembly by endorsed year each budget, the in is Albanian citizens, they live colonies. as Why doIThe say answer this? municipaliti the part, western the live, we Literally, ethnic the for things some do groups thatare living here (Interview 4) to relationships, the this relax in something to do regard, to hands your in little very have you projects. normally the draft momthe (...) thingsat of lot a I’mThereforethat saying to allowing licences, (Interview the 4) issuing are we although Planning, Urban and Science and Education of Ministry the h responsibilities the though even education, the with starting budget, the with starting uk ec, u aan he o fu. o ih hs id f cooperation of not kind can we example, an thisgive can we communityinternational with the with So four. or three a again Macedonian, but a etc., Turk, Albanian, the an Struga, have from We people young projects. recruited the all t do with jointly we where project, we American employees, four some with happens not does it but representation, equitabil the consideration into takes it addition in but character, social of need a have who people of an extend em I for UNDP the with when project joint a have present we that agreement, were you UNDP, the with cooperate We (Interview 3) flattering. even minorities, ethnic of employment of level high a was such no was there No,

ave been given to us, again the decisions are made by made aredecisions the again us, to givenbeen ave - 86 ethnic cooperation.ethnic (Interview 1)

thing in our municipality, so I will say, there say, will I so municipality, our in thing g to the last census with 25%, and in return,in and 25%,withcensus last the gto s, but we do not have the conditions the havenot do we but s,

i Mcdna r literally are Macedonia in s

he American Embassy have Embassy American he rview 2)

es with majority of of majority with es ent are centralized, are ent

ative in this in ative

–

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ecnae f epe h cm t se amsin request admission, Alth so... seek themselves, for to but Turks, come Macedonians, who or Albanians the of employment require not do they people highest but employment, i.e unemployment, of about complain percentage really citizens the No, solve the problem (Interview is a good topic to be open, but it is not opened because there would bewould there becauseopened not is it but open, be to topic good a is e seek all and we, don’t now, masters of lot you tell to know everyone And debate, employment. for me ask will they some city, the for organise to And, I? b am Investments, Attracting for Ministry the I am nor Welfare, Social and Labour of Ministry the not I'm them, put to place no have I and employment, require all last, the e people with meet I doesn’tit suited to apply only cards. for (Interview 3) have and passedtest the not probably many quite has thosewhom to of 50employed; those beenhave 250aplications, 300 of Out haha. come, infront complained the yes, Yes, Serb have of heard don’t anyone's think you saying not felt, do I is tension, no Rosoman is there the preasure, in atmosphere relaxed This try help to them first, those who are socially I risky most are who Those complain. groups all moment the at Well, They municipality. the come any for need ((Interview 2) in people of lot a employed We individuals. tha and this ayor mister for Also employment, [...] coming. are they requirements, different are there Yes, ethnicity I pay attention didn’t who is coming (Interview 1) for and coming, are people which for problems the of such part good neighborsproblemsthewithaboutborder ealines, the of issues, request property to whether comingproblems, infrastructure are the them of resolution of most But, grandson. or son their for his employment seek to know who coming, are people older Mostly more bit a is it thein public utility. (Interview 1) know, not employees have do don’t we so Ivillages, some with work there. to complicated hygiene the of care taking not did we why is That village. is the that in hygiene of issue Vrbjane... the on works utility from public the that population one the no have of consent no really wewas there because Vrbjane, of example that particular sense the in doubts lo Mcdna, e a fv epoes I ha but enter, could Albanian so I Macedonian that kick give say who employees,those a five has round he way Macedonian, a other also the ant is who Albanian, neighbor my because job a other have me let says, who Macedonian the not me, hire says Albanian an where community one in And ethnic. or common Ethnic) i it personal, employmentis the sincerepresented, not are that those andrepresented proportionally are who Those complain. All why we nowhave so... to, (Interview 4) done, is past the in done is done what's now, why complain, will hand shut to need you that encouragewill Albanians The some consequences (Interview 4) elieve me that no one will ask me about issuesareverywilloneme that askimportantabout no meelieve that – -

