Utah Minorities: The Story Told by 150 Years of Census Data Pamela S. Perlich Bureau of Economic and Business Research David S. Eccles School of Business University of Utah Credits: Special Collections, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah. Photographs are: Angelo Raibos, Lottie Campbell, Faith Terasawa, Tapuche (son of Sobita, principal chief of the Ute- Capote Band) and First Communion, Our Lady of Guadalupe Church (unidentified young girl), Photo by Kent Miles, Copyright 1986, from Oral History Institute Archive Collection at the University of Utah. Utah Minorities: The Story Told by 150 Years of Census Data

Pamela S. Perlich Bureau of Economic and Business Research David S. Eccles School of Business University of Utah 1645 E. Campus Drive, Room 401 Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-9302 October 2002

Table of Contents

I. Overview of Census 2000 Results ...... 2 II. Census Definitions of Race and Ethnicity ...... 4 III. Race and Ethnicity Data for Utah Counties: 1850-2000 ...... 9 A. American Indians ...... 10 B. African Americans ...... 13 C. Whites ...... 13 D. Chinese ...... 14 E. Japanese ...... 15 F. Others ...... 15 G. Hispanic ...... 17 IV. Conclusions ...... 20 Figures Figure 1: Minority Share of the Population: 2000 ...... 1 Figure 2: Increase in Diversity: 1990 to 2000 ...... 1 Figure 3: Hispanics as a Share of the Utah Population: 1970-2000 ...... 1 Figure 4: Whites as a Share of the Utah Population: 1850-2000 ...... 2 Figure 5: Minorities as a Share of the Utah and U.S. Populations: 1990 and 2000 ...... 2 Figure 6: U.S. Foreign Born Population: 1850-2000 ...... 2 Figure 7: Size and Share of Utah’s Foreign Born Population: 1850-2000 ...... 3 Figure 8: Utah Minority Population: 2000 ...... 3 Figure 9: Utah Non-White Population: 2000 ...... 3 Figure 10: Utah Population Increase: 1990-2000 ...... 3 Figure 11: Percentage Increase in the Utah Population: 1990-2000 ...... 4 Figure 12: Foreign Born Share of the 2000 Population ...... 9 Figure 13: Regions of Origin: Utah Foreign Born Population: 2000 ...... 10 Figure 14: Year of Entry of the Utah Foreign Born Population ...... 10 Figure 15: Asian Population of Utah: 2000 ...... 15 Figure 16: Pacific Islander Population of Utah: 2000 ...... 16 Figure 17: Hispanic and Mexican Population of Utah: 1970-2000 ...... 18 Figure 18:Ten Year Growth Rates of Utah White and Non-White Populations: 1850-2000 ...... 19 Tables Table 1: Race and Ethnicity Data for the State of Utah: 1990 and 2000 Census ...... 4 Table 2: Race/Ethnicity Categories in the Census 1790-2000 ...... 5 Table 3: State of Utah: Decennial Census Race Counts ...... 8 Decennial Census Race / Ethnicity Data for Utah Counties Table 4: American Indian ...... 9 Table 5: African American ...... 11 Table 6: White ...... 12 Table 7: Chinese ...... 13 Table 8: Japanese ...... 14 Table 9: Korean, Asian Indian, Vietnamese ...... 15 Table 10: Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander ...... 16 Table 11: Hispanic Origin ...... 17 Table 12: Mexican ...... 17 Table 13: Detailed Asian Population and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Population ...... 17 Table 14: Detailed Hispanic Origin: 2000 ...... 17 V. Endnotes ...... 20 VI. References ...... 21

Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data

Pamela S. Perlich

Census data for the past 150 years confirm the widely held compared to 5 percent in 1990.2 (Figure 3) While this is view that Utah is less racially and ethnically diverse than the below the 12.5 percent share of Hispanics enumerated in nation. From the mid-19th century settlement of Utah by the national population, it represents an unprecedented the Mormon pioneers to the present day, the White race has increase in the diversity of Utah, unlike any time since the been the dominant majority. While the great migrations of taking of the original territorial Census in 1850. Whites people of color and ethnic minorities over the past two cen- were at least 98 percent of the Utah population from 1850 turies have transformed many regions of the country, these through 1960.3 This proportion dropped steadily to reach migrations have affected, but not significantly altered, the 94 percent in 1990 as the populations of Hispanics, racial and ethnic composition of Utah. Some have suggest- Asians, Pacific Islanders, African Americans, and others ed that the unique culture of the state has been an impedi- increased more rapidly than did the White non-Hispanic ment to minority migration. However, Utah is part of population. Over the last decade the White non-Hispanic much larger region sharing these characteristics. This region population fell from 91 to 85 percent of the Utah popula- extends from Idaho in the west to Wisconsin in the east and tion.4 (Figures 4 and 5) includes portions of the Rocky Mountain Region (Idaho,

Montana, Utah, and Wyoming), the Great Plains (North Figure 2 Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa), and the Great Increase In Diversity : 1990 to 2000 Lakes (Minnesota and Wisconsin). (Figure 1)

Figure 1 Minority Share of the Population: 2000

Diversity Increase High (17)

High: Hawaii Moderate (17)

Low: Maine Low (17) Utah = 15% Diversity Index is constructed by the Bureau of the Census. 32% to 77% (16)

16% to 32% (17)

3% to 16% (18) Minority is the Hispanic population plus the non-white non-Hispanic population. Data: BEBR calculations from the 2000 Census.

Immigration to the U.S. has been at historic levels for the past 30 years in what has been called the Second Great Migration Wave. This foreign born population, which is about 11 percent of the national total, has come primarily from Latin America (51 percent) and Asia (27 percent). The result has been a dramatic increase in the nation’s eth- nic and racial diversity in general, and a substantial increase in the Hispanic population in particular.1 Utah, which has been relatively unaffected by major migrations in the past, has become the destination for many of these more recent migrants, resulting in a significant increase in its diversity. (Figure 2) According to Census 2000, Hispanics are now 9 percent of the Utah population, as

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 1 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data from theorder thatthecategorieswere addedby theU.S. and thesequenceoftheircoverage are primarilyderived 1850 to2000. ical countylevel race/ethnicity databaseforUtah from ofanhistor- contribution ofthiswork isthe construction the decennialcensusdata.In fact,themore important cussion thatfollows hasbeenframedandstructured by population. These are by necessity inseparable. The dis- nicity aswell asactualchangesinthecompositionof andpoliticsofrace andeth- embodies theshiftingviews definitions have changedover time,thisdataseries tested terraininthesocialsciences.Because theCensus race andethnicityhave longbeenamongthemostcon- 1850 through 2000. The definition andimplicationsof ofUtahhistory asrecorded ineachdecennialcensusfrom This paperisanexaminationoftheraceandethnicity Calculations fromBureauoftheCensusdata 5 The racecategoriesdiscussed inthispaper 2 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH selves asMexican. from 1990to2000,two-thirds ofwhomidentifythem- doubling (138%)oftheHispanic populationinUtah historical dataforUtah are reviewed andputincontext. ity over theyears are examined.Finally, thecountylevel in thefederalgovernment’s definitionsofraceandethnic- ty results ofthe2000censusare outlined.Next, changes Bureau of theCensus.First, thegeneral raceandethnici- ( ulation more thandoubledfrom 3percent to7percent. a wholeinthe1990sasforeign bornshare ofthepop- of Utah increased more rapidlythanthatofthenationas these nontraditionalinteriorreceiving states,thediversity states beyond establishedmigrationpatterns.Asoneof stantial numberscontinuedtheirmigrationtointerior Rather thanstayinginthesehistoricreceiving states,sub- settlementpatternemergedinthe1990s. Illinois), anew (California, Texas, Florida, New York, New Jersey, and through states thetraditionalsixmajorgateway (Figure 6) tributed totheoverall populationgrowth ofthenation. 1990s, substantiallyincreased thediversity andcon- U.S., whichbeganinthe1970sandaccelerated The mostrecent wave ofinternationalimmigrationtothe Overview ofCensus2000Results I. Figure 7 Millions 10 15 20 25 30 35 U.S. Foreign Population:1850- Born 0 5

1850

1860 ) Of particular significanceisthemoreOf particular than While manyoftheseimmigrantsentered

Sources: Bureau of the Census and Urban Inst 1870

1880 Millions Percent

1890

1900

1910 14.7% Figure 6 1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980 itute 1990 11.0% 2000 31.1 2000 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Percent The Federal government currently defines six major race groups: White, Black or African American, American Indian and Native Alaskan, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Some Other Race. In a signif- icant break with the past, a person could select multiple races in the 2000 census. Ethnicity, a completely separate category, is defined as Hispanic or Non-Hispanic. Importantly, Hispanics (or non-Hispanics) may be of any race. Utah’s minority population, as defined and measured by Census 2000, is composed of Hispanics (61 percent), who may be of any race, and non-White non-Hispanics (39 percent). (Figure 8) Considering the non-White pop- ulation (who may or may not be Hispanic), the largest race group is Some Other Race (40 percent), which is almost entirely Hispanic. The second largest non-White race group in Utah is the multiracial group, which was selected by one in five persons in the non-White popula- tion. The next largest group is Asian (15 percent), fol- lowed by American Indian (12 percent), Black or African American (7 percent), and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (6 percent). (Figure 9) Because the 1990 Census allowed the selection of only one race and the 2000 Census allowed multiple selections, it is not possible to accurately measure 10 year rates of change within race categories.6 What is clear is that over the decade of the 1990s, the White non-Hispanic majority population grew by 21 percent while the minority population (Hispanic and non-White non-Hispanic) grew by 117 percent. The Utah population grew by over half a million dur- ing the 1990s. About 35 percent of this population increase has occurred in the minority population, and much of this is in-migration of Hispanics. (Figures 10 - 11 and Table 1)

