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Thin Un Nking O Nivers Outside Idade D E the L De Lisb Label UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARRTES THINKING OUTSIDE THE LABEL “ABORIGINAL” Maria Inês do Vale Rocha MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS CURATORIAIS 2012 II UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARRTES THINKING OUTSIDE THE LABEL “ABORIGINAL” Maria Inês do Vale Rocha MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS CURATORIAIS Dissertação orientada pelo Prof. Doutor José Fernandes Dias 2012 IV Resumo Esta dissertação pretende desvendar os subterrâneos de uma sociedade que se afirma como um lugar pacífico e de grandes oportunidades, a Australiana. A série de conflitos a que se assistiu no seu próprio território com um grupo particular de habitantes, com as políticas opressivas e racistas que tiveram início com a colonização da Austrália e perduraram até ao final do século XX, transformaram uma população pacífica, numa das mais reivindicativas e lutadoras. Esta, luta pelos seus direitos de igualdade sociais, políticos e culturais. Através da persistência em partilhar a sua cultura com o ‘outro’ acabou por conseguir reivindicar um lugar de destaque numa sociedade que a excluía. Observa-se hoje um reescrever de toda a história de um país devido a uma população que se recusou manter na sombra de um com que não concordava. Atualmente a arte apresentada por artistas aborígenes é reputada como uma das mais críticas, conscientes e reivindicativas dentro do panorama da arte australiana. Oferece uma plataforma discursiva constante para o debate de todas as incongruências e paradoxos que afetam não só as população aborígenes mas todo um país. É não só considerada como o movimento artístico mais bem-sucedido na Austrália, mas o que toda a arte australiana sempre aspirou ser. Palavras-chave: Arte Contemporânea, Arte Aborígene Australiana, Ativismo, Identidade, (Pós) e Colonialismo, Sobrevivência. I Abstract This thesis aims to uncover what subsists under a society that sees itself as a peaceful and prospectful one - the Australian. The series of conflicts, focused on a specific group of inhabitants, targeted with racists and oppressive politics, had it start in the beginning of Australia’s colonization and persisted until the end of the 20th century. These have transformed a peaceful population into one of the most vindictive and battler ones that have been fighting for their equal rights in society, politics and culture. Through their perseverance in sharing their culture with the “other” they were able to secure a prominent place in a society that had excluded them. We are now facing a country’s story been rewritten as a consequence of the actions of a population that refused to stay in the shadow of a country which politics they did not agree. Nowadays the art presented by these aboriginal artists is reputed as one of the most critical, conscientious and vindictive inside the Australian art field. It offers a critic discursive platform that debates the incongruities that are affecting not only the aborigines’ populations but also the entire country. It is considered not only as the most successful artistic movement in Australia, but also what Australian art has always aspired to be. Keywords: Contemporary art, Aboriginal Australian Art, Activism, Identity, (Post) Colonialism, Survival. II Agradecimentos Quero agradecer o precioso apoio prestado das seguintes pessoas. Em primeiro lugar ao meu orientador de mestrado Prof. José Fernandes Dias pelo tempo disponibilizado e pelos valiosos conselhos académicos e partilha de sabedoria; ao Nelson Santos pelo carinho e paciência demonstrada e por fim à minha família por todo apoio prestado. Por ordem alfabética, agradeço ainda pelo apoio, fornecimento de documentação e opinião sobre o estado da arte australiana, especialmente no que se concerne às diversas problemáticas que a Arte “Aborígene” tem vindo a enfrentar ao longo dos tempos: Karla Dickens, Damien Smith, Djon Mundine, Djambawa Marawili, Jenni Kemarre Martinello, Karen Casey, Margo Neale, Reko Rennie, Yhonnie Scarse. III Siglas AAA – Aboriginal Artist's Agency (Agência para Artistas Aborígenes), criada em 1976. AAB – Aboriginal Arts Board (Comissão para as Artes Aborígenes), criada em 1973. AAAC – Aboriginal Art's Advisory Committee (Comissão para a Arte Aborígene), criada em 1970. AAC - Aboriginal Arts and Crafts (Artes e Artesanato Aborígene) criado em 1971. ACA – Australian Council for Arts (Concelho Australiano para as Artes), criado em 1968. ACT – Estado de Australian Canberra Territory (ACT), abarga a capital Canberra. ADC – Aboriginal Development Commission (Comissão do Desenvolvimento Aborígene), substitui DAA em 1980, estando ativa até 1989. AGSA - Art Gallery of South Australia. AGNSW - Art Gallery of New South Wales. ANZUS – ANZUS (das inicias dos topônimos na língua inglesa Australia, New Zealand e United