I'm disadvantaged, nosuch thing happened. (Interview 3)

I have a son, a daughter, I have a master's degree. We have a have We degree.master's a haveI daughter, a son, a have I - up and not get a job, right? Macedonianright? job, a get not and up 87 very Friday. And now, literally, from the first to first the from literally, now, And Friday. very

f .. bt o tee s o n to one no is there now but ...., of –

we have been discriminated, now discriminated,been have we hire any man, since we does not does we since man, any hire

, n w hv hr a it of list a here have we and t, mployment. Normally that Normally mployment. disadvantaged (P11) e oe Tee are There none. ve

ves and so on,soin and ves uh hr are there ough s on the otherthe on s s not ... (KD:... not s

CEU eTD Collection Insitutions Sharing Power

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are not in the coalition with us and they vote for VMRO for vote they and us with coalition the in not are elections had 500 just around somewhere We show. to make Municipality a you are We that things not citizens, the (Interview 4) of requirements are those tua ht s ih aoiy f lain, n hs o ee a single a even not has and Albanians, of majority with is that Struga example, For means? it What right. its thatrealise to majority ethnicthe principle prevents in smaller equal converted was of government about local majorization the prevent in talk community, to adopted you is when that Badinter that is of principle The decisionmaking. the is OFA second the and representation, of absurdity Another flawlessly. Until now, at least. (Interview 3) was a model, inter some for following body formjoint to initiate we think I administration when But high level(Interview 3) very a at is Party Democratic Serb the with said, I’ve as Cooperation, well (Interview 1) Albanians and Macedonians between nationali not say dynamics the level althoughnational the groups],for characteristic [among confidence is there think I citizens of our community ((Interview 2)) the of territory whole of Municipality the on did I what and evaluate, to appreciate, to know People difference. huge a votes, 3,670 had I votes; 1,000 had candidate counter My voted. Petrovac people of municipality the of the residents term first the in done have I what of because smoothly pass I term second the Simply, coalition. anywithouteasier, far far was term secondtheit for now so candidate, then the defeated we together and party,Macedonian another with and establish we round second the In but unconsciously, residents are looking not to be neglected. (Interview 2) most maybewhere is That Muslim. the from not mistake,recite, to religion Orthodox a roumors hear make will careful, you tomorrow be you should mayor once every where been is because not that have ] they ... [ because ever way, neglected some in back paying are people So party. your for voted have you respecting why? Voted eae picpe rvnig s o oe oehn fr our for something vote to us preventing majorization principle prevent to a supposed was became that principle the Literally, that. (Interview 4) ha need they vote, should Macedonians only afterwards pass, majority first the if Even majority. double the with vote should Macedonians the Struga in changed,because not are things these Why JNA. displayI will what tourist a are we because have, to want I though me, now And Tito. Marshal Engels, and Marx have we Roma,still have, don’t we but Serbs, street, JNA have still Macedonians,We one. no Albanian wit are streets All right? past, the from man influential an or man a someone, with street -

I yu at o ae rbes e’ etbih. o we So establish'. let’s problems have to want you 'If lf of them to vote to change the streets. They do not want to do wantto not do streets.They the change tovote to them of lf looking back, we respect each other, even chatting with the with chatting even other, each respect we back, looking –

because I 'm always with the people. And many people people many And people. the with always 'm I because Petrovac bear fruit, and that is the confidence of the of confidence the is that and fruit, bear Petrovac is rte rlgos mr seiial te distrust the specifically more religions, rather ties,

88 - tnc oprto ad h ases f h Serbs the of answers the and cooperation ethnic

600 votes for DUI, DPA, Bosniak parties, that parties, Bosniak DPA, DUI, for votes 600 town, to display the names of streets, of names the display to town, – caiin ih h Bosniak the with coalition a

- h myr l mayor the

the mistrust between some, let’s some, between mistrust the -

are reflected in our region as region our in reflected are

a ad oe, ital all virtually voted, and saw

o htIv dn the done I’ve what for tte hlrn f the of children the et , an Albanian figure Albanian an ,