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 3 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data Race and color have been part oftheDecennialRace andcolorhave Census beenpart CensusDefinitionsofRaceandEthnicity II. Source Data: U.S.Bureau oftheCensus,BEBRCalculations oa o ipnc16823100 oeohrrc ln ,4 0.1% 1,948 45.4% Some otherracealone 91,457 100.0% 1,638,253 4.2% 93,405 Some otherracealone 100.0% Total Not Hispanic 84,597 Some otherracealone 2.2% 37,775 Total Hispanic Origin Other race sa rPcfcIlne 24020 sa ln 6431.8% 93.7% 1,904,265 36,483 0.8% 16,137 0.1% Black orAfricanAmericanalone 893 0.7% 10,868 Whitealone 95.9% Asianalone 1,571,254 1.3% 2.0% 32,490 26,663 AmericanIndian andAlaskaNative alone 1.4% 22,748 Other race Asian orPacific Islander American Indian, Eskimo,orAleut Black White Hispanic orLatinoasaShare ofOther Race Not ofHispanic Origin by Race sa rPcfcIlne 8 .%Ainaoe650.3% 44.0% 88,710 625 0.8% 1.7% 1,520 37,108 100.0% Black orAfricanAmericanalone 2,233,169 89.2% 0.8% 43.6% 1,992,975 36,882 708 Whitealone 0.8% 52.7% Asianalone 44,591 17,657 1.5% 1.0% Hispanic orLatinoby Race 881 3,021 Asianalone 100.0% 1.5% AmericanIndian andAlaskaNative alone 2,233,169 Total Population Black orAfricanAmericanalone 1.8% 25,696 100.0% 0.7% 1,722,850 1,535 11,576 Whitealone 93.8% 1,615,845 Other race 1.3% Asian orPacific Islander 29,684 American Indian, Eskimo,orAleut Black AmericanIndian Total andAlaskaNative alone Population White 1.4% 100.0% Hispanic Origin by Race 0.4% 1,722,850 Total Population 24,283 7,675 Native Hawaiian andOther Pacific Islander Asian American Indian, Eskimo,orAleut Black White Total Population by Race Total Population oa ipnc8,9 .%TtlHsai rLtn 0,5 9.0% 201,559 91.0% 2,031,610 Total Hispanic orLatino 4.9% Total Not Hispanic orLatino 84,597 95.1% 1,638,253 Total Not Hispanic Total Hispanic Total Population by Ethnicity Table 1:RaceandEthnicity Data fortheState ofUtah: 1990and2000Census 90Cnu 2000Census 1990 Census 4 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH on Share Count on Share Count on Share Count 97.6% Hispanic asaShare ofOther Race w rmr ae 1381.5% 31,308 7.9% 15,887 Two ormore races 2.1% 47,195 Two ormore races Two ormore races oa o ipnco aio20160100.0% 2,031,610 Total Not Hispanic orLatino 100.0% 201,559 Native Hawaiian andOther Pacific Islander alone Not Hispanic orLatinoby Race Total Hispanic orLatino Native Hawaiian andOther Pacific Islander alone Native Hawaiian andOther Pacific Islander alone Total Population by Race Total Population by Ethnicity conduct acensusofthepopulation. gories were derived from theconstitutionalmandateto the sameclassification,withqualificationof“except and slaves. The 1800and1810censusschedulesincluded the categoriesoffree White persons,allotherfree persons, from itsbeginningsin1790. This directive wastranslatedforthe1790Censusinto by Lawdirect. sequent Term often Years, insuchManner astheyshall the Congress oftheUnited States, sub- andwithinevery shall bemadewithinthree Years afterthefirstMeeting of three-fifths ofallotherPersons. The actualenumeration for a Term of Years, andexcluding Indians nottaxed, Number offree Persons, includingthoseboundtoService which shallbedeterminedby addingtothewhole this Union, According totheirrespective Numbers, among theseveral States whichmaybeincludedwithin Representatives anddirect Taxes shallbeapportioned 7 (Table 2) The originalcate- 4860.7% 14,806 0.7% 15,145 97.9% on Share Count on Share Count on Share Count 3 0.2% 339 Table 2: Race/Ethnicity Categories in the Census 1790-2000 Census 1790 1800 and 1810 1820 Race Free White Males, Free White Females Free White Males, Free White Females Free White Males, Free White Females Slaves Slaves Slaves All Other Free Persons All Other Free Persons, Except Indians Not Taxed All Other Free Persons, Except Indians Not Taxed Hisptanic ethznicity

1830 and 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 Free White Persons Free Colored Persons Free White Persons White White White White White White White White White Slaves Free Black persons Free Black Black Black Black Black (of Negro decent) Black Black Negro Negro Free Mulattos Free Mulatto Mulatto Mulatto Mulatto Mulatto Mulatto Black Slaves Black Slaves Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Mulatto Slaves Mulatto Slaves Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Quadroon Octoroon (Indian)** Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Filipino Filipino Filipino Hindu Hindu Hindu Korean Korean Korean Mexican Other Other Other Other **Indian was not on the Schedule., but was in the instructions. Nobles, p. 44.

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 White White White White White White Negro Negro Negro or Black Black or Negro Black or Negro Black, African American, or Negro Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese American Indian American Indian Indian (Amer.) Indian Indian (Amer.) American Indian or Alaska Native Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Filipino Filipino Filipino Filipino Filipino Filipino Asian Indian Asian Indian Asian Indian Korean Korean Korean Korean Aleut Aleut Aleut Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Hawaiian Hawaiian Hawaiian Hawaiian Native Hawaiian Part Hawaiian Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Guamanian Guamanian Guamanian or Chamorro Samoan Samoan Samoan Other API Other Asian Other Pacific Islander Other Other Other Other Other Some other race Mexican Mexican, Mexican Amer., Chicano Mexican, Mexican Amer., Chicano Mexican, Mexican Amer., Chicano Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Central/So. American Cuban Cuban Cuban Cuban Other Spanish Other Spanish/Hispanic Other Spanish/Hispanic Other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino (None of these) Not Spanish/Hispanic Not Spanish/Hispanic Not Spanish/Hispanic/Latino Adapted from Population Reference Bureau. “Race and Ethnicity in the Census: 1860 to 2000,” www.prb.org, downloaded March, 2002. Other References: 200 Years of U.S. Census Taking: Population And Housing Questions 1790-1990. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census; Table 2, Nobels, page 44. Table 4.1, page 70; and Rodreguez Table 4.4, page 83

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 5 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data accepted as“Indian” inthecommunity. were classifiedasBlack orNegro unlesstheindividualwas era, AmericanIndians withanyamountof“Negro blood” there wasa“half-breed” category. During the“one drop” the calculusof“bloodquantum.”In the1860Census the 20thcentury. AmericanIndians were alsosubjectedto toenumerateAmericanIndiansous effort untilwell into net result ofthis approach wasthatthere wasnotarigor- “taxed” qualificationwasdropped from thecensus. The purposes,the should becountedforapportionment 1935 thatallIndians were subjecttofederaltaxationand some disputeaboutthis.AftertheSupreme in ruled Court White populationfortheearlycensuses,althoughthere is counted. 1860 censusspecifythatonly“civilized” Indians shouldbe sons” label. Indians nottaxed” appendedontothe“all otherfree per- 1850 Census. those taxed) were tobecountedinaspecialandseparate Appropriation Act of1847,allNative Americans(notjust color from 1860tothepresent. Asaresult oftheIndian Indian ofthedecennialcensusasaraceor hasbeenpart Negro, African American,orthe“mixed-blood” labels. Decennial Census:“slave,”included inevery Black, sified asBlack. One ofthefollowing categorieshasbeen have anyhintofAfricanAmericanancestry, onewasclas- the 1930through 1960censuses.If onewasthoughtto period. The “one drop” wasusedtodetermineracein rule itics ofsegregation andJim Crow inthepost-Civil War inthepre-Civil the politicsofslavery War eraandthepol- attention to“mixed-blood” wasapparently motivated by detail: Black, Mulatto, Quadroon, orOctoroon. This blackness ofapersonwastobeidentifiedinmuchmore categories included“Black” and“mulatto.” In 1890,the 1900 Census,from 1850through 1920theCensusrace for eachwere White, Black, andMulatto. Excepting the slaves inthe1850and1860censuses. The colorcategories sons, andslaves. ble classifications:free White persons,free colored per- ule. In 1830and1840thiswassimplifiedtothree possi- colored persons” wasaddedtothe1820populationsched- has beensomelabelforAfricanAmericanpersons.“Free from 1830through 2000.“White” hasbeenaconstantas fully whileslaves eachcountedasthree-fifths. ment purposes:free personsand“taxed Indians” counted 1980 through 2000censuses. CensuscountsofNative (“Aleut” and“Eskimo”) were included inthe1960and Though thelabelhaschangedover time,American There were separateschedulesforfree inhabitantsand census inevery Color hasbeenanexplicitcategory 10 “Taxed Indians” were probably countedinthe 8 These distinctionswere madeforapportion- 9 The instructions forenumeratorsofthe The instructions 6 11 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH Alaskan natives through quitedramaticchanges. eral policyandtribaleconomicconditionshave gone Americans across timeare difficulttointerpret sincefed- Budget. “Each step toward keepingtrackofthepopula- most recently thoseoftheOffice ofManagement and requirements,Census, whichhasresponded tostatutory relevantof thisisparticularly totheU.S. Bureau of the others conceptualize itasapurely None socialconstruct. exclusive. Some argueforthebiologicalbasisofracewhile of ethnicitywhileothersdefinethetermsasmutually race andethnicity. Some seeraceasacomponentortype ment aboutthedefinitionsofanddistinctionsbetween time. impossible) tocompare anyofthecensusracedataacross that ofthe1990census.However, itisdifficult(ifnot Census 2000racedataare notdirectly comparable with ment. Anotherimplicationofthemulti-raceoptionisthat gories, complicatedcivilrightsmonitoringandenforce- others. This innovation, whichcreated 63racialcate- this dilutedthepoliticalvisibilityandrepresentation of forself-identificationwhileothersarguedthat a victory tion ofmultipleracecategories.Some arguedthatthiswas “Other Race” in1990and“Some Other Race” in2000. in1910,althoughitwasrenamed became aracialcategory Asian” and“Other Pacific Islander.” Finally, “Other” only tobereplaced by twocategoriesin2000:“Other “Other AsianandPacificgory Islander” appeared in1990 Guamanian, andSamoan were addedin1980. The cate- since1960while haveVietnamese, beenaracecategory ed in1970,andonceagainincluded1980.Hawaiians and “Eskimos” were includedonthelistin1960,exclud- 1970 whileAsianIndians reappeared in1980.“Aleuts” 1950 census.Koreans in becameapermanentcategory beginning inthe1920censusandthenremoved inthe Koreans andAsianIndians (“Hindu”) were included distinct group ofpersonsin1880,andFilipinos in1920. since 1870whileJapanese were permanentlyaddedasa above. with “Black blood” whoappeared Indian, asnoted is reported. Exceptions were tothisrule Indian persons of “other mixtures ofcolored races,”theraceoffather reported according tothenon-Whiteparent.” In thecase ty. Anyother“mixture of White andnon-Whiteshouldbe person wasgenerallyacceptedas White inthecommuni- and Indian blood” shouldbereported asIndian unlessthe enumerators indicatedthatanypersonof“mixed White In thelargercommunity, there hasnever beenagree- After muchdebate,the2000censusallowed theselec- Census Chinese have beencountedseparatelyinevery In tothe the1930through 1960censuses,instructions 13 12 tion’s ethnic composition was taken ad hoc, in accordance typology of the Census race categories is not logical or sys- with new legal requirements or in response to pressures tematic it is not surprising that many people do not find from Congress and sectors of the public.”14 a place for themselves in the scheme. For example, prior When in the 1930 Census “Mexican” was included as to Census 2000 there was an effort to create a category for a race category, only 61,960 of the estimated 200,000 Middle Easterners / Arab Americans who are currently Spanish-speaking persons in the state of New Mexico were classified as White non-Hispanics.18 The Census categories counted as “Mexican.” Native-born persons of Mexican are clearly the creation of the bureaucratic, legal, and descent apparently did not accept the label “Mexican” or political milieu from which they have emerged. Analyzing “Mexican American.” In the 1970 Census the short form race and ethnicity data across time is not like measuring had an Hispanic origin question while two versions of the changes in the interest rate or the production of com- long form had between them four questions: birthplace, modities. There is no real time series here with the meas- surname, language, and Spanish origin. Estimates of urement of the same variables across time. Hispanics generated from these data were criticized as A further complication in the interpretation of race and they ranged from 5.2 to 9.6 million.15 ethnicity data is the method of collection. Census takers In the 1980 Census, a uniform ethnicity question was are, after all, agents of the federal government. introduced for both the long and short forms, again com- Undocumented persons have probably never been anxious pletely separate from the race question. Two ethnic groups to be counted. United States marshals had the responsi- were defined: “Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent” or bility of appointing and supervising assistants to enumer- “Not of Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent.” The cat- ate the population for the first six censuses (1790-1870). egory is an agglomeration of a very diverse group Spanish- Beginning in 1880, supervisors who worked at the direc- speaking persons or persons from Spanish-speaking coun- tion of the Census Office and the Department of the tries that have been aggregated regardless of economic, Interior were appointed. The training, management, and cultural, or racial differences. This question subdivided professionalism of the field workers improved gradually Hispanics into Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano, and substantially over time. Census enumerators have Puerto Rican, Cuban, and other Hispanic. In the 1980 affected both the coverage (and therefore undercount) and and 1990 questionnaires, respondents were asked whether outcome of the censuses. For example, the instructions to their race was 1) White; 2) Black; 3) American Indian, the 1890 enumerators were to use their own judgment in Eskimo, or Aleut; 4) Asian or Pacific Islander (with nine assigning “color.” detailed categories); or 5) (some) other race. Fully 40 per- Write white, black, mulatto, quadroon, octoroon, cent of persons who identified themselves as Hispanic in Chinese, Japanese, or Indian according to the color or the 1980 Census selected the Other Race category. In fact, race of the person enumerated. Be particularly careful to 97 percent of all persons selecting Other Race were distinguish between blacks, mulattoes, quadroons, and Hispanics. These proportions were repeated in the 1990 octoroons. The word “black” should be used to describe Census. A major proposal for the 2000 Census was to those persons who have three-fourths or more black include Spanish/Hispanic/Latino as a selection in the race blood; “mulatto,” to describe those persons who have question. This proposal failed so the separation of race and from three-eighths to five-eighths black blood; Hispanic Origin continued for the 2000 Census. Once “quadroon,” those persons who have one-fourth black again Hispanics accounted for 97 percent of the Other blood; and “octoroon,” those persons who have one- eighth or any trace of black blood.19 Race category and many wrote in Mexican.16 Because the selection of multiple race categories was Complete self-identification of race and ethnicity (with- allowed in the 2000 Census, the number of race ethnicity in the constraints of the census definitions) became possi- combinations exploded. Given the six major race cate- ble with the introduction of the mailout-mailback collec- gories, there are 63 possible combinations, including six tion method in the 1970 Census. The more diverse the for the race groups alone and 57 for the race groups in nation becomes, the more inadequate are conventional cat- combination. Combining this with the ethnicity data egories for capturing a person’s perception of his/her own yields 128 possible race and ethnicity categories. race / ethnicity. Another problem has been the number of Interpretation and reporting of this data has been prob- non-responses, especially on the Hispanic origin question. lematic.17 When respondents leave a question blank, the Bureau of Social science research is affected by categories of analy- the Census imputes answers based on responses of others sis as well as methods of data collection. Because the in the household or neighborhood. Of all questions on the

