Harvard CHS Open House, September 20th, 2018 1 Chalcidian regionality between Sithonia and Pallene: from periphery to epichoric identity Dr Maria-Elizabeth G. Xanthou, Research Associate, CHS Harvard University, USA [email protected]

Chalcidian regionality between Sithonia and Pallene: from periphery to epichoric identity

1. Hdt. 8.127 ἐνθαῦτα δὴ Ἀρτάβαζος Thereupon Artabazus laid siege to ἐπολιόρκεε τὴν Ποτίδαιαν. ὑποπτεύσας , and suspecting that δὲ καὶ τοὺς Ὀλυνθίους ἀπίστασθαι ἀπὸ too was plotting revolt from the king, he βασιλέος, καὶ ταύτην ἐπολιόρκεε: εἶχον laid siege to it also. This town was held δὲ αὐτὴν Βοττιαῖοι ἐκ τοῦ Θερµαίου by who had been driven from κόλπου ἐξαναστάντες ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων. the by the Macedonians. ἐπεὶ δὲ σφέας εἷλε πολιορκέων, Having besieged and taken Olynthus, he κατέσφαξε ἐξαγαγὼν ἐς λίµνην, τὴν δὲ brought these men to a lake and there cut πόλιν παραδιδοῖ Κριτοβούλῳ Τορωναίῳ their throats and delivered their city over ἐπιτροπεύειν καὶ τῷ Χαλκιδικῷ γένεϊ, to the charge of Critobulus of Torone and καὶ οὕτω Ὄλυνθον Χαλκιδέες ἔσχον. the Chalcidian people. It was in this way that the Chalcidians gained possession of Olynthus.

2. Thuc. 1.57.5 προσέφερε δὲ λόγους καὶ and he proposed to the Chalcidians and τοῖς ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης Χαλκιδεῦσι καὶ to the Bottiaeans that they should join in Βοττιαίοις ξυναποστῆναι, νοµίζων, εἰ the revolt, thinking, that if he had the ξύµµαχα ταῦτα ἔχοι ὅµορα ὄντα τὰ assistance of the neighboring peoples, the χωρία, ῥᾷον ἂν τὸν πόλεµον µετ᾽ αὐτῶν difficulties of the war would be ποιεῖσθαι. diminished.

3. Thuc. 2.99.3 τὴν δὲ παρὰ θάλασσαν [3] The country on the sea coast, now νῦν Μακεδονίαν Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ called , was first acquired by Περδίκκου πατὴρ καὶ οἱ πρόγονοι αὐτοῦ, Alexander, the father of Perdiccas, and Τηµενίδαι τὸ ἀρχαῖον ὄντες ἐξ Ἄργους, his ancestors, originally Temenids from πρῶτοι ἐκτήσαντο καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν Argos. This was effected by the ἀναστήσαντες µάχῃ ἐκ µὲν Πιερίας expulsion from of the Pierians, Πίερας, οἳ ὕστερον ὑπὸ τὸ Πάγγαιον who afterwards inhabited Phagres and πέραν Στρυµόνος ᾤκησαν Φάγρητα καὶ other places under Mount Pangaeus, ἄλλα χωρία （καὶ ἔτι καὶ νῦν Πιερικὸς beyond the Strymon （indeed the κόλπος καλεῖται ἡ ὑπὸ τῷ Παγγαίῳ πρὸς country between Pangaeus and the sea is θάλασσαν γῆ）, ἐκ δὲ τῆς Βοττίας still called the Pierian gulf） of the καλουµένης Βοττιαίους, οἳ νῦν ὅµοροι Bottiaeans, at present neighbors of the Χαλκιδέων οἰκοῦσιν: Chalcidians, from Bottia,

4. Hdt. 7.22.3 ἐν δὲ τῷ ἰσθµῷ τούτῳ, ἐς [3] On this isthmus which is at the end of τὸν τελευτᾷ ὁ Ἄθως, Σάνη πόλις Ἑλλὰς Athos, there stands a Greek town, ; οἴκηται, αἳ δὲ ἐκτὸς Σάνης, ἔσω δὲ τοῦ there are others situated seaward of Sane Ἄθω οἰκηµέναι, τὰς τότε ὁ Πέρσης and landward of Athos, and the Persian νησιώτιδας ἀντὶ ἠπειρωτίδων ὅρµητο now intended to make them into island ποιέειν: εἰσὶ δὲ αἵδε, Δῖον Ὀλόφυξος and not mainland towns; they are Dion, Ἀκρόθῳον Θύσσος Κλεωναί. Olophyxus, Acrothoum, Thyssus, and .