States) é a sigla pela qual ficou conhecido o tratado celebrado por Austrália, Nova Zelândia e Estados Unidos da América, formando uma aliança militar defensiva no Pacífico Sul. Criada em 1951, com sede em Canberra, Austrália. Com a finalidade de uma aliança militar tripartido, comprometida a revidar qualquer agressão direta aos seus membros. ATSIC – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (Comissão para assuntos Aborígenes e das Ilhas de Torres Strait), substitui a DAA e a ADC em 1989. ATSIS – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Services (Serviços para assuntos Aborígenes e das Ilhas de Torres Strait) assume algumas das responsabilidades ATSIC em 2003, deixando de existir em 2005. CAA – Council for Aboriginal Affairs (Concelho para os Assuntos Aborígenes);Ativo entre 1967 - 1973. DAA – Department of Aboriginal Affairs (Departamento dos Assuntos Aborígenes), substitui OAA em 1973, estando ativa até 1980. G20 – O Grupo dos 20 (G20) é um grupo formado pelos ministros de finanças e chefes dos bancos centrais das 19 maiores economias do mundo mais a União Europeia. NSW – Estado New South Wales. IV NACC – National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (Comité Consultivo Nacional Aborígene), substitui CAA em 1973 estando ativa até 1977. NAC – National Aboriginal Conference (Conferência Nacional Aborígene), substitui NACC em 1977, estando em funcionamento até 1985. NGA – National Gallery of Australia. NGV - National Gallery of Victoria. NMA - National Museum of Australia. NT – Estado de Northern Territory. OAA – Office for Aboriginal Affairs (Gabinete de Assuntos Aborígenes); ativo entre 1967 - 1973. ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), ou simplesmente nações unidas (NU), é uma organização internacional cujo objetivo declarado é facilitar a cooperação em matéria de direito internacional, segurança internacional, desenvolvimento econômico, progresso social, direitos humanos e a realização da paz mundial. OCDE – Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE), é uma organização internacional de 34 países que aceitam os princípios da democracia representativa e da economia de livre mercado. Os membros da OCDE são economias de alta renda com um alto índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e são considerados países desenvolvidos, exceto México, Chile e Turquia. OMC – Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) é uma organização internacional que trata das regras do comércio internacional. Em inglês é denominada World Trade Organization (WTO) e conta com 156 membros à data de dezembro de 2011. QLD – Estado de Queensland. SA – Estado de South Australia. TAS – Estado de Tasmania. VIC – Estado de Victoria. WA – Estado de Western Australia. V a a Michael Aird, Vincent Brady leads a protest march, série Everybody is important: Elders, Leaders and Other Important People, 1987. VI Índice Geral Resumo ................................................................................................................................ I Abstract ................................................................................................................................ II Agradecimentos .................................................................................................................. III Siglas .................................................................................................................................. IV Índice Geral ....................................................................................................................... VII Preâmbulo .......................................................................................................................... IX I. INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................... 1 II. DESENVOLVIMENTO DA SOCIEDADE AUSTRALIANA ......................................... 3 II.I. “Australia is a happy country, paradise on earth with smiling people" .................... 3 II.I.I. A construção do país ........................................................................................... 3 II.I.II. O passado negro .............................................................................................. 7 II.I.III. Austrália multicultural ..................................................................................... 14 II.II. “There is nothing like Australia...to try something new “ ....................................... 21 III. DESENVOLVIMENTO DA ARTE ABORÍGENE: “Mina de Ouro” para balandas. .... 37 III.I. The dawn of Art .................................................................................................... 37 III.II. De primitiva a Fine-Art ....................................................................................... 39 III.III. Arte Aborígene como Fine-Art ..........................................................................
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