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 7 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data exceeds reasonable ratesofnaturalincrease. American Indian tripledfrom 1960to1990. This far example, thenumberofpersonsidentifyingthemselves as impossibility) ofinterpreting thesedataacross time.For and others. This addstothegeneraldifficulty(orperhaps tural environment affects how peopleidentifythemselves est nonresponse rate. 1990 Census,theHispanic Origin questionhadthehigh- this. So, withallofthecaveats, we proceed withanexam- priateness ofstatisticaladjustmenttechniquestocorrect for there isconsiderabledebateastothecapabilityandappro- undercount affectspeopleofcolor, disproportionately and * Note: The firstlistingfor2000isracealoneandthesecond isforraceincombination. 002.%5.%2.%-.%5.%6.%247 29.6% 17.9% 29.3% 253.9% 204.7% 52.4% 63.0% 18.9% 104.7% 37.9% 44.4% 13.0% 67.4% 115.5% 34.9% 65.9% 51.2% 535.8% 1130.7% 20.4% 82.7% 123.3% 8.4% 89.4% 190.3% 33.1% -4.8% 25.2% 127.4% 200.0% 103.7% 18.0% -72.4% 87.8% 537.8% 16.9% -56.3% 7.8% 23.2% -100.0% 20.5% 46.9% -1.8% -33.3% 0.0% 77.4% 52.5% 61.9% -32.4% -7.8% 101.4% 19.5% 65.7% 11.3% 60.9% 46.5% -35.1% 12.6% 23.3% 25.9% 16.3% 100.0% 39.1% 59.5% 16.8% 100.0% 5.8% 406.0% 7.9% 52.0% 34.1% -29.0% 100.0% 3.3% 2000 18.1% -13.2% 100.0% 11.5% 121.0% 100.0% 0.1% 2.6% 19.1% 1990 29.1% 10325.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.3% 1980 24.7% -23.4% 331.4% 8.6% 0.1% 0.1% 26.4% 1970 0.4% 100.0% 100.0% -24.7% 0.0% 70.2% 1960 0.3% 100.0% 13.1% 100.0% 350.8% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 14.3% 1950 0.2% 20.5% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 1940 0.1% 34.5% 100.0% 100.0% 153.4% 101.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 96.6% 1930 0.1% 32.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 1920 0.0% 44.6% 0.4% 100.0% 1.3% 1910 0.0% 65.5% 18.0% 0.5% 1.4% 1900 0.1% 114.4% 0.6% 1.4% 1890 0.1% 254.1% 0.4% 1.1% 1880 0.1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.8% 0.3% 1870 0.2% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 1860 0.4% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% 89.2% 0.6% 0.2% 0.6% 93.8% 0.5% 0.0% 0.6% 94.7% 0.4% 0.8% 2000 97.4% 0.2% 0.9% 1990 98.1% 0.2% 0.3% 1980 98.3% 0.3% 688,862 0.6% 890,627 1970 98.7% 11,38040,273 0.3% 236 0.2% 550,310 1960 98.4% 207,905483 0.2% 86,786143,9632,233,169 0.2% 0 276,749449,396 1950 98.3% 37 1,722,850175,516 0.3% 0 1,059,273 1,461,03757,609 0 373,351507,8473,071 3,106 1940 98.2% 0 60 37,796 0.2% 0 207 1,905 1930 98.5% 20 134 0.1% 1,138 392 1920 8,045 99.0% 69 0.1% 1910 5,322 98.9% 0.4% 629 2,913 158 1900 99.1% 335 1,281 6,186 1890 99.6% 228 6,500 1880 99.6% 5,508 342 4,371 1870 4,713 806 342 29,684 501 4,452 1860 572 445 371 24,093 2,210 1850 19,994 6,961 3,269 11,273 17,657 4 4,201 2,936 417 11,576 3,611 2,110 9,691 1,992,975 2,869 6,617 4,148 1,615,845 2,711 2000 2,729 1,383,997 3,123 1990 2,623 1,235 608 1,031,926 873,828 1980 1,108 807 676,909 89 179 1970 1,446 542,920 1960 1,144 672 499,967 1950 588 441,901 1940 232 366,583 118 1930 59 272,465 1920 50 205,899 1910 142,423 1900 86,044 1890 40,125 1880 11,330 1870 1860 1850 00 ,3,4 4324,4 ,9 061536n/a 5,396 10,691 9,991 40,445 24,382 2,034,448 2000* ht lc ninJpns hns iiioOhrTotal Other Filipino Chinese Japanese Indian Black White Total Other Filipino Chinese Japanese Indian Black White Total Other Filipino Chinese Japanese Indian Black White 20 The changinglegal,political,cul- Decennial CensusRaceCounts Growth Ratefrom Previous Decade Table 3:State ofUtah Shares 8 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH 21 Finally, the of Utah fortheyears 1850through 2000. ination ofcountylevel race andethnicitydatafortheState the expansionofrailroad andmining,and,more gener- of thesesettlements,thecomingotherpopulationswith decades, thesedemographicstatisticschronicle thegrowth settlement ofMormons inUtah. aftertheestablishmentofpermanentfrontier shortly nial censusbeginswiththe Territorial Censusof1850, ofUtahThe demographichistory asrecorded inthedecen- RaceandEthnitydatafor UtahCounties: III. 1850-2000 1990s. about halfentered theU.S.in ulation isfrom LatinAmericaand over halfofUtah’s foreign bornpop- about 11percent nationally. Just 7 percent in2000ascompared with tion inUtah isestimatedtobeabout Latinos. The foreign born popula- to Utah, especiallyHispanics and brought amore diverse population has has beenofhistoricproportions, tion totheU.S.in1990s,which whole. The internationalimmigra- racially diverse thanthenationasa states,islessethnicallyand northern the region. Utah, likeotherinterior ally, theeconomicdevelopment of recent decades. trend toward urbanmigrationin lation, however there hasbeena tions oftheAmericanIndian popu- Although there are concentra- rural Utah, and Weber counties). the Wasatch Front (Davis, Salt Lake, reside inthelargeurbancountiesof ties inUtah disproportionately present theracialandethnicminori- shed lightontheirspatialand tem- groups ofpeopleare identifiedto associated withthemigrations of While someofthemajor events same limitationsjustexplained. nial censusdata,itissubjecttothe lows isprimarilyrestricted todecen- has exceeded thatofthenation. increased, andthisrateofincrease quence thediversity ofthestatehas Because thediscussionthatfol- 22 (Figures 12-14) (Table 3) Over the In conse- 23 At poral distribution, this is by no means intended to be a history of these populations.24 This paper is essentially a Figure 12 descriptive data analysis.25 The race and ethnicity cate- Foreign Born Share of the Population gories are discussed in the sequence that they were added to the Census questionnaire itself.