Harvard CHS Open House, September 20th, 2018 2 Chalcidian regionality between Sithonia and Pallene: from periphery to epichoric identity Dr Maria-Elizabeth G. Xanthou, Research Associate, CHS Harvard University, USA [email protected]

5. Strabo 7 fr. 31 µετὰ δὲ Κασάνδρειαν After , in order, comes the ἐφεξῆς ἡ λοιπὴ τοῦ Τορωνικοῦ κόλπου remainder of the seaboard of the Toronic παραλία µέχρι Δέρρεως: ἄκρα δ᾽ ἐστὶν Gulf, extending as far as Derrhis. Derrhis ἀνταίρουσα τῷ Καναστραίῳ καὶ ποιοῦσα is a headland that rises opposite to τὸν κόλπον. ἀπαντικρὺ δὲ τῆς Δέρρεως Canastraeum and forms the gulf; and πρὸς ἕω τὰ ἄκρα τοῦ Ἄθω, µεταξὺ δὲ ὁ directly opposite Berrhis, towards the Σιγγικὸς κόλπος ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν αὐτῷ πόλεως east, are the capes1 of Athos; and ἀρχαίας κατεσκαµµένης Σίγγου τοὔνοµα. between2 is the Singitic Gulf, which is named after Singus, the ancient city that was on it, now in ruins.

6. Hdt. 7.122.1 ὁ µέν νυν ναυτικὸς Now when the fleet had left Xerxes, it στρατὸς ὡς ἀπείθη ὑπὸ Ξέρξεω καὶ sailed through the Athos canal which διεξέπλωσε τὴν διώρυχα τὴν ἐν τῷ Ἄθῳ reached to the gulf in which are located γενοµένην, διέχουσαν δὲ ἐς κόλπον ἐν τῷ the towns of Assa, Pilorus, Singus, and Ἄσσα τε πόλις καὶ Πίλωρος καὶ Σίγγος Sarte. The fleet took on board troops καὶ Σάρτη οἴκηνται, ἐνθεῦτεν, ὡς καὶ ἐκ from all these cities and then headed for τουτέων τῶν πολίων στρατιὴν παρέλαβε, the Thermaic gulf. Then rounding ἔπλεε ἀπιέµενος ἐς τὸν Θερµαῖον Ampelus, the headland of Torone, it κόλπον, κάµπτων δὲ Ἄµπελον τὴν passed the Greek towns of Torone, Τορωναίην ἄκρην παραµείβετο Galepsus, Sermyle, , and Ἑλληνίδας γε τάσδε πόλις, ἐκ τῶν νέας Olynthus, all of which gave them ships τε καὶ στρατιὴν παρελάµβανε, Τορώνην and men. Γαληψὸν Σερµύλην Μηκύβερναν Ὄλυνθον.

7. Hdt. 7.123.2 ἡ µέν νυν χώρη αὕτη Hdt. 7.123 This country is called Σιθωνίη καλέεται, ὁ δὲ ναυτικὸς στρατὸς Sithonia. The fleet held a straight course ὁ Ξέρξεω συντάµνων ἀπ᾽ Ἀµπέλου from the headland of Ampelus to the ἄκρης ἐπὶ Καναστραίην ἄκρην, τὸ δὴ Canastraean headland, where Pallene πάρης τῆς Παλλήνης ἀνέχει µάλιστα, runs farthest out to sea, and received ἐνθεῦτεν νέας τε καὶ στρατιὴν ships and men from the towns of what is παρελάµβανε ἐκ Ποτιδαίης καὶ Ἀφύτιος now Pallene but was formerly called καὶ Νέης πόλιος καὶ Αἰγῆς καὶ Θεράµβω Phlegra, namely, Potidaea, , καὶ Σκιώνης καὶ Μένδης καὶ Σάνης: Neapolis, Aege, Therambus, , αὗται γὰρ εἰσὶ αἱ τὴν νῦν Παλλήνην , and Sane. πρότερον δὲ Φλέγρην καλεοµένην νεµόµεναι.