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Party CEU eTD Collection

representation proportional Benefits of CICR

himn en cuclos smhw r nt uh providing much not hel The [...] are Council Committee the to or somehow report or Councilors information councillors, the here being since problematic Chairmen little a is It being blocked for everything (Interview 4) t of all includes that and constituencies, (Interview 4) Orthod the to run I C9 ( gathered didn’tCommission the you, haven’t heard, you’ve surely Oktisi, in church the with problem a had I when But topics. find will I problem, no for, discuss to topics the if now and elected is Commission The Commission. the also And else. nothing decisions, their with manage why purpose the Council a is is there why and mayor That a is there decide. may they summon, to when And . the And experts. the by Councilors, they think Ithey worry to make need sothat dec understood be not can this hold since should meetings, they when Commissions, in interfere to job my not is It I’m do willingto that (Interview 2) i it think I it. not establish do to why I well, well, think, I said know, I So work? not a does such something need where you say why body, so born, be problem a should body, one form to problemshave you do So, conform.I but then, meant he what know and me establish, telling let’s he’s him telling I’m Simonovic, Lazar lawyer the To employ to slowly slowly and people (Interview 2) studied have people what list that on g be should list a people, quality offer toneed youSomunicipality the[...] worksin Albanianethnicity,he of that and that hired I here now and anyone, hire to take, to only not So staff. quality a me recommend to ... to contribution the biggest the Well, track, right the we have noethnic problems here (Interview 2) Committee, on that for open is door the village, Committeeany in goes, it wherever the keep helples be will Commission not does the mayor if efforts, makes and the wants So Committee head. the the much by how lead regardless is dance the but mayor, a I'm that not See, question is wellnot settled, that really because problem, this solving with help could they Maybe go seminars to together, at the central level. [(Interview 1) to asked they times several workshops, in participate schedule, often would mean an additional burden, expences, although we had in the in had we although expences, burden, w additional languagean mean another would that , is there if and language, Macedonian the in is Council the and administration the of conduct the or books, the of keeping the even that reason the for part, that in benefit a has it that benefit, would that think not do honestly I neighbor with neighb notprojectsanyhave or to anythingthat would jeopardizethe relations citizens, between relations of care take to Committee the of members just are they parliamentarian, not are they Parliament, the in resolved pr the about decide who ones the not are there that general in know will who society, this for good want who citizens citizens, respectable participate Committee that in if ... yes yes, Yes,

–

89 f o wn t hv polm etbih t I did I it. establish problems have to want you if

x n t te ulm, o ade ht situation. that handle to Muslims, the to and ox or. (Interview 4)

and I know so is (Interview it 1) . h ra i oe frte Commission, the for open is road The s.

iven that will be compiled, and compiled, be will that iven 10 ) . I did my part as a mayor,a as part my did I . ) 10 hem, because like this we are we this like because hem,

ud e nrdcd which introduced, be ould y expect me to find them find to me expect y -