A. American Indians Native people lived in Utah at least 12,000 years before the arrival of the Europeans.26 American Indians were virtually Utah : 7.1% invisible to census enumerators for the first three censuses US: 11.1% unless they were “civilized” and taxed. In the 1860 census 50 Shares of Utah’s 89 “civilized” and “taxed Indians” were counted in 10.9 to 26.2% (12) Salt Lake County. It is estimated that there were 20,000 5.3 to 10.9% (12) 3 to 5.3% (12) American Indians in Utah at the time of the Mormon set- 2000 Census 1 to 3% (15) tlement.27 According to census counts, this population level was not again reached until 1980. (Table 4)

Table 4: Decennial Census Race Data for Utah Counties American Indian Population by County AloneCombined Year 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2000* STATE 89 179 807 608 2,623 3,123 2,711 2,869 3,611 4,201 6,961 11,273 19,994 24,093 29,684 40,445 BEAVER - 2 40 - 24 13 19 10 25 26 39 54 113 BOX ELDER - 4 237 173 150 130 103 576 614 1,258 388 375 578 CACHE 4 5 9 1 1 6 30 73 186 543 529 806 CARBON 1 9 21 27 160 150 216 306 DAGGETT 3 12 2 9 7 11 DAVIS 8 5 7 2 1 148 388 781 1,088 1,379 2,334 DUCHESNE 70 203 332 321 264 661 769 1,032 EMERY - 12 44 13 131 44 71 136 GARFIELD 5 4 20 25 69 72 87 119 GRAND - 8 19 161 203 327 398 IRON - 15 55 8 26 46 41 162 195 461 633 737 958 JUAB - 2 4 - 72 128 175 30 46 15 84 84 123 KANE 7 6 97 33 3 19 23 33 76 94 146 MILLARD - 87 4 1 57 65 37 72 66 96 184 163 239 MORGAN - - - 5 5 27 8 13 46 PIUTE 2 120 40 6 37 31 14 15 17 9 17 27 RICH 2 1 1 - 3 10 1 1 5 SALT LAKE 50 9 19 3 16 7 19 620 1,617 4,731 6,019 7,892 12,006 SAN JUAN - 53 1,396 932 1,320 2,668 4,740 5,622 6,858 8,026 8,163 SANPETE 9 15 71 52 14 8 20 16 35 201 131 199 336 SEVIER - 2 - 2 78 86 159 317 376 494 SUMMIT - 2 2 - 2 1 1 3 119 66 91 171 TOOELE 8 - 152 43 47 52 2 351 283 419 383 694 1,019 UINTAH 18 3 1,029 1,131 783 1,190 1,337 1,938 2,331 2,365 2,599 UTAH 1 12 25 15 1 10 3 181 613 1,995 1,883 2,206 3,747 WASATCH - 6 4 141 4 10 36 66 65 178 WASHINGTON - 8 26 94 97 71 82 125 167 198 704 1,328 1,867 WAYNE 4 - 1 18 40 9 19 WEBER 1 1 3 1 7 15 233 511 861 1,103 1,510 2,469 OTHER 8 1 Note: The first 2000 is for race alone and the second is for race alone and in combination.

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 9 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data (1994-present). Period (1970-1994),andtheSelf-Government Policy Termination Period (1953-1970),theSelf Determination (1887-1934), theReorganization Period (1934-1953), the Reservation Period (1871-1887),theAllotmentPeriod been identified:the Treaty Period (1789-1871),the Seven distincterasinrecent have AmericanIndian history of thenation. the populationofstate,ascompared with0.9percent Indian andAlaskanNative alone,whichis1.3percent of 29,684 personswhoidentifiedthemselves asAmerican the nationalcensusresults. In the2000census,there were reasonable rateofnaturalincrease, were in alsoobserved discussed previously, theseincreases, whichexceed any an average increase ofnearly70percent perdecade.As This isnearlyafive-fold increase over three decadesand Indians inUtah increased from 4,201tonearly20,000. 3,123. From 1950to1980thepopulationofAmerican Indians countedinthestatewas2,623and1910it live ontriballands.By 1900,thenumberofAmerican who wouldbecomeprivate owners property ratherthan 1934) citizenship wasoffered tothoseAmericanIndians San Juan counties were nearlyequal. Meanwhile, nearly of thestate’s AmericanIndian population inSalt Lakeand population concentration.By the2000census, theshare began anurbanmigration reversing thetrend ofrural tion ofthestatein1910. By 1960AmericanIndians accounted for78percent oftheAmericanIndian popula- Uintah (Uintah andOuray) counties,which together decades highlyconcentratedinSan Juan (Navajo) and combination withotherraces. selves asAmericanIndian andAlaskanNative aloneorin This AmericanIndian populationwas for many 29 A totalof40,445personsidentifiedthem- 28 During theAllotmentPeriod (1887- Bureau oftheCensusdata 10 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH in San Juan County. sons reside inSalt LakeCountyascompared toone-fifth combination withotherraces,nearlyathird oftheseper- selves asAmericanIndian orAlaskaNative aloneorin County. American Indian whileitis9.4percent inUintah 56 percent ofthepopulationSan Juan Countyis ily travel toUtah. orwereworked intherailroad ableto more industry eas- larger migrationofAfricanAmericanstoUtah whoeither of thetranscontinentalrailroad in1869facilitatedamuch andlaborers.(including someconverts), The completion included slaves (brought by southernMormons), pioneers African Americanpopulationremained quitesmalland dents. these, 22were inroute toCaliforniaandnotUtah resi- lived mostlyinDavis, Salt Lake,andUtah counties.Of there were 26slaves and24“free colored” persons,who African Americanslaves. In the1850territorialcensus, pioneers. The Brigham Young arrived in1847with party in whatbecameUtah before thearrival oftheMormon Men ofAfricandescentworked astrappersandexplorers AfricanAmericans B. Duchesne andFort Douglas. Black population inthestatewere soldiersatFort Census. In theperiod1896to1899,about halfofthe 1896 and1899,theywere notcountedinthe1900 these soldierswere stationedatFort Douglas between dutyatFortCity andonreservation Duchesne. Because were intheArmystationedatFort Douglas in Salt Lake tion lived inSalt LakeandUintah countiesandmany sus was588andin1900it672.Most ofthispopula- the growing metropolitan economyofSalt Lakeisevident ties, therailroads in Weber County, andascontributorsto coun- Americans inthecoalmines inCarbonandEmery The numberofBlack personsinUtah inthe1890cen- (Table 5) 30 Considering thepersonswhoidentifiedthem- As theMormon migrationproceeded, the 31 32 The presence ofAfrican in the 1920 census. During the Great Depression there Davis, and Weber counties combined account for over was an out-migration of Blacks from the state.33 The fed- two-thirds (70 percent) of the total. There has been a sig- eral defense sector build-up in Utah beginning in the nificant increase in the Black population in Utah County, 1940s employed many African Americans. These installa- going from 374 in 1990 to 1,096 in 2000 so that now 6 tions included Hill Air Force Base and the Naval Supply percent of the total African American population of the Depot in Davis County, the Utah General Depot in state lives in Utah County. Cache County (Utah State Weber County, and the Tooele Ordnance Depot and University) and Tooele County (Dugway) have significant Dugway Proving Grounds in Tooele County. Although shares of the state’s Black population. The rapid growth of the defense sector has recently been downsized, many of the African American population in Utah over the last the African Americans in the state remain tied to the decade may have resulted from the regional economic Federal military presence.34 boom of the 1990s. Some have suggested that there has The number of persons identifying themselves as been an improved climate for people of color in general “Black, African American, or Negro” alone in the 2000 which may, in turn, be related the growth of the LDS census was 17,657, an increase of 52.5 percent over the church globally and the associated increasing racial diver- 11,576 count of 1990. This is more than double the sity of its membership. growth rate of those persons identifying themselves as White alone over the same period. Although still less than C. Whites one percent of the state population (as compared to 12.3 The Mormon pioneer migration to Utah was among the percent nationally), the proportion continues to increase. most well-organized voluntary international migrations of When including all persons indicating African American the 19th century. The territorial population as recorded by alone or in combination with any other, the count for the censuses increased from 11,380 in 1850 to 86,273 in 2000 in Utah was 24,382. Over half (54 percent) of this 1870, an astounding number of people to accommodate population resides in Salt Lake County while Salt Lake, in the harsh desert climate and undeveloped land. (Table

Table 5: Decennial Census Race Data for Utah Counties African American Population by County AloneCombined Year 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2000* STATE 50 59 118 232 588 672 1,144 1,446 1,108 1,235 2,729 4,148 6,617 9,691 11,576 17,657 24,382 BEAVER - - - 22 15 2 13 ------5 16 23 BOX ELDER - - 19 8 8 10 7 31 1 1 23 22 15 40 19 71 119 CACHE - - 5 9 11 9 7 13 1 4 1 15 65 264 217 348 559 CARBON - - - - - 1 6 196 39 37 90 75 42 79 62 56 97 DAGGETT ------6 11 DAVIS - 10 - - 1 - - - - 19 198 310 1,723 2,423 2,355 2,615 3,463 DUCHESNE ------4 - 5 4 2 - - 10 21 45 EMERY - - - 1 2 - 1 64 33 4 1 - 9 - 4 20 31 GARFIELD - - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 8 9 GRAND - - - - 2 - 1 3 24 3 - 3 3 8 7 21 32 IRON 1 - - 14 - - 2 1 - 1 3 2 2 - 43 119 184 JUAB - - 4 2 1 4 4 1 - - - - 2 - 2 12 17 KANE - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 1 4 - - 5 2 6 MILLARD - - 1 1 - 9 22 13 8 8 7 2 1 3 2 13 23 MORGAN - - 2 - - - - 2 1 - 2 1 1 - 7 3 13 PIUTE - - - 2 - - 1 - - - 1 - 1 - - 2 2 RICH - - - - 1 - - 2 ------1 - 1 SALT LAKE 15 45 51 133 240 336 827 810 740 781 1,208 1,704 2,473 4,121 5,663 9,495 12,890 SAN JUAN - - - 2 1 17 - - - 3 19 16 8 11 18 37 SANPETE - - - 2 5 12 18 1 - - 3 1 5 36 11 71 94 SEVIER - - - - 3 - - 1 - - 1 1 2 - 6 51 65 SUMMIT - - 4 7 4 9 1 4 12 3 5 5 3 - 18 72 127 TOOELE - - - 5 58 5 7 1 3 - 42 217 125 248 228 521 672 UINTAH - - 1 127 214 3 4 4 - 7 1 2 - 9 29 45 UTAH 34 4 6 6 9 7 2 17 9 17 23 23 47 109 374 1,096 1,863 WASATCH - - - 1 - - 1 5 - - - 1 - - 3 33 47 WASHINGTON - - 4 1 10 2 - - - - - 1 6 - 66 186 375 WAYNE ------2 - - - 1 1 2 1 4 7 WEBER - - 21 17 87 51 204 270 233 351 1,106 1,738 2,073 2,350 2,446 2,748 3,525 Note: The first 2000 is for race alone and the second is for race alone and in combination.

