Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank Jakarta Stock Exchange Building Indonesia Office Tower 2, 12th Floor Sudirman Central Business District Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav, 52-53 Jakarta, 12190, Indonesia Country Director: Andrew D. Steer Environment Coordinator: Thomas E. Walton Contents FOREWORD : REDUCING POLLUTION IN INDONESIA 3 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 4 HOT SPOT MAP 5 INDONESIA: ENVIRONMENT CHECKLIST 6 INTRODUCTION 7 AIR POLLUTION 8 WATER POLLUTION 20 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE 33 GLOBAL ISSUES 42 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 44 GLOSSARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS 45 INDONESIA AT A GLANCE 46 NOTES 47 Jakarta January 2003 This Monitor was prepared by a World Bank Team led by Thomas E. Walton and comprised of Priya Mathur, and Giovanna Dore. Toru Uemachi, summer intern, assisted in obtaining air and water quality data. Data, information, and support provided by the Ministry of Environment (Ir. Moh. Gempur Adnan, Dra. Masnellyarti Hilman, MSc, Plt. Drs. Hendra Setiawan, Ridwan D. Tamin, M.S. (R), Sri Hudyastuti, Ilham Malik, Maulyani Djajadilaga, Heddy S. Mukna, Henny Agustina), BPLHD DKI (Yosiono Anwar Supalal, Evy Sulistyowati), Central Statistic Bureau (Johnny Anwar. ZS), Swisscontact (Restiti Sekartini, Veronica Ponda), WALHI Jakarta (Puput), Komite Penghapusan Bensin bertimbal (Ahmad Safrudin), Keanakaragaman Hayati Indonesia (Satria Budiono), Departemen Kesehatan (Rida Sagitarina). De La Salle University - Manado (Ben Eusebio, team leader, and Fery I Hardiyanto) carried out compilation of data in Indonesia. The team gratefully acknowledges comments and inputs from David Hanrahan, Rusdian Lubis, N. Harshadeep, A. Acharya and editorial and administrative support from Anju Sachdeva, Farida Zaituni, Delly Nurzaman, Jenna Diallo, David Bridges, Samson Kaber, Sirinun Maitrawattana, and Nicholas Allen. The cover design and layout were prepared by Yok Dechamorn and Sorachai Nanthawatcharaviboon. Jeffrey Lecksell of the World Bank prepared the map on environmentally sensitive and hotspot areas. Komodo Dragon photograph taken by Jessie Cohen, Smithsonian National Zoological Park. The views expressed in the Indonesia Environment Monitor are entirely those of the authors and should not be cited without prior permission. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The material contained herein has been obtained from sources believed reliable, but it is not necessarily complete and cannot be guaranteed. 2 Foreword : Reducing Pollution in Indonesia rowth and environmental protection go hand in hand (ii) Indonesia has one of the lowest levels of sewerage in any vision of true sustainable development. Over and sanitation coverage in Asia, and this is causing G the years, rapid economic growth has paid rich widespread contamination of surface and groundwater. Few dividends to Indonesians. However, this growth has resulted Indonesian cites have even a rudimentary sewerage system, in significant pollution, for which Indonesians are paying a and so most households rely at best on private septic tanks or high price in terms of human health and environmental dispose of human waste directly into rivers and canals. As a degradation. result, Indonesia has experienced repeated local epidemics of gastrointestinal infections and has the highest incidence The Indonesian Environment Monitor on Pollution is part of of typhoid in Asia. Other sources of water pollution are the East Asian Environment Monitor series, which was initi- mining and unregulated effluent run-off. ated in 2000 to provide information on environmental trends in East Asian and Pacific countries. It presents an overview of (iii) Poor solid and hazardous waste management is ambient conditions in air, water and soil, and the main pollu- degrading land, air, and water and also having an impact on tion sources and related threats to health and natural re- human health. Open dumping remains the most prevalent sources. Recognizing that environmental changes occur form of disposal in the country, with 90 percent of the waste over time, this Monitor will be a starting point for periodic disposed in this manner, producing leachates that updates on trends and conditions in Indonesia. contaminate groundwater and contributing to the proliferation of disease-carrying pests and pathogens. Some There are some significant achievements in pollution uncollected wastes are burned, adding to urban air management in Indonesia, such as the phaseout of lead in pollution, while others end up choking rivers and canals, gasoline in Jakarta and the reduction in use of ozone exacerbating flooding and the spread of contaminated depleting substances. However, many challenges remain. water in low-lying residential areas. The analysis of the data presented in this Monitor confirms that : The information contained in