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oni ad h mnts ee oe n he languages three in Council the of decision the done with while obligation, an have we Turkish were minutes the and least Council at materials, of translation who a had we and so Turkish, spoke who Turk Albanians a and language Albanian declared spoke were that members Council, previous epe ee Mcdnas Trs Abnas Bsin, l bt will but all Bosnians, Albanians, Turks, Macedonians, here, people n respect, this in each Therefore, and [...] many people. investors,so employ will 70 that milestone have one least we at have will that we month said I Council the of session the At true. but joke, a of sort a example, one you told I naturally, So what I know other andwhat people speak (Intervie of because realised, faster are they faster, far coming are Investments school diploma, (Interview 1) near be could and educated are who Albanians many not are there that noted be should it although matter, not howsee ethnicitymore reallywereresources,do would we If there the institutions, and these others are working, d in them see to want not does salary, a them gives someone and home also are who at sitting Albaniansare Albanians these but government, central the of in employed thousands has and government, central proportionalin employed are who Macedonians of and thousands of tens have or equitableI, is what do anywhere,functioning it defined see not do I far so because representation, be to needs some it find Firstly, to Macedonians, Bulgarian not Roma, succeed Albanian, to (Interview 2) whether declare declare and grandparent to by background people many leads It situation. bedangerous a to to leads that waiting And quota. somewhere ethnic by and employed paid what are So, people salary. Macedonia, a ethnic in receive an today and on home employ at stay to to thesis and wrong quota, very is it think I Personally, (Interview 1) language other speaks don’t population Albanian, speak two or village popula municipal the that fact the Given benefit. some be would it think not do I Albanians. the are much how know not do I satisfied, been had Turks the that think I language than some Macedonians (Interview 1) f more much were that, requested have who Councilors the although Albanian, in also did we millions in 2013. Every year, so to say I have managed to collect one collect to managed have I say to so year, Every 2013. in millions u mayor the became I when something, and 9 before millions, 8 around somewhere was budget the mayor, became I When ((Interview 2) B of issues. And legalization those on projects, only work will she years those 3 next the in for And buildings. illegal her assigned I ethnicity Turkish of girl the Specifically, work. will people more the projects more The from community our that one no have we’ll years 3 for but Albanians, or Macedonians choose not will we that say I whythat's And Zelenikovo[...] from people take -

- nertd emt n i wrig n h pris o companies for permits the on working is and permit integrated byvillages andonly have primary or education, maximum ahigh not only onthose, now in meantime the she wastrained for

is unemployed (Interview 2) un ad ieae n paig Macedonian speaking in literate and luent in pas aeoin agae ad a and language, Macedonian speaks tion

mlyd Ms o te lv i the in live them of Most employed. o toe t h meig o the of meetings the at those for

t ny e il mly our employ will we only ot o they (Interview 4)

w 2)

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Well, enhancing of investments, the investment to employ the the employ to investment the investments, of enhancing Well, services to citizens (Interview 3) really that to say fight we to compromises proud without especially me makes it and revenues the of rebalance making are that municipalities few the of One budget. more and the question is whether I will collect those money. So that is the is that So money. those collect will I whether is Euroquestion the millions and 13 planned have I municipality as me budget, million t for works, example one America, in are brothers two my because one, have I 3) (Interview nature. ethnic of problems have not will we believe I layer, poorer the of issues economy the resolve we if economy, the in little a run to how know we if here, is same The economic some is there welfare, employed many in places (Interview 3) because money, have they because one, no that, saying are don’t they But Serbs Macedonians. than employed or Serbs more Macedonians more Mac now whether Imagine employed. look to not difference, the feel to not people affect can development economic that believe I on the peach plantations, everyone are employed (Interview 3) where country, say the Stru to Veles, from people 400 not that country, in the for municipalities average the few below well is the unemployment of one is Rosoman 4) moreThe decentralized power more values va power, of decentralization way, a such of in solution, hundreds best the have is this think to I town. single a not in not Center, city, the in monuments every in monument one have would we If Macedonia. of center wou the in of plaza a hundreds build spend to example, euros of for millions who us, for plan to elese someone notourself, plan to able be will we way this in becauseincrease will It reason. ((Interview 4) just country is developedinfrastructu good a that is there reasons, these a of because VAT is of Switzerland percentage municipalities. the to increase returned to be would solution the think best I [...] budget on Law the change to need you First, Money. will thus and ... jobs the balance (Interview 1) of some in invest to investment, private more little a build To needed. really is population, mncplt w ae o al t hv sc adtoa costs additional such have and people more 10 is that Bosniaks, and to Albanians 30% accept we If able not are ((Interview 1) we municipality a cost only be will it languages, three possibly or two had they introduce had we if Councilif the andadministration the recordsand complete benefit a even here would it think don’t I But [...] expense. thougtranslation, do to not request my at agreed they savings, some senseof the in Indeed, the in planner municipality (Interview urban 3) one employ will I certainly can I if a expressive, are resources economic The issue of employment (Interview 4)

ld haveld this opportunity, such then things wouldnot behappen, we e col hr m bohr ok, h sho hs 30 $ has school the works, brother my where school he