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 11 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data migrating totheU.S.from Europe. 26,000 (36percent) ofthe73,000Latter-daySaints Scandinavia. population. Many were from theBritish Isles and immigrants andtheirchildren were two-thirds oftheUtah born outsidethecountry. By theturnofcentury, Mormon. Over athird ofthe1870Utah populationwas 6) mountain west. to expeditemigrationofLatter-daySaints totheinter- Company, whichhadbeenorganized by Brigham Young primarily attributabletothePerpetual Emigrating Fund Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, and Wyoming. are now thestatesofIdaho, Wyoming, Arizona, New throughout theregion, includingcommunities inwhat areas were were majorsettlements.Colonizing parties sent Lake County. LatertheUtah, Davis, and Weber county Population wasinitiallyconcentrated inwhatisnow Salt established communitiesandthecontinuingmigration. alsoprovidedrush muchneededresources tothenewly AN 190 ,4 205 ,6 234 ,0 177 ,8 184 ,2 241 2,458 2,441 2,123 1,884 1,480 1,727 6,064 2,203 881 2,394 5,876 5,501 2,061 6,375 871 2,095 4,826 674 1,745 6,347 13,285 1,900 767 3,505 - 12,956 2,837 11,807 647 12,236 2,059 6,938 1,161 19,068 1,036449 2000* 2,447 6,845 364 964 7,908 18,601 19,060 557 7802,625 2000 9,214 8,863 4,926 6,014 551 8,194 8,774 10,390 21,165 7,333 11,309 Note: The first2000isforracealoneandthesecondincombination. 1990 15,449 18,352 7,960 411 19,537 8,028 310 OTHER 22,469 20,926 22,130 6,341 1980 7,861 1,2442,918 7,918 6,639 3,591 24,647 9,019 6,327 4,562 204 400 775,6 4,578 1,898 675,141 - 9,760 10,139 8,778 1970 13,470 2,067 18,199 194,455 85,882 9,183 584,099 25,709 6,196 5,614 4,586 47,202 3,890 1,672 7,338 5,747 - 5,864 4,496 449,781 27,623 5,574 3,592 5,655 3,132 5,303 10,020 5,026 8,447 12,291 6,693 15,304 22,525 3,903 84,543 1,800 6,734 1,593 16,871 4,492 3,555 9,770 5,847 7,833 377,687 1,1863,674 4,155 8,678 25,087 40,305 4951,030 34,484 81,281 55,942 1960 50,831 4,150 27,299 8,444 107,809 9,399 6913,052 42,608 9,937 - 271,024 5,249 11,280 122,315 8,159 7,836 7,598 14,760 9,312 11,183 4,641 4,845 14,749 209,813 135,522 37,264 - 17,184 14,396 12,110 9,057 20,929 1,9531,262 8,418 801,529 1982,467 4,763 14,549 3,660 146,550 23,914 1,523 24,347 WEBER 2,802 1950 9,133 176,059 2,4513,384 190,075 12,007 39,699 1,9928,243 17,942 23,732 12,185 1,944 36,330 - 34,733 1,904 7,787 7,789 WAYNE 10,475 32,444 172,339 37,918 81,597 57,321 1,882 3,591 48,807 1,727 7,228 9,990 4,873 106,448 157,258 40,724 4,330 WASHINGTON 1,865 1,888 129,470 1,925 - 2,733 136,266 2,028 2,177 30,797 - 1,673 1940 2,177 1,890 1521,000 14,533 1,685 1,422 WASATCH 77,096 8,020 211,754 1,610 1,146 5554,996 27,069 1,9701,766 14,982 1,5053,079 253,596 5,499 11,781 5,105 6,286 UTAH 1,780 7,068 2,077 57,945 4,586 1,587 6,706 346,553 1,310 8,633 6,922 6,908 10,798 1,933 1,704 7,787 1,384 1,267 7,300 5,680 18,181 11,189 2,028 24,057 UINTAH 1,745 9,331 5,508 340,388 4,522 7,955 10,127 2,381 11,653 4,566 1930 1,619 18,014 9,554 31,694 10,512 11,484 13,089 1,925 1,372 5,919 6,771 TOOELE 9,796 365 3,806 2,502 21,345 2,500 16,286 2,231 11,022 2,054 7,245 16,670 13,845 16,010 2,610 10,883 2,561 15,944 18,981 6,018 5,575 10,386 2,517 2,287 9,514 14,159 4,032 8,308 17,489 15,539 2,831 SUMMIT 5,587 2,644 3,468 3,721 10,048 3,976 18,277 2,396 10,589 9,733 21,040 6722,028 SEVIER 7152,665 4,882 18,522 3,970 1920 7,069 5,462 11,200 5,882 5,032 SANPETE 31,916 10,627 9,545 11,950 6,142 6,994 16,685 17,131 5,804 19,922 8,249 SAN JUAN 1910 7,089 31,416 SALT LAKE 3,902 5,740 18,312 2,675 3,521 RICH 3,944 13,588 PIUTE 1900 2,262 3591,010 MORGAN 9,785 5,687 MILLARD 1890 7,314 KANE 4,647 4,314 3,754 5,599 4,308 JUAB 4,850 1880 5,014 6,357 6,748 IRON 873,8281,031,9261,383,9971,615,845 7,983 63,766 10,075 30,065 15,325 96,057 5,041 13,515 5,272 12,544 15,495 11,293 2,6018,219 676,909 4,642 GRAND 5,075 138,555 3,321 3,573 4,454 18,127 1,1342,886 22,998 3,828 542,920 178,391 29,766 27,369 33,458 35,636 GARFIELD 224,642 26,879 41,668 4,429 7852,005 85,355 495,955 1870 55,634 66,551 220,486 EMERY 441,901 84,286 366,583 1,608 DUCHESNE 272,465 205,899 1860 DAVIS 142,423 DAGGETT 86,044 1850 CARBON 40,125 CACHE 11,330 BOX ELDER BEAVER STATE Year The efficiency and success of the colonizing effort was The efficiencyandsuccessofthecolonizingeffort The completionofthetranscontinental railroad in The great majorityofthesepersonswere White and 35 36 From 1852to1887thefundassisted Table 6:Decennial CensusRaceData forUtah Counties 37 The Californiagold 12 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH White Population by County sity hasbeenhiddenwithin thiscategory. census counts.Agreat cultural,ethnic,andnationaldiver- andwestern Europeannorthern nativityas“White” inthe classified alongwiththeoriginalMormon pioneersof Bosnians andCroatians. Allofthesepopulationswere Europeans toUtah. These have includedRussians, Polish, Communist systemhasinitiatedamigrationofeastern came viaCanada.In more recent years thefall ofthe and western Europe were themajority, andmanyofthese southern andeasternEurope, immigrantsfrom northern ning in1910.Even withthesubstantialimmigration from tries. Mexican migrationtoUtah wassignificantbegin- employed intheminingandrailroad indus- particularly Albanians, andLebanesealsomigratedtoUtah andwere relative tothepopulationsize oftheregion. Serbians, Wyoming hadthenation’s largestconcentration ofGreeks and more diverse cultures. By 1910,Utah, Nevada, and 1868 facilitatedthemigrationofmanynon-Mormons

38 ln Combined Alone 1,992,9752,034,448 66 795,559 Table 7: Decennial Census Race Data for Utah Counties Chinese Population by Count Alone Combined Year 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2000* STATE 445 501 806 572 371 342 342 228 335 629 1,281 2,913 5,322 8,045 10,742 BEAVER - 28 4 2 - - 8 13 27 10 11 17 BOX ELDER 403 159 147 2 - 7 - 2 - 15 28 35 CACHE - - 2 1 - - 31 165 167 518 545 628 CARBON - - - 3 16 1 20 3 - 19 17 20 DAGGETT ------1 DAVIS ------2 24 160 240 491 736 DUCHESNE ------1 - - 9 15 EMERY - - 66 - - - 1 - 16 1 1 4 GARFIELD ------1 1 GRAND - - 44 - 3 1 2 3 17 5 4 5 IRON ------6 9 25 34 47 JUAB - - 6 6 5 1 - - - 2 - - KANE ------1 3 5 MILLARD - 1 ------83 - - 2 MORGAN - 17 ------1 7 PIUTE ------1 2 RICH - - 2 1 ------SALT LAKE - 131 269 222 201 194 380 700 1,711 3,365 5,121 6,531 SAN JUAN ------5 6 4 1 1 4 SANPETE ------1 5 1 5 16 35 SEVIER ------3 - 1 5 10 SUMMIT 39 67 131 21 11 34 - - - 14 52 66 TOOELE - 10 8 10 5 12 17 19 39 21 55 97 UINTAH - - 7 4 2 2 - 6 6 15 13 16 UTAH - - 12 6 3 7 83 210 492 819 1,223 1,815 WASATCH - 2 - - 1 - - - - - 6 10 WASHINGTON - 53 2 - - - - 1 16 19 64 133 WAYNE ------WEBER 3 33 106 93 95 83 79 114 165 226 343 500 Note: The first 2000 is for race alone and the second is for race alone and in combination. Chinese includes Taiwanese.

D. Chinese Students from the People’s Republic of China, Hong The Chinese began to arrive in Utah as workers on the con- Kong, and Taiwan have come to Utah in increasing num- struction of the Central Pacific Railroad that was built from bers and some of these eventually became citizens. The Sacramento, California to Promontory Point, Utah in the number of persons in Utah indicating Chinese or late 1860s. The work of these 12,000 Chinese was leg- Taiwanese only on the census of 2000 was 8,045 while the endary as they built the railroad through the rugged moun- number indicating Chinese or Taiwanese alone or in com- tain ranges. Box Elder County, in which the railroad town bination was 10,742. This is a dramatic increase from Corinne was located, was home to 403 Chinese in the 1870 1960 (629 Chinese persons) and 1970 (1,281 Chinese Census. (Table 7) As Ogden developed into a railroad cen- persons). Of the 10,742 indicating some Chinese heritage ter in the 1880s, a Chinatown was home to 106 of the 806 in the most recent census, 61 percent were in Salt Lake Chinese counted in Utah in the 1890 census. County, 17 percent in Utah County, 7 percent in Davis Since 1900 the largest Chinese community has been in County, 6 percent in Cache, and 5 percent in Weber Salt Lake County. Originally the Salt Lake population of County.39 269 Chinese was concentrated in Plum Alley in Salt Lake in 1890. Salt Lake County has been home to 60 percent E. Japanese or more of the state’s Chinese population since 1910. Persons of Japanese descent were present in Utah in small Early on, mining and railroad activity provided the basis numbers early in the 20th century, mostly associated with for Chinese employment in Park City, Carbon County, railroads (Box Elder and Weber counties), coal mines and Ogden. (Carbon and Emery counties), agriculture (Cache, Weber, The state’s Chinese population declined during the Davis, and Salt Lake counties), and in variety of commer- Great Depression and did not increase substantially until cial and other occupations of the growing urban area (Salt after World War II and the passage of several important Lake County). (Table 8) The Japanese population of Utah immigration laws that allowed more free entry of Chinese increased to 3,269 in the 1930 but declined to 2,210 in to the United States. More recently, persons of Chinese 1940 with the Great Depression. The largest migrations of origin were among the Vietnamese refugees after 1975. Japanese to Utah were forced migrations in the decade of