8. Thuc. 4.110.1 ὡς δ᾽ οὐκ ἐσήκουον, Upon their not submitting, he at once εὐθὺς στρατεύει ἐπὶ Τορώνην τὴν marched against Torone in Chalcidice, Χαλκιδικήν, κατεχοµένην ὑπὸ which was held by an Athenian garrison, Ἀθηναίων: καὶ αὐτὸν ἄνδρες ὀλίγοι having been invited by a few persons ἐπήγοντο, ἑτοῖµοι ὄντες τὴν πόλιν who were prepared to hand over the παραδοῦναι. καὶ ἀφικόµενος νυκτὸς ἔτι town. Arriving in the dark a little before καὶ περὶ ὄρθρον τῷ στρατῷ ἐκαθέζετο daybreak, he sat down with his army near πρὸς τὸ Διοσκόρεον,ὃ ἀπέχει τῆς πόλεως the temple of the Dioscuri, rather more τρεῖς µάλιστα σταδίους. than a quarter of a mile from the city. Harvard CHS Open House, September 20th, 2018 3 Chalcidian regionality between Sithonia and Pallene: from periphery to epichoric identity Dr Maria-Elizabeth G. Xanthou, Research Associate, CHS Harvard University, USA [email protected]

9. Hdt. 7.185.1-2[1] νέας µέν νυν οἱ ἀπὸ [1] The Greeks of and the islands Θρηίκης Ἕλληνες καὶ οἱ ἐκ τῶν νήσων off Thrace furnished one hundred and τῶν ἐπικειµενέων τῇ Θρηίκῃ παρείχοντο twenty ships, and the companies of these εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατόν: ἐκ µέν νυν τουτέων ships must then have consisted of τῶν νεῶν ἄνδρες τετρακισχίλιοι καὶ twenty-four thousand men. [2] As δισµύριοι γίνονται. [2] πεζοῦ δὲ τὸν regards the land army supplied by all the Θρήικες παρείχοντο καὶ Παίονες nations—, Paeonians, Eordi, (Illyrians) καὶ Ἐορδοὶ καὶ Βοττιαῖοι καὶ Bottiaei, Chalcidians, Brygi, Pierians, τὸ Χαλκιδικὸν γένος καὶ Βρύγοι Macedonians, Perrhaebi, Enienes, (Thracian) καὶ Πίερες καὶ Μακεδόνες καὶ Dolopes, Magnesians, Achaeans, Περραιβοὶ καὶ Ἐνιῆνες καὶ Δόλοπες καὶ dwellers on the coast of Thrace—of all Μάγνητες καὶ Ἀχαιοὶ καὶ ὅσοι τῆς these I suppose the number to have been Θρηίκης τὴν παραλίην νέµονται, τούτων three hundred thousand. τῶν ἐθνέων τριήκοντα µυριάδας δοκέω γενέσθαι.

10. Hdt. 7.110.1 ἔθνεα δὲ Θρηίκων δι᾽ The Thracian tribes through whose lands ὧν τῆς χώρης ὁδὸν ἐποιέετο τοσάδε, he journeyed were the Paeti, Cicones, Παῖτοι Κίκονες Βίστονες Σαπαῖοι Bistones, Sapaei, Dersaei, Edoni, and Δερσαῖοι Ἠδωνοὶ Σάτραι. τούτων οἱ µὲν Satrae. Of these, the ones who dwelt by παρὰ θάλασσαν κατοικηµένοι ἐν τῇσι the sea followed his army on shipboard; νηυσὶ εἵποντο: οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν τὴν the ones living inland, whose names I µεσόγαιαν οἰκέοντες καταλεχθέντες τε have recorded, were forced to join with ὑπ᾽ ἐµεῦ, πλὴν Σατρέων, οἱ ἄλλοι πάντες his land army, all of them except the πεζῇ ἀναγκαζόµενοι εἵποντο. Satrae.