91 h still perhaps not much, but still it was somewhatwas it still butmuch, not perhaps still h

dnas o up n say and jump to edonians

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olc h rvne ad o deliver to and revenues the collect the politics, if we relax themrelax we if politics, the can be obtained.can (Interview

mrv te ethnic the improve re for exactly this exactly for re lue of a society. a of lue -

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I think it is good, if we only give money for employment and for all for and employment for money give only we if good, is it think I want to allocate for salaries (Interview 4) not does budget the But, 1) (Interview finances. much that have don’t I them, of all pay to need I became a Mayor, Ibecamea Mayor,Albanians,employed Romaand Macedonians. I am I time improvingStruga fromandthe representationon in proportional now working gradually am I that. permit don’t here Laws the because employed ones the all fire will I that expect Don’t don’t feel them like Serbs. (Interview 3) I and problem have don’t I well, worked and responsibilities their met they As manner. . professional a in job their do them 8 made just I them. are we now serbs the of party the fromsome are there repeat, To employees, 4 with municipality (Interview 3) a found I So, resources to pay the new employees. .(Interview 2) cour of night, over Ieverything do but cannot people, new hire to starting of am membersI them], several [lists hired minorities I ethnic years past the in office, in came I Since Yes, I say can that .(Interview 1) . improving. are So, youdid not make an we believe I so (Interview 1) population, the towards duties systemati the is that side, supply the municipalthe on the increase an in to in led what part administration, big chages fairly employing made or duties the we explanding occasions two On one Albanian, 2) one employed (Interview . administration municipal the we in mean I turk, nationality,one bosniak, to new regard few In are there people. and retired, administration municipal the of Part by Serbian is which made a eight have of parents’ birth, but she declares also herself as Maceodnian. I out report. lo last three have the we are in therefore average and there four not now it’s hence, two, total, in were employed there know, don’t I No, when I came,I employed three muslims. .(Interview 1) (Interview 3) anything. build not would we then have, to needs municipality a that that, we need a particular number of Albanian and Bosniakemployees,and numberAlbanian particular of a need we that, For process. that starting are we and Bosniaks, 17% Albanians, 23% t on attention pay I know don’t I and Skudrinje Rostushe, where else. (Interview 1) from are people all not that time, the at Second, wepay attention needed that there is representation for villages, the so we places the for people employed we First No. (Interview 1) relations labor and the administration public in on put law are the that systematization, criteria of initiation the and professionalism The factors to come play at (Interview 4) for principle a establish to trying

. (Interview 3)

92 he norms that wre are entitled to respect. We have We respect. to entitled are wre that norms he

y big changes in the administration?