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 13 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data necessarily tabulateandpublish theseresults. Electronic Indians, andKoreans beginningin 1920),theydidnot some oftheotherracegroups (suchastheFilipinos, Asian ers. Even asthe Bureau oftheCensuscollected dataon groups were simplynotseparatelycountedby censustak- the U.S.Althoughpresent inUtah priorto1970,many censuses corresponds toamajorwave ofimmigrationto eral datacollectionsystemover the pastfourdecennial The expansionofthenumberracecategoriesinfed- Others F. the Wasatch Front urbancounties. with otherraces. This populationishighlyconcentratedin that theywere eitherJapanese aloneorincombination persons self-identifiedasJapanese, while9,991indicated resided inSalt LakeCounty. In the2000census,6,186 there were 4,452Japanese inUtah, themajorityofwhom of theproperty, remained inUtah afterthewar. In 1950 Millard County. Many ofthesedetainees,whohadlostall 8,000 Japanese were incarcerated incampsat Topaz in security concerns.During theSecond World War, atleast the 1940s,especiallyfrom California,becauseofnational AN - - - - 38 15 10 9 86 23 8 14 62 12 7 4 94 - 1 17 1,436 84 35 11 765 5 2 57 - 5 37 2 751 82 24 1 - 6 360 42 4 51 - 16 1 5 - 187 1 43 8 8 176 14 4 9 4 147 6 16 49 16 9 6 3 12 2 1 147 1 26 8 60 4 2 - 4 - 117 6 5 10 - 12 6 11 3 4 8 3 2 4,773 2 35 36 3,065 1 - 3,220 33 5 36 1 3 4 6 2,995 1 80 2,534 - 17 15 16 18 - 1 - 2,399 5 4391 118 55 10 Note: The first2000isforracealoneandthesecondincombination. 11 53 2 1,384 795 - 490 292 819 73 WEBER 2 7 4 37 - 5 WAYNE 17 - 198 7 840 828 - - WASHINGTON 533 1 2 198 - 54 3 WASATCH 715 - 1,118 660 - UTAH 16 192 980 250 563 - 49 - UINTAH 26 42 54 - TOOELE 72 170 817 40 871 433 60 4 SUMMIT - 66 5 246 18 SEVIER 27 86 - 703 - SANPETE 88 333 21 31 2 - - SAN JUAN 5 32 3 338 SALT LAKE 1,041 RICH 1 47 - 2000* 387 - PIUTE - 472 2000 - MORGAN 43 - 157 1990 MILLARD 52 KANE 1980 384 116 - JUAB 90 1970 23 516 IRON - - GRAND 1960 304 55 197 51 - GARFIELD 1950 288 EMERY 1940 36 DUCHESNE 1930 - 147 - DAVIS - 1920 DAGGETT CARBON 1910 - CACHE - 4417 1900 2,110 2,936 BOX ELDER 3,269 1890 2,210 BEAVER 4,452 4,371 4,713 STATE 5,508 6,500 6,186 9,991 Year 40 Table 8:Decennial CensusRaceData forUtah Counties 14 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH Japanese Population by County sugar beetsinBox Elder County. ers. From 1900to1920,AsianIndian immigrants farmed Philippines, Taiwan, Korea, Iran, andIndia, amongoth- and university studentshave cometoUtah from the ed inthe1930Census.Beginning inthe1960s,college Utah inlargernumbers. There were 158Filipinos count- Korean warerathatFilipinos andalsoKoreans arrived in ers cametoUtah. lished atall. from 1930topresent, andthe1950datawasnotpub- Census Bureau publications,we have onlystatetotals collected forFilipinos from 1920 topresent, relying on groups priorto1980.For example,althoughdatawere consequence, we have onlylimiteddataformostsmaller groups were conflatedintothe“All Other” category. Asa er printedcensusreports, manynumericallysmallerrace ed reports with tabulardatawere thenorm.In these earli- implemented by the1980census.In previous years, print- dissemination ofdecennialcensusdatawasonlypartially opened the country toimmigration basedonfamily opened thecountry gration lawsin1965abolished thequotasystemand In the1920sand1930s,someFilipino migrantlabor- (Table 9) But itwasnotuntilthepost- AloneCombined 41 Changes intheimmi- 169 Table 9: Decennial Census Race Data for Utah Counties Population by County Korean Asian Indian Vietnamese Alone Combined Alone Combined Alone Combined Year 1980 1990 2000 2000* Year 1980 1990 2000 2000* Year 1980 1990 2000 2000* STATE 1,397 2,629 3,473 4,609 STATE 932 1,557 3,065 3,800 STATE 1,991 2,797 5,968 6,742 BEAVER 0 1 2 BEAVER 2 0 1 1 BEAVER 0 1 1 BOX ELDER 20 25 37 BOX ELDER 20 10 6 22 BOX ELDER 26 20 24 35 CACHE 29 227 210 235 CACHE 75 195 223 242 CACHE 206 179 183 222 CARBON 15 1 6 8 CARBON 12 1 5 9 CARBON 6 1 0 3 DAGGETT 0 0 0 DAGGETT 0 0 DAGGETT 2 0 0 DAVIS 193 435 443 644 DAVIS 43 80 156 251 DAVIS 182 135 225 271 DUCHESNE 3 3 1 1 DUCHESNE 1 2 2 DUCHESNE 5 0 1 1 EMERY 9 8 10 EMERY 7 0 8 9 EMERY 6 6 2 3 GARFIELD 3 4 1 1 GARFIELD 1 7 9 GARFIELD 0 0 0 GRAND 3 3 5 GRAND 0 2 3 GRAND 1 1 1 IRON 14 6 45 54 IRON 28 8 19 21 IRON 1 1 6 JUAB 4 7 8 JUAB 1 0 0 JUAB 0 5 5 KANE 0 0 2 KANE 4 2 5 KANE 0 1 1 MILLARD 11 8 7 12 MILLARD 2 10 2 4 MILLARD 23 9 3 3 MORGAN 11 4 4 MORGAN 1 0 1 MORGAN 0 0 0 PIUTE 0 2 2 PIUTE 0 2 2 PIUTE 0 0 0 RICH 0 0 0 RICH 2 0 0 0 RICH 0 0 0 SALT LAKE 786 1,253 1,724 2,169 SALT LAKE 604 978 2,091 2,483 SALT LAKE 1,358 2,133 4,993 5,532 SAN JUAN 11 3 2 3 SAN JUAN 1 1 8 15 SAN JUAN 3 1 2 SANPETE 11 14 13 19 SANPETE 5 4 7 SANPETE 4 4 5 SEVIER 6 6 12 12 SEVIER 2 1 1 1 SEVIER 0 2 2 SUMMIT 10 34 58 SUMMIT 2 15 16 SUMMIT 1 3 3 TOOELE 28 33 43 84 TOOELE 15 8 12 25 TOOELE 4 2 5 7 UINTAH 6 12 8 19 UINTAH 3 6 7 UINTAH 3 5 6 UTAH 158 396 607 805 UTAH 74 120 321 423 UTAH 99 156 164 239 WASATCH 5 3 9 11 WASATCH 3 4 7 WASATCH 0 4 5 WASHINGTON 2 15 51 87 WASHINGTON 15 9 55 69 WASHINGTON 14 9 27 37 WAYNE 3 0 0 0 WAYNE 2 1 1 1 WAYNE 0 0 0 WEBER 113 153 207 317 WEBER 28 114 114 167 WEBER 62 132 313 352 Note: The first 2000 is for race alone and the second is for race alone and in combination. reunification, skills, and refugee status. After the Vietnam War, many refugees came from southeast Asia, particular- ly Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian; this migration peaked in 1980s. The Asian population in Utah numbered 37,108 in the 2000 Census among those persons who indicated just one race. (Figure 15) Among these, Chinese (8,045), Japanese (6,186), Vietnamese (5,968), and Korean (3,473) are near- ly two-thirds (64 percent) of the total. The Vietnamese and Asian Indian populations have grown most rapidly since 1990.42 Including persons who identified themselves as Asian alone and Asian in combination with one or more other races, the population is 48,692. The population is concentrated in the urban counties and also university communities. The Pacific Islander population began arriving in small numbers in Utah around 1875, the result of Mormon missionary efforts. (Table 10 and Figure 16) With the help of the LDS church, the community of Iosepa was established in Skull Valley in 1889 and was home to some- where between 50 and 75 Polynesians (predominately Hawaiian). Although the LDS church eventually built a temple in Hawaii and suggested that they return home, a Pacific Islander community had been established in Utah and continued to grow. The largest migration of Pacific

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 15 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data percent) isSamoan. gle racepopulationis Tongan andnearlyone-third (30 1990 censusinUtah. Nearly half(45percent) ofthissin- This compares to7,675personswhowere countedinthe selves ofmixed racewithPacific Islander amongthese. Pacific Islander alone,and21,367whoidentifiedthem- identified themselves asNative Hawaiian andOther ty. familyrelations, efforts, andeconomicopportuni- sionary communities in Utah, asaresultofcontinuedLDSmis- Hawaiians, Maoris, and Tahitians allestablishedgrowing Islanders hasoccurred since1970. Tongans, Samoans, 43 The 2000censusenumerated15,145personswho AN 4 7 4 601 - 247319 ond isforracealoneandincombination. Note: The first2000isforracealoneandthesec- - 47 WEBER 15 2 29 3,593 1,1542,122 WAYNE 33 2120 WASHINGTON 3472 140 WASATCH - 30 1 817 41 5 1213 UTAH 17 UINTAH 3781 TOOELE 118 - - SUMMIT 14,245 26 2 1 SEVIER 4 11,075 SANPETE 3 SAN JUAN 5,398 1 SALT LAKE - 103 31 11 525 RICH PIUTE 4092 139 2 MORGAN 1 7 54 MILLARD KANE 21 611 - JUAB - IRON 66 GRAND 365639 1,185 8 GARFIELD 17 - EMERY 2000* 249 DUCHESNE 34 20 280 122181 DAVIS 2000 5 DAGGETT 19 CARBON 23 1990 21,367 7,67515,145 CACHE BOX ELDER BEAVER STATE Year Native Hawaiian andPacific Islander Table 10:Decennial CensusRace Data forUtah Counties Population by County 2 8 663 121 384 ln Combined Alone 16 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH According totheBureau oftheCensus: as personsoriginatingfrom aSpanish culture region. Figure 17) race sincethe1970census. separatefromHispanic ethnicitydichotomyasacategory The Bureau oftheCensushasincludedHispanic /non- Hispanic G. cant portion ofthenon-Whitepopulation. cant portion tion ofthestate’s population(2.1percent), itisasignifi- two ormore races. While thisisnumericallyasmallpor- composed ofpersonswhoidentifiedthemselves asbeing racial minoritygroup, oneinfive non-Whitepersons,is Hispanic intheethnicoriginquestion. The second-largest composed ofpersonswhoidentifiedthemselves as census count. This group isalmostentirely (98 percent) ing 40percent ofthenon-Whitepopulationin2000 isUtah’scategory largestracialminoritygroup, constitut- and soon. Spanish, Spanish-American, Hispanic, Hispano, Latino, Republic orpeopleidentifyingthemselves generally as countries ofCentralorSouth America, theDominican those whoseoriginsare from Spain, theSpanish-speaking that theyare “other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino” include “other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino.” Persons whoindicated “Cuban” -aswell asthosewhoindicatethattheyare -”Mexican, Mexican Am.,Chicano,”“Puerto Rican”, or Latino categorieslistedontheCensus2000questionnaire themselves inoneofthespecificSpanish, Hispanic, or As waspreviously explained,the“Some Other Race” Hispanics orLatinos Hispanics are adiverse group generally defined 45 are thosepeoplewhoclassified 44 (Tables 11through 14and Table 11: Decennial Census Ethnicity Data for Utah Counties Table 12: Decennial Census Ethnicity Data for Utah Counties Hispanic Population by County Mexican Population by County Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 1930 1970 1980 1990 2000 STATE 33,911 60,302 84,597 201,559 STATE 4,012 7,710 36,751 56,842 136,416 BEAVER 85 120 333 BEAVER 52 6 37 94 277 BOX ELDER 632 1,299 1,610 2,791 BOX ELDER 226 190 1,042 1,271 2,131 CACHE 213 708 1,780 5,786 CACHE 1 151 217 1,225 4,047 CARBON 1,491 2,423 2,247 2,097 CARBON 472 320 1,720 1,575 1,348 DAGGETT 13 15 47 DAGGETT 17 12 36 DAVIS 3,123 5,436 7,275 12,955 DAVIS 27 869 3,463 4,916 7,586 DUCHESNE 177 350 508 DUCHESNE 32 44 107 244 342 EMERY 64 233 219 568 EMERY 51 32 133 168 472 GARFIELD 36 35 136 GARFIELD 1 24 19 96 GRAND 158 353 291 471 GRAND 98 45 210 194 323 IRON 40 239 382 1,383 IRON 55 118 219 276 1,005 JUAB 55 73 217 JUAB 87 50 16 40 123 KANE 46 101 140 KANE 1 8 20 62 86 MILLARD 75 157 402 891 MILLARD 49 95 114 339 755 MORGAN 49 78 103 MORGAN 17 6 24 50 56 PIUTE 16 17 15 64 PIUTE 2 7 47 RICH 16 21 36 RICH 8 3 15 23 SALT LAKE 17,078 30,867 43,647 106,787 SALT LAKE 1,834 3,025 18,594 29,159 72,395 SAN JUAN 297 433 440 540 SAN JUAN 117 240 238 223 326 SANPETE 25 268 560 1,510 SANPETE 3 32 186 484 1,337 SEVIER 179 175 289 481 SEVIER 14 26 71 200 312 SUMMIT 18 204 326 2,406 SUMMIT 64 8 55 206 2,026 TOOELE 1,774 2,395 2,960 4,214 TOOELE 183 115 1,298 2,085 2,493 UINTAH 383 565 691 894 UINTAH 52 27 347 458 626 UTAH 2,394 5,040 8,488 25,791 UTAH 160 885 2,670 4,785 16,613 WASATCH 121 253 775 WASATCH 14 5 47 161 620 WASHINGTON 87 298 862 4,72 WASHINGTON 89 210 556 3,299 WAYNE 24 25 50 WAYNE 6 34 2 16 28 WEBER 5,864 8,570 11,042 24,858 WEBER 388 1,290 5,665 8,002 17,588