11. Hdt. 7.112 παραµειψάµενος δὲ ὁ After passing through the Ξέρξης τὴν εἰρηµένην, δεύτερα τούτων aforementioned land, Xerxes next passed παραµείβετο τείχεα τὰ Πιέρων, τῶν ἐνὶ the fortresses of the Pierians, one called Φάγρης ἐστὶ οὔνοµα καὶ ἑτέρῳ Phagres and the other Pergamus. By Πέργαµος. ταύτῃ µὲν δὴ παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τὰ going this way he marched right under τείχεα τὴν ὁδὸν ἐποιέετο, ἐκ δεξιῆς their walls, keeping on his right the great χειρὸς τὸ Πάγγαιον ὄρος ἀπέργων, ἐὸν and high Pangaean range, where the µέγα τε καὶ ὑψηλόν, ἐν τῷ χρύσεά τε καὶ Pierians and Odomanti and especially the ἀργύρεα ἔνι µέταλλα, τὰ νέµονται Πίερές Satrae have gold and silver mines. τε καὶ Ὀδόµαντοι καὶ µάλιστα Σάτραι.

12. Hdt. 7.132.1 τῶν δὲ δόντων ταῦτα Among those who paid that tribute were ἐγένοντο οἵδε, Θεσσαλοὶ Δόλοπες the Thessalians, Dolopes, Enienes, Ἐνιῆνες Περραιβοὶ Λοκροὶ Μάγνητες Perrhaebians, Locrians, Magnesians, Μηλιέες Ἀχαιοὶ οἱ Φθιῶται καὶ Θηβαῖοι Melians, Achaeans of Phthia, Thebans, καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι Βοιωτοὶ πλὴν Θεσπιέων τε and all the Boeotians except the men of καὶ Πλαταιέων. Thespiae and .

13. Strabo [11] ὅτι Ἠµαθία ἐκαλεῖτο [11] What is now called Macedonia was πρότερον ἡ νῦν Μακεδονία. ἔλαβε δὲ in earlier times called Emathia. And it τοὔνοµα τοῦτο ἀπ᾽ ἀρχαίου τινὸς τῶν took its present name from Macedon, one ἡγεµόνων Μακεδόνος. ἦν δὲ καὶ πόλις of its early chieftains. And there was also Harvard CHS Open House, September 20th, 2018 4 Chalcidian regionality between Sithonia and Pallene: from periphery to epichoric identity Dr Maria-Elizabeth G. Xanthou, Research Associate, CHS Harvard University, USA [email protected]

Ἠµαθία πρὸς θαλάσσῃ. κατεῖχον δὲ τὴν a city Emathia close to the sea. Now a χώραν ταύτην Ἠπειρωτῶν τινες καὶ part of this country was taken and held Ἰλλυριῶν, τὸ δὲ πλεῖστον Βοττιαῖοι καὶ by certain of the Epeirotes and the Θρᾷκες: οἱ µὲν ἐκ Κρήτης, ὥς φασι, τὸ Illyrians, but most of it by the Bottiaei γένος ὄντες, [p. 456] ἡγεµόνα ἔχοντες and the Thracians. The Bottiaei came Βόττωνα, Θρᾳκῶν δὲ Πίερες µὲν from Brete originally, so it is said,1 ἐνέµοντο τὴν Πιερίαν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν along with Botton as chieftain. As for the Ὄλυµπον, Παίονες δὲ τὰ περὶ τὸν Ἀξιὸν Thracians, the inhabited Pieria and ποταµὸν καὶ τὴν καλουµένην διὰ τοῦτο the region about Olympus; the Paeones, Ἀµφαξῖτιν, Ἠδωνοὶ δὲ καὶ Βισάλται τὴν the region on both sides of the Axius λοιπὴν µέχρι Στρυµόνος: ὧν οἱ µὲν αὐτὸ River, which on that account is called τοῦτο προσηγορεύοντο Βισάλται, Amphaxitis; the Edoni and Bisaltae, the Ἠδωνῶν δ᾽ οἱ µὲν Μυγδόνες οἱ δὲ rest of the country as far as the Strymon. Ἤδωνες οἱ δὲ Σίθωνες. τούτων δὲ Of these two peoples the latter are called πάντων οἱ Ἀργεάδαι καλούµενοι Bisaltae alone, whereas a part of the κατέστησαν κύριοι καὶ Χαλκιδεῖς οἱ ἐν Edoni are called Mygdones, a part Εὐβοίᾳ. ἐπῆλθον δὲ καὶ Χαλκιδεῖς οἱ ἐν Edones, and a part Sithones. But of all Εὐβοίᾳ ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν Σιθώνων καὶ these tribes the Argeadae,2 as they are συνῴκισαν πόλεις ἐν αὐτῇ περὶ called, established themselves as masters, τριάκοντα, ἐξ ὧν ὕστερον ἐκβαλλόµενοι and also the Chalcidians of ; for συνῆλθον εἰς µίαν οἱ πλείους αὐτῶν, εἰς the Chalcidians of Euboea also came τὴν Ὄλυνθον: ὠνοµάζοντο δ᾽ οἱ ἐπὶ over to the country of the Sithones and Θρᾴκης Χαλκιδεῖς. jointly peopled about thirty cities in it, although later on the majority of them were ejected and came together into one city, Olynthus; and they were named the Thracian Chalcidians.