need to increase, it depends how much you much how depends it increase, to need

mlyet bt wl ne other need will I but employment,

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If I need a lawer, I cannot hire mathematician. T mathematician. hire cannot I lawer, a need I If candidates. the of capabilities and skills the course, of education, The numbersas and say, hey the Mayor hired him (Interview 2) them count to work, will that people just not quality, of people need I and that goes gradually, nothing be can done over nigh (Interview 2) administration. ((Interview 4) 60 is need the and employees emp 270 withsituation a foundI people, 70 morethan no isemployees for need real the firm], [a Proaqua in situation, bad very a find to came I Plus, [minority representation] was zero percent (Interview 3) inherited is that Well, (Interview 2) hired. Bosniak a nor Albanian, an neither was there here came I When 1) (Interview change. another they is there how think don’t in I changethemselves; declared a is there Maybe people. same the still are they administration the like now…well is it is the same, however declared people their ethnicity, What was staff. nobody new here, employed even still I all and are expelled they staff, the of all inherited I Well, me manage to work and a as for be will it easier the have I professionals more The Profesionallity. illegal, I would stop it. (Interview 3) something is there if but mine, no is choice the course, Of Committee. it laywer, a not am I work, I decide,laywer the don’t decides because knows he how at things best the boost to as capacity of the administration ( so them hire would I educated well actually is it that feel would I Whenever check. to exercises him give would I worker, comes from. I When would feel that the employee be would not good a regard them, from nameber big a quate selected have I and AgenciesEmployment through themhire usually Iknow, don’t I Albanian, is it whether lawyer, a is Serbian, or Bulgarian or Macedonian ((Interview 2) lawyer A people. our employ workssystemhavet Rosomanthatlong aa for We in good. really is (Interview girl 2) the because certificate labor him give will I now and girl, one them, of one employed already I Turks, of 2% are There criteria (Interview 2) When I came in office I had four employeesofficeIfourwhichI camewere in When had of Serbs, 50% ((Interview 4) international all to known is situation the now And said. is it I Well, as 2005, until mandate. system new one the and of system former result the from inherited a not are they but them, name to matter representation proportional over this This of much solve will ((Interview 4) it then that do I if problems, social cause to want not do I because hesitate still I over t of order in workforce of redundance a declare situation a found have I

now, we are talking about phenomena and it would not be nice be not would it and phenomena about talking are we now, oes I te omnl yyn hr ae vr 150 over are there Hygyen Communal the In loyees. - mlyet f cran tnc omnt, t os not does it community, ethnic certain a of employment

rmte rvos tutrs We ae it came, I When structures. previous the from

is him who was making the decision in the in decision the making was who him is mayor (Interview 4)

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CEU eTD Collection Historical experiences Cultural Determinants Saliency of ethnicity

sometimes you can feel it, but we try, as a municipality to minimize to those things (Interview 1) municipality a as try, we but it, feel can you sometimes inter the in problem any is there think don’t I there is noproportionality there. ((Interview 3) tik ee ys te ecn o Abnas s o propotionally not is Albanians Macedonian Muslims they and declare as Turks (Interview 1) of percent a the for represented, but aunicipalityas yes, Macedonians here, Macedonia, think in I that like vote Macedonian party, and the Albanians for Albanian (Interview 4) they an year to or 20 Roma, a to or here, Albanian. There is nothing wrong that, in it is civilized. Macedonia (Interview 4) some to bad something and bad just something no was did I if would, I there apologize. they that time is it nation; this to apologize when 2001, to up tothe ministerMinister Prime or a representation. equitable see don’t I existing system the of wo the consequencesof the bear still We ethnic communities (Interview 4) as problems have they but friends, or neighbors as problems have not do Macedonians and Albanians Macedonia. in phenomenon a is There ethnicThat div treasure, regardless of ethnicity mutual our as Imunicipality the And see we inside. that important very the is iti from think good feel don’t you doesn’t, neighbour you sanitation. not T is there or is there ((Interview 2) either Serbian, is or he every whether Macedonian regardless Hence, problem, same together. the gathering has Rosoman by of citizen solve can we which problem this that and say cannot Bosniaks You are there said there, never investigating orthodox Muslims (Interview 2) you the are and why settlement, every ‘Mayor in invest I Hence, orthodox. muslimsor are people the whetherof regardlessinvestments make,I to want I point Another built all. before municipality The is it generally prevails, one mutually andthe citizens mutual see that(Interview 1) the the municipality, amont our In riots no were there occurred, Macedonians and Alba conflict the when Even r apoiaey 0. o e r ivr cmae t te country. the to compared invert are we So 60%. approximately are are there stat.If the 60% approximately of composition ethnic the reflects municipality the of composition ethnic the Struga, in interesting is what know You are removed, me for is he only acoward (Interview 4) a as Vevchani mayorof the What . came didn’t id employeed Macedonians ad Albanians not (Iterview 4). that claim 50 the don’t of consequence I proportionality, About (Inter success for keythe is that think I and strong, very is ethnicity by other each differentiate not should we that belonging, ethnic of feeling That he second one (municipality) of course. If you have for yourself, and yourself, for have you If course. of (municipality) one second he view 3)