Table 13: Decennial Census Race Data for Utah Detailed Asian Population Detailed Native Hawaiian and Pacfic Islander Population Table 14 Alone Combined Utah Hispanic Population: 2000 1980 1990 2000 2000* Number Share Total Asian 15,874 25,696 37,108 48,692 Mexican 136,416 67.7% Chinese 2,913 5,322 8,045 10,691 Puerto Rican 3,977 2.0% Filipino 1,138 1,905 3,106 5,396 Cuban 940 0.5% Japanese 5,508 6,500 6,186 9,991 Dominican Asian Indian 932 1,557 3,065 3,800 (Dominican Republic) 352 0.2% Korean 1,397 2,629 3,473 4,609 Vietanmese 1,991 2,797 5,968 6,742 Central American 6,645 3.3% Other Asian 1,995 4,986 7,265 7,463 Costa Rican 406 Guatemalan 2,137 Other Asian 1980 1990 2000 2000* Honduran 613 1,995 4,986 7,265 7,463 Nicaraguan 330 Cambodian 997 1,332 1,663 Panamanian 232 Hmong 105 157 190 Salvadoran 2,670 Laotian 1,774 2,195 2,715 Thai 617 823 1,210 South American 9,620 4.8% Indonesian 122 275 Argentinian 1,626 Pakistani alone 379 546 Bolivian 385 All Others 1,493 2,257 864 Chilean 1,504 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Colombian 1,304 1980 1990 2000 2000* Ecuadorian 637 Total 4,350 7,675 15,145 21,367 Peruvian 2,276 Hawaiian 913 1,396 1,251 3,642 Uruguayan 261 Samoan 1,171 1,570 4,523 6,470 Venezuelan 1,224 Guamanian 64 148 202 348 Other South American 403 Tongan 3,904 6,587 8,655 Other Pacific Islander 2,202 657 2,582 2,252 Spaniard 859 0.4% Source: For the 1980 data: PC80-S1-12, Asian and Pacific Islander All other Hispanic or Latino42,750 21.2% Population by State: 1980. These are SAMPLE data. Note: The first 2000 is for race alone and the second is for race alone and in Total 201,559 100.0% combination.

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 17 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data central institutionintheir community. In 1958the ed withtheCatholicChurch, whichcontinuestobea Hispanics, themajorityofHispanics in Utah are associat- armed forces inthewar. Althoughthere are LDS Colorado. Many Hispanics with distinction inthe served again brought Hispanics from New Mexico and Utahnorthern during World War II,thedemandforlabor Mexico. With theestablishmentofdefensesectorin Hispanics returned toNew Mexico orwere to deported communities. During theGreat Depression, manyUtah cultural employment andinthecentralUtah coalmining Mexico Utah tonorthern formining,railroad, and agri- County. Mexicans alsorelocated from ColoradoandNew Utah, andwere geographicallyconcentratedinSan Juan to thesheep, cattle,mining,andrailroad industriesof 1800s. By 1900,Hispanics madesignificantcontributions ent dayU.S.,includingUtah, from atleasttheearly across theborder. 1848. Importantly, the treaty provided forfree movement with thesigningof Treaty ofGuadalupe Hidalgo in and Texas. oftheU.S. Most becamepart ofthisterritory of western Colorado,New Mexico, southwestern Kansas, U.S., includingCalifornia,Nevada, Utah, Arizona, much reached intopresent-day north southwest and itsterritory Mexico. By 1821Mexico became independentofSpain people was. nent settlementwasestablished,tradewithindigenous through centralandsouthernUtah. Althoughnoperma- trade route connectingSanta Fe andLosAngeles,crossed ning inthemid-16thcentury. The Spanish Trail, amajor ers andtraderscametoUtah inincreasing numbersbegin- arrival oftheSpanish in1492.Spanish /Mexican explor- Hispanics populatedthesouthwest region ofthepres- Hispanic influencebeganintheAmericaswith 46 Soon after, theycolonized present-day New 18 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH interests and serve theHispanicinterests andserve communityinUtah. other civicorganizationsthatrepresent of aspectrum organization, wasformedinUtah. Today there are many civilrights (SOCIO),animportant and Opportunity Spanish-Speaking Organization forCommunityIntegrity two-thirds ofwhomwere from Mexico. resulted inaboutthree millionpersonsacquiringamnesty, amnesty tolong-timeundocumentedresidents. The latter an agriculturalguestworker program (H-2A),andoffered penalties toemployers oftheundocumented,established 1986, whichincreased border enforcement, increased was theImmigration Reform andControl Act (IRCA) of and policychanges. The mostsignificantofrecent policies by relative labormarket conditions,thecostofmigration, Mexico. The volume ofthismigrationhasbeenaffected umented migrantscontinuedtoentertheU.S.from Because migrationnetworks were well established,undoc- 1964, theeraofillegalimmigrationtoU.S.began. and inArkansas. When theprogram wasterminatedin the agriculturalsectorespeciallyinsouthwestern U.S. the program wasextendedtoprovide laborprimarilyto Afterthewar, guestworkers inthewareffort. temporary Program. This program facilitatedtheemployment of beginning in1942withtheestablishmentofBracero There isasignificantconcentrationofHispanics inDavis state border towns (Wendover) providing labortocasinos. tries ofCacheandSanpete countiesandintheNevada of Utah. Largenumberswork inthemeatpackingindus- production, foodprocessing, and meatpackingindustries Hispanics have historicallyworked inthelivestock, crop ulation increased from 326in1990to2,0802000. ment toHispanics, astheSummit CountyHispanic pop- pitality sectorinthePark Cityarea hasprovided employ- professional classinthesesameareas. Growth inthehos- urban areas. There isalsoagrowing Hispanic middle and especially hospitality, sectorsinthese andconstruction Hispanics sectors, have foundemployment intheservice (25,791), while Weber County isthird (24,858).Many second largestHispanic populationamongcounties lation residing inSalt LakeCounty. Utah Countyhasthe ity populationwithover onehalf(106,787)ofthispopu- Hispanics inthestate.Hispanics are Utah’s largestminor- Central andSouth Americans,Puerto Ricansandother 2000 censuscount. There are smallercommunitiesof Hispanics inUtah identifythemselves asMexican inthe brought manyHispanics tothestate.About two-thirds of increased demandforlaborinthesesectorsthe1990s andagriculturalsectors,the service, struction, Mexican immigrantscametotheU.S.inlargenumbers Hispanics contributionstothecon- makeimportant 48 47 County (12,955), Washington County (4,727), Box Elder County (2,791), and in Carbon County, where they are 10.3 percent of the population. The Hispanic population has increased in every county from 1990 to 2000.49

IV. Conclusions What do 150 years of Decennial Census data for Utah’s counties reveal? 1. Census data tell only part of the story. The picture painted by the Census numbers alone is partial and limit- ed. Certainly the “White non-Hispanic” population has been and continues to be the dominant majority. Exactly what “White” means to the general public is unclear and changes over time. The Census category of “White” hides Calculations from Bureau of the Census data within it great diversity – Middle Easterners are one obvi- ous group of persons made invisible by the category. The use of multiracial categories further complicates the pic- ture. Beyond the Census categories, Utah is less homoge- 4. Political forces affect migration patterns. neous than the official measurements indicate. Further, International political issues have affected migrations of the Census has never counted all persons. American diverse populations to Utah. The incarceration of Japanese Indians were systematically excluded for over a century during WWII brought Japanese to Millard County. Post- and the undocumented, homeless, and those in poverty Vietnam War Southeast Asian refugees settled in Utah in are under-counted in more recent times. the 1980s. More recently the collapse of East Block coun- 2. Diversity in Utah has increased substantially in the tries brought Serbians and others. Changes in national 1990s. Utah has become much more diverse in the 1990s. immigration policy have affected the migration of people Numerically, the greatest contribution to this has been the to Utah. During the “Ellis Island” era Greeks, Italians, and international immigration of Hispanics to Utah, especial- others came to Utah while later the imposition of country ly from Mexico. This migration is national in scope and quotas limited the number of non-northern European also has brought more Asians, Pacific Islanders, and immigrants. Family reunification, employment, and polit- Eastern Europeans. This represents a major shift in the ical refugee status became the most recent principles gov- composition of migrant origins as compared to the past. erning immigration to the U.S.; this has facilitated the The growth of the minority population has been signifi- most recent major immigration wave. cantly more rapid than that of the White non-Hispanic 5. Established networks create long-term migration majority. The growth of the minority population con- flows. When new migrant communities have become tributed over one-third of the growth of Utah’s population established in Utah, these provide the foundation for in the 1990s. additional migrations far into the future. As people main- 3. Economic cycles greatly affect migration flows. tain their connections to families and associates in their Economic growth has been associated with increases in original hometowns, they provide a receiving community Utah’s diversity and, conversely, economic slowdowns and ties to economic opportunity for new arrivals. The have been associated with declines in diversity. This has flows of people and resources (including financial remit- been most evident with the introduction and expansion of tances) become better established with the passage of the railroads and mining, federal defense installations, and time. the pre-Olympic construction boom. During the Great 6. The LDS Church has greatly affected migration to Depression, there was an out-migration of people of color Utah. The rapid initial population growth of non-native as the industries employing them contracted. (Figure 18) people to Utah was a well-organized migration by the Mormon Church. The proselytizing efforts of the church brought diverse populations to the state. The extensive building of temples across the globe has expanded the membership overseas, greatly increasing the demographic diversity of the global LDS population. Because Salt Lake