the Monitor has been obtained from a variety of sources including published reports of government agencies, universities, and nongovernmental (i) Air quality in Indonesia is under threat, resulting in organizations; unpublished data; and World Bank increased health problems and productivity losses. documents. We are very grateful for a close working Increasing urbanization, motorization and industrialization in relationship with the Ministry of Environment in the Indonesia are exacerbating air pollution. The number of preparation of this document. vehicles in Indonesia increased by over 6 million between 1995 and 2000. In addition, forest fires mainly due to large scale land conversion have contributed greatly to air pollution in Indonesia and neighboring countries. Andrew D. Steer Thomas E. Walton Country Director - Indonesia Environment Coordinator - Indonesia The World Bank The World Bank 3 Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank NA Not Available ARD Acid Rock Drainage NGO Non-Governmental Organization ASM Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining N2O Nitrous Oxide Avgas Aviation Gasoline NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide Avtur Kerosene Type Aviation Turbine Fuel NSS National Strategy Study BAPEDALDA Regional Environmental Impact Management O3 Ozone Agency ODS Ozone Depleting Substance CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ODP Ozone Depleting Potential CER Certified Emission Reductions PAH Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons CH4 Methane Pb Lead CO Carbon Monoxide PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls CO2 Carbon Dioxide PM Particulate Matter B3 Hazardous Waste PM10 Particulate Matter less than 10 microns BLL Blood Lead Level in diameter BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand PM2.5 Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns CAP Clean Air Program in diameter CDM Clean Development Mechanism Pam Jaya Jakarta Municipal Water Companies CGRER Center for Global and Regional Environmen- PDAM Autonomous Municipal Water Companies tal Research PJT Perum Jasa Tirta COREMAP Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management POLDA Regional Police Force Project POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants DDT Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane PROKASIH Program Kali Bersih DK Dinas Kebersihan (Clean River Program) (Department of Public Cleansing) PSI Pollution Standard Index DKI Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta PUTE Emission Reduction Weeks (Special Capital District) RT Rukun Tettanga ('neighboring unit') DO Dissolved Oxygen RW Rukun Warga ('community unit') EIA Environmental Impact Assessment SO2 Sulfur Dioxide ENSO El Nino~ Southern Oscillation SPM Solid Particulate Matter GHG Greenhouse Gas SWM Solid Waste Management GDP Gross Domestic Product TPS Temporary Storage Place GNP Gross National Product TSP Total Suspended Particulate g/dL Grams per deciliter TSS Total Suspended Solids GOI Government of Indonesia UNEP United Nations Environment Program GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation UNDP United Nations Development Programme ha Hectare UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development HC Hydrocarbon Organization IQ Intelligence Quotient UU Undang Undang (legislation approved by JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Parliament and signed by the President) Kabupaten District VHC Volatile Hydrocarbons µg Micrograms VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds MLH Ministry of Environment WHO World Health Organization Exchange Rate : 1US$ = 8,927.50 Rupiah on January 7, 2003 4 Hotspot Map 5 Indonesia : Environment Checklist Concerns Causes/Issues Responses I. Air Pollution Urban air pollution, especially from lead and l Increasing urban growth, industrialization, and motor- l Leaded gasoline has already been phased fine particulates, is a major public health con- ization in Indonesia are exacerbating air pollution. The out in Jakarta and is expected to be phased cern in Indonesia. Other pollutants of concern number of vehicles in Indonesia increased by over 6 out in all of Indonesia by January 2003. include sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon million between 1995 and 2000. Lead emitted from l Need for better knowledge base, analysis, monoxide, and ozone. leaded gasoline is a significant health threat. and awareness building for integrated air l Forest fires contributed greatly to air pollution in quality and forest management. Indonesia and neighboring countries. l Need to better understand indoor air pollu- l Indoor air pollution resulting from burning of unproc- tion and its health implications in Indonesia. essed fuels like firewood can lead to an increase in respiratory ailments; however, there are few studies examining the links between health impacts and indoor air pollution in Indonesia. II. Water Pollution