ersity be can agrace us.for (Interview 4)

ih y oiis r f oe f y rdcso did predecessor my of some if or politics my with 94

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ethnic relations, althout relations, ethnic

make my make

CEU eTD Collection Overarching Loyalties ethnic Territorial concentration of groups Socio Demographic Determinants -

economic status of groups

mly u pol. lwe i a ayr wehr t s Albanian, is it whether lawyer, a Serbian, or is Bulgarian or Macedonian (Interview 3) lawyer A in people. talking our employ on insist yu systemhavet a We If little. very mentioned percentage, then let’s talk in percentages (Interview 4) is this And… influences a lot. Now, only people that cannot work come to me for me to come work cannot that people only Now, lot. a influences one No marriage about say they like is it then economy, the in good is everything when So income.personal average high quite have Rosoman of citizens The ethnicity elections local are there matters time(Interview 4 every matters, it course Of that think don’t othereach (Interview 3) I tolerate to learned but we and true, century all together is been have it we matters, municipality, small a are we Yes, The majority the of citizens are Macedonian Muslims (Interview 1) anotherin way. It complicated a is situation (Interview 1) himself declare will he year next maybe and Albanian, as declared he job, a get to come will he now and declared he how know don’t You ethnicThat diversity be can agrace us.for (Interview 4) treasure, regardless of ethnicity I And inside. the from think good feel don’t you doesn’t, neighbour you sanitation. and yourself, for have you If course. not of (municipality) one second The is there or is there (Interview 3) either Serbian, or every Macedonian Hence, pro same together. the gathering has Rosoman by of citizen solve can special we a has which community problem ethnic particular this that and say cannot Bosniaks You are there s there, never investigating orthodox Muslims (Interview 2) you the are and why settlement, every ‘Mayor in invest I Hence, orthodox. muslimsor are people the whetherof regardlessinvestments my make make,I to want I point Another all. before municipality The is it generally prevails, one mutually andthe citizens mutual see that(Interview 1) the municipality, our In lcs fr ntne GornoKonjari instance for places, Albanians reside the of 100% where Konjari Sredno and Dolno for Except Here Macedonians, Rostushe comprise has orthodox few (Interview 1) Turks. is and Reka Dolna Macedonians, of region in people villages,the few very those are there although River, Upper and onwards Zhirovnica Zhirovnica from live Albanians the regionofThe Mavrovo is mostlyorthodoxof comprised Macedonians; very,very rare. (Interview 3) are latter the But […] too. lazy someone sometimes cases, social help,

iti is very important that we see the municipality as our mutual our as municipality the see we that important very is iti –

– af lain hl Bosniaks half Albanians half opan nw Ta i wy si eooi welfare economic said I why is That now. complains

if there are money, thereare noquarrels. (Interview 3)

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aid CEU eTD Collection Section D: Listof Interviews

Interview 4 Interview 3 Interview 2 Interview 1 Number Interview of

hy elr tesle Mcdnas Wa I m aig s ht we that is saying am I What Macedonians. themselves declare they in people of lot a are There 2) (Interview but 15% to 10 mixed, maybe muslims, of concentration more lower a with are Vodnjanci, Rzanichani, Katlanovo, However, (Interview 2) person guilt one only be cannot There blame. to is fights who everyone say, will I what know they happen, cannot that no, No haha (Interview 1) lines ethnic alon than lines party along more are conflicts the no, No heterogenous ethnically In problems. ethnic no are there villages clean ethnically In all parts of municipalitythe (Interview 3) all We live together, Rosomanin is like that, it we perceive like that, in inciden Petrovec In incidents. happened (Interview 2) no and coehistence, is there meansholidays, forgroup it ethnic other the to theygowhen no, Well, Macedonian and Albanian. But there are alo mixec. (Interview 4) h We only serbs reside (Interview 3) where houses five find cannot you here mixed, all are they neighbour toneighbour mean Ionly, serbs find can you where quart a isn’t There here (Interview 3) neighbour salient no with municipalities uique place,ourSerbs. our here sense there are that At categorizations, the in most the of one be really may

v bt cer n mxd lcs Hmgnu vlae, both villages, Homogenous places. mixed and clear both ave Mavrovo s are Serbs and Macedonians and Serbs are s