[11α] τὸ δὲ ἐθνικὸν τοῦ Βόττεια διὰ τοῦ [11a] The ethnic of Botteia is spelled ι, ὡς Στράβων ἐν ζ. καλεῖται δὲ ἀπὸ with the "i", according to Strabo in his Βόττωνος τοῦ Κρητὸς. Etymol. M. p. Seventh Book. And the city is called 206, 6. after Botton the Cretan.

14. Thuc. 6.4.3 Γέλαν δὲ Ἀντίφηµος ἐκ [3] Gela was founded by Antiphemus Ῥόδου καὶ Ἔντιµος ἐκ Κρήτης ἐποίκους from Rhodes and Entimus from , ἀγαγόντες κοινῇ ἔκτισαν, ἔτει πέµπτῳ who joined in leading a colony thither, in καὶ τεσσαρακοστῷ µετὰ Συρακουσῶν the forty-fifth year after the foundation of οἴκισιν. καὶ τῇ µὲν πόλει ἀπὸ τοῦ Γέλα Syracuse. The town took its name from ποταµοῦ τοὔνοµα ἐγένετο, τὸ δὲ χωρίον the river Gelas, the place where the οὗ νῦν ἡ πόλις ἐστὶ καὶ ὃ πρῶτον citadel now stands, and which was first ἐτειχίσθη Λίνδιοι καλεῖται: νόµιµα δὲ fortified, being called Lindii. The Δωρικὰ ἐτέθη αὐτοῖς. institutions which they adopted were Dorian.

15. SEG 2-408 Βοτττικοῖς. Hondius, J.J.E., “SEG 2-408. Vromosyrta (in vico). Lapis terminalis, meridiem versus a vico Vromosyrta.”, in: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Current editors: A. T. N. R.A. Chaniotis Corsten Papazarkadas Tybout. Consulted online on 01 May 2018 http://dx.doi.org.ezp- prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a2_408 Harvard CHS Open House, September 20th, 2018 5 Chalcidian regionality between Sithonia and Pallene: from periphery to epichoric identity Dr Maria-Elizabeth G. Xanthou, Research Associate, CHS Harvard University, USA [email protected]

16. Hecataeus, FGrHist. 1 F 120 Mecyberna, urbs Pallenae, Chersonesi Μηκύβερνα, πόλις Παλλήνης τῆς ἐν Thraciae. Θρᾴκῃ Χεῤῥονήσου· Ἑκ. Εὐρ.

17. Strabo 7,330 fr.29 ὅτι τῆς Ὀλύνθου The naval station of Olynthus is ἐπίνειόν ἐστι Μηκύπερνα ἐν τῷ Macyperna, on the Toronaean Gulf. Τορωναίῳ κόλπῳ. Epit.