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 19 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data Department ofCommerce,Department Bureau oftheCensus,1989,page1. 7 results inagrowthcombined category rateof111percent. egory, thegrowth ratewouldbe53percent whileusingthe American in1990.Compared theAfricanAmericanalonecat- races. This compares to11,576personswhoreported African ed AfricanAmericanincombinationwithoneormore other reported AfricanAmericanalonewhile24,382personsindicat- 6 the Census. These are listedinthereferences. well aselectronic andpaperreferences from theU.S.Bureau of Inter-university forPolitical Consortium and Social Research as 5 Therefore, whitenon-Hispanic isasubset ofnon-Hispanic. for theBureau oftheCensus.Hispanics may beofanyrace. 4 1850 census. out numbered whitesin1850,butwere notenumeratedinthe not fullycounteduntilwell intothe20thcentury. Clearlythey 3 designatedthemselves asHispanic.catch-all category 2000 Censuses.Nationally, 97percent ofallpersonsinthis all Hispanics chosethe“Some Other Race” inthe1990and and Other Pacific Islander, orSome Other Race,abouthalfof American Indian andAlaskaNative, Asian,Native Hawaiian 2 1 ENDNOTES IV. and immigrationpoliciesenforcement practices. will alsodependuponthepoliticalclimateofcountry therefore increasing diversity. The speedofthisprocess increase pressure formore internationalimmigration, the Baby Boomwillcreate andthiswill alaborshortage facilitate additionalmigration.Further, theretirement of ily andcommunitynetworks are built,thesebridgeswill or “pull” formigrationinUtah andtheU.S.Asmore fam- tion withthegrowth ofthelaborforce willcreate a“push” the end,relative strength oftheeconomyincombina- and thenationwillcontinuetobecomemore diverse. In Hispanics.ulations, particularly In consequence,Utah willcontinuetoattractdiverse pop- gration tothecountry foreseeable future. However, theforces encouragingimmi- Utah willcontinuetobelessdiverse thanthenationin tinues toattractdiverse populationstoUtah. ofthisinternationalchurch, itcon- City isheadquarters This is Article I,SectionThis isArticle 2oftheU.S. Constitutionquotedin For example,inthe2000censusthere were 17,657peoplewho The sources forthisdatabaseincludeelectronic filesfrom the As isexplainedlater, raceandethnicity are distinct categories As isexplainedinasubsequentsection,Native Americans were Census 2000. Given the choicesof White, Black orAfricanAmerican, 7. Utah willbecomemore diverse over time. 20 BUREAU OF ECONOMICAND BUSINESS RESEARCH Certainly Origin groups. Indian andAlaskaNative tribes,and39Hispanic andLatino 17 16 15 14 various, Nobles pages188-190. 13 Transaction Publishers, pages101-112. 12 11 10 9 University Press. page69. ofEthnicityHistory intheUnited States. Clara E.2000. uniform nationalschedulewasimplemented.See Rodriguez, 8 University ofUtah Press, page391. Encyclopedia,History 27 26 tion. of theCensusdocuments. These are listedinthereference sec- The rest hasbeentakenfrom electronic andpublishedBureau Interuniversity ofSocial Consortium andPolitical Research. 25 Peoples ofUtah. ulations. One classicisPapanikolas, Helen Z.,editor. 1976. 24 22 and23. ofCommerce,U.S. Department Bureau oftheCensus.pages Census 2000: The Geography ofU.S.Diversity. 23 born population. 22 21 Brookings. pages63-66. Identity, andtheEvasion ofPolitics. 20 page 36. 19 18 California: Stanford University Press, page36. University ofUtah Press, page13. States different usedsomewhat schedulesuntil1830whena Nobles, Melissa. 2000. In thedetaileddata,there are 132racegroups, 78American This was98percent inUtah. Peterson, 116-119. Peterson, 70. ofCommerce,Department U.S.Bureau oftheCensus,1989, Peterson,1997. William. Rodriguez, pages88-91. Nobles, page44. Lewis, David Rich.1994.“NativeLewis, AmericansinUtah,” Dean L.May, 1987.Utah: Much thisanalysisisfrom the ofthedatasetusedtoconstruct Historians have written extensively aboutUtah’s minoritypop- Brewer, Cynthia A.andSuchan, Trudy A.2001. Europe haspreviously beenthemajorsource ofUtah’s foreign Skerry, page61. Skerry, Peter. 2000. ofCommerce,Department U.S.Bureau oftheCensus,1989, The proposal didnotsucceed. Salt LakeCity:Utah State Historical Society. Changing Race: Latinos,theCensus, andthe Changing Race: Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt LakeCity: Counting on the Census? Race, GroupCounting ontheCensus? Race, Shades ofCitizenship. Ethnicity Counts. A People’s History. New York: New York New York: New Washington, D.C.: Washington, D.C: New Brunswick: Salt LakeCity: Stanford, Mapping Utah The 28Cuch, Forrest S., editor. 2000. A History of Utah’s American 44See Chapter 7 of Peterson; and Rodriguez. Indians. Salt Lake City: Utah State Division of Indian Affairs / 45http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68188.htm Utah State Division of History. “Introduction,” pages xv-xvi. 46Nichols, Jeffrey D. “The Spanish Trail Cut a Roundabout Path 29Among these 29,684 persons, 177 identified themselves as Through Utah,” History Blazer, June 1995, online at www.utah- Alaska Natives. historytogo.org/spanishtrail.html 30This is for race alone, not race in combination. 47Gonzalex, William H. and Orlando Riverera, “Hispanics of 31Coleman, Ronald. 1980. “Trapper, Explorer, and the Pioneer Utah,” pages 255-257, Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Era: 1825-1869,” Chapter 2 from A History of Blacks in Utah: Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 1825-1910 and Appendix A pages 223-224. 48Orrenius, Pia M. “Illegal Immigration and Enforcement Along 32Coleman, 1980, page 78-79. the U.S.-Mexico Border: An Overview,” Economic and Financial Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Pages 2-11, 33Ulibarri, Richard O. “Utah’s Ethnic Minorities: A Survey,” First Quarter, 2002. pages 210-232. Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 40, Number 3, Summer 1972. 49Iber, Jorge. 2000. Hispanics in Mormon Zion: 1912-1999. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 34Ulibarri, page 210-215. 35Jensen, Richard K. 1994. “Immigration to Utah,” Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, page 270. References 36Arrington, Leonard J. 1958. “Organization for Growth and Anderson, Margo J. and Fienberg, Stephen E. 1999. Who Development,” pages 96-130 from Great Basin Kingdom: Counts? The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America. Economic History of the Latter-Day Saints: 1830-1900. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln. Arrington, Leonard. 1958. Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic 37Jensen, Richard K. 1994. “Perpetual Emigrating Fund History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900. Lincoln: University Company,” pages 419-420, Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan of Nebraska Press. Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Barnes, Jessica S. and Bennett, Claudette E. 2002. The Asian 38Jensen, Richard K. 1994. “Immigration to Utah,” pages 270- Population: 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of 273, Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Lake City: University of Utah Press. Brewer, Cynthia A. and Suchan, Trudy A. 2001. Mapping 39Conley, Don C. 1994. “The Chinese in Utah,” pages 85-86 Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. Washington, Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake D.C: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. City: University of Utah Press. Coleman, Ronald G. 1994. “African Americans in Utah,” pages 40Taniguchi, Nancy J. 1994. “Japanese Immigrants in Utah,” 2-5, Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt pages 180-183, Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell Lake City: University of Utah Press. editor. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Also: Papanikolas, Helen Z. and Kasai, Alice, “Japanese Life in Utah,” Coleman, Ronald Gerald. 1980. A History of Blacks in Utah: pages 333-362 from Papanikolas, Helen Z., editor. 1976. The 1825-1910. Salt Lake City: University of Utah. Peoples of Utah. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society. Conley, Don C. 1994. “The Chinese in Utah,” pages 85-86 41Papinikolas, Helen Zeese and Phil Notarianni. 1999 update Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Salt Lake “Peoples of Utah,” Utah State Historical Society, downloaded City: University of Utah Press. from www.utahhistorytogo.org on January, 2002. Cuch, Forrest S., editor. 2000. A History of Utah’s American 42Recall that these growth rates are suspect because the 1990 Indians. Salt Lake City: Utah State Division of Indian Affairs / Census required the identification of only one race group while Utah State Division of History. the 2000 census allowed multiple identities. This growth rate Cuch, Forrest S. 2000. “Introduction,” pages v-xx, A History of compares the 1990 count with the number of persons identify- Utah’s American Indians, Forrest S. Cuch, editor. Salt Lake City: ing single race categories, thus defining the lower range of the Utah State Division of Indian Affairs / Utah State Division of actual growth rate. History. 43Edison, Carol. 1994. “South Sea Islanders in Utah,” pages Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2001. 516-518, Utah History Encyclopedia, Allan Kent Powell editor. Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

DAVID ECCLES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 21 Utah Minorities: The Story Told By 150 Years of Census Data 273, Jensen, Richard K.1994.“Immigration toUtah,” pages270- University. by Dr. Michael R.Haines, ofEconomics, Department Colgate Research [producer anddistributor],aseditedaugmented Arbor, MI:Inter-university forPolitical Consortium andSocial Social Data: The United States, 1790-1940 1998. Inter-university forPolitical Consortium andSocial Research. College Station: Texas A&MUniversity Press. Iber, Jorge. 2000. ofCommerce,Department Bureau oftheCensus,c2kbr01-3. 518, Edison, Carol. 1994.“South Sea Islanders inUtah,” pages516- usa/voliii/enumproc1.html. 1940 Magnuson, Diana L. Commerce, Bureau oftheCensus,January 2001. March 2000 Lollock, Lisa. Salt LakeCity:University ofUtah Press. 389-391, David Rich.1994.“NativeLewis, AmericansinUtah,” pages Kent Powell editor. Salt LakeCity:University ofUtah Press. 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