Municipality

villages there are. (Interview 4) Rosoman Petrovec Struga

- Rostusha

Rosoman who have Serbian surnames, yet surnames, Serbian have who Rosoman

30 April 2014 9 May 2014 7 May 2014 2 May 2014 –

mixed. There are no getoes no are There mixed. Date

for the fight the for s never ts

CEU eTD Collection Bieber, Florian. “Pow 2005a. Berg,BruceLawrence. 2009. Benge,L.,Mary and 2012.“A AnthonyE.Robbins. Model Cindy Onwuegbuzie, for J. Banducci, A., To Susan Atanasova,“Diversity 2013. and Vesna. Am andAlonso, Sonia, Rubén Ruiz Adler, Patriciaand Peter 2012. A., “TheIn Adler. Respondent.” Reluctant Adcock, 2001.“Measurementand Collier. David Robert, Validity:Standard for AShared ericanForce Association. 2002.“Reportofthe Psychological APATaks on 7679726C2E70627A https://vpn.ceu.hu/+CSCO+00756767633A2F2F62617976617279766F656E656C2E6A 2508.2004.00163.x. Empowerment, andParticipation.” http://amsdottorato.cib.unibo.it/5597/. Organizational Performance”. Università DoctoraldiBologna. Dissertation, Macedonia http://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/task Socioeconomic Status”.Washington American DC: Psychological Association. doi:10.1111/j.1475 in New Democracies.” 1&site=eds http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= Interview(1stEdition) Research 529 Qualitative andResearch.” Quantitative Bibliography Societies Democracy:Power Sharingto Post ofInstitutions Power Sharing Post 7&site=eds http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00823a&AN=ceul.b106148 AllynBacon. and http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php International Journal ofEducation ResearchQuantitative, andofa Qualitative, Mixed Dissertation.” Components Presenting Threat t04?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false. 2508.2004.00163.x/abstract;jsessionid=0E0074F8AB778F5AAB73B344ED835204.f01 – 46. doi:10.1017/S0003055401003100. , edited Noel, by Sid 85 - - - live. live.

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55 (January): – Public 26.

47 (2): -

18 CEU eTD Collection Lyon,IN 2011.“MUNICIPAL Aisling. DECENTRALISATION THE OF REPUBLIC and Alfred J., Linz, C.Stepan. Juan ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— Lijphart, Arend. 1975. Lieberman, 2005.“Nested S. Mixed as Evan a Analysis Keegan.Legard,“In Robin,andJill 2003. Lake, 2005.“Territorial Rothchild. A., and War S. and David Donald Civil Decentralization Krislov, Samuel. 1974. Kranz, Merit Harry. and 1974.“Are Equity Compatible?” Kotevska, Biljana, and Novakova. “Effec Kumjana 2011. Societies Press. Netherlands Research.” 0&site=eds http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00823a&AN=ceul.b110694 and Jane Lewis Practice : Science forSocial A Researchers Guide and Students Edi / G.Roeder Cornell Rothchild. Philip and S. Donald University Press. InSettlements.” (5): 434 Framework Agreement.” LocalSmaller Ethnic Groups in Self http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/fedgov/article/view/4383. MACEDONIA: Preservinga Multi 1&site=eds http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00823a&A Alfred Stepan Southern Europe, SouthAmerica, andPost Practice ConsequencesPolitical Cyprus,Zealand, West New Germanyand SciencePolitical Review . 1991. “The Power Sharing Approach.” In. 1991.“The Sharing Approach.” Power . 1977. . 2008. . 2003.“Proportionality by Non . 1996.“TheIndianInterpretation.” ofA Consociational Puzzle Democracy:

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