18. [Skyl.] 66.3-4 ἔξω δὲ τοῦ ἰσθµοῦ [Skyl.] 66.3-4 And outside the isthmus πόλεις αἵδε· Ὄλυνθος Ἑλληνίς, the following cities: Olynthos, Hellenic; Μηκύβερνα Ἑλληνίς, Σερµυλία Ἑλληνὶς Mekyberna, Hellenic; Sermylia, καὶ κόλπος Σερµυλικός, Τορώνη πόλις Hellenic, with the Sermylic gulf; Torone, Ἑλληνὶς καὶ λιµήν, Δῖον Ἑλληνίς, a Hellenic city with a harbour; Dion, Θυσσὸς Ἑλληνίς, Κλεωναὶ Ἑλληνίς, Hellenic; Thyssos, Hellenic; Kleonai, Ἄθος ὄρος, Ἀκρόθωοι Ἑλληνίς, Hellenic; Athos Mountain; Akrothoöi, Χαραδροῦς Ἑλληνίς, Ὀλόφυξος Hellenic; Charadrous, Hellenic; Ἑλληνίς, Ἄκανθος Ἑλληνίς, Ἄλαπτα Olophyxos, Hellenic; , Ἑλληνίς, Ἀρέθουσα Ἑλληνίς, Βολβὴ Hellenic; Alapta, Hellenic; Arethousa, λίµη, Ἀπολλονία Ἑλληνίς. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ Hellenic; Bolbe Lake; , ἄλλαι Μακεδονίας ἐν µεσογείᾳ πολλαί. Hellenic. And there are also many others ἔστι δὲ κολπώδης· παράπλους δὲ περὶ in Macedonia in the interior. And it is τοὺς κόλπους δύο ἡµερῶν. µετὰ δὲ gulf-shaped: And the coastal the coastal Μακεδονίαν Στρυµὼν ποταµός· οὗτος voyage around the gulfs is of two days. ὁρίζει Μακεδονίαν καὶ Θράικην. And after Macedonia the Strymon river; this bounds Macedonia and Thrace. (© transl. Graham Shipley, 2011.)

Select bibliography Archibald Z. H. 2013. Ancient Economies of Northern Aegean. Oxford. Constantakopoulou C. 2017. Aegean Interactions. Oxford. Flensted-Jensen, P. 1995. ‘The Bottiaians and their Poleis’. In: M. H. Hansen & K. Raaflaub (eds.), Studies in the . Stuttgart. 103-132. ______2000. ‘The Chalkidic Peninsula and Its Regions’. In: P. Flensted-Jensen (ed.), Further Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Stuttgart. 121-132. Gimatzidis S. 2011. ‘Counting Sherds at Sindos’. In: S. Verdan, T. Theurillat, A. Kenzelmann Pfyffer (eds.), Early Iron Age Pottery: A Quantitative Approach. Oxford. Hatzopoulos, M. 1989. ‘Grecs et barbares dans les cites de l’arrière-pays de la Chalcidique’. Klio 1, 60-65. Hornblower S. 2010. Thucydidean Themes. Oxford. Mylonas G. E. 1943. ‘Excavations at Mecyberna 1934, 1938’. AJA 47.1, 78-87. Romiopoulou K. 2012. ‘Nekrotapehio autochthonon kai apoikon stin paralia Ai- Giannis Sithonias (7th-5th c. BC’. In: M. Tiverios, V. Misailidou-Despotidou, H. Manakidou & A. Arvanitaki (eds.), I keramiki tis archaikis epochis sto Voreio Aigaio kai tin periphereia tou (700-480 B.C.) [The Pottery of the Archaic Period in the North Aegean and its Periphery (700-480 BC)], Harvard CHS Open House, September 20th, 2018 6 Chalcidian regionality between Sithonia and Pallene: from periphery to epichoric identity Dr Maria-Elizabeth G. Xanthou, Research Associate, CHS Harvard University, USA [email protected]

Thessaloniki: Archaeologiko Institouto Makedonikon kai Thrakikon Spoudon. 437-51. Tiverios, M. 2008. ‘ of the Northern Aegean’. In: G. R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Vol. 2. Leiden. 1-154. Zahrnt, M. 1971. Olynth und die Chalkidier. München.